How to write a movie in an essay

How to Write a Descriptive Essay about a Person. There is something about the personal essays - sometimes they are referred to as Ђњcharacter sketches.Ђќ But it is difficult to learn how to write a descriptive essay about a person, because we really do not read them often. How To A Movie Essay? We get ЂњpicturesЂќ in our heads about essay management, characters in a piece of fiction over many pages of writing; and most non-fiction does not entail character sketches. How To Write? So, when you are assigned this type of essay, you may be at essay by robert wrigley a loss as to how to construct it or even what to say. We have explored a lot of information about how to, this kind of wrigley paper and have made a whole article about it in how to a movie in an, order to help you out. Here are some pretty basic tips and strategies to use as you develop your piece. Essay By Robert? You cannot write a character sketch about anyone you do not know intimately.

This person can be a member of your family, a close friend, or even a main character in a novel or movie if you loved it so much you read or saw it many times. You can select a totally fictitious person, of course, but it is probably wise to make the person at write a movie least a combination of is strength people you know, so that your description ЂњsoundsЂќ authentic to a reader. Most fiction writers admit that their major characters are a bit autobiographical or combinations of how to write a movie in an essay people they know, because they are just more believable. Also it will help you to get more ideas about what to write and finish thesis, you wonЂ™t get lost. If you want you may even have some sort of an interview with the person you are writing about in order to know more about them. Thus you will present them in a way more realistic and truthful way. A descriptive essay about a person is a failure, if all you do is describe that individual physically and then tell the reader that s/he has three or four personality traits.

Physical descriptions should be revealed indirectly, and those three or four personality traits must be shown be specific words, actions, and behaviors. Write A Movie In An? Go back and read your favorite short story or novel. How does the author reveal everything about that main character? Chances are s/he does not spend paragraphs of prose describing what that character looks like. Bits and pieces are revealed along the way, and often the details are left up to the reader to fil in. How do you know what the characterЂ™s personality is like?

You get that over time, as that character speaks and takes action throughout the work. Consider these two methods of providing a physical description: Carol has long curly brown hair, brown eyes, and project management, stands about 5Ђ™ 4Ђќ tall. She is slender, and her long legs give a graceful appearance as she walks. Write In An Essay? (Very boring.) Carol has a completely contagious laugh. When she laughs her entire body is involved. Those long brown curls fly about her face and shoulders, and essay project, all 5Ђ™ 4Ђќ of her is a movie in an essay, somehow involved. And when she is essay care, angry, watch out. Those piercing brown eyes are throwing daggers of light, and how to write a movie in an essay, those long legs are poised in a true fighting stance, like she is finish thesis, ready to how to in an, go 16 rounds. Finish Thesis? Same person Ђ“ two different writers. See the how to a movie in an difference?

When you donЂ™t have an entire novel to gradually provide a physical description, you have to get creative with the way in which you do it. There are a lot of tips and pieces of essay project management advice from professional writers on the web that can help you to improve your skills in writing characterЂ™s description. Also a lot of writers like Chuck Palahniuk, Ray Bradbury, Stephen King and essay, others have written whole books about the art of writing so consider reading them too. Describing Personality Traits. Part of with quotes learning how to write a descriptive essay about a person mastering this art of showing not telling as you reveal his/her personality traits.

Words and behaviors must be used. LetЂ™s take a look at Carol again. Suppose you have decided that she really has extremes in emotions when she is how to a movie in an essay, happy or sad Ђ“ there doesnЂ™t seem to be much Ђњin betweenЂќ with her. So, that is one of the finish thesis traits that you want to a movie, address in on unity in english, your description. You can take what was written above and write a movie in an, expand it a bit, still keeping the physical descriptors but now giving specific examples of these extremes. You should reveal them in mla format essay with, real-life situations.

Incorporate them in a realistic way. Consider this: Carol has extreme emotional responses, both when happy or angry. When she found out she was accepted to her first choice for college, she threw her head back, long brown curls flying, raised those slender arms toward the sky and immediately broke into dance moves that I had never seen before, as she sang ЂњDonЂ™t Stop BelievinЂ™Ђќ and threw those long legs all over the room. And one day, when someone stole a parking space she had been waiting for, I watched her follow that man all the way into the store, shaking her finger and calling him a rude guy and several other terms I wonЂ™t mention here. How To Write A Movie In An? You have now ЂњprovedЂќ to the reader that Carol has extreme emotional responses and done so in an engaging way. ItЂ™s important to give such descriptions if you want to keep your writing interesting and essay health, not to be boring.

It also helps you to carve your own style and to improve writing skills at all. As you search for how to essay, descriptive essay ideas that will make your character ЂњliveЂќ on your paper, you can look online for examples of character sketch or personal description essays Ђ“ you will find plenty to review that will help you see how to formulate your own ЂњpictureЂќ of on unity in english your character. How To Essay? ItЂ™s very useful to read other essays if you want to learn how to write good papers. Health Care? It may also give you plenty of write new ideas or to inspire you to project, write a descriptive essay. Write Essay? Generally, in a character sketch essay, you should identify three personality traits that you will present, each in a different paragraph. ItЂ™s not advised to describe whole personality as it will become a novel. Instead consider using this scheme. Your introduction will obviously introduce your person, and the traits that you will be covering. Your conclusion can either wrap those together to explain how complex, or fun, or interesting this individual is.

A conclusion for Carol might be something like this: Living with my sister Carol has been an finish thesis, adventure, to be sure. And I hope that adventure continues for years to how to write, come, even after we are grown and have our own separate lives.

Part 8 - Examples of Good and Bad Writing. Learning to write often works best by how to a movie in an, example. The following are excerpts from nine first-year student essays. Most of the examples are bad, although I did find a two good examples in the bunch. In most cases, the names and dates from the essays have been changed to not compromise the subject matter for future students (in other words, don't use any of the apparent research information here in your papers). I have tried to categorize the writing skills writing assignment, errors as best as I could. A Movie In An Essay! Errors or bad portions are usually bolded to help you identify them.

Smith was a religious, Christian man. His notion of essay is strength in english, monads included contextual references to God. He believed that God controls the harmony of life through these monads. The essay then goes on to discuss these monads in how to a Christian context. Had the student omitted the above sentences, however, the discussion of religion would have been completely out of place, given the essay's topic. But since the essay health, person being discussed had religious views that affected his theories and work, it is relevant to mention the religious aspect. Had Smith's religion not been a direct influence on his work, it would have been irrelevant.

Similarly, you wouldn't mention other things about someone in an essay if it wasn't relevant to the topic. How To A Movie Essay! For example, it is irrelevant to essay by robert wrigley, mention a scientist's race in essay an essay about their discovery unless the race impacted the discovery. An example of this might be if a black scientist's prime motivation to find a cure for sickle cell anemia was because that disease strikes black people in proportionally higher numbers. If the same scientist was researching some aspect of physics, it would probably not be relevant to mention the race at all. An introductory paragraph: On March 4, 1849, John Smith was born to Anna Bradcock Smith and James Smith. Although certainly not of humble origins, John was acquainted with several prominent and influential men of politics with whom he discussed matters of mathematics, history, science, logic, law, and mla format with quotes theology. Smith was brilliant in in an essay each of these fields, but he became known particularly for his contributions in the fields of mla format, philosophy, mathematics, and logistics. This paper will not only shed light on some of Smith's theories and words regarding these three areas, but will also tell of the events in his life that made him the how to, man that he was.

This is the introduction to a chronologically-ordered essay about Smith's life and discoveries. As such, the choice to mla format with quotes, begin with his date of birth is a good one. Write In An! The paragraph summarizes the fields touched by essay quotes, Smith and also mentions the key areas he studied. The paper sets up an expectation for the reader of both a detailed explanation of Smith's discoveries and anecdotes describing his personality. The sentence structure is grammatically sound and flows well. In the late 1650's , Smith's mother returned to how to a movie essay, London , she then pulled him out of school with the intent to make him a farmer . Apostrophes indicate possessiveness or contractions, not plurality. On Unity Is Strength! The decade is the how to write essay, 1650s.

The sentence is a run-on. It should either end after London, beginning a new sentence with She then, or the she then should be changed to and. To make someone a farmer is to create a farmer for them. The student meant: to turn him into a farmer or to encourage him to be a farmer. Smith invented the health, widgetiscope and how to write a movie paved the way for future widget watching. All-the-while remaining a simple and humble man who considered himself to be part of a team working for the greater good. The bolded part is not a complete sentence. The entire thing should be one sentence. Essay! All-the-while does not require hyphenation. The two differing approaches of development already described, eventually led to the development of the two original branches of widgetry; fingleish and write a movie essay fnordleish. This sentence is mispunctuated.

The comma is confusing and should be removed, and the semicolon should be a colon. Another of Smith's ideas was the method of differentiation. Essay Wrigley! The university re-opened after the plague in 1667. How To Essay! Smith was elected to a minor fellowship, and awarded a major fellowship after he received his Master's Degree (Bogus 4). After the realization that Calculus was important, and was being recognized, a document to record all of the theories became a necessity. The Methodis Differantium, the document that contained the elements of the theory of differentiation, was created in 1667. Smith believed he was being pulled in two directions when it came to publishing his theories and making his work known. He felt a need for fame and fortune, yet on the other hand he had an abundant fear of essay by robert, rejection. To the dismay of many future mathematicians, it was never published because of Smith's fear of criticism. Since he was not focusing on publishing his work, Smith pursued his career as a professor.

This so-called paragraph is an write in an essay utter mess. There are far too many ideas in finish thesis it, all of which are strung together haphazardly without any logical flow. I'll try to dissect and how to write essay rewrite it, but I won't make errors bold because the entire paragraph would be bold if I did. First, let's pick out the different topics being addressed: the method of differentiation the university re-opening after the essay, plague Smith's ascension through the university ranks the need of a document detailing differentiation, which was eventually created Smith's mental state, desires and fears. Now, if we replace each sentence with the how to write in an essay, number of the corresponding idea, we can see what a jumbled mess this is: 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 4, 3. Don't introduce a paragraph with one topic and then leap to another topic in the next sentence. While it may sometimes be necessary to mention something as an essay by robert aside to how to write a movie in an, complement the topic, the return to finish thesis, the topic should be swift and a movie in an essay easy to understand. Don't bounce around within the paragraph as this student has done. Another problem: there doesn't seem to be a coherent timeline within the paragraph. Did the university re-open in 1667, or was the plague in 1667? Is the student saying that Smith was elected to a minor fellowship that year or another year?

Similarly, when did the major fellowship and Master's Degree come in? It's unlikely to have all happened in one year, though it is possible. The document was created in 1667, it seems, but when did Smith decide not to publish and project seek work as a professor instead? Also 1667? It sounds like that was a very busy year for write a movie, poor Smith! The sentences themselves are also awkwardly constructed, making the entire thing hard to understand. I'll make some assumptions regarding the confusing date information. Health! Here is how this information should have been presented: Smith's ideas on the method of differentiation were gaining recognition in the mathematical community, which made it necessary for him to produce a document detailing all of his theories on the subject. Thus, when the university re-opened in 1667 following the a movie, plague and Smith was elected to a minor fellowship, he wrote Methodis Differantium. Although Smith wished to attain fame and fortune, he also feared rejection.

This dichotomy resulted in his failure to essay on unity is strength in english, publish Methodis Differantium; a failure that would be mourned by mathematicians well into the future. Still, Smith was awarded a major fellowship after receiving his Master's Degree in a movie [insert year]. Since he was not interested in publishing his work, he concentrated instead on pursuing a position as a professor. Queen Esmerelda knighted Jones in 1705 to essay, be given the title of how to write a movie, Sir Joe Smith, which made him the first scientist to be so honored for his work (Bogus) . The phrase to be given is finish thesis, awkward here. It would be better written: Queen Esmerelda knighted Jones in 1705, which gave him the title of Sir. Who else could be honoured for Smith's work other than Smith? It should say: . which made him the first man to be honored for scientific work.

There probably should be a page number listed in the citation. Jones had a main idea of analytic geometry. What does this mean? Does the student mean that one of a movie in an essay, Jones' main ideas concerned analytic geometry? Does he mean that one of the essay project management, main ideas of analytic geometry was conceived by Jones? Or does he mean something else entirely? This makes little sense and is very awkward. Whether Smith made no use of the write in an, manuscript from which he had copied abstracts , or whether he had previously invented the widgetiscope, are questions on which at this distance of project management, time no direct evidence is how to write in an essay, available . If Smith made no use of the manuscript, he can't have used it to copy abstracts. Essay Health Care! This is a very awkward way of saying that the events in question happened so long ago that there is no longer sufficient evidence to answer certain questions. It would be better written:

Questions as to whether Smith made further use of the in an essay, manuscript from which he copied abstracts or whether he had previously invented the widgetiscope are rooted so far in essay health care the past that it is impossible to gather sufficient direct evidence to provide answers. This is still a bit awkward. It's best when broken up into write a movie in an, smaller sentences: There are still questions as to whether Smith made further use of the manuscript from which he copied abstracts or whether he had previously invented the essay wrigley, widgetiscope. Such questions are rooted so far in the past, however, that it is a movie in an, impossible to gather sufficient direct evidence to provide answers.

Smith formed a political plan to try to persuade the Germans to attack the French due to him not agreeing with their political agendas and this proved the means of his visiting Hamburg. Due to him not agreeing with is a very awkward way of saying: because he disagreed with. The second bolded part should be a separate sentence. Writing Skills Writing Essay! Proved the means of how to write a movie in an, his visiting is a very awkward way of saying is why he visited. Jones explained ideas too enormous to understand, and simplified problems too complex to approach. Not only is this hyperbole, it's also logically impossible.

If the ideas were too complicated to understand, Jones couldn't have understood them himself. Essay Project! If the write, problems were too complex to approach, Jones could not have approached them. Mismatched Words, Phrases, and Pronouns. After marrying Elizabeth, Smith's father fell ill for several months. After no sign of recovery, a lawyer was summoned to the manor. Essay! A will was drawn up, including one hundred acres of land, the manor house, livestock, grain, and Smith Senior's death (Bogus 10). His mother gave birth to Smith three months after Smith senior died.

He was premature after suffering from illness due to the shock of her husband's passing during the fall . The phrase after no sign of recovery is not properly attached to Smith's father. Instead, it is a movie essay, saying that the lawyer did not recover from something. A will does not include land, a house, etc. Mla Format Essay! It states to whom such things are bequeathed. How To A Movie In An! This should say: A will was drawn up leaving one hundred acres of land, the manor house, livestock and essay grain to [whomever]. I don't even understand how and write essay Smith Senior's death fits into this sentence. Finish Thesis! His in how to in an the sentence His mother gave birth. Finish Thesis! refers to write a movie, the antecedent Smith Senior. Thus, Smith Senior's mother gave birth to Smith Senior's son. That would necessitate incest, and mla format essay with quotes is clearly not what the student meant to write a movie in an, say. They should have simply said Elizabeth gave birth.

Who else but someone's mother gives birth to them anyway? Given the confusions regarding the essay with quotes, various Smiths, it would have been better if the student had used first names during this part of the essay. There is inconsistency in capitalization. How To A Movie! It is Smith Senior once, and Smith senior another time. The he in he was premature again refers to health care, the wrong antecedent. A Movie! Smith Senior was not premature.

Smith did not suffer illness due to the shock of Smith Senior's passing. Elizabeth did. This sentence says that Smith suffered the illness. The student suddenly introduces the phrase during the fall when no other mention of the season has been made. This could be confused with Smith Senior dying from finish thesis, a fall. Lastly, the inverse relationship between area and the tangent were never attained. The relationship is singular, even though it refers to multiple elements. How To Write A Movie In An! Thus, the verb were should be singular as well, and changed to mla format with, was. It was this century where many of the worlds most honorable and highly respected mathematicians created what we know today as calculus. A century is not a place, it is a section of time.

Say it is a place where. How To Write A Movie In An! or a time when. In this case, It was this century when. Adding an 's' without an apostrophe in this case is finish thesis, pluralization, not indicative of possession. The student means world's. But perhaps the largest obstacle , which the how to write in an essay, Greeks could not overcome, were their insufficient number and measuring system . Were is plural, but obstacle and system are singular. It should be was.

Tragically at finish thesis, the age of six, Smith's father died. This says that Smith's father died at the age of six. The student means: Tragically, when Smith was six years old his father died. Jones, now familiar with Smith's discoveries, wrote Smith a letter soon after the publication of his discoveries. After the publication of whose discoveries: Jones' or Smith's? Jones reasoned that if he could calculate the angles of the in an, projected colour, a new law of refraction could be made . People can make legal laws, but natural or scientific laws are discovered. To make a new law of refraction, Jones would have to alter physics. During the essay, seventeenth century, the inhabitants of England did not realize the importance of scientific advancement. Inhabitants could well mean non-human creatures, and is thus a poor choice of a word.

Are we to understand that ALL of the how to in an essay, people in by robert wrigley England failed to a movie in an essay, realize the importance of scientific advancement for an entire century? It would have been better if the student had said most people in England. At the current time, the dominant belief was that light traveled in project wave . The current time is the write essay, moment the reader is reading the sentence. The student meant to say that the belief was such during the historical time period being discussed. Current should be omitted. Writing! The phrase in wave has an how to write a movie error. It should either be in waves or in a wave. Both may be correct, but such an error can be misunderstood if one is incorrect. Essay With! This would likely have been caught if the student had read the paper out loud. Secondly, Jones' reliance on a movie in an, geometric algebra rather than symbolic notation created considerable impedance to finish thesis, the identification of solutions of computational features found frequently to different problems. Here is an example of a student not knowing the proper meaning of a word.

Impedance means opposition to the flow of electric current. It does not mean the same as to impede, which is to be an how to obstacle. This could be an instance where a student used the thesaurus in a word processor to come up with a word without bothering to check if the essay health care, word fit the context. It could also simply be that the student had mislearned the word themselves. Incidentally, a quick check of write in an essay, MS Word 97 shows synonyms to essay by robert, impedance to be obstruction, block, baffle, hindrance, breakwater, fin, and how to in an maze. So here is direct proof that you shouldn't always trust what a word processor thesaurus tells you is an equivalent word. Be diligent and look up unfamiliar words in the dictionary before using them in your essay. In studying widgetry, it serves as great importance that one is aware of the two systems of widgetry; fingleish and fnordleish. Something does not serve as great importance, and one being aware doesn't fit either. This is a student trying to sound fancy but instead making no sense.

The sentence should read: In studying widgetry, one should be aware of the two systems of widgetry; fingleish and fnordleish. It was thought that Jones hated his stepfather and his mother, partly for abandoning him at such a young age. Who thought so? This entire statement, which implies something that cannot be proven and is thus not a basic fact, had no attribution in the essay. Since it was about finish thesis, someone historical and the student couldn't possibly have known this unless they got it from a source, it was plagiarism to include it without attribution. Smith managed one friendship through this time and the value of that is always questioned. Who is questioning the a movie in an, value? There is no attribution to explain who questions it or to prove that it is questioned by anyone other than the student. What precisely is being questioned? The value of only having one friend, or the value of the one friendship to essay care, Smith in particular?

. which means that the cut in the # of points is equal to the degree of the curve. Using the # symbol instead of the word number is a bad short cut, and certainly inappropriate for a formal essay. Smith also helped to improve the how to a movie, scientific community ; his focus was mainly regarding widgetry. How does a focus on a subject help to improve a community? It might improve the understanding of the health care, subject in the community, but does that improve the a movie in an essay, community itself? This is a badly worded assertion.

If it truly did benefit the scientific community as a whole, the student should cite a source demonstrating that to be the case. No attribution was present. In one day, John's attitude towards school changed for essay health, the better. A boy ranked just above him kicked him in the stomach. At the end of the day John challenged the boy to a movie essay, a fight. Even though John was much smaller than his opponent, his determination overtook the boy. Winning the fight was still not enough. Finish Thesis! John applied himself in class, and soon became the top student in the school. This entire paragraph introduces an how to a movie in an essay anecdote for the purpose of explaining what drove John to on unity is strength, become a better student.

Incredibly, it manages to completely fail to mention the a movie in an, relationship between the anecdote and John's new-found classroom enthusiasm. The relationship is implied and the reader can guess that John wished to beat the boy in essay by robert more than just a physical fight, and thus worked hard to outrank the essay, boy in the classroom, but that is not stated. The paragraph is very choppy and the sentences do not flow well. Read it out loud, and you'll hear how it sounds like a grade school book instead of finish thesis, a university essay. During this time, Smith constructed a water clock. He constructed the clock out of an old box. This is choppy.

It could be easily combined into one sentence. Jones became began to how to write essay, study motion. This error was probably due to a sentence that once legitimately contained the word became being edited without became being removed. If the student had read the essay out loud or given it to a friend to read, this error likely would have been noticed. Yet, in 1679, Jones would discover that his initial calculation the Moon's distance from Earth was incorrect. Here is another example of a simple error of omission that could have been caught if the student had read the essay aloud or given it to a friend to read.

The word of should be between calculation and the. Essay Is Strength! That one small error makes the entire sentence awkward and confusing. If the instructor has to how to write, reread the sentence to try to essay by robert wrigley, understand its meaning, the how to essay, flow of the essay is interrupted. Writing Skills Essay! If this happens often enough in the essay, it gives an overall bad impression on what otherwise might be a very good paper in how to write a movie in an terms of research. More examples of errors that could have been caught if the students had bothered to read their essay: One of Smith's main contribution was his use of. Widgetry emphasized the mla format essay quotes, notion of the infinite widget, which in in an essay fact cam as a great service to Smith in that it served as an important too in helping explain his branch of widgetry. Jones might have in fact perputuated the ideas, but he was also at a loss when he could not make good sense of them from the mla format essay, beginning. Admiration for Smith grew in the filed of how to a movie in an, widgetry. With Jones' encouragement, Smith drafter a number of monographs on religious topics.

Smith considers out writing skills writing assignment universe to how to essay, be a gravitational system. On August 10, 1777, Jones was ent a letter from. In later research , it was proven that Jones was incorrect and science rejected his theories about light until the next century. Thus, it was scientifically proven that Jones' theories about quanta (tiny particulate packets of energy) were indeed correct . The wave formulation was also correct . When was this later research? Who performed the mla format essay with, research? In discussing whether someone was proven incorrect or not, it is how to write in an essay, a good idea to fully explain who did the proving when, and possibly even how they came to their conclusion.

These sentences contradict each other. Mla Format Essay Quotes! Was Jones proven incorrect or correct? Does the student mean that Jones was erroneously proven incorrect, but science later found that he was correct after all? Or was Jones correct about some things and not others? The use of write a movie essay, Thus implies causality. How does the proof that Jones is incorrect and the rejection by science suddenly become scientific proof of his theory being correct? Regardless of what the student meant by the flip from incorrect to correct, there is nothing given to establish causality. It's disappointing to see such sloppiness as this in an essay.

This particular essay featured clipart, so it was obviously done on a computer with a modern word processor. It clearly wasn't spell-checked. Such complete disregard is automatically indicative of a student who doesn't care about their final product, and while the finish thesis, error itself is minor, it gives a bad impression to the grader. In fact, this essay had several spelling errors that could have been caught. That's inexcusable at the university level. It was also during this time that he traveled to his uncle's place in Brunswick. Place is colloquial.

Use home, apartment, residence or other such appropriate word instead. Smith attempted to obtain his doctorate of how to in an, law degree at the University of Anytown but was denied because positions were being held for the older students -- and Smith was much too young. Skills Writing Assignment! Smith's secretary claims that he was told many times, however, that Smith was denied admission because of a movie essay, negative feelings that the Dean's wife held for him. Smith's secretary is probably dead, since this essay is about someone from the 19th century. Therefore, they no longer claim anything. It should be past tense. Since the student doesn't cite this, there is an essay on unity is strength in english implication that perhaps the secretary is not dead and the student went so far as to interview the secretary personally. That is, of course, quite unlikely, meaning that this student has plagiarised this information from one of how to a movie essay, their sources. The following are a few concepts that form the basis of with quotes, Leibnizian calculus: [followed by three bulleted paragraphs comprised mostly of direct quotation] Using bullets in write a movie essay a formal essay is rarely appropriate.

It is preferable to essay on unity, write out the bulleted information into proper paragraph form. How To A Movie In An! This student seems to have been too lazy to bother paraphrasing a bunch of is strength, direct quotations into how to write a movie essay, a formal essay structure. Along came the writing assignment essay, Joe Smith, a mathematician considered by numerous scholars to be a pioneer of calculus, including other renowned mathematician, Bill Jones. The Joe Smith? There has only been one? The student means another, not other. Sloppy. The first page of the essay starts with: have been developed (5). The second page starts with the in an, header Introduction and the opening paragraph. Finish Thesis! Clearly, the student stapled the pages out of order. What a sloppy mistake!

Pages should be numbered unless you're specifically instructed not to for some reason, and you should always ensure that all of the pages are present and in proper order before binding the essay. If the instructor has to begin by figuring out what the heck is going on, they will automatically have a bad impression of your essay and possibly of you. Jones was quite a busy man in that along with his position in the Court of Mainz, he also managed to serve as Baron Johann Christian von Boineburg as secretary, librarian, lawyer, advisor, assistant, and most importantly, friend. Quite a busy man is a bit colloquial. A busy man would do. The first as is an error, since Jones did not serve as the Baron, he served the in an essay, Baron. This may have been caught if the student had read their essay out loud. His Chummy, Bill Jones, who Smith shared a room with until his resignation from this fellowship in essay management 1683.

Chummy should only be included if it was Smith's actual word for Jones. If this is the write, case, it is a quotation from a source and writing writing should be cited. If not, it is colloquial and should just say His friend Bill Jones. Who should be whom in this case. A site called Grammar and Style has information on how to use who and whom. This isn't even a complete sentence. Smith was born prematurely and was so small when he was born that they thought he might not live. Repeating that he was born is redundant.

Who does they refer to? Doctors? Parents? Relatives? Townsfolk? It is write a movie, a pronoun without an antecedent. In this publication, Jones has a discourse between the finish thesis, belief systems of the natural philosophical world around him. Has is the wrong word here because the write in an essay, essay is about a person who is now dead. Dead people don't have discourse with anyone in the present, so the health care, word should at least be had. But even had is how to write, awkward, and a better word would be wrote. Discourse means to converse, especially orally.

One does not speak orally in a publication. It is written. This word should be omitted. Between denotes at least two participants, but Jones is the only one having the supposed discourse. This too should be omitted. Natural philosophical world is confusing. Does the student mean the natural, philosophical world, which would be the world described as both natural and essay with quotes philosophical? Or do they mean natural philosophical world, in which natural modifies philosophical and not world, in which case the grammatically correct phrase would be naturally philosophical world? This would be better written as: In this publication, Jones wrote of the belief systems of the natural, philosophical world around him. or, depending on the answer to the fourth point:

In this publication, Jones wrote of the belief systems of the how to write in an, naturally philosophical world around him. He was home for approximately 18 months, according to care, Jones the how to a movie, 18 months was the care, most predominant time period of his life. This is a run-on sentence. It should either end between 18 months and according, or it should be rewritten to make it a proper sentence. Write! 18 months is repeated for no reason. 18 months is by robert, plural, so it should be 18 months were not 18 months was. Predominant means superior especially in power or numbers.

Something cannot be most superior. Most should be omitted. Write A Movie! Predominant is not the writing writing assignment essay, best word in this case anyway. If the a movie, student means it was the essay, most powerful time of write in an essay, Jones' life, they should be clear about that. If they mean it was the mla format with, most superior numerical time of how to write a movie in an essay, his life, then he logically cannot have been more than 36 months old.

Simpson was content after his ability to reproduce Smith's experiment. Jones was not that easy, the mla format quotes, two men fought constantly. The student probably means that Simpson was content once he was able to reproduce Smith's experiment. The current phrasing doesn't quite say that, and is awkward and confusing. Jones was not that easy to what? The student probably means Jones was not that easy to satisfy or something equivalent.

This is a run-on sentence. It should end after easy, or be rewritten to be grammatically correct. Which two men? Simpson and write a movie in an essay Jones or Smith and Jones? The information on physics before this section is important to understanding whom Newton was, but arguably, his greatest advancements were in the field of mathematics, most importantly Calculus. Incorrect use of whom. Should be who. A site called Grammar and Style has information on how to use who and whom. There should not be a comma between arguably and his. There is no citation as to anyone arguing that Newton's greatest advancements were in mathematics.

This might be because it would be difficult to prove in the face of the importance of Newtonian physics. Advancements is probably the wrong word. Achievements or discoveries would be better. Management! Newton's advancements are more likely to how to write in an essay, be funds paid in advance of publication. The addition of most importantly is awkward. Particularly would have been a better word. The use of greatest and most importantly referring to health care, Calculus is hyperbole.

Given that this essay was for a Calculus class, it sounds like a kiss-up. The declarations of superiority are superfluous, unattributed, probably erroneous, and possibly pandering. It's all very ugly. A concluding sentence: Smith's great work, theories, and studies will continue to how to write in an, live on forever in mla format essay with quotes the ever-changing world of science and mathematics . How can the student know that Smith's work will live on forever? That's an impossible assertion to make. Work, theories and studies don't live. They exist, but they are not organic creatures.

If the world is ever-changing, how again can the student know that Smith's work won't one day be considered nonsense? Or lost entirely? World is singular, but it refers to how to essay, two worlds, one of science and one of mathematics. This conclusion reeks of hyperbole. (So does the phrase reeks of hyperbole, but this is not a formal essay.) A scientist before Smith by the name of Jones knew that he could demonstrate the ration between two infinite sums. The phrasing here is a bit awkward. It would be better phrased: Jones, a predecessor of Smith, knew that. Is Strength! Ration is the how to write a movie essay, wrong word. The student meant ratio. This is essay on unity is strength in english, one of those errors that a spell-check cannot find, but if the essay had been read aloud it may have been noticed. One man was proclaiming to be the inventor of the widgetiscope and another man was proclaiming the exact same thing; who is telling the truth?

The main problem here is the how to a movie, change in tense. You can't go from was to is if the subject remains fixed in time. Furthermore, it is incorrect to finish thesis, refer to how to write a movie, someone who is dead as doing anything in the present besides being dead (and possibly rotting). A dead person is not telling anything right now, but they were in the past. Try to avoid using the passive form was proclaiming and essay with quotes instead use proclaimed. This particular statement is also bad because of the subject matter. The student has already shown in how to a movie in an essay the essay that both men happened to independently invent the widgetiscope, but the issue is who deserved the title for inventing it first . Finish Thesis! So actually, neither one was necessarily lying, and the student should not make it appear that one or the other may have been doing so. You must be careful not to libel people. The phrasing here is awkward and possibly a bit too conversational in the final question. A better way of writing this would be:

Two men proclaimed to be the inventor of how to a movie in an, calculus, but only one could be given the credit. The argument was so drawn out that a decision was not easy to come by which worked against Smith's favor. Jones had been considered the sole inventor of the widgetiscope for fifteen years already, which gave him the upper hand. The student meant to say that the duration of the argument caused Smith to lose. But because the student failed to put the finish thesis, necessary comma between the bolded words, this sentence actually says, by means of a complicated string of multiple negatives, that it was not easy to come to a decision against Smith, meaning he won. This sentence would be better worded this way: Because the argument took so long, Smith lost. But then, at the beginning of the next paragraph, the student writes: The argument took years to unravel and never really came to a definitive decision.

This negates what the student had asserted before: that Smith lost because of the duration of the how to write in an, argument. This also repeats the fact that it was a long argument, which is redundant. It was from the Greeks, where the underlying of widgetry emerged and set the basis of what widgetry has become. The Greeks are a people, not a place, so things come from whom, not where. The comma in on unity this sentence should not be there. It sets up an expectation that the portion after the comma is a separate clause, as in: It was from the Greeks, who also invented blodgetry, that widgetry came forth. Note that because the write a movie, who is in the separate clause, it should not be whom.

The underlying what ? You can't just say the on unity is strength in english, underlying of widgetry. How To Write In An Essay! It has to be the underlying something of widgetry, whether that something is basis, foundation, etc. Although there was a time of intellectual heightening , there came a period of darkness in the development of mathematics (Ewards 45) . Intellectual heightening is an icky, awkward phrase. Intellectual development would have been much better. In going over this old essay, I wondered if perhaps this was a typo of the care, name Edwards. Write A Movie In An! I checked the finish thesis, bibliography to confirm the name, and discovered that nothing by Ewards, Edwards, or any similar name was there at all. Had this gone noticed when the how to write a movie in an, paper was being graded, serious questions would have been raised as to the validity of the student's sources and essay bibliography. How To A Movie In An! Be sure to list all sources in care your bibliography, and be sure to how to in an, spell them correctly when citing!

One motive of Sumerian algebra was to impose on themselves a concepts that they could not fully understand and precisely compute, and for this reason, rejected concepts of irrational as numbers, all traces of the infinite, such as limit concepts, from their own mathematics. Motive applies to Sumerian algebra, not Sumerians. Therefore, that motive cannot be imposed on essay is strength in english, themselves. It should be written: One motive of the how to essay, Sumerians concerning their algebra was to impose on themselves. although that is still an awkward phrase. Concepts should not be plural. This is sloppiness that probably could have been detected if the student had bothered to read over his essay. The sentence should end after compute. A new sentence should begin, For this reason. The word they should be put between reason and rejected to say: For this reason, they rejected concepts.

This sentence is so garbled with mismatched subclauses that adding another is just icky. I'd put such as limit concepts in parenthesis, or rewrite the sentence to writing skills essay, bring that idea out on how to write in an, its own. If Greek rigor had surmounted their need to succeed in these elements and refused to use real numbers and limits till they had finally understood them, calculus may have never formed and mathematics as a whole would be obsolete (Apostal 102). The verb refused applies to Greek rigor, not Greeks, which is nonsensical. Be careful to wrigley, ensure that your verbs match the subject you intend for them. Don't use till when you mean until. That's colloquial at best, and not really a proper use of the word at all at worst. The proper phrase is have never been formed. To say something never formed begs the question: What didn't it form?

Even though there is a movie, a citation for this extreme declaration that mathematics as a whole would be obsolete, it's still probably hyperbole. Project! I wonder if the source actually said that, or if the student's paraphrasing has overstated the source's point that mathematics might be different without the advent of write essay, calculus. Be careful that you don't paraphrase in in english such a way as to claim a source said something that they did not. If this source really says mathematics would be obsolete without calculus, it's a bad source. Such a statement would render even basic arithmetic and counting as obsolete, which is ridiculous.

Essentially , it is a case of write in an, Smith's word against essay quotes, a number of how to write a movie in an, suspicious details pointing against him. He acknowledged possession of a copy of part of one of Jones' manuscripts, on more than one occasion he deliberately altered or added to important documents before publishing them, and a material date I none of essay on unity is strength, his manuscripts had been falsified (1675 had been changed to 1673) (Bogus, 78) Essentially isn't technically incorrect here, but students do have a tendency to use words like essentially and basically too often. It's somewhat conversational, and possibly colloquial. Try to how to write a movie in an, avoid it unless something is truly essential. A number of suspicious details pointing against him is an awkward way of saying: suspicions of his guilt. But what the by robert, student means is not suspicions, but points of evidence. When you list several examples of write a movie in an, something you've indicated, the way to punctuate it is essay in english, as follows (note the placement of the colon and subsequent semicolons): [Point being made]:[proof 1];[proof 2];[proof 3]; and[proof 4]. This way each proof can have punctuation such as commas without being confused with other points, and each proof still points to the main part of the sentence. This entire thing should be rewritten to say:

It is a case of Smith's word against the evidence of his guilt: he acknowledged possession of a copy of Jones' manuscripts; on more than one occasion he deliberately altered or added to important documents before publishing them; and his manuscripts had been falsified by changing 1675 to 1673 (Bogus, 78). After quoting a dictionary definition: The editors of the famous dictionary are probably unaware of the a movie essay, fact that they have just committed a cardinal sin in the mathematical world , in health care that they only described fingleish widgetry, and failed to how to essay, include an explanation of fnordleish widgetry. It's okay to question a source, and at higher levels of education it might even be required. But if you're going to do it, be careful to do it well and with evidence. Management! This just sounds presumptuous. A Movie! The student has not shown whether or not the dictionary has separate definitions for widgetry or otherwise accounts for its apparent lack of sufficient definition.

Saying the dictionary is famous is probably unnecessary, and possibly hyperbole. A cardinal sin is essay project, a sin of how to write in an, fundamental importance. In the Judeo-Christian context, this would mean something very bad, like murder. Thus, calling a disagreement in definition in a dictionary a cardinal sin is definitely hyperbole. Even if it was a cardinal sin, the sin was committed in the dictionary, not in the mathematical world. The student meant against the mathematical world.

It is surprising how people could be satisfied such a vague definition, as was the case in Webster's Dictionary, on essay, a subject that has tested such great minds for centuries upon centuries . It is how to write essay, surprising how students could be satisfied with such drivel in their essays. That sounds nasty, doesn't it? That's because it is. Sentences like this are insulting and off-putting, and don't belong in project a formal essay. Such great minds requires an example. The word such should be omitted.

Centuries upon centuries is redundant. How To Write In An! Just say centuries and project leave it at write a movie essay, that. Jones' first object in Paris was to make contact with the French government but, while waiting for such an opportunity, he made contact with mathematicians and philosophers there, in particular Davis and Myers, discussing with Davis a variety of topics but particularly church reunification (Bugle 57). An object is finish thesis, a thing. The student means Jones' first objective. This is how to, a bad run-on. It should be broken up like this: Jones' first objective in Paris was to make contact with the quotes, French government, but while waiting for write a movie, an opportunity to is strength, do so, he made contact with mathematicians and philosophers such as Davis and how to a movie Myers. He discussed a variety of topics with Davis, particularly church reunification (Bugle 57). Smith's contribution to math has helped our society become more technological in building things . In this particular case, Smith made many contributions, not just one.

Math is the colloquial version of mathematics. Did Smith's contributions only essay care, help our society? What about other societies? More technological in building things is a really awkward way of saying improved our technological aptitude. Undoubtedly, Jones was one of the greatest geniuses that ever lived and this paper will demonstrate that, starting from his childhood until his death . Smith may have been a genius, but to blow that up to one of the how to write a movie, greatest geniuses that ever lived is hyperbole. On Unity In English! Even if it is how to write a movie in an essay, true, the essay on unity is strength, paper didn't demonstrate it because the paper didn't compare Smith to other great geniuses that have lived. The paper showed that Smith was a genius, perhaps, but not his rank amongst all of the how to write, geniuses that have ever lived. Management! If you start from how to write, something, you go to or follow through to another something.

The phrase starting from his childhood until his death actually means you're starting from the section of time inclusively between his childhood and death and finish thesis not saying where you're going. Furthermore, the paper does not start from Smith's childhood because it was not being written when Smith was a child. The student means, starting with his childhood and following through to his death. That is still awkward, and the sentence would be best written: Undoubtedly, Jones was a genius, and this paper will demonstrate that by examining his entire life. So John lived for seven years with his mother's parents who did not really show him any affection . So in this context is colloquial and how to a movie in an should be omitted.

This really should be cited. John's address may be a matter of public record and therefore doesn't have to be cited, but comments on the emotional quality of the household imply research, and the student should give credit to the source. Essay On Unity In English! Really is how to in an, colloquial, and should be omitted. While at Cambridge, Smith's genius was most productive in his dedication to math . Who is Smith's genius? The student means Smith's intellect, but an intellect cannot be productive. Essay On Unity Is Strength In English! It facilitates productivity, but it is not productive itself. How To A Movie Essay! A better way to write this would be: Smith's intellect was best displayed in his dedication. Math is colloquial.

It should be mathematics. This information helps us to understand how we, as humans stay on the ground; we are matter as well and do have an invisible force weighing us down as we push against essay, it and how to essay it pushes back against us . This hand full of skills writing, knowledge has helped our scientist understand our universe of write in an, heavenly bodies and their movement. It has also allowed scientist to essay health, delve further in exploring our galaxy. Does gravity only affect humans? Granted, the how to write a movie in an essay, student is trying to make the science seem more personal, but this is an awkward way of doing it.

It is writing writing essay, also something that seems to indicate an essay geared to children. While you should usually write essays so they can be understood by laypersons, you can assume those laypersons are your age and intellectual peers. The description of the invisible force is very awkward. A better wording would be: do have an invisible force that we push against as it pushes back against us. Gravity does not, in fact, weigh people down. A Movie In An! The student's own definition of it earlier in the essay mentions this, and here too it is accurately described as a push, not a pull. Finish Thesis! To add in the bit about it weighing us down is contradictory. The student means handful. This is a bad description anyway, since the how to, student is trying to show how this knowledge is monumental to essay health care, scientists. In An! Both instances of scientist should be pluralized.

One delves further into something, not in it. The Royal Society always had someone coming in each week they met to show off their invention . Always had someone coming in is colloquial and awkward. It should say: The Royal Society hosted a guest each week. The second part of this is a separate sentence and should be capitalized and punctuated accordingly, or else brought into mla format essay with quotes, the first sentence with appropriate conjunctions. Show off is colloquial. Demonstrate would be better. Since more than one invention was demonstrated, invention should be plural. A concluding paragraph:

Jones was a great man who made an impact in all of how to write a movie, our lives . He is recognized as one of the centuries brilliant-minded people who helped to further math along. Writing Skills Essay! This intellectual man has created something which has and how to a movie in an essay will be used for by robert, years to come. This is an important part of history which will and should never be forgotten. The essay has shown that Jones was brilliant and invented some useful things. It has not, however, demonstrated that he was a great man. A great man is one that embodies greatness in all things, including attitude, relationships with others, and their contributions to write a movie essay, their society. Essay Health! Jones may have been all of this, but the essay did not reflect it, so it is hyperbole to declare it in the conclusion. How To A Movie In An Essay! It is essay management, also a highly subjective comment; what makes someone great to one person may not for another. Centuries is the plural of century, not the possessive. The student means century's. But Jones was not of our current century, so the student should define which century they mean.

Impacts are made on, not in. If by all of write, us the student means everyone on the planet, this is incorrect. Jones' contributions to mathematics hardly impact the skills essay, life of someone living in how to in an essay a non-literate, non-industrialized society. Even if the student merely means her peers, it is essay by robert wrigley, still hyperbole to declare that everyone has been impacted. If you're going to mention that the person did something in your conclusion, mention what that something is.

While it is unlikely that Jones' history will be forgotten, the how to a movie, student cannot effectively predict the management, future in this way. Some of these comments may seem nitpicky, but the fact of the how to a movie essay, matter is errors such as these reflect poorly on you and your essay. No one is finish thesis, perfect, and an essay with one or two awkward phrases won't be marked down just for those instances. But an essay that is full of the errors listed above prevents the reader from understanding the content. If the instructor doesn't know what you mean, they can't possibly give you a good grade.

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Against Corruption: a collection of essays. How To Write. Published 12 May 2016. © Crown copyright 2016. This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: psi@nationalarchives.gsi.gov.uk. Skills Writing Assignment Essay. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. This publication is how to a movie, available at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/against-corruption-a-collection-of-essays/against-corruption-a-collection-of-essays. 1. Foreword by David Cameron, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Corruption is the cancer at the heart of so many of our problems in the world today. It destroys jobs and holds back growth, costing the on unity is strength world economy billions of pounds every year. It traps the poorest in the most desperate poverty as corrupt governments around the world syphon off funds and prevent hard-working people from getting the write a movie in an revenues and project management, benefits of growth that are rightfully theirs. It steals vital resources from our schools and hospitals as corrupt individuals and companies evade the taxes they owe.

It can even undermine our security, as Sarah Chayes argues in write in an essay, her essay, if the perceived corruption of local governments makes people more susceptible to the poisonous ideology of extremists. The longer I have been Prime Minister, and the more I have seen in this job, the more I believe that we cannot hope to solve the big global challenges of our time without making a major dent in the whole cycle of corruption. If we continue to in english hide from how to in an essay this problem, how will developing countries blessed with natural resources ever break out of the poverty trap? How will we stop people from risking their lives to essay management cross the Mediterranean unless we enable them to build a better life back at home? In the end, we have to deal with corruption if we are to have any hope of a truly prosperous and how to a movie essay, secure future. Furthermore, people actually want us to deal with this problem, every bit as much as they want us to tackle issues like poverty and project management, migration. They want the write a movie law to be upheld and finish thesis, they want the corrupt to be punished, with justice and recompense for those who have suffered. Write A Movie Essay. Yet while corruption is such a huge problem, the project national and global efforts to deal with it are often weak. No country has a perfect record on these issues – and write a movie essay, so there is a hesitation in raising them.

For too long there has been something of an international taboo over stirring up concerns. For too long it has just been too easy for those in authority to ignore or pretend not to know what is going on. As David Walsh puts it in his essay: this “longing to management indulge the irresponsibility of how to write in an essay not knowing” has been the rock upon which corruption is built. I profoundly believe that this has to change – and it has to change in every country. Essay In English. Make no mistake, corruption affects us all, Britain included. From tax evasion and overseas territories who have been accused of hiding the proceeds of write a movie in an corruption, to an MPs’ expenses scandal that tore at the fabric of the world’s oldest democracy, we have our own problems and we are very much still dealing with them. Skills Writing Assignment. That is why I have made tackling corruption such a political priority.

From the 2010 Bribery Act to becoming the how to essay first major country in the world to establish a public central registry of who really owns and controls companies, I am determined that we should do everything we can to demonstrate leadership on these issues and put our own house in order. Through our chairmanship of the G8 and essay, the Summit at Lough Erne, I put tax, trade and transparency on the global agenda and sought agreement on a global standard for in an essay the automatic exchange of information over who pays taxes where. While many said it would never happen, today 129 jurisdictions have committed to implementing the international standard for exchange of tax information on request and more than 95 jurisdictions have committed to implementing the new global common reporting standard on tax transparency by 2018. Through our chairmanship of the essay United Nations High Level Panel, Britain secured the inclusion of tackling corruption at the heart of the write essay new Sustainable Development Goals to eradicate absolute poverty from our world. Finish Thesis. On my watch, the UK has signed up to the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative – and how to essay, we’re leading a global drive to get other countries on board and clean up a sector which has for too long been vulnerable to finish thesis corruption. We are going further still.

I am determined that the UK must not become a safe haven for corrupt money from around the world. We know that some high-value properties – particularly in London – are being bought by people overseas through anonymous shell companies, some of them with plundered or laundered cash. So we are consulting on how to, ways to make property ownership by foreign companies much more transparent – and considering whether to insist that any non-UK company wishing to bid on a contract with the on unity UK government should publically state who really owns it. Yet all of these measures address only parts of the problem. As the Panama Papers show, corruption is a truly global challenge.

Criminal networks operate across borders. And wealth that is plundered from the poorest countries can end up hidden away in the richest countries. So nations need to tackle this issue in partnership, developing a truly comprehensive, sustained and coherent international agenda to defeat the how to write a movie essay causes of corruption. That is why we are holding the Anti-Corruption Summit in London and why I have compiled this book. The essays in this book are not about essay, trying to claim the moral high ground, nor about telling others what to do. Neither do they claim to be a comprehensive guide to tackling corruption. But they are an attempt to bring together some of the most pioneering thinkers on this issue to write essay begin a frank and writing skills assignment, informed global debate over how to how to tackle what I believe is essay, one of the most pernicious enemies of progress in our time. While the essays cover a wide range of perspectives and experiences, there are a number of consistent themes. For a start, we can be clear about the scale and extent of the a movie problem.

Jose Ugaz tells us that every year one in four people around the essay management world pay a bribe to access public services. While in Mexico, a family spends on average 14% of how to write its income on bribes for basic services to which they are already entitled – including water, medicine and education. Christine Lagarde sets out the indirect economic costs of corruption, including the way corruption can act like a tax on investment and is strength, stifle the creation of new business. She also highlights its impact on the poorest and its damaging effect on the moral fabric of our society. Many of the essays bring home the sheer extent of corruption, reaching every country and affecting so many areas of life – from the desperate stories of the vulnerable paying bribes to get treatment for a sick child, to the world of write a movie in an sport which was for so long indulged with a special status that left some of its participants behaving as if they were exempt from the rules that everyone else was expected to follow. Some of the essays are very clear about the definitions of corruption. Francis Fukuyama, in particular, analyses the origins of corruption, providing a strong historical and intellectual underpinning to the challenges we face. Running through the essays is the sense that not only mla format with quotes do you need the right rules and enforcement but you need to change the underlying culture too. There is a clear message here.

We cannot have one or the other; we need both. New Zealand Prime Minister John Key offers us his perspective when he uses a cricketing analogy to describe the national character of his country and its intolerance of write essay “underarm deliveries”. He argues that you have to promote a culture which makes it close to impossible for the corrupt to prosper or escape detection. There is also a striking frankness and directness in the politicians who are writing about the history of corruption in their own countries. President Ghani describes Afghanistan as, by any measure, “one of the most corrupt countries on earth”. In his essay on tackling corruption in Estonia, Mart Laar says that corruption was so ingrained that it had become a way of life. He writes: “we didn’t even understand that it wasn’t normal.” President Buhari uses that same concept to describe corruption in Nigeria as a “way of wrigley life” under “supposedly accountable democratic governments” and points to evidence suggesting that between $300 billion and. $400 billion of public funds have been lost to how to in an corruption since Nigeria’s independence in 1960. But that frankness about the finish thesis problem will only deliver real change if there is true political leadership.

Without that leadership, many of the rules, institutions and mechanisms to address corruption will never actually bite. In An. For years Nigeria had the laws and the anti-corruption agencies, but as President Buhari explains, there was “a complete lack of political will to strengthen these agencies and to faithfully enforce the laws.” These laws were ignored with impunity and procurements were made with a complete disregard for due process. He cites one example of a provision to allow courts to treat unexplained wealth as evidence of corruption. There is a similar provision in Singapore, the quotes use of which is explored in the essay by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong. But the difference is how to essay, that in Nigeria’s case, neither the Code of Conduct Bureau nor the essay by robert wrigley Independent Corrupt Practices Commission has ever invoked such provisions in their decades of existence. Above all, when I read through the essays I feel both depressed and uplifted. Depressed because the a movie in an scale of this problem is truly frightening and the human costs are so desperate. Care. It is hard not to how to write in an essay pause on Jim Yong Kim’s essay when he describes the situation in Sierra Leone where corruption stopped some mothers from immunising their infant children because nurses demanded rice in exchange for ‘free’ shots. Finish Thesis. But I am also uplifted because there is a consistent theme that we can crack this and there are so many encouraging stories of measures that have already had an impact.

Angel Gurria tells us that between 1999 – the year the OECD convention tackling transnational bribery came into force – and 2014, 361 individuals and 126 companies were sanctioned for foreign bribery in 17 countries, with at least $5.4 billion imposed in combined monetary sanctions and 95 people put behind bars. Jose Ugaz describes some of the ways that new technologies have already been employed to bring about real change. In Guatemala, a public campaign over write a movie in an a customs fraud scandal forced the resignation of the president and vice- president. In Brazil, 40 civil society organisations mobilised two million Brazilians to use online actions and events to successfully campaign for mla format quotes a new law that prevents candidates who have been convicted of corruption from standing for public office for at least eight years. When El Salvador gave citizens the right to ask for information about public officials’ assets, 6,000 citizen requests helped to write a movie in an uncover cases where the wealth of public officials had grown by 300% during their time in office. In Venezuela, a new smart phone app is finish thesis, allowing ordinary citizens to report on instances of bribery and write a movie in an, any irregularities during elections, with more than 400 complaints registered for follow-up in the most recent parliamentary elections. Essay Wrigley. Christine Lagarde also cites an example from Indonesia where the then Minister of Finance partnered with business to create ‘new rules of the how to a movie essay game’. These meant that the government delivered a streamlined customs approval process in exchange for a commitment from business not to offer any bribes to on unity in english officials. Jim Yong Kim describes how publishing school funding allocations in how to a movie in an, local newspapers in Uganda transformed the proportion of funds that made it through to the schools, with one study concluding that the amount of funds diverted away by local officials correlated to the distance of a school from a town where there was a newspaper outlet.

All of these examples and more mean that the finish thesis biggest message of this book is one of optimism. This battle can be won. Furthermore, there are clear lessons coming through that can help us to win it by shaping an international agenda to defeat and deter corruption. First, corruption should be exposed so there is nowhere to hide. We need to end the how to in an essay use of secret shell companies, so that the corrupt no longer have an easy and anonymous way to hide their loot and move it across borders. We need to drive out the finish thesis rogue lawyers, estate agents and accountants who facilitate or tolerate corruption in commerce and finance.

We need to expose the theft or misuse of taxpayers’ money by in an essay, opening up budgets and procurement so that people can see exactly how their money is used and they can demand that people are held to account when it is stolen. Essay By Robert Wrigley. And we need a sustained effort in how to write a movie, those areas which Paul Collier describes as the skills writing assignment “pockets of high corruption”, including corruption-prone sectors such as the extractive and construction industries. At the heart of all of this is international co-operation on transparency. How To A Movie. In the UK we have adopted legislation to give the public unrestricted access to beneficial ownership information on UK companies through a public central registry so that people can see who really owns and controls companies. But as Paul Radu argues, tracking international flows of finance requires international co-operation. Essay. Well-structured, transparent and accessible databases could allow automated searches of ever-larger, global datasets that could feed real-time alerts to journalists in every country. His vision offers a network of how to write a movie investigative journalists that could help make transparency the natural enemy of international organised crime gangs and corrupt officials all over the world. Given the sheer quantity of data to get through, networks of civil society, activists and journalists – working with law enforcement – will be critical to holding people to account. Second, we need to deal properly and management, comprehensively with the corruption we expose.

That means bringing the perpetrators to justice, actively enforcing anti-corruption laws and working together across international borders to hunt down the corrupt, prosecute them and in an essay, send them to jail. One cutting-edge idea to essay project management explore here comes from Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong. In Singapore, instead of how to write in an essay prosecutors having to prove the guilt of the corrupt, they reverse the burden of proof so the accused have to show that they acquired their wealth legally. The Prevention of Corruption Act also provides for extra-territorial jurisdiction, so that the actions of Singaporeans overseas are treated in writing skills writing assignment essay, the same way as actions committed in Singapore, regardless of whether the corrupt acts had consequences in Singapore itself. It will be a while yet before everyone is as bold and as far- reaching as Singapore.

But what I believe we can all agree is that we should send a clear message to the corrupt that there will be no impunity and that we will restrict their ability to travel and do business as usual in write a movie, our countries. That’s why we in the UK are looking closely at the potential of Unexplained Wealth Orders, and why I urge other countries to do the same. Dealing with the corruption we expose also means taking responsibility to essay health care support those who have suffered from corruption. I believe that should include doing everything we can to track down looted money and create a trusted system to return it to a movie in an its rightful owners. The looting of by robert wrigley public wealth has been on such a scale in essay, some countries, that returning it safely would make an enormous difference to their development prospects. It would also begin to finish thesis address the sense of injustice that many in this book have so powerfully described. How To Write A Movie In An. Third, we need more than just clear rules that are properly enforced. As so many of the contributors have argued, we also need to make it much harder for corruption to thrive by driving out the underlying cultures that have allowed this cancer to fester for so long. Essay Health Care. This means tackling head on how to write, what John Githongo describes as the ‘pirate sector’ by creating a culture where the corrupt are (in Lesotho vernacular) “bobolu” and made to feel a social stigma that shames them for what they do. It means challenging corrupt behaviours globally by embracing the vast possibilities that Paul Collier highlights around the twinning of different countries’ institutions and professions.

From tax collection agencies, treasuries and civil services to essay professions such as accountancy and law, twinning can begin to write in an essay build a newly shared culture of probity and honesty. Changing the culture of finish thesis corruption also means embracing the write a movie in an power of new technologies to deliver greater accountability for public money and public services. In India, for example, welfare smartcards are helping to prevent corrupt officials taking a cut of finish thesis payments to the poor. Technologies like this can provide the information to how to write in an enable government agencies, businesses, campaigning NGOs and individual citizens to come together in a comprehensive movement against corruption. But all of this will only really work if political leaders have the courage to stand together, to speak up where previously there was silence, and to demand the strengthening and co- ordinating of international institutions that are needed to put fighting corruption at the top of the international agenda where it belongs. Essay Health. We cannot and must not fail this test of political leadership. As David Walsh writes: “No longer in the dark, we now have the opportunity for change. It would be a crime not to seize it.” I intend to seize it, with the support of all the authors in this book and together with the widest possible coalition of leaders from politics, business and how to write a movie in an, civil society. Together we are against corruption. And together we can defeat it.

2. Francis Fukuyama: What is Corruption? Corruption has in many ways become the defining issue of the 21st century, just as the 20th century was characterised by large ideological struggles between democracy, fascism and communism. Today a majority of the world’s nations accept the legitimacy of democracy and at least pretend to hold competitive elections. What really distinguishes political systems from one another is the degree to which the essay elites ruling them seek to use their power in the service of how to a movie a broad public interest or simply to enrich themselves, their friends and their families. Countries from Russia and Venezuela to Afghanistan and essay by robert wrigley, Nigeria all hold elections that produce leaders with some degree of democratic legitimacy. What distinguishes them from Norway, Japan or Britain is not so much democracy as the quality of government which, in how to, turn, is greatly affected by levels of corruption. Health. Corruption hurts life outcomes in how to essay, a variety of ways. Economically, it diverts resources away from essay project their most productive uses and acts like a regressive tax that supports the lifestyles of elites at the expense of everyone else. Corruption incentivises the best and the brightest to spend their time gaming the system, rather than innovating or creating new wealth. Politically, corruption undermines the legitimacy of political systems by giving elites alternative ways of how to holding onto with quotes power other than genuine democratic choice. It hurts the prospects of democracy when people perceive authoritarian governments to be performing better than corrupt democratic ones and undermines the reality of democratic choice.

However, the phenomenon labelled ‘corruption’ comprises a wide range of how to a movie essay behaviours whose economic and political effects vary greatly. It is remarkable that, for all of the academic effort put into the study of corruption, there is still no broadly accepted vocabulary for distinguishing between its different forms. Before we can tackle corruption, we need some conceptual clarity as to what it is and how it relates to the broader problem of good government. 2.1 Corruption as a modern phenomenon. Corruption can exist in many contexts, from bribery in a sports organisation to a secretary stealing from the office pool. I am here going to focus on political corruption, which concerns the abuse of public office for private gain (see Johnston 2005, p. 11). Essay By Robert. The first point to note is that corruption is a modern phenomenon. The very terms ‘public’ and ‘private’ did not always exist. In the European medieval era, virtually all regimes were what Max Weber labelled ‘patrimonial’ – that is, political authority was regarded as a species of in an private property which could be handed down to descendants as part of their patrimony. In dynastic times, a king could give away an entire province with all of finish thesis its inhabitants to his son or daughter as a wedding present, since he regarded his domain as a private possession. Under these circumstances, it made no sense to talk about public corruption 1 . The concept that rulers did not simply own their domains but were custodians of write a broader public interest was one that emerged gradually in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Theorists such as Hugo Grotius, Jean Bodin, Thomas Hobbes and Samuel von Pufendorf began to essay on unity in english argue that a ruler could be legitimately sovereign not by right of ownership, but out of a kind of social contract by which he protected public interest – above all, the common interest in peace and security. The very notion that there was a potential conflict between public and private interest emerged with the rise of modern European states. In this respect, China beat Europe to the punch by nearly 1,800 years, having been one of the earliest civilisations to develop a concept of an impersonal state that was the guardian of a collective public interest. Today no rulers dare assert publicly that they ‘own’ the territories over which they exercise authority; even traditional monarchs such as those in the Arab world claim to be serving a broader public interest. Hence we have the phenomenon that political scientists label ‘neo-patrimonialism’ – in which political leaders pretend to how to write in an be modern servants of the common good in political systems with modern trappings like parliaments, ministers and bureaucracies. Finish Thesis. But the reality is that elites enter politics to extract rents or resources and enrich themselves and their families at the expense of everyone else.

A modern state which seeks to promote public welfare and treats its citizens impersonally is not just a recent phenomenon, but also one that is write, difficult to achieve and inherently fragile. The reason for this has to health care do with human nature. Human beings are social creatures, but their sociability takes the very specific forms of favouritism towards family and friends. A Movie. The demand that we treat people on an impersonal basis, or hire a stranger who is qualified rather than a relative or a friend, is not something that comes naturally to human beings. Modern political systems set up incentives and try to project management socialise people into different forms of a movie in an essay behaviour. But because favouritism towards friends and family is a natural instinct, there is a constant danger of relapse – something I have elsewhere labelled ‘repatrimonialisation’ (Fukuyama 2011). Finish Thesis. People who live in rich developed countries often look down on countries pervaded by systemic corruption as if they are somehow deviant cases. But the truth of the matter is that, up until a few centuries ago, there were virtually no modern uncorrupt states. Write. Making the wrigley transition from a patrimonial or neo-patrimonial state to a modern impersonal one is a difficult and historically fraught process, much more difficult in most respects than making the transition from an authoritarian political system to how to a movie essay a democratic one. But if most countries throughout most of human history were patrimonial or neo-patrimonial, there were still large differences between them with regard to the quality of government.

So we need to make some finer distinctions between types and essay management, levels of corruption. There are two separate phenomena related to how to write essay corruption that are not identical to it. The first is the creation and health care, extraction of rents, and the second is patronage or clientelism. In economics, a rent is technically defined as the difference between the cost of keeping a good or service in production and its price. How To Essay. One of the most important sources of rents is scarcity: natural resource rents exist because the selling price of oil far exceeds the cost of pumping it out of the ground.

Rents can also be artificially generated by governments. Many of the most common forms of corruption revolve around a government’s ability to create artificial scarcities through licensing or regulation. Placing tariffs on imports restricts imports and generates rents for the government; one of the most widespread forms of essay by robert wrigley corruption around the world lies in customs agencies, where the customs agent will take a bribe to reduce the duties charged or expedites the clearance process so that the importer will have their goods on time. The ease with which governments can create rents through their taxation or regulatory powers has led many economists to denounce rents in general as distortions of how to a movie essay efficient resource allocation by markets and to see rent creation and distribution as virtually synonymous with corruption. The ability of essay project governments to generate rents means that many ambitious people will choose politics rather than entrepreneurship or the private sector as a route to wealth. But while rents can be and are abused in the fashion described, they also have perfectly legitimate uses, which complicate any blanket denunciation. The most obvious type of a ‘good’ rent is a patent or copyright – by which the government gives the creator of an idea or creative work the exclusive right to any resulting revenues for some defined period of write a movie time. Economists Mushtaq Khan and Jomo Kwame Sundaram (2000) point out that many Asian governments have promoted industrialisation by allowing favoured firms to generate excess profits, provided they were ploughed back into finish thesis, new investment.

While this opened the a movie in an door to considerable corruption and abuse, it also worked as a means of stimulating rapid growth at a rate possibly higher than market forces on their own would have produced. All government regulatory functions create artificial scarcities and essay with quotes, therefore rents. But while we can argue about the appropriate extent of write a movie in an regulation, few people would like to see these functions simply abandoned. The creation and distribution of rents by project, governments have a high degree of overlap with corruption, but are not simply the same phenomenon. The second phenomenon that is often identified with corruption is that of patronage or clientelism. A patronage relationship is a reciprocal exchange of favours between two individuals of different status and write a movie in an essay, power, usually involving favours given by the patron to the client in exchange for the client’s loyalty and political support.

The favour given to the client must be a good that can be individually appropriated, such as a job in the post office, a Christmas turkey or a get-out-of-jail card for a relative, rather than a public good or policy that applies to a broad class of people (Eisenstadt and Roniger 1984). Patronage is sometimes distinguished from clientelism by scale; patronage relationships are typically face-to-face ones between patrons and clients and exist in all regimes whether authoritarian or democratic, while clientelism involves larger-scale exchanges of favours between patrons and clients, often requiring a hierarchy of essay by robert intermediaries (see Scott 1972). Clientelism thus exists primarily in democratic countries where large numbers of voters need to a movie essay be mobilised (Piattoni 2001, pp. 4–7). Clientelism is finish thesis, considered a bad thing and how to write a movie, a deviation from good democratic practice in several respects. In a modern democracy, citizens are supposed to vote based on the politician’s promises of broad public policies or a ‘programmatic’ agenda. Such choices are supposed to reflect general views of what is good for the political community as a whole and not just what is good for one individual voter.

Of course, voters in advanced democracies cast their ballots according to their self-interest; programmes targeted at one group of quotes citizens are nonetheless justified in terms of broad concepts of essay justice or the general good. Moreover, targeted programmes must apply impartially not to individuals but to broad classes of essay people. Targeted benefits to how to individuals are bad from the writing writing standpoint of social justice. In clientelistic systems, redistributive programmes that are supposed to help all poor people, for example, end up benefiting only those poor people who support a particular politician. This weakens support for effective universal policies and preserves existing social inequalities. Nevertheless, there is reason to think that clientelism is actually an early form of how to write in an essay democratic participation. In the finish thesis United States and other countries, it was a way of mobilising poor voters and therefore encouraging them to participate in a movie essay, a democratic political system. It was suboptimal when compared to essay wrigley programmatic voting, yet provided a degree of accountability insofar as the politician still felt obligated to provide some benefits in return for how to in an political support.

In that respect, clientelism is quite different from a more destructive form of corruption in which a politician simply steals from the public treasury for the benefit of his or her family, without any obligation to provide a public service in essay care, return. The problem with clientelism is that it usually does not remain confined to a mechanism for getting out the vote, but morphs into misappropriation. A final conceptual distinction that needs to be made is between corruption and low state capacity. ‘Anti-corruption and good governance’ has become an often-repeated slogan in the development community and some people treat good governance and the absence of corruption as equivalents. Yet they are very different: a squeaky-clean bureaucracy can still be incompetent or ineffective in doing its job, while corrupt ones can provide good services 2 . Beyond low levels of corruption, good governance requires state capacity – that is, the human, material and organisational resources necessary for governments to write a movie essay carry out essay project management, their mandates effectively and efficiently. It is linked to the skills and knowledge of public officials and whether they are given sufficient autonomy and authority to carry out their tasks. Corruption, of course, tends to undermine state capacity (for example, by replacing qualified officials with political patronage appointees); conversely, highly professional bureaucracies tend to write in an essay be less subject to bribery and theft. Low levels of corruption and high state capacity therefore tend to be correlated around the world. Finish Thesis. But getting to how to write a movie in an good governance is a much larger task than simply fighting corruption. The distinction between corruption and low state capacity allows us to better understand differences between the effects of corruption in countries around the essay world. In the how to write World Bank Institute’s Worldwide Governance Indicators for 2014, China ranks in the 47th percentile with respect to control of skills writing essay corruption, behind Ghana and just ahead of Romania (World Bank 2014). On the other hand, China has a great deal of state capacity.

In the government effectiveness category, it is in the 66th percentile, while Romania is in the 55th and Ghana is in the 44th (World Bank 2014). How To Write A Movie In An Essay. This validates the common perception that the Chinese Government has a great deal of capacity to achieve the ends it sets, despite strong perceptions of pervasive corruption. The predictability and scale of corruption are also important; if a business owner expects to pay 10% of the transaction value in bribes, they can regard that as a kind of tax, which is less damaging to by robert investment than a bribery level of 75% or one that varies arbitrarily from a movie essay year to year. The first generation of anti-corruption measures taken in the mid-1990s by development finance institutions involved ambitious efforts to overhaul civil service systems along Weberian lines: incentivising officials by wrigley, increasing wage dispersion and setting formal recruitment and promotion criteria. These measures had very little effect; the problem lay in how to a movie, the fact that corrupt governments were expected to police themselves and to implement bureaucratic systems developed over long periods in rich countries with very different histories. Finish Thesis. More recent efforts have focused on write, fighting corruption through transparency and accountability measures – that is, increasing the essay management monitoring of agent behaviour and creating positive and how to a movie in an essay, negative incentives for better compliance with the writing skills institution’s goals. This has taken a variety of forms: cameras placed in how to write in an, classrooms to ensure that teachers show up for work; participatory budgeting where citizens are given a direct voice in budgeting decisions; and websites where citizens can report government officials taking bribes.

Since governments cannot be trusted to police themselves, civil society has often been enlisted in a watchdog role and mobilised to demand accountability. Mechanisms like anti-corruption commissions and special prosecutors have, if given enough autonomy, also shown some success in countries such as Indonesia and Romania. These later efforts, however, have also had uneven success (see, for example, Kolstad and Wiig 2009; Mauro 2002). In particular, transparency initiatives by themselves do not guarantee changes in government behaviour. For example, in countries where clientelism is organised along ethnic lines, co-ethnics are frequently tolerant of leaders who steal. Elsewhere, citizens may be outraged by news of corruption, but then have no clear way of writing skills holding individual politicians or bureaucrats accountable. In other cases, successes in punishing individual politicians are not sufficient to how to write shift the normative framework in which virtually everyone in the political class expects to profit from office. Finally, anti-corruption campaigns may disrupt informal understandings and personal relationships that underpin investment and trade: without formal property rights and contract enforcement under a system of independent courts, the paradoxical short-term effect of prosecuting corrupt officials may be to skills deter new investment and thereby lower growth.

There is a single truth underlying the indifferent success of existing transparency and how to write a movie essay, accountability measures to control corruption. The sources of corruption are deeply political. Without a political strategy for overcoming this problem, any given solution will fail. Corruption in its various forms – patronage, clientelism, rent-seeking and outright theft – all benefit existing stakeholders in the political system, who are generally very powerful players. Lecturing them about good government or setting up formal systems designed to work in modern political systems will not affect their incentives and therefore will have little transformative effect. That is why transparency initiatives on their own often fail. Citizens may be outraged by news about corruption, but nothing will happen without collective-action mechanisms to finish thesis bring about change. The mere existence of a democratic political system is no guarantee that citizens’ anger will be translated into action; they need leadership and a strategy for displacing entrenched stakeholders from how to write a movie power. Outside pressure in the form of loan conditionality, technical assistance or moral pressure is almost never sufficient to do the job.

Anti- corruption commissions and special prosecutors who have had success in jailing corrupt officials have done so only because they receive strong grassroots political backing from citizens. The political nature of corruption and the necessarily political nature of the reform process can be illustrated by the experience of the United States in the 19th century (as I describe in Fukuyama 2014, chapters 9–11). American politics in that period was not too different from politics in contemporary developing democratic countries such as India, Brazil or Indonesia. Beginning in the 1820s, American states began extending the franchise to include all white males, vastly expanding the voter base and presenting politicians with the challenge of mobilising relatively poor and poorly educated voters. The solution, which appeared particularly after the 1828 presidential election that brought Andrew Jackson to power, was the creation of a vast clientelistic system. Elected politicians appointed their supporters to positions in the bureaucracy or rewarded them with individual payoffs like Christmas turkeys or bottles of bourbon.

This system, known as the spoils or patronage system, characterised American government for the next century, from the highest federal offices down to local postmasters in assignment, every American town or city. As with other clientelistic systems, patronage led to astonishing levels of corruption, particularly in cities such as New York, Boston and Chicago where machine politicians ruled for generations. This system began to change only in a movie, the 1880s as a consequence of economic development. New technologies like the railroads were transforming the country from on unity a primarily agrarian society into an urban industrial one. How To In An. There were increasing demands from writing skills writing essay business leaders and how to a movie in an essay, from a newly emerging civil society for a different, more modern form of government that would prioritise merit and knowledge over political connections. Following the mla format essay with assassination of the newly elected President James A. Garfield in 1881 by a would-be office seeker, Congress was embarrassed into how to write a movie, passing the is strength in english Pendleton Act. It established a US Civil Service Commission for the first time and a movie essay, the principle that public officials should be chosen on the basis of merit. Even so, expanding the number of classified (i.e. merit- based) officials met strong resistance and did not become widespread until after the writing skills writing essay First World War. How To In An Essay. Individual municipal political machines such as Tammany Hall in New York were not dismantled completely until the care middle of the 20th century. The American experience highlights a number of how to write in an features of both corruption and the reform of corrupt systems. First, the incentives that led to the creation of the essay on unity is strength in english clientelistic system were deeply political.

Politicians got into office via their ability to distribute patronage; they had no incentive to vote in favour of something like the write a movie essay Pendleton Act that would take away those privileges. The only reason it passed was a tragic exogenous event – the mla format with Garfield assassination – which mobilised public opinion in favour of a more modern governmental system. Second, reform of the system was similarly political. The Progressive Era saw the emergence of a vast reform coalition made up of business leaders, urban reformers, farmers and ordinary citizens who were fed up with the existing patronage system. How To Write A Movie In An. It required strong leadership from politicians like Theodore Roosevelt who was himself head of the US Civil Service Commission. It also required a clear reform agenda pointing towards modern government, formulated by intellectuals such as Frank Goodnow, Dorman Eaton and Woodrow Wilson. Finally, reform was helped along by economic development. Industrialisation in the US produced new social groups such as business leaders who needed efficient government services, a broad and better-educated middle class who could mobilise for reform, and a grassroots organisation of project management civil society groups.

The American experience is suggestive of how progress in the fight against corruption may be waged in contemporary societies suffering from it. Reform is always a political matter that will require formation of a broad coalition of groups opposed to an existing system of corrupt politicians. Grassroots activism in write in an essay, favour of reform may emerge spontaneously, but such sentiments will not be translated into real change until it receives good leadership and organisation. Reform also has a socio-economic basis: economic growth often produces new classes and essay by robert, groups that want a different, more modern politics. America points to how to in an essay another feature of anti-corruption efforts. Control of corruption was very much bound up with efforts to increase state capacity. The period that saw the emergence of an industrial economy was also characterised by huge increases in levels of education – particularly higher education, which produced an entirely new class of professionals who worked for both private businesses and the government.

One of the first government agencies to be modernised in finish thesis, the late 19th century was the US Department of Agriculture, which benefited from a generation of professional agronomists trained in the numerous land-grant universities that sprang up around the United States. The latter, in turn, were the product of the far-sighted Morrill Act of 1862 that sought to increase agricultural productivity (among other things) through higher education. It would not have been possible to reform the old patronage-based bureaucracy without access to how to write in an essay the human capital represented by this entire generation of university- educated officials. Every important reform effort undertaken to create modern state bureaucracies – in Germany, Britain, France, Japan and elsewhere – was accompanied by writing writing essay, parallel efforts to modernise the higher education system in ways that would benefit public administration. Today development finance institutions focus on helping to provide universal primary and secondary education to poor countries and have largely given up on supporting elite education. The reasons for this are understandable, but do not correspond to the historical experience of state modernisation in countries that became rich in earlier eras. These general observations about historical efforts to how to write a movie essay build modern uncorrupt administrations suggest that the process will be an extended one, characterised by prolonged political struggle. Writing. Fortunately, having a modern bureaucracy is not a sine qua non of economic development. How To A Movie In An. No existing rich country had a squeaky-clean government in is strength in english, its early stages of economic growth – neither Britain, nor the United States in how to a movie in an, the 19th century, nor China today. Corruption and weak governance are obstacles to economic growth, but economic growth can happen also in poorly governed societies and will produce, over time, social conditions and is strength, resources that will make government reform more feasible.

This is how to a movie in an, perhaps a pessimistic conclusion, given the fact that rentier states and kleptocratic governments are the source of international conflict and instability in today’s world. But it is also a realistic assessment derived from the historical record. Eisenstadt, S. N. and Roniger, L. 1984. Patrons, Clients and Friends: Interpersonal Relations and the Structure of Trust in essay, Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. A Movie In An Essay. Fukuyama, F. 2011. Finish Thesis. The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution.

New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Fukuyama, F. 2014. Political Order and Political Decay: From the Industrial Revolution to the Globalisation of Democracy. New York: Farrar, Straus and how to essay, Giroux. Johnston, M. 2005. Syndromes of finish thesis Corruption. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Khan, M. H. and Jomo, K. S. 2000. Rents, Rent-Seeking and Economic Development: Theory and Evidence in Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kolstad, I. and how to in an, Wiig, A. 2009. Is Transparency the Key to Reducing Corruption in Resource-Rich Countries? World Development, 37(3), pp. 521–32. Mauro, P. 2002. The Persistence of Corruption and Slow Economic Growth. Washington DC: International Monetary Fund. Working Paper No.

02/213. Piattoni, S. 2001. Clientelism, Interests and Democratic Representation: The European Experience in Historical and Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Scott, J. 1972. Comparative Political Corruption. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. World Bank. 2014. Worldwide Governance Indicators.

Available online. Francis Fukuyama is a Senior Fellow at Stanford University and Director of its Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law. His book, The End of on unity History and the Last Man (Free Press 1992), has appeared in more than 20 foreign editions. More recently, he is the a movie author of Political Order and Political Decay: From the Industrial Revolution to the Globalisation of Democracy (Profile Books 2014). 3. Health. Paul Collier: How to change cultures of corruption. Corruption does not happen everywhere, it is concentrated in write a movie in an essay, pockets: in particular industries, in particular societies and in particular times.

Among industries, natural resource extraction and construction have long been seen as exceptionally prone to essay project management corruption. This is partly because projects in these sectors are idiosyncratic and a movie in an, difficult to scrutinise. Some European countries such as Italy and Greece perform markedly worse than some African and Asian countries, according to Transparency International’s (TI) Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) (Transparency International 2015). Places where grand corruption is perceived to be flourishing are rare, but Afghanistan and Angola are examples of these extreme conditions. As to periods, Britain in the 18th century exemplified the behaviours that would now lead to a miserable ranking in corruption indices. More pertinently, there is good reason to think that, globally, there has been an skills assignment essay, upsurge in corruption in recent decades. Reversing this upsurge calls for concerted effort. Alongside these pockets of high corruption, other industries, other societies and other times are virtually corruption-free.

Denmark is currently seen as the least corrupt place in the world and many non-Western countries such as Botswana are also viewed as relatively untainted (Transparency International 2015). In most societies, corruption is not normal: it is therefore potentially avoidable everywhere. Corruption is concentrated in pockets because it depends upon common expectations of behaviour. Write A Movie. Where corruption is the norm, getting rid of it poses a co-ordination problem: if I expect those around me to project continue to how to write a movie in an essay be corrupt, why should I change my behaviour? Because of this, pockets of corruption have proved to be highly persistent: the essay project same industries and the same societies remain corrupt for many years. Similarly, honesty is how to essay, persistent.

In the first TI survey conducted in project, 1995, Denmark was rated second globally. This persistence is not a matter of chance. Danes are born into an honest society and so inherit the expectation that they themselves will be trustworthy. Being trusted is a valuable asset: it makes many aspects of life much easier. In consequence, individual Danes have a strong incentive not to squander this valuable asset through behaving opportunistically. Write A Movie. Because people have rationally chosen to protect their reputation for mla format with quotes honesty, the entire society has stayed honest. Write In An. But change is writing, possible. Write A Movie. Until well into the 19th century, the British public sector was very corrupt. Positions were bought and sold and contracts were awarded in return for bribes. Crises such as military humiliation in the Crimean War helped to shock governments into change.

Opportunities for corruption were curtailed: recruitment and promotion were opened to finish thesis competitive examinations. A new purposive ethic was promoted and serving the nation became the pinnacle of how to a movie in an essay social prestige and self-worth. By the late 19th century, the British Civil Service had become honest and competent. This transformation was largely fortuitous rather than the result of a properly thought-through strategy. But its success reveals the key components of how change can be brought about.

Societies do not have to wait for military humiliation and health care, a moral revival: corruption can be tackled effectively. In Britain, two key things – closing off the major opportunities for how to write in an essay corruption and essay project, making working for write essay the public good more prestigious and satisfying than abusing office for private gain – happened together. These two approaches are jointly critical in breaking cultures of corruption. By Robert. Just as 19th-century Britain implemented both of them without international help, there is much that societies currently beset by corruption can do for how to write themselves. However, the globalisation of essay care business and social networks has created an important role for international action. Countries such as Britain can contribute to encouraging both internal and international initiatives. There is enormous scope for international actions that close off opportunities for corruption.

Equally, there is essay, much that can be done to make behaviours that promote the public good more prestigious and satisfying than those that sacrifice the public interest for private gain. This is because corruption, like honesty, tends to persist. Corrupt behaviour is self-reinforcing, and breaking out of it is not easy. A co-ordinated push for international action thus makes national initiatives more likely to succeed and more worthwhile to attempt. It can help those societies that are still struggling with the writing assignment problems that Britain faced in how to a movie, the 19th century. Britain has already done much to essay wrigley make global corruption more difficult. One contribution has been to ‘follow the money’. In recent decades, international lawyers and write a movie in an essay, bankers created walls of secrecy that enabled corrupt officials to hide money away in ‘shell’ companies and writing writing, offshore bank accounts. The Government has led the way in dismantling this labyrinth of how to write a movie in an deceit: the true ownership of British companies must now be revealed in a public register, and British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies are also taking action to improve company transparency. Britain has rapidly changed from being part of the problem to being a pioneer of the solution, but quite evidently following the project management money is subject to a weakest-link problem.

Corrupt money will hide wherever it can, so it is vital that all the major legal and how to write a movie essay, financial centres close the loopholes. There is scope to essay extend transparency beyond bank deposits to other major assets such as property. How To Write In An Essay. There is also considerable scope for essay in english those governments that adopt effective measures for following the money to write in an require all companies that wish to do business with them to by robert wrigley comply with these standards, providing global reach for write in an essay national efforts. A second contribution has been to writing writing increase transparency in key sectors. In 2013, Britain and four other G7 countries signed up to a movie in an the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), helping to bring daylight to health a corrupt sector.

In North America and Europe, what began as voluntary revenue transparency is now evolving into a legal requirement. How To Write A Movie In An Essay. Meanwhile the writing assignment EITI is becoming the established international standard-setting entity for the sector, extending voluntarism beyond simple revenue reporting to matters such as contracts. There is a movie essay, now an equivalent voluntary initiative for care the construction sector and it warrants similar co-ordinated propulsion. A third contribution has been to increase accountability: the Bribery Act 2010 greatly tightened the write a movie essay legal liability of companies and their employees for bribing their way into contracts. Clamping down on bribery is essay, a classic instance of the free-rider problem: no government wants its own companies to be disadvantaged. This is how to write a movie essay, why the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and by robert wrigley, Development (OECD) has been encouraging a co-ordinated international approach. The alternative to such co-operation is a race to the bottom that the businesses of no decently governed country can win. There is, equally, plenty of scope for how to a movie in an essay contributing to skills assignment essay the complementary approach of making public good more prestigious and satisfying than the private gains generated by how to in an essay, abuse of office.

Take, for example, tax administration, which is fundamental to mla format with quotes effective government. In many poor countries, tax administration is an epicentre of a movie corruption. As a specific example, consider the administration of finish thesis Value-Added Tax (VAT), which is a means of revenue-raising encouraged globally by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) because it is less distorting than most other taxes. But in several poor societies that followed IMF advice, such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo, VAT is actually reducing revenue rather than raising it. Even before VAT, many tax inspectors were corrupt, using their power to tax firms as a means of extorting money for themselves: ‘pay me or pay tax’ (Collier 2016). VAT has reduced revenue, because it expanded the options available to corrupt tax officials.

It works by firms initially paying tax on their gross sales, but then getting a rebate on the inputs they have purchased, so that they end up only paying tax on the value they have added to those inputs. A Movie In An. But in a country that introduces a VAT, a corrupt tax official can now sell a firm phoney tax receipts on inputs, in addition to the standard extortion racket. As a result, the rebate system ends up paying out more than the sales tax component of VAT is paying in. Clearly at the core of this phenomenon are norms of by robert behaviour among tax officials, such that seizing opportunities for private gain is seen as both more prestigious and more satisfying than contributing to the public good of generating tax revenue and the public services it can finance. How might Britain, and other countries in which VAT collection does not face such problems, help to change this perception? Social prestige and how to in an, personal satisfaction are largely set within peer groups: most people want to be respected by those they see as their peers and they find satisfaction in adhering to group norms. Hence a practical way of changing the behaviour of on unity is strength in english corrupt officials is to alter the group of people they regard as their peers. Currently, a corrupt tax official is likely to have two key networks in which they seek prestige: their extended family and fellow tax inspectors. In An. Their family will honour them for essay health care helping relatives who lack opportunities to earn a large income: he or she becomes the patron of the family. Their fellow tax inspectors, subject to the same family pressures, may see corruption as reasonable. How To Write A Movie In An Essay. They may even regard honest behaviour as a threat to their own conduct and therefore disloyal.

A useful way of changing this state of affairs is to twin those tax administrations in which corruption is endemic with administrations in countries that are not corrupt. Twinning could involve regular secondments of essay with staff in both directions and the potential for accreditation to international professional associations at various ranks. The purpose would not primarily be a transfer of write a movie in an technical skills, although that could clearly be a component, but rather a gradual transfer of attitudes and behaviours. The new network exposes the official to the potential of a new identity as a member of a prestigious international peer group of modern tax officials, working to global, not local, standards. It exposes the official to a new narrative circulating in on unity is strength in english, the network: that tax officials are vital for write in an the provision of core public services. And it exposes the official to a new norm of ‘good’ conduct. Essay Project. A ‘good’ tax inspector is no longer one who raises a lot of money for their family, but one who rigorously implements the essay tax code to make the rest of government feasible.

Exposure to finish thesis these new attitudes creates a tension between the behaviour that would generate prestige and write in an essay, self-worth in the old networks and essay, the behaviour that would generate prestige and self-worth in the new network. How To Write A Movie. Creating this tension is not the end of the story, but it is an essential step. The other key step is to in english tackle the how to write in an essay co-ordination problem: why should I change my behaviour, if nobody else is going to change theirs? Social psychologists have shown that successful co-ordination depends upon skills generating ‘common knowledge’ (Thomas et al. 2014). A new fact becomes ‘common’ if it is not only widely shared, but also crucially if everybody knows that everybody else knows it. One way to how to create the common knowledge that yesterday’s behaviour is unlikely to persist tomorrow is to close an entire organisation and rehire those staff judged to have reasonable integrity into a new one under different management and higher standards. For example, many governments have closed corrupt tax departments within their ministries of essay finance and replaced them with independent revenue authorities, a change that has usually been reasonably successful. An analogous way for international twinning to overcome the how to essay co-ordination problem is for all the project staff in an entire unit to be exposed to how to write a movie the international network at the same time. Essay Project. Each official in how to, the unit would then realise that their colleagues were facing the same tension between old and writing writing assignment essay, new networks and hence the same choice.

There are already a few examples of institutional twinning. For example, in Britain, the Department for International Development (DFID) financially supports Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (HMRC), the British tax authority, to work with tax authorities in some low-income countries. Also, until a decade ago, governors of the Bank of England used to host an annual meeting for governors of African central banks. But the scope for twinning is vast, relative to what is, as yet, happening both in governments and in the wider society. Around the write a movie in an world, governments have similar structures. For example, virtually all governments in low-income countries have a ministry of transport, a ministry of health and a ministry of finance. OECD governments have been liaising with these ministries for half a century, but the entities that are linked to essay project them are their aid agencies not their counterpart ministries.

Direct links with counterpart ministries have the potential for a very different form of relationship based on peer-group networks, rather than on money with conditions. Often ministries in low-income countries try to keep donor agencies ‘out of their hair’, whereas they would value direct links with their peers. How To A Movie. An important example is the regulation of utilities such as electricity. Many governments of low-income countries are now establishing regulatory agencies, which is a vital step in by robert, attracting private finance for infrastructure. But the regulation of utilities faces intense pressures for corruption: the decisions of regulators affect both the profitability of companies and voter support for politicians. In the OECD, regulatory agencies have been operating for two or three decades.

The OECD has also built peer group networks that have evolved peer standards of independence, transparency and impartiality. New regulatory agencies would benefit from how to a movie becoming part of essay quotes this distinctive culture. Such specialised inter-government peer groups are indeed the write in an essay core activity of the OECD. But membership of the OECD is confined to on unity is strength the governments of high-income countries. Admirably, the organisation is now trying to broaden its engagement with the in an governments of poor countries, for skills assignment essay example, by the new initiative ‘Tax Inspectors Without Borders’ (OECD 2015). This is designed to embed tax inspectors for OECD governments in the tax authorities of write poor countries on secondment for several months: not to train but to work on the job. An obvious extension would be to make this a two-way exchange of staff. The branding of ‘Tax Inspectors Without Borders’ neatly taps into the potential for such secondments to be glamorous: a survey of young French singles found that the ‘ideal spouse’ was a doctor with Medecins Sans Frontieres!

More seriously, while the OECD initiative is excellent it is a drop in essay health care, the ocean. Write. The restricted membership of the OECD limits its scope to forge global links and is strength, there is no other international institution with the remit to build peer- group links across government departments between rich countries and poor ones. Perhaps this role should become a core function of national aid agencies such as DFID, but it would benefit from a co-ordinated kick-start by several heads of government. Twinning has the potential to how to essay be extended well beyond government: part of the ‘big society’ can be direct links between the civil society organisations and their counterparts in poor countries. Again, historically such links have largely been confined to development non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as Oxfam, which channel donations to needs. Essay In English. But an important part of write a movie in an tackling corruption is resetting the cultures of professions, including accountancy, law, medicine and teaching. For example, in many poor countries, it is socially acceptable for teachers not to show up for lessons. Twinning involving things like teacher exchanges between schools could help to shift these dysfunctional values. The global explosion of social media has made this far more feasible. The two approaches of closing off opportunities for corruption and reducing the prestige and satisfaction generated by corrupt behaviour reinforce each other.

As the difficulties and is strength in english, risks of corrupt behaviour rise, fewer people will behave corruptly. This directly reduces the esteem from being corrupt because it is how to write a movie essay, no longer so normal. Similarly, as more people start to get their esteem from being honest, those who remain corrupt are easier to spot and on unity, so find themselves running bigger risks. National actions against corruption complement international actions. One major way of squeezing out corruption is to remove obvious sources of rent-seeking such as rationed access to foreign exchange and the award of government contracts through secret negotiation rather than open bidding. Competition within rule-based markets is an important part of the system of checks and balances that constrain public officials from the abuse of write in an office.

Another is to writing assignment essay prosecute some prominent senior officials. For example, in Ghana, 20 judges were sacked in late 2015 for accepting bribes based on video evidence gathered by an investigative journalist (BBC News 2015). Being based on independent evidence, such sackings cannot be misinterpreted as government attempts to crush political opposition. Further, as high-profile events, they generate common knowledge among officials that all other officials are reflecting on whether they should change their behaviour. Not all corruption is directly financial. Electoral corruption is highly damaging. New research finds that, under normal conditions, governments that deliver good economic performance enhance their prospects of how to write in an essay retaining office, but that the discipline of accountability breaks down when elections are not free and fair (Collier and essay project, Hoeffler 2015). Twinning national electoral commissions with their international peers, along with twinning local and international election monitors, can help to raise standards of electoral conduct. An international initiative against write in an, corruption provides an by robert wrigley, opportunity for national actions and international actions to a movie in an cohere.

As people recognise that the calculus of risks and rewards and finish thesis, the sources of how to write in an prestige and satisfaction are changing both for themselves and their colleagues, previously entrenched patterns of essay with behaviour could become unstable. Mass shifts in cultures of corruption do happen and it is possible to make them happen. Paul Collier is Professor of Economics and Public Policy at the Blavatnik School of Government and one of the world’s leading and write in an, award-winning development experts. His latest book is Exodus: How Migration is Changing our World (Oxford University Press 2013). 4. John Githongo: An African perspective on corruption. Sebolu is the Sotho word for a ‘spoilt thing’. It is a derogatory word used in Lesotho’s national language and vernacular to mean, among other things, corruption.

Someone who is corrupt is described as being bobolu and people have deep disdain for such a person. 3. In most of Africa though, there are few similar words of such powerful home-grown cultural resonance. Indeed, the word ‘corruption’ doesn’t exist in many indigenous African languages. It never has – it wasn’t needed.

The idea of essay project management stealing communal goods was literally taboo. The concept of how to write a movie essay shuffling papers in a government office in writing writing assignment, a far-off capital, ‘making good’ and then coming home rich and wearing the a movie in an ‘corrupt’ tag is, however, more obscure. Indeed, the local son or daughter ‘made good’ who demonstrates generosity back in the village is often lionised. Generosity of heart, even to finish thesis strangers, but especially to a movie in an relatives (no matter how distant), is a quality much admired by Africans generally. East Africa’s lingua franca, Kiswahili, gives us ufisadi (meaning corruption) or mfisadi (corrupt one); terms cleverly engineered post-independence.

Ufisadi brings to mind ‘hyena-like’ derived from the essay reputation of the hyena; fisi for being unscrupulous, greedy and ruthless. However, it does not have the same resonance for citizens of the region as sebolu does in Lesotho, which is one of the least corrupt African countries according to how to Transparency International’s (TI) annual Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) (Transparency International 2015). That said, ‘perceptions of corruption’, or better put ‘perceptions of leaders involved in theft’, is one of the most resented attributes of officialdom to Africans at large. Recent research on the experiences and perceptions of care Africans in 28 countries regarding corruption indicates that a majority (58%) felt that corruption had increased over the last 12 months. And in 18 of the 28 countries, the feeling was that their governments were doing badly in the fight against corruption. The report said that, despite these disappointing findings, the bright spots across the continent were in Botswana, Burkina Faso, Lesotho and essay, Senegal. Citizens in mla format with quotes, these countries were some of the most positive in the region when discussing corruption (Transparency International and how to write, Afrobarometer 2015). In environments where corruption is systemic but lacks cultural resonance, creating a climate where social sanction can be applied against corrupt practices has been challenging. People understand the terms ‘theft’ and mla format essay with, ‘thief’, but corruption is a modern and ambiguous concept to many Africans.

As a Nuer elder once told me, “My daughter cannot be married into a family of how to essay thieves.” The task therefore is two-fold: we need to essay project embed a clear legal framework to write a movie in an deter and punish corruption, and essay wrigley, we need to actually change the culture, so that the concept of corruption is both understood and recognised as anathema. The war against graft (political corruption) has reached the point where the shame and social sanctions directed against this kind of theft and thief need to a movie in an be given greater prominence in the arsenal used to finish thesis fight corruption. This applies especially in developing countries where its consequences can be – and often are – deadly. In its culturally most compelling form, the how to write a movie in an essay social sanction is about ensuring, for example, that the thief is too embarrassed to go to church on Sunday because of the looks they’ll get. As such, the whole approach to corruption needs to writing be re-examined: from local cultural assumptions and preconceptions to the legal conventions, constitutions, statutes and, especially, the prosecution-related instruments brought to bear on it at the national and global levels. Integral to this are the how to principles of legal authority and equality before the law. The equality component is finish thesis, essential: the rule of law must be seen to how to write a movie apply equally to all citizens without fear or favour, regardless of race, creed or class. The following complementary but separate factors in a society are critical: culture, ethos, ethics and finish thesis, traditions, and legal processes and essay, practices. Writing. Each derives its legitimacy from history and the traditional ways in how to in an, which meaning is made.

By their very nature, they are far more negotiable – existing as they do in a constant state of finish thesis flux in a dynamic world. Our success depends on how effectively we bring and use them together in the fight against corruption. We do this cognisant of the how to a movie in an essay fact that grand corruption, when compared to wrigley the drug trade, human trafficking, terrorism finance and other global evils, is the most easily rationalisable major felonious activity on the planet. Essay. 4.1 The global anti-corruption agenda. During the care years 1993 to 2003, corruption was at the centre of the global development agenda. In 1993, Transparency International was founded. How To In An. In the mid-to-late 1990s, corruption was adopted as a key development issue by the multilateral and bilateral development institutions.

This culminated, in 2003, in the drafting and ratification by a host of countries of the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) (UNODC 2015). The following decade saw the rise of the BRIC nations2 and rapid economic growth across much of the developing world, as well as globalisation and its associated technologies assisting the expansion of trade and commerce. At the same time, the project management struggle against Islamic extremism captured the attention of policy makers in the international community. Alongside it, unfortunately, has also come a rapid growth in the scale and complexity of corruption. So much so, that anti-corruption work needs to be returned urgently to the heart of the global development agenda. It needs to be part of the DNA of modern nation-states, multinational corporations, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and write a movie in an essay, even religious organisations and how they interact on the global stage.

This urgency comes from the fact that graft has served to hollow out key governance institutions in some countries. This includes the defence and with quotes, security sector and areas of social policy such as health and education, with dire consequences for the public services they are supposed to offer the poor, in particular. The crippling impact of corruption on the delivery of these essential services has deepened economic inequalities, undermining faith in political processes, parties and politicians. In turn, this increases political volatility as politicians retreat to identity and personality politics with its complex web of non-negotiable irrationalities. How To Write In An. It also feeds fundamentalism of all kinds – for example, ethnic, religious and sectarian. 4.2 BRIC nations – Brazil, Russia, India and China. The impunity that accompanies crony capitalism results in what I might call both a private sector and a ‘pirate’ sector, causing citizens – especially younger people who increasingly view elections as a pointless game of musical chairs among crooks – to begin to question capitalism in its current form and democracy itself. This also does serious damage to the independence, legitimacy and integrity of the service sector – in particular, banks, law firms and auditing firms – and deepens the challenges corruption poses. 4.3 The ‘pirate’ and private sectors. The traditional private sector, comprising ‘makers of things’, has increasingly been supplanted in the 21st century by the service sector.

The growth of the latter has been buoyed by the dramatic expansion and sophistication of the internet and an increasing variety of communication platforms. This has energised traders, who remain vital to the ‘old economy’ where the world’s products are created, built, sold and moved. At the by robert same time, however, we’ve seen a distinct ‘pirate’ sector gaining in influence, particularly over the last two decades. Write A Movie. By design, the ‘pirate’ sector is as virtual as possible, unencumbered by the traditional obligations and processes of rents, payrolls, medical schemes, pensions and so on. Although it can involve an individual or group of writing individuals, this sector forms itself into how to, sophisticated entities. Essay With Quotes. These can operate with the same ‘apparent’ legitimacy in multiple countries, even if it means they must use vexatious litigation – such as injunctions, court orders and how to in an, delayed hearings – to essay health allow them to how to a movie essay act outside the writing skills writing assignment essay law for the duration of their business in a country. The ‘pirate’ sector often chooses to corporatise itself in offshore tax havens, using the skills of professionals, especially lawyers, bankers and auditors. As a result, it has become apparent that even seemingly reputable companies and professional firms sometimes contain ‘pirate units’. The units are able to move unhindered across borders and traverse the how to write in an legal world like ghosts who disappear as quickly as these so-called ‘special purpose vehicles’ can be shut down.

Theirs is the euphemistic language of ‘commissions’; ‘conclusion’ and ‘success bonuses’; ‘consultancy’ fees; ‘facilitation payments’; ‘philanthropic’ contributions to the relations of ‘politically exposed persons’ (PEPS); and the use of complex financial instruments to move resources around the world at the touch of a button. As I pointed out previously, businesses find corruption the easiest felonious activity to rationalise, especially in cross-cultural contexts. They are the entities that ‘get things done’ in a complex world. For them, relationships are tradable products that can be leveraged for a profit and not a social currency that helps make trade and commerce flow more smoothly within the law. Wrigley. 4.4 Renewing and reinvigorating international action. So how do we fight these piratical shadows? Corruption is defined as the abuse of vested authority for private gain. In 2011, developing countries lost nearly $1 trillion to corruption, trade misinvoicing and tax avoidance (Kar and Le Blanc 2013).

Leading global advocacy organisations such as ONE have even made efforts to how to a movie quantify the cost of graft in lives (McNair et al. 2014). Assignment. Estimates show that the cost of corruption equals more than 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) (OECD 2016). As the recent FIFA scandal has demonstrated, unconstrained corruption also threatens valued cultural institutions and traditions that we all hold dear. At the same time, the complexity of the write a movie in an essay legal compliance environment – vis-a-vis anti-corruption, anti-money laundering and other illicit activities – that the essay genuine private sector has to contend with has increased exponentially.

Indeed there is almost an unspoken ‘compliance paralysis’ as large numbers of lawyers, risk advisors and auditors apply expensive time to scrutinising transactions complicated by write a movie, the web of demands that compliance has placed upon business. As a result, the temptation for some businesses to rely on the ‘pirate’ sector and/or aggressively ignore or cover up compliance risks has risen. A recent Risk Advisory Group (2015) research report revealed 83% of compliance professionals believe compliance has become more complex in the past two years, with bigger businesses feeling this more acutely. In English. The Risk Advisory Group CEO Bill Waite said, “Worryingly, compliance has become so elaborate that 78% of compliance professionals say that it now represents a risk in itself” (Cassin 2015). This means we are at a critical juncture. It calls for a renewed global partnership against corruption to match, and even exceed, the concentrated and successful advocacy that followed the fall of the Berlin Wall. Corruption’s resurgence and complexity threatens not only global security and equitable development but also international trade and commerce, and people’s confidence in freedoms and systems of how to write in an governance taken for granted since the Second World War. For example, there has been a debate about skills writing assignment, creating an how to essay, International Anti-Corruption Court (IACC). It’s proposed this could have the essay kind of powers granted to international weapons inspectors to target specific transactions and institutions that, when riddled with corruption, escape investigation and prosecution and cause citizens to lose confidence in public institutions and the rule of law and democracy. The new push needs to in an essay identify, disrupt and finish thesis, delegitimise the global networks of write in an essay corruption in mla format essay with, money laundering; terrorism finance; drug, people and environmental trafficking; and other illicit activities. How To In An Essay. This requires new global partnerships that target the information-era entities and domiciles that these networks rely on.

They may be offshore tax havens or low-compliance jurisdictions where the ever-expanding raft of finish thesis international regulations aimed at dealing with graft and illicit flows have limited currency. At the same time, the a movie essay new regime should robustly incentivise self-reporting vis-a-vis corporate compliance, allowing for a ‘cleaning out of the stables’. Finish Thesis. 4.5 Culture, tradition and social sanction. To be fully effective, however, this reinvigoration of the rule of law must go hand in hand with action to create a cultural climate in which the corrupt – the thieves – are shamed for what they do. Indeed, effecting change in the culture and traditions – which inform what is acceptable behaviour – is perhaps even more important in societies where legal institutions based on the Western model are nascent, or where their existence is being energetically contested, as it is in important parts of the developing world. The release by WikiLeaks of US diplomatic cables in 2010 was a controversial episode of write in an unofficial transparency and a powerful interrupter to the global status quo regarding corruption in relations between nation-states. It revealed the corrupt practices that ruling elites are capable of to the growing youth populations of regions such as the Middle East. The reverberations of this are still being felt. Across Latin America and in finish thesis, the developed world, revelations of inappropriate, corrupt and unethical behaviour by leaders – in both the private and corporate sectors – have created a level of criticism from the public that is unprecedented in some countries.

This is especially the how to essay case for the ‘millennial’ generation who appear to mistrust politicians and political parties the most. Presidents have been forced to step down and others turned into lame ducks while still in essay by robert wrigley, office by dramatic mass expressions of discontent boosted by social media. In this sense the change has already begun – untidily, noisily, chaotically and even bloodily – in many places. The outcome is uncertain. But, in the long term, it will be dramatically different from the status quo. A Movie. This is, in project management, part, because political leaders and write a movie in an, ruling elites increasingly recognise the essay on unity in english public’s lack of trust and confidence in them, especially that of their younger citizens. How To Write In An Essay. They also now appreciate that, in this networked world, a spotlight can be shone on corrupt and unethical relationships with the ‘pirate’ and essay on unity is strength in english, private sectors.

In addition to institutions such as an International Anti- Corruption Court as a further step towards increasing transparency, strengthening enforcement and how to a movie, securing restitution, the tools of visa revocations, personalised financial sanctions and more harmonised extradition mechanisms could actually be cheaper and more effective in tackling corruption than prosecutions – which are always tortuous. However, for these measures to enjoy legitimacy around the world, they must be applied, and be seen to apply, with equal force across the different regions of both the developed and developing world. To conclude, a successful international anti-corruption campaign requires co-operation on a global scale and specific legal measures that help transform attitudes towards corruption and essay by robert, the ability to prosecute the corrupt. Although it may take longer, embedding a culture of social sanction and censure for how to write in an essay anyone found guilty of engaging in, facilitating or condoning corrupt activity, even to the extent that those holding office lose public trust, would support these measures. They need to be seen as bobolu. They need to feel the social stigma when they attend family gatherings, visit the golf club or step into the supermarket – as much to writing skills essay set an example to others as to punish the individual, impressing on write a movie in an essay, the whole community that corruption will not be tolerated. John Githongo is the CEO of writing skills writing assignment essay Inuka Kenya Ni Sisi Ltd, a non-governmental organisation focused on promoting good governance. Previously he served as Vice-President of Policy and Advocacy at a movie essay, World Vision International. John has been involved in anti-corruption research, advisory work and activism in Kenya, Africa and the wider international community for 19 years.

This includes work in civil society, media, government and the private sector. Cassin, R. L. 25 November 2015. Risk Advisory Group Report: Compliance is so complex, it’s now its own risk. FCPA Blog. Available online. Kar, D. and Le Blanc, B. 2013.

Illicit Financial Flows from Developing Countries: 2002–2011. Washington DC: Global Financial Integrity. Available online. McNair, D., Kraus, J., McKiernan K. and McKay, S. 2014. By Robert. The Trillion Dollar Scandal Study. London: ONE. OECD. Write A Movie. January 2016. The CleanGovBiz Initiative. Available online. The Risk Advisory Group.

2015. The Compliance Horizon Survey. Available online. Transparency International. 2015. Corruption Perceptions Index – Lesotho. Available online. Finish Thesis. Transparency International and Afrobarometer. 2015. People and Corruption: Africa Survey 2015 – Global Corruption Barometer. Berlin: Transparency International.

Available online. United Nations – Office on Drugs and write in an, Crime (UNODC). Essay Project. 2015. How To A Movie. United Nations Convention against Corruption: Signature and Ratification Status as of 1 December 2015. Available online. 5. Paul Radu: Follow the money: how open data and investigative journalism can beat corruption. Health Care. The early spring of 2015 saw thousands of angry people on the streets of Chisinau, capital of the tiny Republic of Moldova. While calling loudly for how to write a movie essay the resignation of the Government and the Parliament, they were shouting, “We want our billion back!” (Calugareanu and Schwartz 2015). The demonstrators believed the politicians were to blame for the theft of almost $1 billion from Moldovan banks, which had left this poor country’s financial affairs in disarray.

Investigations are ongoing. But the Organized Crime and by robert, Corruption Reporting Project’s (OCCRP) research indicates that this $1 billion was the tip of the iceberg, in write a movie essay, a country where many more billions of dollars in ‘black’ money appear to have flowed through a flawed banking system – with the help of corrupt politicians and organised crime as well as untrustworthy judges and law enforcement officers (Radu, Munteanu and finish thesis, Ostanin 2015). How To A Movie Essay. We believe that the citizens of Moldova were victims of a transnational web of corruption, benefiting politicians and criminals who used complex multi-layered company structures to conceal both their identities and their activities. Regrettably, this story is not unique. At the OCCRP, we have identified a number of cross- border money laundering schemes in Eastern Europe, serving criminal groups as diverse as Mexican drug cartels and writing assignment essay, Vietnamese and Russian organised crime gangs (OCCRP 2011). The power of these crime groups stems primarily from their ability to operate with ease across national frontiers. They complete a detailed risk assessment at the country level and then choose the least vulnerable approach to write a movie in an conduct their illicit activities, whether in narcotics, refugee trafficking or the massive money laundering exercises that follow such crimes. The problem for national law enforcement is that, by definition, it cannot follow this type of crime easily or quickly across borders. By Robert Wrigley. Data exchanges between states and write essay, law enforcement agencies take time.

Modern crime schemes are designed to have very short lives to avoid detection, lasting sometimes just months before the associated companies and bank accounts are wound up and replaced by new ones. Yet alongside the advantages available for criminals of operating on this global scale, making it inherently harder to track them down, there are also disadvantages that the clever journalist or law enforcement official can exploit to expose them. So how do we do this? How do we stop criminal gangs and the corrupt politicians they rely on – conducting business as usual? Firstly, I will argue, through data: more data means more transparency, provided the quality of information is there and writing skills writing assignment essay, supported by tools that allow proper analysis.

Secondly, by essay, journalists using advanced investigative techniques, including the emerging discipline of data journalism, to mla format quotes identify the patterns and practices inherent in corrupt activity. Criminals can’t predict the future of open data Transparency is the natural enemy of international organised crime gangs and corrupt officials. Opaque systems allow them to thrive. And some of them go to great lengths to disguise their wrongdoing, using financial and company structures that span the world. In An Essay. At OCCRP, we’ve found and finish thesis, exposed networks of companies based in New Zealand, with bank accounts in Riga, Latvia, that were transferring money to write companies set up in care, the US state of Delaware, Cyprus or the United Kingdom.

In turn, these companies owned bank accounts in yet other jurisdictions (OCCRP 2011). Such criminal schemes are designed by creative and intelligent, if misguided, people. Some of them could have been the next Steve Jobs, but found crime more appealing. They often work for what we call the ‘criminal services industry’ – the lawyers, registration agents, business intelligence firms and other legitimate businesses that earn lucrative income from in an essay servicing the needs of criminal clients. But no matter how clever they are, they can’t predict the future; transparency rules change. For years, from the early 1990s, Russian, Ukrainian, Romanian and many other Eastern European mobsters and politicians were using Cyprus as a place to essay hide their activities behind labyrinthine corporate structures. It reached the point where Cyprus, with a population of little more than one million, became one of the main investors in Eastern and Central Europe. Not all of how to write a movie in an these investors were criminal enterprises as many used Cyprus for tax optimisation purposes. Essay Is Strength. But there is hardly a country in the region – from the former Yugoslavia to Russia and beyond – where Cyprus-based companies were not involved in huge, rigged privatisation scandals. 4. In 2004, when Cyprus joined the European Union (EU) and a movie in an, started opening databases, including a registry of locally based companies, things began to change.

Investigative reporters began combing through millions of records and, in finish thesis, many instances, came across the names of beneficial owners the real owners of the company – who thought they were sheltered from how to write in an essay public scrutiny. Politicians and criminals were caught off guard and essay care, exposed in press articles that led to arrests and resignations. Their past misdemeanours made future involvement in business problematic. However, they started fighting back almost immediately, substituting their names in company documents with those of professional proxies – usually Cypriot lawyers who would lend their name to just about anyone who wanted to conceal their identity. In addition to how to write essay this, the essay Cyprus registry is how to write a movie in an essay, relatively expensive to use and searchable only by company name. This poses a serious problem for investigators, who often embark on an enquiry with only an individual’s name, be it a member of the local parliament or a controversial business owner. As a result, Cyprus still offers only partial transparency. Yet even in countries with a stronger record, you can hit barriers. For example, New Zealand – ranked fourth in Transparency International’s (TI) anti-corruption index – has a well-organised register of companies that is free of charge and allows for name-based searches (Transparency International 2015).

But, as with the UK’s Companies House database, it’s more difficult for investigative researchers to identify nominee shareholders and health care, directors, especially in cases where they are proxies – not beneficial owners – acting for criminal groups and corrupt politicians. And in the past few years, OCCRP investigations have revealed the involvement of an Auckland-based company (that was run by a nominee) in obscuring the ownership of companies across Eastern Europe. One such example was a Moldovan TV station (Preasca, Munteanu and Sarnecki 2013). Secretive media ownership is a huge problem across the region where, in many instances, the in an essay general public has no idea who is delivering the news. Once OCCRP exposed this non-transparent structure, its ownership was just moved to British companies that were again meant to essay on unity in english obscure the identity of the real owners of the television station (Media Ownership Project 2015). In a global economy, this isn’t just an issue for New Zealand. In 2016, the UK Government is implementing a new central registry of company beneficial ownership to enable researchers and other interested parties to access information on individuals with an interest in more than 25% of a company’s shares or voting rights, or who otherwise control the way it is run. It matters because well-structured and accessible databases can be goldmines for investigators and members of the public.

In 2008, British computer programmer Dan O’Huiginn reshaped the how to in an essay Panama registry of companies and essay management, built a simple interface that, for the first time, allowed name-based searches (Government of Panama 2015). This was the catalyst for how to in an essay investigative articles that exposed corrupt dictators, criminals and finish thesis, their close associates all over the world. This simple technical adjustment opened their activities up to public scrutiny, costing them untold millions of dollars. 5 : The same principle applies to other official databases. For example, court records, government spending and tenders databases vary greatly in their organisation, accessibility and quality of data. In many jurisdictions, it takes investigators a lot of navigating, mining and shopping for data to find the write a movie evidence they are looking for. The opening up of company information and databases has to be accompanied by effective policies that ensure their accessibility, integrity, security and usefulness. Civic hacker collectives, journalists and civil society groups should be consulted to help determine the most useful access to data that also mitigates any privacy concerns. Governments requiring offshore companies operating in a country to identify their true beneficial ownership would also greatly reduce the essay care space in which criminals can work and increase the costs they incur. Law enforcement must also jump on board the open data train and take advantage of advances in technology in order to write keep pace with the criminals. Just like journalists, police officers and intelligence analysts need to master cross-border, multi-language, open-source intelligence to fight sophisticated serious crime.

While it is true that data obtained in informal ways cannot always be used to build strong court cases, it can greatly shorten the time required for the investigative process. Obtaining documents sequentially through official channels from other countries can take months or even years. Say, for example, that the police in writing skills writing assignment essay, the UK need information on a company based in Russia. They have to file requests and how to essay, wait, sometimes for a year, only to find out that the mla format essay Russian company is how to write a movie in an, owned by a Cyprus limited firm. It might take another year to identify the next owner in a nested structure. Finally, the trail might end with bearer shares: where the owner of the project stocks is not registered or is a proxy who doesn’t know the real owner (Funk 2014, p. A Movie. 14). Writing Skills Writing Assignment Essay. Compare this with the adaptability of organised crime, which – albeit operating under no formal constraint – broke free from the nation-state mindset long ago. In the write essay international space governed by weak international protocols and bilateral agreements, organised crime at wrigley, present has no natural enemy. While criminals recognise no borders and are not bound by strict local rules, national and legal boundaries, a lack of resources continues to hamper law enforcement.

Geopolitics can also deter cross-border collaborative initiatives between nation-states, which may find themselves at how to write, odds with their neighbours or dealing with governments that are themselves riddled with corruption. There are, to be sure, examples of criminal networks being disbanded in a number of wrigley countries as a result of co- operation between law enforcement agencies. This did not necessarily prevent the mobsters from re-forming elsewhere outside those jurisdictions. Nevertheless, increased access to how to write a movie in an open data could help to writing skills writing assignment boost cross-border co-operation and journalists can play an increasingly important role in it. 5.2 It takes a network to fight a network. Investigative reporting is – and can be even more – the natural enemy of criminal networks and, when practised collaboratively, it acts as an effective watchdog.

It can change the status quo in innovative ways that are not immediately obvious. Write. Journalists and the public alike expect prosecutors to act after each journalistic expose, with the desired result being arrests, convictions, repatriation of lost assets and skills writing assignment essay, other positive outcomes. Owing to limited human resources and a lack of skills, interest or even competence, this expectation is not always realised. A Movie. However, regardless of law enforcement action or inaction, public exposure can adversely affect, and even stop, criminal businesses operating in other jurisdictions. Such exposure can also influence long-term changes in public attitudes, which can lead, in turn, to protests against, and even election defeats for, discredited parties or politicians. With the stakes so high, it is essential that the journalism itself is rigorous, credible and finish thesis, transparent. Investigative articles must be linked to evidence, well- designed databases and ‘how we did it’ guidance, so that readers can recreate the investigative process if they want to. Governments, banks and financial institutions in general rely on open source information when deciding whether to write give loans, enter business deals or accept money transactions. Writing Skills Writing Assignment Essay. Effective data journalism can also help expose financial irregularity or illegality and prevent crime figures or oligarchs securing loans, opening accounts or making other transactions.

Using advanced investigative techniques, journalism can degrade international organised crime and corrupt networks even before they are firmly established within a jurisdiction. Corrupt politicians, officials and criminals view the proceeds of their illicit schemes as commodities to be repeatedly imported and exported and are always looking for new territories in which to generate profit. When journalists work collaboratively across frontiers, sharing data, this practice can be identified and compromised. It takes a network to monitor a network. International reporting groups such as the International Consortium of in an essay Investigative Journalists, Arab Reporters for Investigative Journalism (ARIJ), OCCRP and others already co-operate on individual stories or sporadically share datasets.

However, such is the scale of the problem and the ubiquity of organised crime that these efforts can seem to be only scratching the surface. Essay Is Strength. What journalists can do is share with colleagues in other countries details of the patterns of crime they have already detected in how to write a movie in an, their own. This would enable wider cross-border investigations to determine whether the same criminal groups are setting up shop in other jurisdictions. For example, a criminal group sets up Limited Liability Partnerships (LLPs) that are all owned by a set of companies with their headquarters on a particular street in Belize City, Belize. Replications of writing this simple pattern can be searched for in the company registries of other countries or in related datasets, potentially revealing the how to a movie in an group’s activities in those territories too. In future, with the proper resources, this kind of pattern recognition could be facilitated and automated through the development of specific algorithms. Health Care. Crime groups will inevitably react by altering their activities to avoid detection. But, crucially, this will hamper their operations and cost them more in money and time. Automated searches of ever-larger, global, transparent datasets can feed real-time alerts to journalists all over write a movie in an the world. The result could be that the public has earlier and reliable information about who the real corrupt beneficiaries of crimes are, such as the $1 billion bank theft that left the Republic of Moldova with an health care, uncertain future.

To conclude, a key component to how to a movie fighting future crime is increased cross-border co-operation between journalists and programmers, who need to employ and essay wrigley, create new advanced investigative techniques on top of massive amounts of a movie essay data. At the skills writing essay same time, activists and governments need to write a movie in an essay push for more transparency, quality and common standards in finish thesis, open data. Paul Radu is the Executive Director of the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (www.reportingproject.net), which investigates transnational crime and corruption in Eastern Europe. He is also a board member of the Global Investigative Journalism Network (http://gijn.org) and has received many international awards for his journalism. Calugareanu, V. and Schwartz, R. 4 May 2015. Spring again in the Republic of how to in an essay Moldova – mass protest against corruption. Deutsche Welle. Available online. Funk, T. M. 2014. Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties and Letters Rogatory: A Guide for Judges. US: Federal Judicial Center.

Available online. Government of mla format essay with Panama. January 2015. Panama Registry of Companies. Write Essay. Available online. OCCRP. 22 November 2011. The Proxy Platform. The Reporting Project. Essay Health Care. Available online.

Media Ownership Project. January 2015. Media Ownership Project: Moldova. Available online. Preasca, I., Munteanu, M. and Sarnecki, M. 26 March 2013. Taylor Network Back in how to a movie in an, Business. Rise Project. Available online. Radu, P., Munteanu M. and Ostanin, I. 24 July 2015.

Grand Theft Moldova. Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP). Available online. Transparency International. 2015. Essay By Robert. Corruption Perceptions Index. Available online. 6. Sarah Chayes: Corruption and terrorism: the causal link. It’s February 2015 and I am in Kano, northern Nigeria.

Not three months back, in the midst of Friday prayers, Boko Haram struck the Grand Mosque in how to a movie, the old fortress-like centre of town. The dead and the bloodied lay strewn in their hundreds across the public square. I’m sitting with some lawyers – a prosecutor, the chairman of the state bar association and a court administrator – trying to work out the mechanics of finish thesis corruption in the justice sector, in how to a movie, this most corrupt of countries. We’re talking details: how judges rarely demand bribes directly, their clerks collect the money; and how lawyers collude, blaming judicial corruption for the extra fees they pocket. “Sarah,” the prosecutor interjects, “we’ve been talking about money all this time. But this isn’t just about money …” “The saying goes,” he resumes awkwardly, “if you want to win your case, go to the judge with a beautiful girl.” 6. I’m stopped cold. Essay Project Management. I imagine the girl. She may be 14 or 15. How To Write A Movie In An Essay. She returns home from school each day with her friends, the white veils of their school uniforms fluttering like matched plumage. I picture the glistening eyes of some overfed judge as he reaches for her. My stomach turns.

Abruptly another image comes to mind: the girl’s brother, a lanky young Nigerian man. Already disillusioned, he is pushed right over the edge. He would kill that judge if he could. And Boko Haram, all around this town, would like nothing more than to help him do it. I could suddenly understand how it happens. Essay With Quotes. I could see how the corruption perpetrated by officials of the then Nigerian administration – like that of many governments around the world – was itself helping to generate the how to write essay terrorist threat. The problem, I realised, is far more severe than white elephants or poor service delivery. Corruption entails a violation of a person’s basic humanity that can spur an enraged response. It is these connections – between government corruption and terrorism or other violence – that this essay explores. Corruption is one of those consensual topics.

No one would argue it’s a good thing. Essay Care. International charities and multilateral organisations have worked hard to combat it, racking up impressive achievements in recent years. Anti- bribery laws, once unheard of, have spread well beyond their initial US–UK beachhead. Major arrests and asset seizures are increasingly common, as are citizen-led anti-corruption protests. Such protests have resulted in the resignation of senior officials or their ousting through the ballot box. A Movie In An Essay. That’s what happened in Nigeria, where a hard-nosed reformer – who has penned an essay in assignment, this volume – gained an upset victory in March 2015 elections over the administration those Kano legal practitioners were criticising.

And yet, when push comes to write in an shove in bilateral relations, Western governments, businesses and charities are still most likely to prioritise other imperatives ahead of corruption. If an international aid agency or philanthropic organisation has set its sights on delivering health programming to rural villages, its government may be reticent to act against on unity, corruption in the host country for write fear the precious permissions to operate will be cancelled. Finish Thesis. If the a movie objective is a major extension of electrical power across a whole region or a trade foray into an emerging market, corruption may be seen as a ‘cost of doing business’. Corruption helps facilitate economic activity and growth, some maintain. Others cite culture: “It’s just the way people do things over there. Who are we to impose our norms?” These and other excuses are proffered to rationalise looking the other way or outright collusion.

Upon closer inspection, it thus appears that corruption is health care, not so consensual after all. A remarkable number of Westerners actually argue in favour of how to write a movie in an essay it. Of all the competing priorities, the one that most swiftly trumps anti-corruption is security. Co-operating with this or that corrupt leader is seen as critical, because he is our partner in the war against terrorism. His is the only military worth its salt in the region, troops that actually go on assignment, the attack against how to in an, militants. He provides us with intelligence or bases or overflight rights.

And so the kleptocratic practices of his network of cronies are overlooked. The way they have bent state functions, wired the whole economy to their own benefit, given free rein to low-level officials to finish thesis rake in extorted bribes and blocked off every avenue of recourse – none of that matters, so long as they are ‘with us’ in the fight against terrorists. This common framing is particularly ironic given the growing evidence that corruption is helping to drive many people into the folds of extremist movements and indeed lies at the root of many of today’s security crises (Chayes 2015; Sky 2015). How To A Movie In An. The purported trade-off between security and corruption is a false dichotomy. Take southern Afghanistan, the former Taliban heartland, where I lived for nearly a decade. In the spring of finish thesis 2009, a delegation of elders came to visit from Shah Wali Kot district, just north of Kandahar. This happened often.

I was one of the only foreigners in Kandahar with no guards at how to a movie in an essay, my gate. When I asked why, with the Taliban killing people, the villagers don’t fight back, a man retorted, “How can they work with this Government? The Government doesn’t hear them. Management. The Government doesn’t do anything for them. It’s just there to fill its pockets, nothing else. If the Government isn’t fixed, no matter how many soldiers the foreigners bring, the how to in an essay situation won’t improve.” 7. A few days later in the border town of Spin Boldak, community leader Hajji Manan Khan concurred, “This Government … no one likes it. Wrigley. Ministers have huge palaces in Kabul, while the people have nothing. The foreigners should announce that the a movie in an essay current Government is finish thesis, thieves. They should put the screws in them, call them on the carpet and demand accounts.” 8. I heard this refrain again and again.

Out of a hundred Taliban, elders would tell me, fewer than a quarter were ‘real’. The rest had taken up arms in disgust with the Government. This assessment was corroborated by interviews with Taliban detainees in international military custody. Explaining their motivations for joining the insurgency, they cited government corruption more often than any strictly religious rationale. A similar picture emerges from Nigeria.

When Boko Haram launched its first large-scale violent attacks in July 2009, police stations were the first targets. By all accounts, the Nigerian police is one of the most venal and abusive in how to write in an, the world (Human Rights Watch 2010). 9 And, during a November 2015 conversation in Maiduguri, where Boko Haram first emerged, local residents voiced a sentiment I had heard often: “People were very happy [with those first attacks]. Boko Haram was saying the truth about the violations by government agencies against the people. Finally they could stand up and challenge. They were claiming their rights.” 10. Extremism isn’t the only form that backlash against finish thesis, corruption takes.

Across the Arab world in 2011, populations took to the streets demanding an end to autocratic governments, the prosecution and imprisonment of corrupt officials, and how to a movie in an, the return of stolen assets. As the catastrophic situation in writing essay, today’s Middle East demonstrates, revolutions rarely end peacefully. Some analysts see the expansion of how to a movie in an extremism, from Daesh in Syria to a tenacious insurgency in skills assignment, Egypt, as a reaction to the failure of those initially non- violent efforts to break the how to a movie grip of essay by robert wrigley kleptocratic governing elites (Muasher 2015). Ukraine seems as culturally and historically different from the Middle East as a country can be, yet its 2014 revolution was fuelled by similar motivations. While anti-Russian sentiment and a cultural affinity with Western Europe were important drivers of the Maidan protests, so was disgust at the corrupt Yanukovich Government. Photos of the deposed president’s pleasure palace went viral after his fall. The sequel to that revolution has been the how to write in an first major East–West stand-off since the end of the Cold War, complete with the forcible annexation of territory and the displacement of more than a million people. In these cases and others, corruption has helped generate some of today’s most dire security crises.

The difficult question, especially regarding religious violence, is why? What is it about corruption that should drive people to such extremes? Four elements of finish thesis corruption in essay, its current form help to provide an essay with quotes, explanation: the humiliation inflicted on victims; their lack of recourse; the structure and sophistication of corrupt networks; and essay, the truly colossal sums being stolen. Firstly, what we in the West often underestimate in thinking about wrigley, corruption is the assault on victims’ human dignity that accompanies it. Recall the example of the judge’s ‘sextortion’, when the only way of gaining a hearing may be to write in an allow a daughter or a sister to finish thesis be violated. Abuses of this nature can spark a burning need for retribution. In studies of violence ranging from Palestinian uprisings to write essay gang shootings in the United States, insult or humiliation is found to be a key factor (Longo, Canetti and Hite-Rubin 2014; Black 2011). 11. Given the obvious connections between religion and morality, the moral depravity underlying the abuse is essay, frequently understood in how to in an, religious terms. “Our leaders are bound by religious duty to do the right thing,” Kano’s then Bar Association Chairman Ibrahim Nassarawa told me, “so when they don’t, people hate them.” 12 At that point, a religious argument may be persuasive: “If our government were based on the Islamic system,” said Maiduguri residents, summarising Boko Haram’s preaching, “all these things wouldn’t be happening. We would have a fair and just society.” 13. Secondly, with government perpetrating the essay crimes, there is no earthly hope of recourse.

As Sardar Muhammad – who cultivates grapes and pomegranates west of write a movie Kandahar – put it in defining the finish thesis word ‘corruption’, “If the district governor takes all the development budget and only gives the people a tiny bit, and I want to complain, and how to essay, his gunmen keep me from complaining because they are his kept dogs, that’s corruption.” 14. Deprived of any peaceful means of redress against an abusive government, even the founders of our own Western democracies rebelled. The 16th-century Dutch Revolt, the English Civil War and the American and French revolutions were all bloody affairs. Period documents from these milestones in democratic development indicate that in none of them did protagonists and ordinary citizens turn to violence gladly, but felt compelled to it after exhausting every other avenue and obtaining not the finish thesis slightest concession (Robertson 2006). 15.

The unassailable impunity that Sardar Muhammad was lamenting derives from the third important feature of corruption as it currently exists in dozens of countries – how deeply it is embedded in state machinery. It’s not the work of write a movie in an essay a few venal officials, who might be rooted out or challenged in court. The kind of severe corruption that is common today is systemic. It is the essay practice of sophisticated networks armed with all the instruments of state function. They use those instruments to how to in an serve their aims – which largely boil down to finish thesis personal enrichment. In many cases, these entities should not be thought of as governments at a movie in an essay, all, much less fragile or failing ones, but rather as savvy and essay on unity is strength, successful criminal organisations.

Weaknesses in state function examined in this light may prove to be deliberate, especially in agencies with autonomous power. A Movie. Judges or specialised prosecutors are underpaid. Armies are hollowed out to reduce the likelihood of a coup and because defence budgets and military assistance are juicy revenue streams. The results of this latter trend were on vivid display in 2014 as the cannibalised militaries of Iraq and Nigeria collapsed at essay project, the first sign of a challenge. In other cases, apparently innocuous state agencies such as tax authorities or water departments are fashioned into bludgeons to force compliance. A Tunisian tax collector explained to me how, under the regime of Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali, certain people were accorded a tax holiday as long as they cut members of the ruling clique into their action.

But “assessors would rarely make someone’s file go away completely. The permissiveness could always be revoked.” Taxes, he said, could be used “to punish someone who was too independent.” 16. A trade union representative in Uzbekistan described a similar system to me in 2014: “There are so many taxes it is impossible to pay them all. So people make a connection in the tax office to how to write pay less. But then you’ve broken the law and they know it, and you are afraid of the Government. The whole Government is finish thesis, set up that way, to make you do wrong, so then they have you on how to in an essay, the hook.” 17. These kleptocratic networks are horizontally integrated. They comprise government officials, businesses such as banks or construction companies, and so-called non- governmental organisations (NGOs) and implementers of aid – which may in fact be owned by relatives of government officials. But they also include outright criminals such as smugglers, drug-traffickers and in english, even terrorists. Write. Some within the mla format with quotes government service in Algeria in the 1990s, and also officials in Pakistan today, are believed to have maintained operational links with extremists (Waldman 2010; Garcon 2003). 18.

For foreign governments, charities or businesses seeking to operate in write essay, such environments, this horizontal integration makes for particularly difficult navigating. The familiar distinctions between public and private sectors, licit and illicit actors, simply do not apply. Finish Thesis. Finally, the amounts of money in play are truly obscene. How To Write A Movie In An Essay. Former FBI special agent Debra Laprevotte, who worked kleptocracy cases for years, says that the increase has been palpable: “For the longest time, we had a single billion-dollar case. Now there are at least five billion-dollar investigations underway.” 19. Finish Thesis. According to two separate biannual surveys, ‘petty bribery’ in Afghanistan rakes in between ?1.3 billion and ?2.6 billion per year (UNODC 2012; Integrity Watch Afghanistan 2014). This is in a country whose licit government revenue is barely estimated to top ?1 billion (SIGAR 2015). The development implications of such sums are obvious. Imagine if even a fraction were devoted to how to write a movie a country’s healthcare or water and sewage system, or to finish thesis building a reliable and affordable public transport network in a burgeoning megacity, or to in an paying teachers a living wage. Imagine the impact on essay management, sustainable economic growth.

But when obtained through practices this corrupt, vast wealth in a sea of poverty also has a moral component – hence the easy link to religion. Write A Movie In An. In the midst of the 16th- century Protestant revolt against the Habsburg ‘Divine Right’ monarchy, an anonymous Dutch pamphleteer complained, “They put robes of silk on their idols made of old wood, leaving us brethren of Christ naked and starving” (Arnade 2008, p. 99). Then, as now, militant puritanical religion, imposed if necessary by essay with quotes, force, was seen by some as the only remedy. Essay. The picture painted here is a sobering one, particularly for governments, investors and humanitarian organisations that cannot avoid working in such countries. And especially when security concerns are so severe as to trump other considerations. Still, even in mla format, a world in which trade-offs are real and cannot simply be wished away, there are some important lessons to be considered. Governments that ostensibly fight against terror may actually be generating more terrorism than they curb. The international community must do a better job of weighing up the pluses and minuses of partnering with acutely corrupt governments, and thus reinforcing them and how to a movie in an essay, facilitating their practices. Writing Writing Assignment Essay. If alliances are too close, or pay too little attention to the corruption of host governments, the abused populations may come to associate the international community with the misdeeds of their own rulers. As 14th-century churchman William of Pagula admonished King Edward III, “He takes on the guilt of the perpetrator who neglects to fix what he can correct” (Nederman 2002, p. A Movie Essay. 82). A more precise understanding of network structures and real dynamics of power must inform planning processes ahead of essay engagement.

It is a movie, costly in human and other resources, not to mention politically uncomfortable, to draw up network diagrams – like the mla format with ones intelligence or police agencies regularly develop in their study of a movie essay terrorists or criminals – that map members of ostensibly friendly governments and health, their cut-outs in business or the criminal world. But these costs should be weighed against write a movie in an essay, the proven and often disastrous price of blind engagement in such complex environments. A new, broader understanding of on unity in english ‘corporate social responsibility’ is required. Across sectors, companies whose business models actually depend on servicing kleptocratic officials – such as some banks, lawyers, estate agents, registered agents, various extractive and other resource- based businesses, and how to in an essay, international construction contractors – are contributing to significant security threats in their own countries. It is in this light that they should consider their ‘corporate social responsibility’ – rather than as a synonym for care donations to localised humanitarian work. A Movie In An. Should their public-spiritedness remain wanting, then sanctions applied to them for colluding with illegal corrupt practices should be stiffened, commensurate with the harm they are doing. Western citizens should begin pressurising such businesses. And above all, Western governments should cease viewing corrupt money flows, or good trade deals extracted from kleptocrats at finish thesis, the expense of write a movie in an essay their populations, as a necessary component of on unity is strength in english their nations’ economies.

Arnade, P. 2008. Beggars, Iconoclasts and Civic Patriots: The Political Culture of the Dutch Revolt. Ithica: Cornell University Press. Black, D. 2011. Moral Time. New York: Oxford University Press, p.73. Chayes, S. 2015. Thieves of write in an State: Why Corruption Threatens Global Security. New York: W.W. Norton.

Garcon, J. Writing Assignment Essay. 15 November 2003. Les GIA sont une creation des services de securite algeriens. Liberation. Available online. Write In An Essay. Human Rights Watch. 17 August 2010. Everyone’s in on the Game: corruption and human rights abuses by the Nigeria Police Force. Writing Assignment. Available online. Integrity Watch. 28 May 2014.

Afghanistan, National Corruption Survey. Available online. Longo, M., Canetti, D. and Hite-Rubin N. 2014. A Checkpoint Effect? Evidence from a natural experiment on travel restrictions in the West Bank. American Journal of Political Science, 58(4), pp. 1006–1023. Muasher, M. 2015. Thalatha Safarat Indhar Lam Yasma’ha Ahad. Write A Movie In An Essay. Alghad (Afkar wa Mawaqaf).

Available online. Nederman, C. ed. and trans. 2002. With. Political Thought in Early Fourteenth Century England: Treatises by Walter of Milemete, William of Pagula and William of how to write in an essay Ockham. Of Pagula, W., The Mirror of Edward III. Tempe: Arizona Center for Medieval and is strength in english, Renaissance Studies, p. 82. Robertson, G. 2006. The Tyrannicide Brief: The Story of the Man Who Sent Charles I to the Scaffold. New York: Pantheon. Sky, E. 2015. The Unravelling: High Hopes and Missed Opportunities in Iraq.

London: Atlantic Books. Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR). 5 March 2015. How To A Movie. Letter to Generals Lloyd Austin, John Campbell and writing skills, Todd Semonite. How To In An Essay. Available online. United Nations – Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). December 2012. Project Management. Corruption in Afghanistan: Recent Patterns and Trends. How To In An Essay. Vienna: UNODC. Essay On Unity Is Strength In English. Available online.

Waldman, M. 2010. The Sun in the Sky: The Relationship Between Pakistan’s ISI and Afghan Insurgents. London School of Economics, Crisis States Working Group Paper, 2(18). 7. David Walsh: The irresponsibility of not knowing – corruption in sport. Being a sports writer was all I wanted. Thirty-eight years, the only job I’ve ever had. Good times mostly. Not what I thought they would be. When I glance in the rear-view mirror, there is more cynicism, more corruption, more of write a movie in an sport’s dark side.

It seems hard to believe now that the journey began with the expectation of standards higher than would ever be found in civilian life. There is, of course, much to recall that was glorious, exciting and finish thesis, uplifting, sporting stuff that makes you think anything is how to a movie in an essay, possible. Hard to imagine that a boy who grew up on the potholed roads of Kenya could become a Tour de France champion, but that’s what Chris Froome did. Or that a boy from Rosario in Argentina who was diagnosed with a growth hormone deficiency at age ten should become the essay wrigley greatest footballer we’ve ever seen. Well that’s Lionel Andres Messi’s story. How many winter evenings has he brightened? But even in the beautiful game, bad things were happening. Our obsession with football created a global popularity that would lead to extraordinary riches pouring into the game. That money needed to write in an be managed and those in essay, control needed to be accountable. We are speaking of systems of good governance, but greed got a head start and governance never caught up.

With great wealth comes power and that attracts the corruptible. Over the last 15 years, there has been the International Olympic Committee (IOC) scandal behind the awarding of the Winter Olympics to Salt Lake City in 2001, the FIFA scandal that simmered for more than ten years before boiling over in how to write a movie in an essay, 2015 and, most recently, the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) scandal involving high-up officials in skills essay, the international federation. Sometimes you find yourself taking a step back and wondering, “Could it have really happened?” Could custodians of the how to essay sport really have blackmailed an athlete in a €450,000-deal, covering up a doping violation so that the athlete could compete in mla format essay with, the Olympics? That’s the allegation and the French police are on the case (World Anti-Doping Agency 2016). How To Write. I’d been a sports reporter for ten years when attending my first Olympics. That was Seoul 1988. A run along a busy promenade in South Korea’s capital city on the final Sunday of those Games remains a cherished memory.

I never saw such an outpouring of national pride. Assignment Essay. Every expression seemed to say, “You thought we couldn’t do it, even we weren’t sure we could, but we did.” Before those Games started, there had been student protests in Seoul and how to write, the world’s media highlighted the by robert potential for the Olympics to be overshadowed by unrest. That never happened. The trouble came from inside the write essay stadium, down there on the track or, more accurately, in skills writing assignment essay, the room where the Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson peed into what anti-doping personnel call ‘the collection vessel’. The thing about how to write in an, watching something live is that it leaves a deeper, more lasting impression. Inside your living room, you see the story unfold. Inside the stadium, you feel it. It’s the difference between having your face painted and having your forehead tattooed. That September in Seoul, Florence Griffith-Joyner, an American athlete, set new world records in the 100 metres and 200 metres. Health Care. They will stand for a long time yet, those records.

They called her ‘Flo-Jo’. How To A Movie In An. With her long and exotically painted nails and Rolls-Royce stride, she was one of Seoul’s greatest stars. I saw her get the 200-metre record, decelerating in the home straight. It was a heart-sinking moment. There were allegations of doping, unproven. Florence Griffith-Joyner died at 38, far too soon (Walsh 2013). Ben Johnson was a different story. He got caught.

Can you imagine being awoken by a loud knock on your apartment door at 3.30 in the morning and being pleased about it? Doug Gillon, from The Glasgow Herald, stood there. “Johnson’s tested positive,” he said. The words landed like ice-cold water on a sleepy face. Writing Assignment Essay. Other than tell our offices back home that we were up and on the case, I don’t know what we could have done to advance the story at that hour, but it was a watershed moment. Ben Johnson changed the landscape. Some of the things that had drawn us as kids to sport were being crushed by a will to how to a movie essay win that recognised no boundaries. How bad was it? How bad is essay, it? It was bad. It’s gotten worse.

Part of how to write in an that summer of ’88 was spent following the world’s greatest bike race, the Tour de France. A few days from the end, there was another drug controversy when Pedro Delgado, the Spanish-born race leader, provided a urine sample that contained the drug probenecid, used by mla format quotes, athletes to mask their use of proscribed substances. How To A Movie In An. A strange case for finish thesis sure. Probenecid was banned by the International Olympic Committee, but wasn’t yet banned by the body that governed world cycling. Delgado, it was initially speculated, would be docked ten minutes but not thrown off the race. The Dutch rider, Steven Rooks, would then be the new leader and, with the race almost complete, the certain winner. 20. I met Rooks before the start, on the morning after Delgado’s bad news. “How do you feel about how to essay, taking the yellow jersey?” “I don’t want it in these circumstances,” he said.

“But if he’s been cheating, and writing essay, why would anyone use probenecid, you will be the deserving leader.” “He has been the strongest rider in the race and write a movie essay, deserves the victory.” Rooks saw my righteousness for what it was. Essay. Innocence. What I believe he was telling me, in code, of how to in an course, was that athletes in the Tour de France do what they have to do, and no one is guiltier or more innocent than another. Strange how crushing that moment seemed. Over the years that followed, I became a different kind of sports writer – less gullible, even aggressively sceptical. Something Albert Camus wrote strikes a chord: “Every act of rebellion expresses a nostalgia for innocence” (Camus 1956, p. 54). We want sport to writing skills writing essay be believable.

In the world of our imagination, sport doesn’t just mirror life but offers something more principled, more idealistic, more inspiring than the how to write a movie in an essay world of business. Alas, the reality is far from that and there is a rebellion. Folk are tired of the corruption. Wrigley. We want our innocence back. You can bet that when the news emerged that FIFA executive committee members were arrested on corruption charges, football fans around the world were silently cheering. At last. Same reaction from athletics fans when news that high-ranking members of the IAAF suffered the same fate. Whether police investigations in both sports lead to how to write essay charges doesn’t matter as much as knowing that men who once saw themselves as untouchable were mistaken. With so much cheating on the field and so much corruption off it, you may think this is a bleak time for sport. On the finish thesis contrary, this is what sport has needed: scrutiny, exposure of write wrongdoing, punishment for those who have done wrong.

No longer in the dark, we now have the opportunity for change. It would be a crime not to seize it. From where did the malaise come? Do we blame the athlete because it is their body and what they put into it is ultimately their responsibility? Or the trusted coach who says that, without doping, victory is unattainable? Or the governing body that publicly says doping is a scourge, but privately accepts its existence as an quotes, irrepressible evil? From where does the corruption come? What of the institutional corruption? Why did we get the IOC scandal, the FIFA scandal and how to in an essay, the IAAF scandal? Perhaps there isn’t one failing that explains everything, but it is now clear that sports officials were granted too much autonomy and subjected to too little scrutiny. Members of the IOC and FIFA were treated like royalty and many of them embraced the world of writing privilege before abusing it.

Now US federal officers and the Swiss and French police are pursuing cases of suspected fraud in sport, and they do so with fans worldwide urging them on. Let’s turn the clock back to how to write a movie essay the genesis of one of sport’s most notorious cases of wrongdoing. It was July 1999. We were all at Le Puy du Fou, a theme park set among the trees and beauty of the Vendee in western France. It was the start of the Tour de France. The race began with a short individual race against the clock, each rider hurtling round a 4-mile circuit in pursuit of the first yellow jersey. That race launched Lance Armstrong as an embryonic global icon.

He won that short test by a staggering eight seconds and management, had done this after recovering from life-threatening testicular cancer. His domination of that year’s Tour was absolute and his performance seemed to many the most life-affirming story that sport had ever delivered. Surviving cancer is one thing, but to follow recovery with victory in perhaps the toughest athletic challenge of write a movie in an all is quite another. Armstrong cheated because he believed others were cheating and that it was the only way he could win. On both counts, he was almost certainly correct.

But that merely explains his rationale – it cannot excuse it. A great number of his competitors in that race were not using drugs and so were put at quotes, an insurmountable disadvantage by those who did cheat. The fact that Armstrong had been so seriously ill made it hard for people to believe that he would then use drugs that could be dangerous to his health. He never saw it like that. How To Write In An. Many of the essay on unity is strength in english drugs used in restoring him to how to in an health, after he’d undergone four rounds of chemotherapy, were the same drugs that would give him greater endurance in the Tour de France.

And they weren’t that dangerous. But he couldn’t have gotten away with it unless so many had been willing to embrace the irresponsibility of not knowing. The truth is that the truth was there, an inch or so beneath the surface. “If a misdeed arises in the search for truth, it is better to exhume it rather than conceal the truth,” Saint Jerome wrote in mla format quotes, the fifth century (cited in Ballester and Walsh 2004, p.1). That’s not bad advice. In the surge of the feel-good factor that came with Armstrong’s first victory in the Tour de France, everyone had their reasons for clinging to how to a movie in an the irresponsibility of not knowing and finish thesis, leaving the truth resting beneath the surface. His sponsors would sell bikes and write a movie in an essay, clothing – and dreams – off the miracle of assignment essay his comeback. Those entrusted with the duty to protect the write in an sport, the world-governing cycling body (the Union Cycliste Internationale [UCI]) saw in him a saviour bearing the gifts of increased popularity and, of course, revenue. Care. As fans, we want our heroes to be angels on wheels, simon- pure, somehow immune to the uppers and downers of our own pill-popping society. In the maelstrom of Armstrong’s wondrous victory, we engaged in what the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge called ‘the willing suspension of disbelief’. All the reasons why this story had to how to in an essay be questioned were suppressed.

Those who tried to protest were shouted down. Let us try to explain how easy it would have been for the fraud of Armstrong to have been stopped before it had begun. The drug of choice in 1999 was erythropoietin (EPO), which promotes the production of red cells and allowed those using it an almost endless supply of essay oxygen. With it, a rider could fly up mountains. A Movie In An. Angels on wheels indeed. At that time, there was no anti-doping test to identify it in health care, urine. So EPO was a godsend for those who wished to cheat, and there were plenty. From blood tests taken before that 1999 Tour, the authorities more or less knew who was using the drug but just could not prove it. They also knew that an a movie in an essay, EPO test was imminent.

All they had to do was freeze the urine samples from writing ’99 and re-examine them when the EPO test was approved, which happened in 2000. In An Essay. It would have been simple and finish thesis, it would have exposed those who were cheating. But those who should have been protecting the sport were the same people who were promoting it, and how to write in an, Lance Armstrong was good for essay by robert wrigley business. It was not co-incidental that when Armstrong the Legend became Armstrong the Cheat, US federal investigators had gotten involved. The Feds have powers that allow them to dig deeper than journalists, and Armstrong’s former teammates quickly learned that while they could tell little white lies to journalists, they couldn’t lie under oath. Only when the police got interested in the minutiae of football’s governing body, FIFA, and the athletics federation, IAAF, did we discover the extent of the corruption in a movie essay, both organisations. Mla Format Essay Quotes. Without subpoena powers, without the right to bank accounts, but with the threat of costly legal cases, there is only so far journalists can go. In An Essay. We came to know how rotten things were in essay care, the state of the Tour de France when French customs pulled over a team car on how to in an essay, the Franco–Belge border at 6 am on a July morning in skills writing assignment essay, 1998. With FIFA, it was the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (FBI) arrest of US delegate Chuck Blazer that proved to be the turning point.

Blazer spilt the beans and plenty of write a movie barons were in trouble. Finish Thesis. French police are now doing the same for the IAAF, showing the most powerful that they’re not as untouchable as they might have thought. How did it get to this? Good people stayed quiet when they should have spoken up. Anyone who pushed for good governance in these organisations was putting themselves in how to write a movie in an essay, an uncomfortable position. Few were prepared to do that. It was easier to is strength look the other way, to travel on the gravy train and not pull the emergency cord. This longing to indulge the irresponsibility of not knowing has been the rock upon which the corruption was built. Those who said nothing – they and their sports have paid a high price.

Paul Simon wrote about this a long time ago in ‘The Sound of how to write in an essay Silence’: “Fool, said I, you do not know. Silence, like a cancer grows” (Simon 1964). How we have needed courageous people. Take the IOC and the privileges of its members. Forget the essay management courtesy cars and five-star hotels, the access to the best tickets and the lavish banquets. Instead, consider the write daily allowance. Board members on IOC duty receive a daily $900 allowance, $450 for common or garden members (IOC Ethics Commission 2015). It adds up when you spend maybe two and a half weeks at the Olympics, which even an IOC member wouldn’t dare to call hard work. As much as there is an finish thesis, urge to say that these allowances are far too much, it is worth pointing out that, among the major sports bodies, the IOC is the only one that publicly discloses information such as per diem allowances to write in an its members. This level of compensation does beg the question, ‘Who is serving whom?’ Is it the project management IOC members who serve the Olympics or the Olympics that serves its committee members? There is write a movie, a culture of entitlement that needs to end, because excessive privilege can often be the precursor to corruption: “If I am entitled to this, perhaps I can also get that.” Somewhere along the way, a lot of FIFA administrators came to see not much difference between privilege and wrongdoing – like one was the logical extension of the other.

Let me tell you about Vitaly Stepanov, the courageous whistle-blower who did so much to bring to light the doping secrets in Russian sport. He was recently asked to meet IAAF officials in a major city. To get there, he had to take a six-hour flight. IAAF booked the ticket and essay with, when it landed in how to write a movie, Stepanov’s email, he realised it was a first-class flight (Walsh 2014). Surprised and unimpressed to have found himself immediately drawn into this world of finish thesis privilege, Stepanov rang his IAAF contact and said he had no wish to travel first- class. He considered the excessive cost could be far better spent on fighting the doping culture that he had exposed. Will sports officials ever get the message? (Walsh 2014). For inspiration, they might care to turn their eyes to the example being set by Pope Francis, leader of the Catholic Church. When he turned up in Washington to meet President Obama, it was easy to pick out his car in the motorcade of more than 20 SUVs and police cars.

He was inside the charcoal grey Fiat 500L, which was maybe a tiny step up, or down, from the Ford Focus he drives around the Vatican. “I’m visible to people and I lead a normal life,” Pope Francis has said. “Public Mass in the morning, I eat in the refectory with everyone else, etc. All this is good for me and prevents me from being isolated. I’m trying to stay and act the same as I did in Buenos Aires because, if you change at my age, you just look ridiculous” (Pope Francis 2013, paraphrased). How many high-ranking sports officials have thought that if that little Fiat is good for the Pope, it is good enough for me? How many believe they should have lives somewhat akin to the lives of fans upon whose loyalty their games are built? The IOC needs to lower those allowances and FIFA’s new president, whoever they are, needs to embrace a more modest lifestyle. Transparency must become the norm and proper governance needs to be at the top of every agenda.

For too long, good governance has been nothing but a PR sound bite. Trust will be regained when they show us they have changed, not when they tell us. We need governments to lead as well, to say to sport’s wrongdoers that you are not part of in an essay some separate untouchable state. Do wrong and skills assignment essay, you will be held accountable. How To Write A Movie In An Essay. The Wild West is finish thesis, no more. To the how to write a movie in an athletes, we need to say that winning is not the most important thing. Mla Format Essay Quotes. How you try to in an win is what matters. Would you rather be top of the medal table with cheats or bottom with a group of totally honest athletes? Governments need to stop seeing the prowess of their athletes as a sign of on unity is strength national strength.

For that too is another road leading to a movie corruption. Better in my view for a government to understand that what truly matters is how many of its citizens are active. We need to stop wearing our country’s success in sport like a badge of mla format with quotes honour, for it matters not a whit whether we’re first or second in the medals table. It is Vitaly Stepanov, the Russian whistle-blower, to write a movie essay whom we should listen. He reminds us of what matters, and quotes, what doesn’t. A Movie In An Essay. “Personally, I don’t like this whole idea of countries and nationalism and all of that.

Things must be done that serve the planet not for the country. Same in sport, I don’t care that a Russian wins or an American wins. If the competition is fair, if the best one wins, that’s good. Project Management. If a person is honest, talented, has a good coach and he is in an, raised properly and he becomes an Olympic champion then he will be a hero. And it really will not matter what country he is from.

Jesse Owens became a hero for the whole world. “I went to the Olympic museum in Lausanne. There is a saying on a wall there from Pierre de Coubertin, the writing skills father of the Olympic movement. Let me just say it. ‘The important thing in life is not the triumph but the fight. The essential thing is not to have won but to have fought well.’ This is my view of what sport should be” (Walsh 2015). Write In An Essay. Ballester, P. and Walsh, D. 2004. L.A. Confidentiel: Les Secrets de Lance Armstrong. France: La Martiniere. Camus, A. 1956. The Rebel: An Essay on a Man in Revolt.

New York: First Vintage International, p. 54. International Olympic Committee (IOC) Ethics Commission. 2015. Agenda 2020: Indemnity Policy. Switzerland: IOC. Available from: http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Agenda2020/Ethics_ Commission_to_IOC_Members_IOC_Indemnity_Policy. pdf. Pope Francis. 2013. Letter to Father Enrique Rodriguez. Available online. Care. Simon, P. 1964.

The Sound of how to a movie essay Silence. New York: Columbia Records. Walsh, D. 2013. Seven Deadly Sins: My Pursuit of Lance Armstrong. UK: Simon Schuster. Walsh, D. Writing Skills Writing Assignment Essay. 14 December 2014. Russian doping whistleblower fears for his safety. The Sunday Times. Available from: http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/sport/athletics/ article1495850.ece. Walsh, D. 29 November 2015.

Husband and wife who brought down Russia. The Sunday Times. Available from: http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/sport/athletics/ article1638611.ece. World Anti-Doping Agency. 2016. Independent Commission Report – Part 2. Available online. 8. President Muhammadu Buhari: My plan to fight corruption in Nigeria. In the write essay run-up to the general elections in March 2015, I campaigned on the platform of addressing the on unity is strength challenges of security, the economy, power, infrastructure and fighting corruption. Of these, removing the cancer of corruption from the system is the key not only to restoring the moral health of the a movie nation, but also to freeing our enormous resources for urgent socio-economic development. Nigerians never cease to by robert wrigley ask, for example, why it is that, at independence in write, 1960, Nigeria’s gross domestic product (GDP) per capita was higher at essay, $559 than that of Singapore’s at $476, but today Singapore’s GDP has grown to $55,182 and Nigeria’s has increased to just $3,005 (World Bank 2016). For sure, there are many variables to explain this paradox of a city-state with a small population outperforming Nigeria so dramatically.

But the most important single factor, to my mind, is our two countries’ contrasting leadership visions and attitudes to a movie in an essay corruption. As Alan Greenspan (2007) has observed, “Corruption, embezzlement, fraud, these are all characteristics which exist everywhere. It is regrettably the way human nature functions, whether we like it or not. What successful economies do is to keep it to a minimum.” Unfortunately, successive Nigerian governments have simply been unable to contain the monster. Oil and essay care, gas are the second largest contributors to our GDP and write essay, account for more than 80% of our foreign exchange earnings.

Yet this is the most corruption-ridden sector of our economy. By some industry estimates, 232,000 barrels of finish thesis crude oil worth on average $6.7 billion per annum are lost by the Nigerian state to oil thieves (Kar and write in an essay, Cartwright-Smith 2010). This illicit trade thrives as a result of collaboration among politicians, security agencies, criminal gangs and even multinational oil company employees. As the Financial Times reported, the enormity of the problem is captured in satellite imageries showing the illicit oil trade “expanding exponentially between 2008 and 2013, at the same time as artisanal [illegal] refining was mushrooming across the Niger Delta on an industrial scale” (Wallis 2015). The abuse and misuse of public office for finish thesis private gain has been a constant feature of governance in write essay, Nigeria for the past 30 years. In the last two decades especially, corruption – with its corresponding devastating socio-economic consequences on essay health care, national development and a movie in an, the well-being of essay by robert our people – escalated rapidly and with even greater intensity. Our recent history has been one of predatory and rapacious political, military, public and private sector elites competing and alternating as the a movie in an essay drivers of corruption. Paradoxically, corruption flourished and eventually became a way of by robert wrigley life under the supposedly accountable democratic governments of the past 16 years during which, by one calculation, the write nation earned more revenue than in all the previous 80 years combined. Even as far back as the 1980s, procurement and contract costs in Nigeria were three times higher than those in essay management, East and North Africa, and write a movie essay, four times higher than those in Asia.

Studies suggest that public funds of between $300 billion and $400 billion have been lost to corruption since Nigeria became independent in project, 1960 (Ezekwesili 2012). According to the African Union’s high-level panel on how to write, illicit flows, Nigeria alone accounted for $217 billion of the African continent’s total $850 billion loss to illicit flows between 1970 and 2008 (UNECA 2015). Despite anti-corruption agencies and laws introduced in recent years, there was a complete lack of political will to strengthen these agencies and to faithfully enforce the laws. As one commentator observed, across the entire spectrum of government, rules and regulations were ignored with impunity. Procurements were made with a total disregard for due process, inflated by billions of dollars and poorly executed, and payments were made for jobs not even done. No wonder then that Nigeria consistently scored below the African average in virtually all the wrigley categories considered by how to essay, various transparency and good governance agencies: safety and the rule of law, ease of doing business, participation and human rights, sustainable economic opportunities and human development (Transparency International 2016). Essay By Robert Wrigley. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2016) has correctly identified that pervasive corruption undermines democratic institutions, slows economic development and contributes to a movie essay governmental instability. Corruption erodes the moral fabric of society and violates the social and economic rights of citizens, particularly the poor and the vulnerable. Actually it creates poverty and hurts the poor disproportionately, because resources are diverted away from those who need government protection and on unity in english, services the most. Indeed corrupt politicians, in collusion with electoral officials, have consistently distorted our electoral processes and perverted the rule of law, thereby undermining our democracy.

Corrupt practices such as illegal duty and tax waivers lead to loss of write in an essay revenue. Corruption drives away foreign direct investment with its consequential loss of opportunities for increased government revenue, job creation and skills acquisition. It erodes efficiency, effectiveness and productivity, while promoting waste and mismanagement. The resultant inequality in society – with extreme mass poverty living side by side with islands of stupendous unearned riches – has led to essay by robert wrigley frustration, hopelessness and despair, and laid the foundation for militancy and insurgency. Corruption in Nigeria has resulted in the decay of infrastructure, a lack of social services and how to a movie in an essay, the collapse of the institutions to fix them. The question then arises as to why and how Nigeria descended to become such a sorry example of a rich yet poor country.

There are many predisposing factors to corruption in Nigeria. First, there is the distortion of values and the cultural context. In many communities, as indeed everywhere else in essay on unity is strength in english, the world, material success is celebrated and emulated. In Nigeria, however, a further weakening of values occurred somewhere down the line, eroding the traditional mechanism of a movie checks on the illegal, primitive and ostentatious accumulation and display of essay wealth. Dislocation of communities and urbanisation partly account for this. Second, a strong culture of how to in an essay ethnicity and nepotism encourages corruption because it influences the irrational allocation of resources and the protection of culprits. Third, there is health care, a culture of elite exceptionalism whereby high public-office holders and the wealthy feel that, by virtue of their status, stature or position, they are exempted from the laws and write a movie in an, rules regulating society. Essay. Fourth, and most insidious, is the pervasive culture of impunity across the social strata, which is, in turn, fuelled by a legal system bedevilled by delays. The egregious culture of impunity has itself sabotaged and stultified the growth of the rule of law. Finally, the single biggest contributor to corruption in Nigeria is the lack of political will among the leadership of the how to in an essay country in the past to tackle it.

There are sufficient laws in the statute books, and robust rules, regulations and clearly set out procedures throughout the public service. But the institutions established to fight corruption either lacked the desire, the capacity and drive to tackle it or were deliberately subverted or circumvented. 8.3 Proposals to curb corruption in Nigeria. To confront this challenge, we must start by writing skills writing, showing that we have the how to write essay exemplary leadership, personal integrity and demonstrable political will to do so. Essay. Democratic governance based on individual liberties, human rights, a free press and the rule of law requires us to be fair and just in dealing with all cases of corruption. There must be transparency and a strict adherence to due process – however painstaking the effort and however slowly the wheel of justice turns under this setting. At the same time, we must be accountable and remain faithful to a movie in an our oath of office whereby we swore to do justice to all manner of wrigley people without fear or favour.

We must, like Caesar’s wife, be seen at all times to be beyond reproach in order to cast the first of any stones. How To Write A Movie. Thus, though not required by law, my vice-president and I began my tenure by publicly declaring our assets, to be compared with our net worth on leaving office. As I noted earlier, there exists a plethora of laws, rules and regulations to ensure good governance in Nigeria. Quotes. There also exist several commissions and agencies to investigate and prosecute corrupt practices. A Movie In An. We need not create any new ones unless absolutely necessary. We only need to strengthen, adequately fund and essay with quotes, motivate the existing ones to do their jobs. How To A Movie Essay. We shall also encourage independence of action and avoidance of self-censorship by anti-corruption agencies. No one will be presented as a ‘sacred cow’ beyond the reach of the law. In the fight against corruption, citizen involvement and demand side activism are key components.

Most of our people, especially those in the rural areas who are poor, ignorant and illiterate, do not make the link between corruption and essay on unity is strength, their lack of write essay access to healthcare, education and other facilities, even where they exist. They are too poor, too dependent and too powerless to mla format with quotes demand accountability from their State or local governments. We shall therefore encourage the civil society, faith-based groups and community associations to challenge corruption within their communities. How To In An Essay. In this regard, we shall review our communication strategy towards a more open and transparent government by sharing information, encouraging citizen empowerment and supporting social actions to challenge corrupt practices by public officials at the federal state and local government levels. In our model of democracy, there is a clear separation of powers between the Executive, the finish thesis Legislature and the Judiciary. To tackle corruption, there is a need for all three to work together for a common purpose. Towards this end, we are ready to engage with the Legislature and the Judiciary, state governments and all organs of government to ensure the necessary synergy towards effectively combating corruption. Early in the life of this administration, I constituted a Presidential Advisory Committee on how to a movie, Anti-Corruption – made up of essay experts and persons of integrity – to oversee our anti-corruption effort, promote the write a movie essay reform agenda of the essay project Government and co-ordinate the implementation plan for anti-corruption legislation and other interventions.

Among other things, the Committee will also articulate and report on strategies towards repositioning and strengthening our agencies. These include the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), the Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC), the Code of Conduct Bureau (CCB) and the Code of Conduct Tribunal (CCT), and the ways in which our criminal justice administration may be improved. Given the transnational operations of criminals and the multi-jurisdictional effect of corruption, we will also intensify our collaboration with the international community. This includes international anti-corruption agencies and institutions such as the write essay United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and other development partners. We also commit ourselves to compliance with the country’s international obligations under international treaties and conventions such as the United Nations Convention on Anti- Corruption (UNCAC) (UNODC 2015).

8.4 The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission and the Independent Corrupt Practices Commission. Two anti-corruption institutions are key to Nigeria’s anti-corruption efforts. These are the EFCC and the ICPC. We are aware that both are presently not working at maximum potential owing to a myriad of challenges, which include overlaps in mandate, gaps in operational legislation and funding, a human capital deficiency, leadership inadequacy and internal corruption. I believe a review of legislation is essential to reposition these institutions.

For example, currently the ICPC can only begin anti-corruption investigations in response to petitions from the public. Essay Health. We want to change that, revising the ICPC Act to increase the in an Commission’s powers to initiate investigations into essay project, cases of corruption (ICPC 2016). This would include: Granting the how to a movie in an essay ICPC the power to care commence assets forfeiture proceedings, as is the case in the US, UK and South Africa. Illegally acquired properties may then be seized where the suspected owner is a fugitive, disclaims ownership or cannot be located despite diligent efforts. Streamlining the jurisdiction of the ICPC by reducing areas of write a movie overlap with the EFCC, thus giving each agency areas of primary jurisdictional responsibility. Giving the ICPC power to accept material assistance from finish thesis international institutions and development partners, as well as to access funds from global anti-corruption agencies, which the present ICPC Act prohibits. How To Write A Movie Essay. Similarly, as part of the EFCC legislative review, we will focus on: Empowering the mla format with quotes Commission to presume that a person has illegally enriched themselves where such a person owns, possesses or controls an interest in any property that cannot be justified by present or past emoluments or circumstances. Streamlining the jurisdiction of the EFCC to write a movie in an reduce overlap with the ICPC mandate. Securing the forfeiture of illegally acquired properties where the suspected owner is a fugitive, disclaims ownership or cannot be located despite diligent efforts.

Separating the agency for finish thesis financial intelligence gathering from the EFCC. The Nigerian Financial Intelligence Unit, which operates as an how to in an, arm of the EFCC, needs to be independent in order to enhance its operational autonomy. On Unity Is Strength. We intend to work with the Legislature to implement all these necessary reforms. It’s also critical that these two agencies charged with fighting corruption and financial crimes collaborate closely with development partners for technical assistance, staff training and data sharing. As international co-operation continues to a movie in an reduce the project management number of havens for hiding the proceeds of crime, new havens are emerging. How To Write. We need therefore to enhance the scope of our mutual legal assistance agreements to widen the net we cast to recover illicit funds and secure the forfeiture of essay unexplainable assets. In this regard, the agencies will also need to be more proactive in leveraging the legislations of foreign jurisdictions such as the essay US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (US Department of Justice 2015). Indeed, there have been two recent cases involving high-profile Nigerians that show how foreign jurisdictions (to whom we are grateful) can effectively complement our national efforts to tackle corruption cases.

Pursuant to action taken by the US under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, Kellogg, Brown Root pleaded guilty to paying named Nigerian officials a $180 million bribe to secure a $6 billion contract (US Department of Justice 2009). In another notorious case, all numerous counts of corruption filed against finish thesis, a former governor of a state were dismissed by a court in write a movie in an essay, Nigeria only for the same politician to essay project management be convicted in the UK – based on the same evidence! These kinds of prosecution lapses in major corruption cases arise because of the slow nature of trials, especially of corruption cases, in our system. Typically, corruption trials involving high-profile public officers last an average of 8 to 10 years or, if they go to appeal, 15 years. In such a situation, prosecution and judicial fatigue set in.

It’s standard practice for senior defence lawyers to use legal technicalities such as preliminary objections to challenge the jurisdiction of the court, requesting stay of proceedings and in an, appealing interlocutory or preliminary matters, or for essay is strength in english courts to oblige the accused with injunctions (sometimes perpetual), restraining anti-corruption agencies from investigating, arresting or prosecuting the how to write in an essay suspected persons! However, with the writing passage of the Administration of Criminal Justice Act (ACJA) 2015, which seeks to limit such abuses, we hope to see significant progress (Federal Ministry of Justice 2015). The ACJA contains several innovations with the potential to significantly improve criminal justice administration in Nigeria. For example, it states that an application for a stay of proceedings shall not be entertained, that all preliminary objections shall be considered along with the how to write a movie essay substantive issues and that a ruling shall be made thereon at essay project management, the time of delivery of judgment. The CCB was created 36 years ago to ensure probity and accountability. This includes setting out a comprehensive code of a movie in an conduct for public officers such as declaring their assets and finish thesis, liabilities, and those of a movie in an essay members of their families, when they assume and subsequently leave public office. It has powers to apprehend offending public officers and arraign them before the CCT. Mla Format Essay. Yet in spite of the how to write a movie in an glaring and essay health care, widespread corruption by political appointees and other public servants, the Bureau has hardly used its powers and, where it has, only low-level public officers have been apprehended and brought before the write a movie CCT. Lee Kuan Yew (2000), writing on corruption in his book, From Third World To First, The Singapore Story: 1965– 2000, stated that: “The most effective change we made in 1960 was to writing writing assignment allow the courts to treat proof that an accused was living beyond his or her means or had property or income they could not explain as corroborating evidence of corruption.” Nigeria has had a similar provision at paragraph 11(3) of the Fifth Schedule to the Constitution, which provides that any property acquired by a public officer that is not fairly attributable to his income shall be deemed to have been acquired in breach of the a movie essay Code (International Centre of Nigerian Law [ICNL] 1999). Essay. In its 36 years of existence, the how to write a movie CCB has never invoked this provision. The ICPC has a similar provision within section 44(2) of its enabling Act, which it has also never invoked since its creation 15 years ago.

The CCB is fundamentally hampered by the fact that there is no requirement for health care public officers’ asset declarations to be published. So to lead by example, my vice-president and I voluntarily submitted our assets declaration, hoping that other members of my Government would do the how to a movie same. Writing Skills Assignment Essay. But beyond this, the CCB simply lacks the capacity to verify the write a movie in an essay claims made in the thousands of assets forms submitted. There simply has not been the political will to fully fund or adequately staff and equip the CCB for the task. In co-operation with the National Assembly, we shall look for ways and means to make the writing skills writing assignment essay required appropriation. We shall also seek co-operation and assistance from our development partners in in an essay, the areas of computerisation of the operations of the CCB and Land Registries, with links to the operations of the Nigerian Stock Exchange, the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Corporate Affairs Commission (our Companies Registry) to on unity is strength in english enhance and facilitate assets tracing. Already our Central Bank has implemented a biometric verification system in all banks, facilitating the verification of the identity of every account holder.

Like the CCB, the CCT was established more than three decades ago. Its purpose was to adjudicate on breaches of the Code of Conduct by public officers, which were referred to it by the CCB. In the absence of a functioning CCB, the CCT too has been doomed to failure, applying its powers to impose sanctions – such as removal from office, bans from holding public office and how to write essay, the forfeiture of corruptly acquired property – only to minor cases. The Nigeria Police, like the finish thesis police everywhere, are primarily tasked with maintaining law and order. Its involvement with corruption cases and financial crimes is peripheral except in cases like theft. But the potential for how to a movie compromised anti- corruption operatives remains a problem across our public sector. And the police are no exception. Essay. Indeed, Transparency International, citing the 2013 Global Corruption Barometer, stated that 92% of respondents in Nigeria felt that the police were corrupt. We are aware of write essay this general perception of the Nigeria Police and we shall take steps for its reform. The other institution that is essay is strength in english, critical to our ability to how to write a movie essay successfully combat corruption is the adjudicating agency or the Judiciary. Yet our Judiciary itself is perceived to be corrupt.

As in other areas, it’s a difficult allegation to prove. From their pronouncements, it’s clear that the leadership of the Judiciary is aware of essay this general perception. It cannot be swept under the carpet, especially given the odious nature of write a movie many decisions from the Bench. Writing Writing. These include granting perpetual injunctions, restraining the police and anti-corruption agencies from investigating, arresting or prosecuting high-profile politicians and the other examples I have already cited. How To. Indeed, the leadership is undertaking internal measures to identify judges of unimpeachable integrity, and to have corruption cases assigned to them administratively. Essay Project Management. They are similarly making efforts to cleanse the system by identifying compromised judges for disciplinary measures, including retirement. The discipline of judges, however, is the responsibility of the National Judicial Council established by the Constitution. There have been observations about the Council’s composition, the mode of appointment to it and how to make it broader-based in representation. These are matters for the Judiciary to consider. Finally, we are undertaking administrative measures in the following areas to how to a movie essay strengthen our anti-corruption crusade more generally: Addressing poor remuneration in the public service.

Alongside our wider reforms of the by robert wrigley public sector, we need to look into essay, appropriate remuneration for some categories of on unity is strength in english civil servants. A fresh university graduate in the public service earns about $300 a month. Unfortunately, inflationary pressures and increases in the cost of living make corrupt ways of supplementing legitimate income more attractive. Again, Lee Kuan Yew (2000) said that one of the ways he dealt with corruption in the public service was to drastically increase the how to write a movie essay salaries of the accounting officers, putting them almost on a par with similar heads of essay by robert private sector organisations. While this isn’t an immediate possibility for us, given our current economic circumstances, we do propose to finance some increases in critical functions related to public service wages, using part of the freed-up funds gained from recovered looted assets, reductions in waste and the plugging of leaks. However, there may also be need for a downward review of the emoluments, allowances and entitlements of certain public officers. We shall also reform our oil sector – which is the lifeblood but also the most corruption-ridden sector of our economy. To that end, we will: Publish quarterly audits of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation. End the opacity in a movie essay, the swapping of crude oil for refined products, which has created avenues for corruption. Improve internal refining capacity with a view to ending, in 2016, the clearly unsustainable 1 trillion Naira (N) subsidy on health, imported petroleum products. Engender transparency in the purchase of all refined products by how to essay, publishing purchases and reconciling the amounts against consumption figures.

Develop partnerships to deploy advanced technology to share data and track oil theft. Increase the participation of by robert Nigeria in the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). After corruption, waste and mismanagement of public funds are the biggest drains on the economy. Even before the write a movie essay present economic downturn, reducing them had become imperative. Essay Health. For years, recurrent expenditure had been at 70 - 80% of the national budget with emoluments of a movie in an senior public officers being the major expenditure heads. So there will be a significant reduction in international travel by public officers. We will ensure that public officers travel only when absolutely necessary and, when they do, there will be a restriction placed on classes of travel. In addition, the Federal Ministry of Finance has now established an Efficiency Unit to monitor all ministries, departments and agencies. The Unit’s aim is to review all government overhead expenditures, reduce waste and promote efficiency. We shall also vigorously enforce the Public Procurement Act to ensure that due process is followed in government procurements (Bureau of mla format quotes Public Procurement 2012). Following decades of a lack of oversight over government revenues, receipts and write in an essay, income flow, we have recently reverted to constitutionalism and consolidated all government accounts into a Treasury Single Account maintained by the Central Bank of Nigeria.

As a result, we are now in a position to monitor all receipts, expenditures and block leakages, thereby enhancing transparency and accountability in the management of government revenues, receipts and payments. We will run a leaner Government, reducing the management number of ministries and reviewing the proliferation of parastatals and agencies. Some of these are moribund, such as the Public Complaints Commission, the 2014 budgetary allocation for which was N2.927 billion – all of it was spent on salaries. Many others are either no longer required or they perform the same or similar functions. These include the write a movie in an National Office for Technology Acquisition and Promotion, with its 2014 budget allocation of N466 million to boost locally generated technology. In the same vein, the Nigeria Information Technology Development Agency had a 2014 budget allocation of N339.01 million to develop information technology. Such agencies, with ambiguous or overlapping functions, will be progressively streamlined and merged with their main ministries or scrapped. I will conclude by reiterating that the immediate and long- term benefits of curbing corruption in Nigeria are pretty obvious to us.

In this essay, I have put forward what some may consider over-ambitious goals. I believe in the adage that the journey of a thousand miles begins with the first step. I have the will to take this first step. And with sustained effort, we shall reach our target of mla format essay with quotes freeing-up sufficient funds to how to a movie in an accelerate the development of health critical infrastructure such as railways, roads and power; invest in health and education consistent with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals; pursue our social programmes such as skills acquisition and poverty alleviation; and create an enabling environment for the diversification of our economy, with investments in agriculture, solid minerals, petrochemicals and allied industries. These outcomes will encourage local and foreign direct investments, job creation, and a movie, reductions in with, poverty, crime and insecurity. As Sarah Chayes has observed, “Corruption has helped fuel most of the serious crises the world has witnessed in the past decade. It swells the ranks of terrorist movements, weakens local opposition to them, facilitates their activities and hollows out militaries tasked with combating them. How To Write A Movie Essay. It sparks angry protests that can turn into revolutions with unknown second and third order effects such as those in the Arab world in 2011” (Kirkpatrick 2015).

It is therefore in our national interest, and that of the international community, to fight corruption not only within national boundaries but also globally, through concerted international action. Bureau of Public Procurement. 2012. Bureau of Public Procurement. Available online. Writing Skills Writing Essay. Ezekwesili, O. 28 August 2012. Corruption, National Development, the write a movie in an Bar and the Judiciary.

Abula: 52nd Annual General Meeting (AGM) of the Nigerian Bar Association. Federal Ministry of Justice. 2015. Administration of Criminal Justice Act 2015. Available online. Greenspan, A. 24 September 2007. Writing Assignment Essay. Alan Greenspan vs. Naomi Klein. A Movie In An Essay. Democracy Now!

Available [online] (http://www.democracynow.org/2007/9/24/alan_greenspan_ vs_naomi_klein_on). Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC). 2016. Mla Format Essay. The Establishment Act. Available [online] (http://icpc.gov.ng/the-establishment-act/). International Centre of Nigerian Law (ICNL).

1999. Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999. Write A Movie. Available online. Kar, D. and Cartwright-Smith, D. 2010. Illicit Financial Flows From Africa: Hidden Resource for essay on unity Development. Washington DC: Global Financial Integrity. Available [online] (http://www.gfintegrity.org/storage/gfip/documents/reports/ gfi_africareport_web.pdf).

Kirkpatrick, J. 30 September 2015. Interview – Sarah Chayes. E-International Relations. Available [online] (http://www.e-ir.info/2015/09/30/interview-sarah-chayes/). Transparency International. 2013. Global Corruption Barometer. Available [online] (http://www.transparency.org/gcb2013).

Transparency International. 2016. Corruption by Country – Nigeria. Available [online] (https://www.transparency.org/country/#NGA). How To Write A Movie. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA). February 2015. Track it. Stop it. Get it: Report of the High Level Pane on Illicit Finance Flows from Africa. Africa: UNECA.

Available [online] (http://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/ iff_main_report_26feb_en.pdf). United Nations – Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). 2015. United Nations Convention against Corruption: Signature and Ratification Status as of 1 December 2015. Available [online] (https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/signatories. html). Essay Project. United Nations – Office on Drugs and write essay, Crime (UNODC). 2016. UNODC’s Action against essay health care, Corruption and Economic Crime. Available online.

US Department of Justice. 11 February 2009. Essay. Kellogg Brown Root LLC Pleads Guilty to finish thesis Foreign Bribery Charges and how to write, Agrees to Pay $402 Million Criminal Fine. Available online. US Department of Justice. 23 September 2015. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Available [online] (http://www.justice.gov/criminal-fraud/foreign-corrupt- practices-act).

Wallis, W. 26 May 2015. Nigeria: The big oil fix. Financial Times. Available [online] (http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/be2a72de-f30f-11e4-a979- 00144feab7de.html#axzz3yeg9x1Nz) World Bank. Project Management. 12 January 2016. A Movie In An Essay. GDP per Capita: Nigeria and Singapore (1960–2014). Available [online] (https://goo.gl/LNl6ez).

Yew, L. K. 2000. From Third World to First, The Singapore Story: 1965–2000. UK: Harper Collins. Essay Health Care. 9. President Ashraf Ghani: Driving corruption out of procurement. A Movie Essay. The moral outrage that many feel about corruption and the devastation it wreaks blinds us to its pervasive nature.

But it is imperative we recognise that, in a number of countries, corruption is not an aberration within an otherwise well- functioning system of public governance. It is part and parcel of the system itself – reinforced by the fragmented nature of these countries’ governments, producing predictable, self- perpetuating costs for national development. If we’re to tackle corruption effectively, we must identify and understand the essay systemic drivers that enable corrupt practices to write in an thrive and reproduce. This essay argues that corruption is, at its core, a failure of individual and institutional accountability that allows officials to divert public resources from their intended uses. But if the problem to solve in a country like Afghanistan is a lack of accountability, the actions needed to change it must overcome the essay health fact that the government institutions, which are expected to carry out the a movie in an reforms, are themselves highly fragmented.

Reforms from outside the system can make some progress, but fragmentation means that these reforms will always be partial and temporary. In fragmented systems, only strong, national political leadership can tackle corruption at its roots. This is because only the top political leadership can look across the different arenas and ministries where corruption happens, in health, order to how to write a movie in an provide an effective agenda for reform. By demonstrating top commitment through positive action, even fragmented systems can build coalitions with internal and external reformers. But somebody must open the door. The countries that occupy the bottom reaches of world anti- corruption standards are frequently characterised by deeply fragmented systems of state accountability. In such countries, the government systems that should prevent corruption are the very systems used to enable it (Fund for Peace 2013). Assignment Essay. This includes core operations such as procurement, financial management, recruitment, audit, legislation and justice.

If the systemic character of corruption in these fragmented administrations is not understood, reforms become a game. Donors provide technical assistance to write anti-corruption action plans that ministries don’t implement. Anti-corruption commissions are launched and quietly dissolved; study tours to reformist countries bring a flurry of excitement before being forgotten. None of these exercises make a serious dent in the fundamental problem of institutionalised corruption, because they assume that corruption can be tackled by in an, suppressing its symptoms and they thus fail to address its structural drivers. Although some sections of the government may indeed be committed to reform, frequently they are kept there for appearances only, not to essay project management achieve any actual progress in the fight against corruption. To consider how we might change that, we now turn to the anti-corruption strategy being implemented in Afghanistan. 9.3 Reforming corruption in fragmented accountability systems: the case of Afghanistan.

By any measure, Afghanistan is one of the most corrupt countries on write a movie, earth. Is Strength In English. Fifty years of near constant conflict have destroyed both social and institutional controls. The flood of money that poured into how to write a movie, the country for reconstruction after the overthrow of the Taliban in late 2001 further fragmented and reduced its systems of accountability. When the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan took office in October 2014, we were united in our commitment to essay by robert bring an end to corruption and in an, the impunity that surrounded it. The costs of the corruption that we inherited were more than just moral revulsion. They had significant effects on national development. The challenge we faced was introducing reforms that would work in our post-conflict environment.

The departure of the international forces between 2012 and 2014 meant that the with quotes large volumes of financial support that accompanied the troops came to a sudden end. Government and how to write in an, donors agreed that the apparatus of corruption that had formed around the allocation of aid funding meant that, without reform, it would be impossible to switch into a private sector led growth strategy. Endless bribery would keep Afghanistan uncompetitive and poor. As a country threatened by both internal violence and writing skills assignment essay, external attacks, establishing the government’s legitimacy is vital to maintain social order. How To Write Essay. But a history of state corruption has undermined the citizenry’s belief that government courts could credibly dispense justice; that government police would provide order; and that government agencies would represent the public’s interests fairly, rather than just hand out licences to rich bidders (Asia Foundation 2014).

9.4 Diagnosing where corruption happens. Finish Thesis. Just as long-distance travellers benefit from having a well-defined roadmap to reach their destination, our anti-corruption strategy began by essay, mapping out the landscape of corruption in Afghanistan. This meant a systematic review of government operations to identify where corruption occurred. We found that state-sponsored corruption was everywhere. Particular areas of health concern were: Land grabbing Whereas in traditional Afghan society and under Islamic law, clear property rights provide strong social protections, land grabbing in how to, Afghanistan had turned property into health care, a source of how to write a movie discord, distrust and exclusion. As a result of assignment essay land grabs, the private sector was denied access to property for investment, while the poor were driven into substandard and insecure housing. Government appointments People widely believe that appointments to write in an essay the government are secured through patronage and payment. The Ministry of Finance informed the wrigley Cabinet that national revenue could be doubled if civil servants were not paying back the costs of write in an essay their appointments. Banking The Kabul Bank became the emblem for mla format quotes the looting of public resources.

Starting in 2012, forensic audits revealed that virtually all its large accounts were systematically falsified. Money was put in how to in an essay, during audit periods and then immediately withdrawn afterwards. The cost of the Kabul Bank scandal was $850 million (the Government has recovered more than a third of this). Customs Afghanistan has always relied on customs fees. But deliberately weakened customs management has been a major driver of corruption. Afghanistan’s Central Statistics Office records approximately $1.1 billion in imports from Pakistan – but statistics from Pakistan report $2.32 billion in exports to Afghanistan (Observatory of Economic Complexity 2015). Wrigley. Nor does the bribery stop at the border. Studies of how to a movie in an transport routes reveal that over a 100-mile stretch there can be as many as 12 posts, each demanding bribes. Natural resource exploitation Afghanistan is developing the essay early symptoms of the resource curse, the syndrome whereby rich natural resources, which could in principle make a poor country well off, instead end up becoming a locus for how to a movie corruption and mla format with quotes, the capture of that natural wealth by small elites. The worst manifestation is in mining, where corrupt licensing and procurement produce rapacious and destructive mining practices.

Smuggling and narcotics As with the write essay drug trade everywhere, regional and global networks make the illicit economy a significant driver of corruption. More recently, violent and dangerous narcotics smugglers have expanded their field of activity to cover human trafficking and control over irregular migration from Afghanistan to Eurasia. 9.5 Corruption, procurement and reform. There is no quick fix to end this type of systemic corruption. However, we can see some ways forward if we look beneath the surface of finish thesis where corruption happens to the processes by which government can abet or control corruption. How To Write A Movie In An. In Afghanistan, instead of being the systems for government accountability, procurement, financial management, recruitment, audit, legislation and the administration of justice have become the essay project drivers that explain how corruption persists.

Within a fragmented system like this, a reformist government can only turn its commitment to reform into practical action if it rebuilds those systems from the a movie inside out. Essay Project. To demonstrate how that can work in practice, the remainder of this paper will explore the Afghan Government’s efforts to reform the procurement process. At its most basic, public procurement is how the write in an government uses competition to get the public the best value at the lowest cost. Reforming how governments go about buying goods and services may not seem an especially exciting place to start systems reform, especially when compared with high-profile prosecutions or investigative reporting and publication. But procurement lies at the heart of what governments ‘do’. Global estimates suggest that government procurement can account for between 10% and 30% of gross domestic product (GDP) (SELA 2015). And when public procurement is infected by corruption, the effect on government performance and value to the taxpayer is catastrophic. Writing Writing Essay. Procurement in Afghanistan has traditionally exhibited all the how to write in an essay symptoms of a fragmented and essay project, corrupt system of government accountability. Forensic reviews repeatedly show a systematic rigging of competitive bidding, usually through the inclusion of write non-existent companies to give the appearance of competition when there is in fact none. For a fee, cost estimates are shared between corrupt officials and corrupt bidders.

Rules to block conflicts of interest are routinely subverted by companies owned by the relatives of high-ranking officials whose only writing skills writing essay ‘business’ is to provide access. Not all corruption in write a movie essay, procurement takes place behind the scenes. Threats of violence, kidnapping and bribery are used to finish thesis force legitimate competitors to withdraw or alter their bids. Officials collude with favoured companies to set technical standards that only they can fulfil. How To In An. Corrupt practices do not end at contract negotiations. Finish Thesis. Manipulating procurement so that low-quality goods are delivered rather than the higher-quality supplies that were procured and invoiced is a pervasive practice that leads to collapsed infrastructure, massive overcharging and how to write a movie, poor-quality services. Procurement therefore provides an acid test of skills writing assignment essay whether the new Government’s commitments to bring about systemic change will really be backed by political will and how to write essay, structural change. Finish Thesis. The two key reforms in the first stage of the Afghan Government’s strategy are the formation of a National Procurement Council (NPC) to review all high-value contracts and the consolidation of construction contracts through two specialised agencies. Centralising procurement was not the a movie only route to reform open to us, but it enabled us to tackle the writing skills structural issues that allowed corruption to thrive.

Reforming corruption ministry by ministry was not only far beyond the limited capacities of the write essay Government, but it would also have left untouched the underlying incentives that drove this corruption in the first place. Only through sustained top- level oversight to create the accountability needed, combined with technical expertise, could we ever hope to change the bureaucratic culture. 9.6 Building the machinery of reform. To underscore the top-level commitment of the national leadership to bring corruption to an end, the NPC is essay care, chaired by me, the President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. How To Write A Movie In An. Afghanistan’s chief executive officer, the second vice- president and the ministers for finance, economy and justice also attend the weekly council meeting. Finish Thesis. Such high-levelparticipation is needed not just to send a symbolic message to the country at how to in an, large, but also to present a unified front to the entrenched interests within the government itself that will resist reforms. We are supported by an Office of Procurement staffed by finish thesis, Afghans who have been trained in professional procurement and who have the specialised expertise needed to understand the details of bids. Because such a large share of the Afghan budget is spent on security, the how to write a movie in an essay Government also gets technical support from the NATO military command to help review military contracts.

Public transparency is built into the process. Our weekly procurement review meetings include a representative of Integrity Watch (an international non-governmental organisation [NGO]), the US’s special oversight expenditure review body (SIGAR) and a rotating member of the Afghan Parliament’s Caucus on Integrity. Minutes of our meetings and all decisions are placed on an updated, publicly accessible website (Government of Afghanistan 2016), and our team provides regular briefings for journalists, donors and mla format with, the Afghan media. Transparency has enabled us to begin to build trust in government. The first major test of our work came in the security sector. Civil society and whistle-blowers had made serious allegations over essay a $400 million fuel contract awarded by the outgoing Government’s Ministry of Defence. In response to these allegations, the bid was reopened. A preliminary review found credible evidence of malfeasance. We suspended the finish thesis contract and appointed a high-level commission of inquiry to review this and an additional nine major fuel contracts. How To A Movie Essay. The commission’s report revealed widespread subversion of the law. Unfortunately, a response was not going to be as simple as suspending the contract and starting over.

Continuing the contract would have meant accepting the corruption. But stopping it cold would have meant leaving soldiers and police without ammunition and supplies in the middle of an intense war. Writing Writing. This is a strong example of how to write a movie essay how corruption in procurement can have detrimental consequences for national security and the safety of our people. Given this dilemma, what were we to do? To cut through the finish thesis knot, we developed a framework whereby each contract was cancelled, then renegotiated on a sole-source basis. How To Write Essay. The results were reviewed and certified by specialists, including experts from NATO. The NPC then re-examined each case to confirm that the results met procedural and value-for-money standards, and the results were placed on its public website.

The same framework is now being applied to the Ministry of Interior. Our case-by-case examination of some 900 contracts has revealed that compliance with national law and good procurement practices is the essay wrigley rare exception rather than the rule. NPC oversight is restructuring these bids to squeeze out the corruption and ensure that the Government receives what it pays for. Our best estimates are that this system has saved the Government at least $350 million in its first year of how to write a movie in an operation. Presidential hands-on management of the finish thesis national procurement authority is meant to send the message to our people of the Government’s commitment to write a movie in an reform. But it is also a temporary measure, triggered by the need to restore credibility. We have climbed the foothills of reform, but the full mountain range lies ahead. A great many technical changes are needed to ensure that, in the future, honest procurement is the rule not the exception. Finish Thesis. Now that the a movie essay political door has been opened to reform, internal and external reformers can embed a great many more changes across other government operations such as publishing contracts, benchmarking bids against essay, known unit costs and reviewing procurement rules. Better oversight and in an, detailed reviews of processes can address corruption when and where it occurs, but it will not change the writing underlying structures that enable it. For that to happen, we must make the entire government system invulnerable to exploitation and manipulation.

This is a significant challenge for us. Tackling the reform of how to write in an large-scale procurement is technically complex. Finish Thesis. It requires strong leadership but also professional expertise and experience. Write. Furthermore, the finish thesis structure of aid partnerships in Afghanistan has meant that each ministry has built up its own project- financed wing for in an procurement and construction – another example of how fragmentation allows corruption to skills assignment emerge. Large development agencies such as the World Bank address this issue by deploying dozens of highly trained, highly paid specialists to review the procurement decisions of their counterpart ministries. Afghanistan will never be able to afford an equivalent level of expertise. We need an entirely different model of how procurement happens. To build this model, the Government has started to concentrate physical construction in just two ministries, one for essay national public works and one a state-owned enterprise that manages government contracting. This will not only allow these two ministries to develop procurement expertise and provide proper oversight, but it will also free up other ministries to concentrate on essay management, their core functions and add real value, rather than skew them towards the activities that make money.

This is how we plan to tackle a public culture that has been built around making money instead of providing service. For example, the how to write in an essay education ministry can improve the quality of teachers and student learning instead of lobbying for more school construction. The health ministry can focus on reducing Afghanistan’s appalling maternal mortality rates rather than dreaming about building ever more clinics that lack trained staff and proper supplies. The Government is not so naive as to think that reviewing contracts and concentrating construction in two central agencies alone can end corruption. Each system that increases government accountability must be rebuilt. But the progress we have made on procurement reform shows that it can be done. What comes next? Even with improved planning, clearer rules and heightened oversight, corruption will keep occurring until the likelihood of punishment reaches a level that makes officials decide that it is no longer worth the risk. Quotes. Until recently, the punishment for corruption rarely extended beyond a verbal admonition. Fiduciary oversight was in any case largely left to the donor agencies. Our next task then is to make sure that punishments fit the crimes: reform must move to the courts, the judges, the police and the prosecutors.

Here we can frankly admit that progress is slower than we expected. The Government has not been able to how to write a movie in an essay move as quickly on justice sector reform as it would have liked. Justice reform is particularly difficult, because a balance must be struck between maintaining the project management independence of the judiciary and finding ways to reform what itself has become a core driver of institutionalised corruption. But while much remains for a movie us to do, we are seeing improvements to the administration of justice. Government’s actions are beginning to end the regime of impunity that protected high-level culprits. In the procurement cases discussed earlier, officials who colluded with bidders were suspended and the cases for their prosecution are being prepared. Personnel actions are similarly being used to transfer officials away from positions susceptible to bribery.

Those culprits who find judges to release them can count on having their cases reviewed by the Attorney General’s office. But accelerating the essay pace of justice sector reform is clearly the Government’s next frontier. Essay. The other urgent next step is to quotes deepen and strengthen our partnership with civil society’s anti-corruption activists. Our experience shows that, to have any real chance of success fighting corruption in how to a movie in an, a post-conflict society, top- level engagement and strong accountability are needed to essay project signal that the necessary local and national will to fight corruption exists. The more that Afghanistan’s people believe that the Government is taking reform seriously, the more the Government can count on whistle-blowers and an investigative media to end the atmosphere of impunity on which a culture of corruption thrives. Over time, more and more ministry decisions and a movie in an, actions on budgets, contracts and expenditures will be made public and actively disseminated through traditional and modern media.

Accepting citizen feedback and monitoring must become a core part of essay with how the essay government conducts its business. As with procurement, top-level leadership is needed to crack open bureaucratic resistance, after which internal and external reformers can push forward a corruption reform programme of actions. But that first step remains critical. This paper has argued an approach for how states can achieve transformational change in the fight against corruption, using procurement in Afghanistan as an example. Essay Wrigley. Firstly, it shows how top-level political commitment, an electoral mandate to end corruption and government actions can together enable a series of practical actions to bring about national level reform.

That model combines political signalling, managerial reforms, technical oversight and in an essay, increasing engagement with an aware citizenry to fundamentally change a culture and systems that are facilitating corruption. Secondly, it details how successful high-level reform strategies need to essay begin with the understanding that corruption is not a phenomenon in and of how to a movie in an itself, but the result of fragmented regimes that lack accountability. During the war in Afghanistan, responsibility for unprecedentedly large amounts of essay with quotes money fell to diverse control systems, none of which had the capacity or reach to compensate for the lack of state-managed oversight. Overcoming fragmentation could only begin from the top. This is not the only route that countries can follow. But the Afghan Government’s procurement reforms offer many valuable lessons for how to how to bring an end to finish thesis corruption in development. Procurement everywhere accounts for a very large share of government expenditure, but in post- conflict or post-disaster countries there will always be a sudden surge of new procurement into how to write in an essay, systems without the essay management experience to how to write essay manage it. Fragmentation is built into essay by robert, the reconstruction process. Properly managed reform, with high- level oversight, closes down opportunities for a movie essay corruption and aligns procurement designs with the institutional capacities needed to control corruption. Procurement is especially interesting, because it is an area where governments must have the political acumen and quotes, will to navigate the trade-offs that reform will entail. Governments cannot just stop procurement while they fix the system.

As the Afghan case study shows, simply stopping the procurement of obviously flawed fuel contracts in the middle of a war would have meant losing the war. But, because the governance structures were in how to write a movie essay, place to allow for a sufficiently senior level of decision making, an alternative arrangement could be developed. Afghanistan has only just started implementing the fully fledged reform needed to root out writing, corruption. It took decades to build up a system that systematised corruption at every level. It will be many years before the Government can claim success. But the strategy and how to write in an essay, roadmap for reform are clear, and essay health care, the first round of hurdles has already been passed. Government corruption has driven a three-decades-old conflict. Corruption has blocked Afghanistan from write a movie essay being self-reliant and finish thesis, free. How To In An. And corruption has wasted a vast amount of precious resources that could otherwise have been spent reducing Afghanistan’s crushing levels of poverty. Afghanistan’s citizens voted for essay wrigley a Government that would have the courage and commitment to break the cycle of corruption. We will continue to earn their trust and build a virtuous partnership for national development.

Asia Foundation. 2014. A Survey of the Afghan People. San Francisco: Asia Foundation. Available online. Fund for Peace. Write A Movie. 2013. Fragile States Index. Washington DC: FFP Publications.

Available online. Government of Afghanistan. 2016. Administrative Office of the President – National Procurement Authority. Available online. Observatory of by robert Economic Complexity. December 2015. Country profile: Afghanistan.

Available online. SELA. 2015. How To Write A Movie In An. Public Procurement as a Tool for Development in Latin America and the Caribbean. Caracas: SELA. 10. Prime Minister John Key: New Zealand: a culture of fair play. It says a lot about the New Zealand psyche that one of the mla format essay with quotes most notorious acts in how to write essay, our sporting history involved an underarm cricket delivery. Essay By Robert Wrigley. New Zealand needed six from the last ball to tie a 1981 one-day match against Australia when Trevor Chappell strode to the crease and rolled the ball down the pitch. An orthodox delivery would have given batsman Brian McKechnie a fair chance. The underarm version did not.

There was an uproar, which, as you can probably tell, still smarts to this day. The reaction might have been outsized, and I have no doubt Chappell is sick of hearing about it, but it was telling. The ploy went against one of the how to write essay most intrinsic aspects of our national character – a sense that we all deserve a fair crack and mla format essay with, that we must do what is right. It is ingrained in our psyche – we are a fundamentally honest people. It is an attitude that flows through our home lives, our working lives and our public institutions, and it has helped us be recognised consistently as one of the world’s least corrupt countries. As we know, corruption undermines trust in democratic institutions, businesses and markets. It is how to, a corrosive force, which – at essay quotes, its worst – diminishes faith in a movie in an essay, the rule of law. Finish Thesis. All of this impacts on economic and social development, distorting the playing field, making it harder for fair-minded people to prosper and for a country to how to support its most vulnerable. New Zealand is uniquely placed to protect itself from corruption and to work with its neighbours to combat it in their countries. We are a multicultural, outward-looking trading nation of just 4.5 million people, a long way from the markets where we sell our goods and services, and reliant on the rule of law in the places we sell them to. Skills Assignment. In order to prosper, we have always needed not just to be good at a movie in an essay, what we do but also to be honest in essay project, how we do it.

10.1 Our constitutional arrangements. We have built our legal and constitutional settings around our sense of fair play, enshrining it through more than 170 years of case law and political practice. So, while it is based on the Westminster system, our unwritten constitution has evolved in how to a movie essay, a pragmatic way. We tend to quotes fix things when they need fixing, ‘without necessarily relating them to any grand philosophical scheme’ (Constitution Arrangements Committee 2005). And there is a strong sense that it operates effectively because of our sense of how to write a movie fairness.

A good example of that is our ongoing recognition of the historical injustices perpetrated on Maori by the Crown through land seizures, Treaty of Waitangi breaches and other injustices (Ministry of Justice 2016a). Care. The Treaty of Waitangi is a founding document of New Zealand. It was intended to ensure peaceful progress in New Zealand where all parties’ rights and interests are respected (Ministry of Justice 2016b). But the Treaty was not always honoured by the Crown. Successive governments have endeavoured to how to write a movie in an essay acknowledge those injustices through the return of land and resources, and through the delivery of writing skills writing essay apologies on how to write a movie in an essay, behalf of the Crown.

Today this process takes place largely with near-universal public and essay, political support, because it is the right thing to do. It is this same embedded sense of how to fair play that makes it difficult for corruption to take hold in mla format essay with quotes, New Zealand. New Zealand’s public institutions have grown and evolved in an environment that does not tolerate underarm deliveries from its politicians, public servants or private sector. As Prime Minister, I am particularly well aware of that. I am regularly held to account not just in Parliament and in the media, but by everyday New Zealanders who are never shy to tell me of how to write in an essay any issue that they have with my Government’s performance. That is how it should be. As elected officials and as public servants, we are beholden to the public and are expected to regularly account for our actions. New Zealand’s highly professional public service is expected to act in essay project, accordance with the law, to be imbued with the spirit of service to the community and to give free and frank advice to essay ministers. The public service is politically neutral. Essay On Unity Is Strength In English. That neutrality means that the Government, Parliament and the public can trust advice given by officials. Merit-based appointments, made on the recommendation of the State Services Commissioner, help ensure that senior public servants do not owe their jobs and how to in an essay, their loyalty to writing essay any politician or political party.

This culture, which has been enshrined in law, ensures that even as governments and ministers change, a professional body of experts is how to write a movie, always on hand to deliver on the agenda of the elected government. 10.2 Scrutiny of government action. As is often said, the with best disinfectant is sunlight. As part of the gradual improvement of our institutions, successive governments have taken steps to increase and entrench the transparency of the public sector. In 1982, the then National Government passed the Official Information Act, dramatically changing assumptions about government information. The law means that ministers and officials have to provide any official information requested unless there is a compelling reason not to write a movie (Ministry of Justice 2015a). While there is always a degree of tension about where the line should be drawn, the oversight of the Office of the on unity in english Ombudsman ensures that openness is maintained. In An Essay. (New Zealand was the by robert wrigley first country outside Scandinavia to establish this role.) Recognising that there were significant weaknesses in a movie, the way information on the state of the government’s finances were reported, the then Labour Government passed the Public Finance Act in 1989. This requires government to operate transparently and wrigley, provide regular public reporting of its accounts (Ministry of Justice 2015b). For the how to write essay past 25 years, this legislation has ensured that governments present an accurate picture of the public finances and the fiscal consequences of their policies. As Prime Minister, I have taken steps to ensure greater transparency by, for example, proactively publishing details of writing skills writing assignment essay spending on ministerial credit cards. Ministers and departments are also giving greater thought to proactively releasing more information for public scrutiny.

New Zealand has a range of independent bodies set up to audit and write a movie in an, deal with allegations of corruption and misconduct. Wrigley. The Independent Police Complaints Authority (IPCA), the Judicial Conduct Commissioner (JCC) and the Office of the Ombudsman all have broad powers to investigate and essay, report on the conduct of public officials. These bodies are well known and quotes, well used with 2,515 complaints to the IPCA alone last year (IPCA 2015). This independent oversight helps maintain public trust in write a movie, our institutions, with 78% of New Zealanders surveyed reporting that they have trust and confidence in the police (Gravitas 2015). Serious and complex allegations of corruption in the public or private sector are investigated by a specialist group called the Serious Fraud Office (SFO). The Director of the SFO has complete independence when it comes to operational decisions, while the SFO and New Zealand Police work closely together in writing writing assignment essay, the fight against how to write a movie in an, fraud and project, corruption, and ensure that specialist knowledge and in an, expertise can be used and information shared. The police and SFO are further enabled by legislation, which ensures that all of New Zealand’s bribery and corruption offences apply both domestically and writing essay, extra- territorially (Ministry of Justice 2013). This means that the SFO can bring a case against New Zealand citizens, residents and write, companies for acts of bribery and corruption that occur wholly outside of New Zealand. Another important aspect is a free and independent press.

As Prime Minister, I front the media almost every day, sometimes several times, on essay health, issues of the day. Questions will range from the performance of my Executive and MPs, to New Zealand’s position on international affairs and domestic policy, to what I had for breakfast. My Government is well aware of the importance of fronting up, and of the write a movie in an fact that our media and the public would expect nothing less. They demand accountability and answers. The upshot is that I, along with other ministers, am forced to essay defend every decision and mistake we make and every dollar we choose to spend or save.

Colleagues and staff are aware of how to write a movie in an what is essay with quotes, expected of me and I have no doubt that they have no interest in seeing the Prime Minister having to defend an write, issue that they have caused. There is an assumption across all levels of government that a mistake or any level of dishonesty will always be found out. While mistakes happen and will usually be forgiven by reasonable people, corruption and cover-ups are never tolerated. 10.3 New Zealand’s support for anti-corruption in the Pacific region. Given the by robert clear benefits that a low-corruption environment can have on economic growth and quality of governance, fighting corruption has been a key plank of New Zealand’s international development policies. As the how to a movie in an essay only country outside northern Europe to regularly feature at the top of Transparency International’s (TI) Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), we are well placed to assist other countries in fighting corruption (Transparency InternationaI 2015). We are particularly focused on making progress in our own neighbourhood. New Zealand has especially close historical and cultural links with Pacific Island countries and we have a strong commitment to essay health working with them to build stronger governance frameworks and to promote sustainable economic and how to write a movie in an, social development. Essay Quotes. While auditing doesn’t sound like a glamorous nation- building activity, it is how to in an essay, a critical part of ensuring that governments are spending public money responsibly and effectively. New Zealand is working with Pacific Island countries to finish thesis ensure that they complete regular and timely financial audits of public accounts to how to write essay help improve transparency and accountability.

The number of audits completed in Pacific Island countries over essay by robert the past five years has more than doubled (PASAI 2015). Promoting the importance of write essay accountability in the eyes of the public has led to essay growing awareness of the how to write a movie role of auditing in holding government institutions to account. More public office holders are being held to mla format essay with account for their misconduct and misuse of how to write public funds (PASAI 2015). A high standard of public accountability is on unity is strength, a critical element in preventing a culture of corruption from developing or taking hold. How To Write A Movie. As we know from our own experience, when the public won’t tolerate corruption and have an expectation that their officials will be held to account, those in positions of power are less likely to abuse it. So the higher the standard of probity and accountability that figures in writing, authority are held to, the more likely we are to a movie in an essay prevent corruption and to detect and prosecute it when it occurs. Corruption is far more easily prevented and detected when a country has modern and transparent financial management systems. The New Zealand Aid Programme supports a series of initiatives in co-operation with our Pacific partners, designed to enhance economic governance (Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2015a). That work is helping to strengthen border management systems and levels of accountability in by robert wrigley, a key area of revenue collection (Oceania Customs Organisation Secretariat 2016). How To A Movie In An Essay. New Zealand also provides support to Samoa, Kiribati and the Cook Islands, linked to reforms including improvements to public finance systems, better public procurement, stronger and more independent audit, and greater accountability and oversight of state-owned enterprises. Further support has assisted Samoa and the Solomon Islands to skills writing reform and modernise their revenue systems (Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2015b).

Together with Australia, we have also provided joint funding for the Pacific Ombudsman Alliance to write a movie in an boost the effectiveness of Pacific Island Ombudsman offices. This has increased their ability to investigate complaints of essay on unity in english maladministration by those in the public sector (Walter and how to, Gordon 2013). Pacific leaders also recognise the crucial role that civil society has to play in fighting corruption with advocacy, education and community-focused outreach. For close to a decade, the mla format quotes New Zealand Aid Programme has provided support to TI chapters in Fiji, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. Our support has focused on efforts to improve the culture of transparency through initiatives such as ethics training for law enforcement agencies (Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2015a). Sustainable economic and social development is almost impossible without capable and independent courts and law- enforcement agencies. These give people confidence that the law is enforced fairly and in an, free from political influence.

Accordingly, we are assisting our Pacific Island neighbours to strengthen their courts and police services. Five years ago, we began supporting the by robert wrigley Pacific Judicial Development Programme (PJDP) with Australia. This is how to a movie, focused on strengthening the mla format professional competence of Pacific Island judicial officers and write a movie essay, the court systems they use (PJDP 2015). This work has contributed to more transparent decision making and enhanced judicial leadership. As a result of New Zealand’s support, 12 Pacific Island countries are now producing publicly available annual court reports. It has also helped to essay wrigley improve judicial knowledge and skills to a movie in an essay address family violence and youth justice issues. New Zealand provides ongoing mentoring for Pacific judges, and finish thesis, funding to how to in an essay attend judicial conferences and other training opportunities through the finish thesis Judicial Pacific Participation Fund (JPPF) activity (JPPF 2016).

New Zealand also sends a number of its own judges on request to preside in courts across the Pacific – for instance, in Vanuatu (Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2016). The integrity and capability of police services are critical to maintaining the rule of law. In An. The overwhelming majority of New Zealanders have tremendous respect for on unity is strength our police because we know they can be trusted to treat us fairly and in accordance with the law. New Zealand Police have been invited by how to a movie essay, a number of project management Pacific police services to provide technical services to how to a movie essay their Pacific counterparts (New Zealand Police 2015). New Zealand Police provide training and mentoring across the Pacific in prosecutions, community policing, human rights, ethics, leadership and road policing. These kinds of interventions build public trust in the police and add to skills writing a culture of service, which is the front line against corruption (New Zealand Police 2015). New Zealand’s reputation for how to in an fairness colours the interactions with our police deployed overseas. They carry their professionalism into foreign operations and we find they are welcomed and respected. This ensures that the work they are deployed to do is undertaken to a very high standard. Wrigley. As a country with solid anti-corruption foundations and a long history of how to a movie in an assisting our neighbours in building their own anti-corruption capacity, the most significant risk we face is complacency. While we currently suffer low levels of corruption, we need to proactively seek out and address potential vulnerabilities before corrupt practices can take hold.

With that in mind, in 2014, the Government moved to address a weakness in our companies’ registration laws. These changes will prevent overseas criminals from using New Zealand’s registration systems to create shell companies (Parliamentary Counsel Office 2015). Writing Skills Writing. We also draw on the expertise of civil society and the private sector in how to in an essay, the fight against corruption. The Serious Fraud Office (2014) worked with TI New Zealand and Business New Zealand to essay project deliver free anti-corruption training, which teaches participants how to prevent bribery in their businesses and comply with anti-bribery laws. Recognising the importance of sport in our culture and the huge scope for corrupt sporting practices, we passed a law in 2014 to specifically criminalise match-fixing (New Zealand Parliament 2014). The new law provides that manipulation of sporting activities with intent to in an influence a betting outcome is a criminal activity.

Vigilance and enforcement by the authorities have also increased in recognition of the growing nature of this threat. Preventing the damaging effects of essay by robert wrigley corruption should be a critical priority and responsibility for any government. Politicians and public servants have to how to write a movie in an focus on building and essay on unity in english, maintaining strong, independent institutions to guard against write a movie, corruption, as well as promoting a culture that makes it close to impossible for corrupt individuals to prosper or escape detection. As a country, we take great pride in our track record. But we know we must remain committed to ensuring that corruption does not gain a foothold, and open to views on how to prevent it.

As a small part of an mla format essay, increasingly connected international community, we must be open to sharing our successes and our failures in order to stamp out corruption for how to write a movie in an good. Constitutional Arrangements Committee. 2005. Inquiry to Review New Zealand’s Existing Constitutional Arrangements: Report of the Constitutional Arrangements Committee. Wellington: New Zealand House of Representatives, p.12. Mla Format. Gravitas Research and how to a movie, Strategy Ltd. 2015 (updated 2016). New Zealand Police Citizens’ Satisfaction Survey. New Zealand: Gravitas, p.4.

Available online. Finish Thesis. Independent Police Conduct Authority (IPCA). 2015. Annual Report 2014–2015. Wellington: IPCA, p.4. Available online. Judicial Pacific Participation Fund. 2016. Welcome to the Judicial Pacific Participation Fund.

Available [online] (http://jppf.org.nz/welcome/). Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 2015a. New Zealand Aid Programme Strategic Plan 2015–19. Available online. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. How To Write In An. 2015b. Essay Wrigley. New Zealand Foreign Affairs and Trade – Annual Report 2014–15. How To In An Essay. Available online.

Ministry of skills essay Foreign Affairs and Trade. 2016. Aid Partnership with Vanuatu. Available [online] (https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/aid-and-development/our- work-in-the-pacific/vanuatu/). Ministry of Justice. Write. 2013. Relevant Anti-corruption Legislation. Available [online] (http://www.justice.govt.nz/publications/global- publications/s/saying-no-to-bribery-and-corruption- 2013-a-guide-for-new-zealand-businesses/relevant-anti- corruption-legislation). Ministry of Justice.

2015a. Official Information Act 1982. Available online. Ministry of Justice. 2015b. Public Finance Act 1989. Available online. Ministry of Justice. 2016a. Waitangi Tribunal. Available online.

Ministry of Justice. 2016b. The Treaty of Waitangi. Waitangi Tribunal. Available [online] (http://www.justice.govt.nz/tribunals/waitangi-tribunal/ treaty-of-waitangi). New Zealand Parliament. Essay. 2014. How To Essay. Crimes (Match-fixing) Amendment Bill.

Available online. New Zealand Police. 2015. International Service Group. Available online. Oceania Customs Organisation Secretariat. 2016. Oceania Customs Organisation Secretariat. Available [online] (http://www.ocosec.org/).

Pacific Association of Supreme Audit Institutions (PASAI). 2015. Annual Report for Year Ended 30 June 2015. Available online. Pacific Judicial Development Programme (PJDP). 2015. Health. The Programme. How To Write A Movie. Available online. Parliamentary Counsel Office.

2015. Companies Amendment Act 2014. Available [online] (http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2014/0046/latest/ DLM4094913.html). Serious Fraud Office. 10 June 2014. Helping New Zealand’s Fight Against Corruption.

Available online. Transparency International. Writing Skills Essay. 2015. Corruption Perceptions Index 2015. Available online. Walter, G. and Gordon, J. 2013. Independent Review of the Pacific Ombudsman Alliance. Available [online] (https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/aid-and-development/our-approach-to-aid/evaluation-and-research/evaluation- reports-2013). 11. How To Write A Movie Essay. Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong: Success in combating corruption – views on the Singaporean experience.

Corruption is a scourge that can never be tolerated. Countries have tried all ways to combat it. They create anti-corruption agencies. They pass strong laws. They promulgate codes of conduct for public officials. Companies pledge to conduct business cleanly. Yet often corruption remains endemic, a cancer in essay on unity is strength in english, the society. How then has Singapore achieved some measure of success in eradicating corruption?

I put it down to four factors. In An Essay. First, we inherited a clean and working system from the British colonial government. We had many compelling reasons to want to end colonial rule and to be masters of our own destiny. But to their credit, the British left Singapore with a working system and sound institutions – English laws, a working Civil Service, and an efficient and honest judiciary. Importantly, the Colonial Service officers upheld high standards. People like Sir William Goode, our last Governor and first Head of State, had a sense of duty and stewardship.

After Singapore, Goode served as Governor of North Borneo, now the state of Sabah in Malaysia. Essay Management. He left an how to write essay, impression in North Borneo, as in Singapore. Even a generation later, the people of Sabah still remembered him fondly. Second, when the British left, our pioneer leaders were determined to keep the system clean. The People’s Action Party (PAP) first came to power in 1959, when Singapore attained self-government. However, it was by no means a no- brainer for the PAP to fight to writing assignment essay win the write essay 1959 General Election. The country faced a myriad of problems: poverty, poor public health, an acute housing shortage, a stagnant economy and an exploding population. Did the PAP want to inherit these overwhelming problems?

Why not become a strong opposition party, and let another party govern and fail? In the end, what decided the issue for Mr Lee Kuan Yew, our founding Prime Minister, and finish thesis, his team, was the overriding need to prevent the a movie in an essay public service from going corrupt. One term of an incompetent, corrupt government and Humpty Dumpty could never be put together again. So the PAP fought to win and formed the Government. When they took their oath of office, Mr Lee and his PAP colleagues wore white shirts and essay by robert wrigley, white trousers. It symbolised their determination to keep the Government clean and incorruptible.

That set the tone for how to Singapore ever since. Third, with strong political will, we institutionalised a robust, comprehensive anti-corruption framework that spans laws, enforcement, the public service and public outreach. We enacted the Prevention of Corruption Act (PCA), which puts the burden of proof on the accused to show that he or she acquired their wealth legally. Any unexplained wealth disproportionate to known sources of income is presumed to be from graft and can be confiscated. By Robert Wrigley. The PCA provides for extra-territorial jurisdiction, so that the how to a movie in an actions of Singaporean citizens overseas are treated the same as actions committed in Singapore, regardless of whether such corrupt acts have consequences for Singapore (Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau 2016a).

Our anti-corruption agency, the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB), is well resourced and independent. Essay Wrigley. It is empowered to investigate any person, even police officers and ministers, and conducts public outreach to raise public awareness and shape social norms (CPIB 2016b). We pay public servants fair and realistic wages benchmarked to how to write essay private sector earnings and, in return, demand the highest standards of integrity and performance. Fourth, we have over time developed a society and culture that eschews corruption. Singaporeans expect and demand a clean system.

They do not condone giving or accepting ‘social lubricants’ to get things done. They readily report corrupt practices when they encounter them. Singaporeans trust that the law applies to essay project management all and that the Government will enforce the laws without fear or favour, even when it may be awkward or embarrassing. Businesses have confidence that, in Singapore, rules are transparent and fairly applied. The story is told of a businessman who visited Singapore from an Asian country used to different operating norms. He left puzzled and disturbed that he could not discover the essay going rate for bribes to officers at finish thesis, different levels of government. He concluded wrongly that the prices must be very high!

Singapore has achieved some success eradicating corruption, but we are under no illusions that we have permanently and a movie in an, completely solved the problem. Project Management. Corruption is driven by human nature and greed. However strict the how to in an rules and tight the quotes system, some individuals will sometimes still be tempted to transgress. When they do, we make sure they are caught and severely dealt with. A Movie In An Essay. Two years ago, we charged an Assistant Director from the care CPIB itself with misappropriating (S)$1.7 million. We keep our system clean not just for ourselves, but also to uphold our international reputation. Thus we deal strictly also with those who use financial institutions in Singapore to launder money or transact ill-gotten gains from corruption. We are zealous in protecting the integrity of our financial centre and how to write essay, business hub. There is a Chinese proverb: ‘If the top beam is askew, the care bottom beams will be crooked.’ Keeping a system clean must start at write a movie in an, the very top.

A Singapore armed forces officer, on a course overseas, was once asked by his classmate how Singapore kept its system clean. He explained our arrangements and essay health care, the central role of the CPIB. His classmate asked a follow-up question: but to whom does the CPIB report? The Singaporean ingenuously replied that the CPIB reported directly to the prime minister. This elicited further puzzlement. Much later the Singaporean understood why. The real question he was being asked was, who guards the guardian?

There is no formula to solve this ancient riddle, but we are determined to uphold the highest standards of how to write a movie in an essay integrity from the top level of the Government down. In 1996, rumours spread that Mr Lee Kuan Yew and I had received improper discounts on property purchases. The Prime Minister, then Mr Goh Chok Tong, ordered a full investigation, which found that there had been nothing improper. Writing Skills Writing Assignment. He brought the issue to Parliament, which held a full debate lasting three days (Parliament of Singapore 1996). Both Mr Lee and I spoke. In his statement Mr Lee Kuan Yew said, “I take pride and satisfaction that the question of my two purchases and those of the Deputy Prime Minister, my son, has been subjected to, and not exempted from, scrutiny … It is most important that Singapore remain a place where no one is above scrutiny, that any question of integrity of a minister, however senior, that he has gained benefits either through influence or corrupt practices, be investigated” (National Archives of Singapore 1996). Trust is slow to build, but fast to a movie in an essay lose.

We have spent more than 50 years building up confidence in Singapore. The integrity of the essay project management Government, the system and the men and women in charge has been key to Singapore’s success. We are determined that that integrity and how to write, reputation must never be undermined and will long remain a competitive edge and a source of pride for Singapore. Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB). 2016a. Prevention of Corruption Act, Singapore. On Unity In English. Available online.

Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB). 2016b. How To A Movie Essay. About CPIB. Available online. National Archives of Singapore. Essay. 21 May 1996. How To Write A Movie In An. Statement by Senior Minister Lee Kuan Yew Nassim Jade and Scotts 28. On Unity. Available online. Parliament of Singapore. Write In An. 21–23 May 1996.

Purchase of Properties by on unity is strength in english, Senior Minister and write a movie essay, Deputy Prime Minister BG Lee Hsien Loong (Statement by the Prime Minister). Available online. On Unity In English. 12. How To Write In An Essay. Jim Yong Kim: How to tackle corruption to create a more just and prosperous world. Corruption poses an essay is strength, enormous obstacle to international development and the global goal of ending extreme poverty. 21 Using public power for a movie essay private gain is also unjust. It denies resources to assignment the poor, undermines the delivery of services to the vulnerable and weakens the write in an essay social contract, leading to exclusion, instability and conflict.

I am committed to fighting corruption, because it is the right thing to do and essay in english, because it is critical to achieving the World Bank Group’s twin goals of ending extreme poverty by 2030 and write a movie essay, boosting shared prosperity for the poorest 40%. More than 50 years of development experience has taught us that we can achieve these targets through inclusive growth, investing in people’s health and education and insuring them against risks, such as unemployment or illness, which threaten to essay project plunge them into poverty. But wherever corruption occurs, pursuing this strategy becomes more difficult. In the Philippines, for example, corruption prevented the how to write in an construction of high-quality roads in some areas, making it harder for goods to skills assignment get to market and harming growth, incomes and job creation (World Bank 2011; Procurement Watch 2009). In Sierra Leone, it stopped some mothers from a movie immunising their infant children, because nurses demanded rice in essay on unity is strength, exchange for ‘free’ shots (World Bank 2012). In An. In India, many poor people received less financial support from workfare initiatives because officials pocketed the health proceeds (Muralidharan, Niehaus and Sukhtankar 2014). Some countries have experienced growing inequality and write essay, lost billions of dollars for public services because of corruption, undermining their very foundations. In Tunisia, former President Ben Ali and his extended family amassed an estimated fortune of $13 billion after a quarter century in power. This amounted to more than a quarter of Tunisian gross domestic product (GDP) in 2011, the year he stepped down in response to mass protests. Essay Management. There were also 220 domestic companies – responsible for at least 21% of the how to write a movie in an essay country’s net private sector profits – connected to the family of the President, who had enacted regulations that gave them unfair economic advantages (Rijkers, Freund and Nucifora 2011).

During my tenure at the World Bank Group, I have seen that corruption affects countries regardless of management development status and is often an international operation. According to some estimates, businesses and a movie in an, individuals pay between $1.5 trillion and $2 trillion in bribes alone each year (Kaufmann 2015). This is by robert wrigley, about ten times the value of overseas development assistance or approximately 2% of global GDP. Both domestic firms and write a movie in an essay, multinational corporations make payoffs to public officials in exchange for access to commercial opportunities. The World Bank Group and project management, others have dedicated substantial effort to understanding and write in an, monitoring corruption, and developing experience and knowledge of how to tackle the problem. In 1996, at our annual meetings, one of my predecessors, James D. Wolfensohn, delivered a ground-breaking speech on writing essay, the ‘cancer of corruption’.

He seized the opportunity to take on an obstacle to write in an essay reducing poverty that we, and others, had largely failed to address (Wolfensohn 1996). Since that time, the World Bank has taken a new approach. We have invested in anti-corruption programmes in more than 100 countries. In 2007, we adopted an organisation-wide governance and anti-corruption strategy, which we updated in 2012. Today our global practices for Governance, and Finance and Markets, as well as our independent integrity group, spearhead work to share with clients our knowledge and experience in essay on unity in english, fighting corruption, though all parts of the write a movie in an essay organisation take responsibility for essay fighting misconduct. The bedrock of our work must be a commitment to zero tolerance for corruption in our operations. Last year, the World Bank Group committed grants and loans amounting to approximately $56 billion to support projects, programmes and policies critical to reducing poverty and inequality in developing countries.

Close scrutiny of how to write a movie in an how these funds are spent and sanctions for their misuse are critical to ensuring that corruption does not undermine the intended outcome, whether it is wrigley, raising farmers’ crop yields or improving students’ reading, writing and arithmetic skills. Working with developing countries, we assess project and loan plans for corruption risk, closely supervise activities and build in monitoring mechanisms, including hotlines to report misconduct. When alleged wrongdoing takes place, our independent integrity group investigates and how to write in an, takes vigorous action if it confirms corruption. We have excluded firms and individuals that engaged in misconduct from writing writing assignment essay receiving contracts that we financed and compelled the return of how to a movie misused financial support and the cancellation of contracts associated with tainted transactions. Last year, these efforts rooted out mla format essay quotes, misconduct in connection with 61 projects worth more than $500 million (World Bank 2015). In one case, we uncovered that officials had defrauded a public administration reform project of $21 million using fake companies and invoices. Our investigation has led to the recovery of stolen funds and the Government’s prosecution of its officials. Even with these successes, we understand that fighting corruption requires constant vigilance and write essay, that misconduct takes many forms and adapts to new opportunities. Still, evidence suggests that there are effective ways to make misconduct more difficult, punish wrongdoing, increase officials’ public accountability and change attitudes toward corrupt behaviour, especially among public servants and those who influence them.

These actions, which I outline below, are helping countries make critical development strides, including building better roads, improving access to education and medicine, and providing the poor with sufficient support from social safety nets. 12.1 Fight corruption and increase accountability through greater transparency. Experience shows that providing citizens with access to information about government operations and public servants’ assets can be an effective way to finish thesis prevent officials from abusing their power when avenues exist to make authorities answerable to the public. In 1997, the Ugandan Government found that schools did not receive 80% of their allocated funding because local officials diverted the support. Officials responded by publishing in local newspapers each school’s allocation, empowering administrators and parents to demand that these transfers reach their schools. By 2001, schools reported receiving 80% of these allocations. How To A Movie In An Essay. A subsequent study concluded that the amount of funds that local officials diverted correlated to is strength in english the distance of a school from how to write a movie essay a major town where there was a newspaper outlet (Reinikka and project management, Svensson 2011). Making transparent the flow of royalties and other financial transactions between governments and corporations can also reduce corruption, especially in a movie in an essay, oil, gas and mining operations. There are 31 countries, including many in Sub-Saharan Africa, that disclose all payments and receipts from oil, gas and mining operations as part of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI).

All 49 EITI member countries have committed to disclosing data on licences, contracts, production and other key operational aspects of natural resource extraction. The information that EITI distributes enables citizens and finish thesis, good government groups to monitor authorities’ relationships with extractive companies and hold officials accountable. In Nigeria, information that EITI published showed billions of dollars in underpayments by companies and their agents, sparking government efforts to recover missing funds to bolster public finances (EITI 2014). Disclosing information in connection with EITI has correlated with reduced perceptions of corruption among businesses in several countries, including Peru, where indicators for abuses of public power dropped by 14%. Greater confidence in good governance makes companies more likely to how to a movie in an undertake the long-term investments necessary for natural resource extraction, suggesting that transparency contributes to economic growth, job creation and essay on unity, higher incomes. 12.2 Use new technologies to how to in an increase scrutiny. Evidence suggests that new, inexpensive ways of verifying identities and executing payments using digital technology can reduce the impact of corruption on public service delivery to the poorest. In India, for writing assignment example, some of its large social welfare programmes suffered from ineligible beneficiaries receiving payments and officials taking a cut of, or delaying, payments meant for the poor. To combat these problems, the government distributed smartcards based on how to essay, the country’s biometric identification system to 19 million needy villagers in connection with the $5.5 billion National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme.

This substantially reduced the role of officials in essay management, the payment process, lessening the opportunities for misconduct. After two years, research showed that, when compared to other programme beneficiaries, smartcard recipients received 35% more money and obtained payments almost 30% faster (Muralidharan, Niehaus and Sukhtankar 2014). How To Write In An Essay. Technology has also helped promote accountability among public servants and government contractors. Essay. In Pakistan, inspectors from some local education departments were failing to perform their duties to confirm teacher attendance in schools (Joseph 2015). Now they must take geo-tagged pictures of themselves on the job, which has proved to be an effective way to hold the a movie in an essay inspectors accountable for countering instructor absenteeism. Rates of teacher attendance – above 93% in 2015 – have increased every year since the programme began and school-monitoring information is available to the public at http://open.punjab. gov.pk/schools. In Mindanao, a conflict-riddled region of the Philippines, geo-spatial tracking and essay management, digital photography have contributed to timely construction of roads (Sta Ines 2014). Previously, security concerns limited inspections in the region, making it difficult to how to write in an essay stop contractor non-performance.

But now data and essay, evidence of road construction in the Philippines is how to a movie in an, publicly available at www.openroads.gov.ph. Transportation infrastructure has improved, promoting the distribution of goods and writing skills essay, economic activity. 12.3 Get citizens and companies involved. Initiatives that enable people and write in an, organisations to work with public officials to change how they deliver services have been shown to reduce corruption substantially. In the Dominican Republic, a participatory approach has increased people’s access to medicine and reduced wasteful public expenditure.

Until 2012, most medical facilities in finish thesis, the country purchased medicines without effective oversight, paying prices for drugs that were, on average, 722% higher than those at a small number of government-run pharmacies. Patients were forced to absorb these high costs, because medicine buyers were receiving kickbacks from private suppliers (National Pharmaceuticals Management Unit 2013). In 2010, public officials, citizen groups, the private sector and others formed the Participatory Anti-Corruption Initiative. This forum allowed them to work together to tackle corruption and take on powerful interest groups in many areas, including medicine procurement. By 2014, reforms in this area had lowered prices, improved medication quality and yielded savings of $27 million compared to the previous year. Public spending on drugs was reduced by 64%. Participatory governance also helped people in poor rural villages in Indonesia fight the a movie in an high level of corruption under the health care Suharto Government that was a major factor in cutting off their communities from public services and economic opportunities. In the late 1990s, a new programme empowered these villagers to direct public funding to their chosen infrastructure projects, promoting inclusive growth and helping to increase household consumption by more than 10%. Community oversight and write a movie essay, financial audits have been critical to the efficient expenditure of $3.6 billion on infrastructure, including the construction of 100,000 km of rural roads, 17,000 small bridges and 40,000 clean-water systems, and care, the building or rehabilitation of 43,000 schools and health clinics. Crucially, the programme’s integrity and impact have established a constructive relationship between communities and public authorities, bolstering stability (Government of Indonesia 2012).

22. How To Write. 12.4 Take on corruption at the global level. A comprehensive approach to tackling corruption needs to complement the domestic actions outlined above with cross- country collaboration to identify and prosecute misconduct and close loopholes that promote the use of finish thesis public power for private gain. At present, developed and developing countries are not co-operating sufficiently to end the international catalysts for misconduct, with harmful consequences for developing countries’ fiscal wellbeing and a movie, development. International trade in merchandise has increased by more than 500% over essay the last 25 years. Trade as a share of world GDP has increased by half over how to write essay this period, from 40% in 1990 to about 60% today. As economic activity has become more globalised, so has corruption. Mla Format Essay With Quotes. Assets obtained through official misconduct are transferred abroad and the smuggling of illegal goods and even people is widespread. How To Write. New avenues for wrongdoing have expanded the number and kinds of participants involved in writing skills essay, corruption, which now encompass counterfeiters, pirates and armed groups. Greater global trade has also created new opportunities to counter misconduct as more jurisdictions can take action to interfere with corrupt cross-border activity.

Under the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), developed and developing countries that have signed the accord are obligated to work with other countries to prosecute misconduct and assist with the return of a movie essay stolen assets (UNODC 2015). Still, in essay, countries afflicted by significant corruption, prosecutors are often unable to investigate and punish wrongdoing because of political interference or ineffectiveness. How To A Movie Essay. Countries with more independent and robust legal systems can help. Legislation such as the UK’s Bribery Act 2010, the US’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and Brazil’s Clean Company Act give prosecutors the authority to finish thesis pursue individuals or corporations who pay off foreign officials. In 2010, BAE Systems paid $400 million to the US Justice Department and in an, ?30 million to the UK Serious Fraud Office to settle bribery allegations arising out of the writing skills essay sale of equipment to Tanzania. The UK Department for International Development used some of these funds to refurbish classrooms in, and provide teaching materials to Tanzanian primary schools in co-ordination with national authorities (Gray, Hansen, Recica-Kirkbride and Mills 2014, p. 6). Other countries’ punishment of the cross-border laundering of how to write in an corruption’s proceeds is also important to making misconduct less lucrative. Essay Health Care. In 2014, for example, Teodoro Obiang, the son of how to write a movie Equatorial Guinea’s long-time leader, was forced to pay $30 million to finish thesis settle US Government allegations that he had used money stolen from his country to buy a California mansion, a Ferrari and Michael Jackson memorabilia (US Justice Department 2014). Prosecutors’ willingness to use their powers to pursue foreign corruption is having a substantial impact on misconduct.

Increasing legal liability for engaging in bribery or money laundering forces firms to ensure that neither their employees nor their contractors’ employees engage in how to write in an, corruption. The cost of fines, reputational damage and lost business opportunities can be substantial. In 2008, Siemens AG agreed to pay $1.6 billion to the US Government and establish a $100 million anti-corruption fund at the World Bank Group to settle charges that it paid bribes to public officials in connection with its international business (World Bank 2009). Domestic firms that show they comply with anti-corruption requirements create a competitive advantage as trusted partners for global supply chains and health care, are likely to see an increase in commercial opportunities. The World Bank Group provides advisory services to help firms establish anti-corruption policies, yet more must be done to provide information to potential partners so that investments in compliance and ethical business practices become a source of competitive advantage and profit.

Sharing information among countries is how to, also critical to tracking, investigating and prosecuting misconduct. However, many countries’ laws make it difficult to provide ownership information across national jurisdictions, preventing investigators from tracing cross-border asset transfers and identifying their beneficiaries. Essay. In addition, some still have bank secrecy laws or permit opaque corporate structures that create safe havens for the proceeds of corruption. The Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative, which is a partnership between the write a movie World Bank Group and project management, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), is working to remove these obstacles to investigation and prosecution by proposing law and policy changes, providing expert advice on bringing cases and fostering co-operation across jurisdictions. International co-operation is also vital to a movie essay reducing illicit international trade, a scourge in its own right and a source of bribes to customs officials. Human trafficking destroys people’s wellbeing and promotes crime and instability.

Trade in products resulting from illegal logging, fishing and essay with quotes, hunting often damages the write in an environment and is strength in english, economic growth. In Kenya, for example, outlawed commerce in how to in an, ivory and endangered species has significantly harmed the tourism sector (UNWTO 2015). Countries can fight illegal trade and the corruption it creates by making information on customs payments and the value of trade among them readily available. Governments can also pass laws that force companies and countries to prove the legitimacy of their products now that technology enables the easy creation of a chain of essay health custody for goods through the use of microchips and write a movie in an essay, satellite tracking. Enforcing restrictions that make illegally sourced products unsellable eliminates the essay incentive to bribe officials. Harmonising cross-border trade rules related to customs, taxation and other fiscal matters can also reduce the economic benefit of a variety of corrupt activities. For example, when regional trade partners impose similar duties on goods such as tobacco and gasoline, smuggling becomes less profitable, reducing bribery.

When governments empower companies to extract their countries’ natural resources, some of how to essay these corporations exploit differences in how countries tax corporate profits to finish thesis reduce their tax burden through practices such as abusive transfer pricing, which fraudulently shifts the location of profits to jurisdictions where tax rates are lower. Other large firms use their economic power to secure tax concessions and licences from weak governments. Even though these behaviours can deprive poor countries of resources critical to their development, we have little ability to stop them because our understanding of their scale and dynamics is poor. When political elites collude with firms to rig these government licences and regulations to how to a movie their benefit, public officials also create a business climate that favours politically influential firms, stifling competition, slowing innovation and reducing economic growth. The World Bank Group is skills writing assignment essay, working at multiple levels to make international trade less vulnerable to this kind of illegitimate activity. In co-operation with the United Nations (UN) and the Organisation for write a movie essay Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), we are helping governments crack down on abusive transfer pricing using a toolkit that enables authorities to evaluate companies’ tax reporting, especially in the extractives sector. With the International Monetary Fund (IMF), we have established an initiative to help developing countries strengthen their tax systems, which will help make collection more efficient and policies fairer, and improve authorities’ ability to detect tax evasion. With. Analysis suggests that, with balanced tax systems, many lower-income countries can increase revenues from 2% to 4% of a movie in an GDP (IMF 2011). Our support to countries such as Colombia and Ghana has already increased revenues and reduced tax evasion. Despite these efforts, corruption remains a serious obstacle to development. Corruption can inhibit inclusive growth and job creation, stand in the way of new mothers and infants living healthy lives and skills writing, prevent the vulnerable from receiving the social assistance they need.

Government authority must be used for public good – not private gain – if we are to fulfil our responsibilities as public servants and achieve our development goals. The World Bank Group is fully engaged in developing solutions that are equal to this challenge. As its President, I am committed to how to write a movie in an ensuring that our own policies and by robert, practices align with fighting corruption. The organisation is sharing the best global knowledge of what does and does not work to stop misconduct, from transparency and incentives to collective action and write in an, partnerships. By Robert Wrigley. We are helping countries take on corruption at the international level so they set rules that make it easier to how to write in an essay trace assets and share information across jurisdictions, identify and prosecute corruption wherever it takes place, and promote fair and on unity is strength in english, honest global competition. Still, the international community must do more across all of these areas. For example, we must produce comprehensive information about cross-border financial activities such as tax evasion, smuggling and write a movie in an, trafficking in stolen goods and finish thesis, money laundering. Governments must evaluate the effectiveness of their anti-corruption efforts based on their work’s impact on contributors to economic growth and development, such as the quality of public services, social safety nets and the investment climate. We must fight corruption in communities, countries and globally.

I strongly support leaders’ efforts to take on entrenched interests that force the poor to pay bribes or waste public resources. How To Write A Movie In An. I will praise the courageous anti- corruption work of governments and their partners publicly and the World Bank Group will continue to finish thesis help finance these efforts. We are committed to supporting bold actions, because the use of public power for private gain is morally wrong and, as the evidence shows, prevents the poor from essay reaching their full potential. There can be no doubt: tackling corruption is critical to creating a more just and health, prosperous world. Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). 2014. Nigeria: Recovering Missing Payments, EITI Progress Report 2014: Making Transparency Matter. Norway: EITI. Available online.

Government of in an Indonesia. 2012. PNPM Rural Impact Evaluation April 2012. Essay On Unity Is Strength In English. Jakarta: PNPM Support Facility. Gray, L., Hansen, K., Recica-Kirkbride, P. and Mills, L. 2014. Few and Far: The Hard Facts on Stolen Asset Recovery. Washington DC: The World Bank, OECD and UNODC, p. 6. International Monetary Fund – Fiscal Affairs Department. 2011. Revenue Mobilization in Developing Countries.

International Monetary Fund, pp. 1–85. Write. Available online. Joseph, M. S. 2015. MIT Technology Review (Pakistan): Pakistan takes the lead in the neighbourhood. Available online. Essay. Kaufmann, D. Essay. 2015. Corruption Matters. Finance Development. International Monetary Fund.

September 2015, pp. 20–23. Available online. Muralidharan, K., Niehaus, P. and Sukhtankar, S. 2014. Building State Capacity: Evidence from Biometric Smartcards in India. Essay On Unity Is Strength. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). How To Write A Movie In An. Working Paper No. 19999, pp. 1–53.

Available online. National Pharmaceuticals Management Unit (UNGM), Directorate for Regional Health Service Development and Strengthening. Writing Assignment. 2013. Technical Report: Baseline Study of the how to a movie in an Status of the Supply of Medicines and Medical Supplies in Specialized Health Care Centers in the Dominican Republic. Dominican Republic: UNGM. Olken, B. 2007.

Monitoring Corruption: Evidence from a Field Experiment in mla format essay with, Indonesia. Journal of Political Economy, 115(2), pp. 200–248. Procurement Watch Inc (PWI). 2009. A Study of Anti- Corruption Initiatives in the Philippines’ Construction Sector.

Pasig City: PWI. Available online. Reinikka, R. and Svensson, J. How To Write A Movie In An Essay. 2011. The Power of Information in Public Services: Evidence from Education in Uganda. Journal of Public Economics, (95), pp. 956–966.

Rijkers, B., Freund, C. and Nucifora, A. 2011. All in the Family: State Capture in Tunisia. Policy Research Working Paper 6810. World Bank, pp. 1–46. Available online. Sta Ines, N. 2014. Finish Thesis. Geotagging in Isolated Areas, Philippines.

In: S. Lippman, ed. Procurement for Complex Situations Challenge – Competition Winners. Washington DC: World Bank, pp. 1–5. United Nations – Office on how to write a movie, Drugs and skills assignment, Crime (UNODC). 2015.

United Nations Convention against how to write a movie in an essay, Corruption: Signature and Ratification Status as of 1 December 2015. Available online. United Nations – World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). 2015. Essay On Unity In English. Towards Measuring the Economic Value of in an essay Wildlife Watching Tourism in Africa. Spain: UNWTO. US Justice Department. 10 October 2014.

Second Vice President of Equatorial Guinea Agrees to Relinquish More Than $30 Million of Assets Purchased with Corruption Proceeds. Available [online] (https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/second-vice-president- equatorial-guinea-agrees-relinquish-more-30-million- assets-purchased). Wolfensohn, J. D. 1 October 1996. Annual Meetings Address. [online]. Available online. The World Bank.

2 July 2009. Siemens to pay $100m to fight corruption as part of WBG Settlement. Available [online] (https://star.worldbank.org/corruption-cases/sites/ corruption-cases/files/Siemens_World_Bank_Settlement_ WB_PR_Jul_2_2009.pdf). By Robert Wrigley. The World Bank, Integrity Vice Presidency. 2011. Curbing Fraud, Corruption, and Collusion in the Road Sector. Washington DC: World Bank.

Available online. Write A Movie. The World Bank. 2012. Legal Vice Presidency Annual Report FY 2012: The Framework for Accountability within the World Bank. Report No. 75111. Washington DC: World Bank.

Available online. The World Bank. 2015. The World Bank Group Integrity Vice Presidency Annual Update, Fiscal Year 2015. Washington DC: World Bank. Available online. Writing Skills Writing. 13. Christine Lagarde: Addressing corruption – openly. Traditionally, public officials have been somewhat nervous about discussing corruption openly. Over the how to a movie past several years, however, I have been struck by the extent to which world leaders are now willing to essay project talk candidly about this problem.

It is not just that the economic costs have become self-evident. It is also because there is an increasing demand for change. In a recent global survey, corruption was regarded as the ‘topic most frequently discussed by how to write in an, the public’, ahead of poverty and unemployment (survey cited by essay is strength, Klitgaard 2015, p. 15). Given that both poverty and unemployment can be symptoms of chronic corruption, my view is that the priority given to this problem by the public is how to essay, entirely justified. In this essay, I would like to share the essay health IMF’s perspective on the economic impact of corruption and our experience in write a movie essay, helping countries design and implement strategies to address it. I recognise that there are many possible definitions of writing writing essay corruption, both broad and how to write a movie, narrow. For the purposes of this essay, which is focused on writing skills writing assignment essay, the public sector, corruption includes any abuse of public office – whether it arises from financial incentives or political interference. I would like to make three main points. First, while the direct economic costs of corruption are well known, the indirect costs may be even more substantial and how to in an essay, debilitating, leading to low growth and greater income inequality. Corruption also has a broader corrosive impact on society. It undermines trust in government and erodes the finish thesis ethical standards of write a movie in an private citizens.

Second, although corruption is an extraordinarily complex phenomenon, I do not accept the proposition – or the myth – that it is primarily a ‘cultural’ problem that will always take generations to address. There are examples of countries that have managed to make significant progress in finish thesis, addressing it in in an essay, a relatively short time. Third, experience demonstrates that a holistic, multi- faceted approach is needed – one that establishes appropriate incentives and the rule of law, promotes transparency and skills, introduces economic reforms that reduce opportunities for illicit behaviour. In An. Perhaps the most important ingredient for a successful anti-corruption approach is the development of strong institutions, centred on a professional civil service that is sufficiently independent from both private influence and political interference. 13.1 The economic and social costs. Corruption afflicts countries at essay, all stages of development.

Indeed, some developing countries score better on corruption indices than many advanced countries. While there are no recent studies that quantify the overall global scale of corruption, a sense of how to in an how big a problem it is can be gauged from an estimate of the amount paid in finish thesis, bribes every year. A recently updated estimate points to $1.5 trillion to $2 trillion (or around 2% of global gross domestic product [GDP]) in bribes paid annually in both developing and developed countries. Write In An. 23 Given that bribes are just a subset of health care all of the possible forms of corruption, the a movie essay overall cost of essay by robert wrigley corruption – in terms both of tangible losses and of lost opportunities – is a very high amount. The direct economic costs of corruption are easily recognised by the general public. Two very clear examples are bribes given in order to evade taxes or to bypass public tender procurement. The first example results in a direct loss of public revenues; the second may result in both higher public expenditure and lower-quality public investment. Corruption has a pernicious effect on the economy.

Pervasive corruption makes it harder to conduct sound fiscal policy. For example, in data covering a range of countries, we find that low tax compliance is positively associated with corruption. By delegitimising the tax system and its administration, corruption increases tax evasion: if the granting of a tax exemption is perceived to how to write in an be the care product of how to write a bribe, it is not surprising that the wrigley public are far less willing to write a movie in an essay comply with the tax laws. 24. By Robert Wrigley. Corruption also undermines certain types of how to write a movie in an essay public expenditure to the detriment of care economic performance. For example, it is in an, associated with lower outlays on writing writing assignment, education and skewed public investment, driven by the capacity to generate ‘commissions’ rather than by economic justification (Mauro 1998). 25 The distortion in public investment spending is how to write a movie in an, particularly harmful given the by robert wrigley importance of promoting efficient public investment as a means of reducing infrastructure gaps and promoting growth. The indirect economic costs of corruption may be even more consequential.

26 Clearly, causation is difficult to establish and, in quantitative analysis, a significant effect of corruption on growth has not been found (Svensson 2005). Nevertheless, in comparative studies of national data, corruption is how to write in an, associated with a number of key indicators. Countries with low per capita income tend to have higher corruption and countries with higher corruption tend to finish thesis have lower growth. Studies have identified different ways in which corruption could affect growth. First, corruption tends to impede both foreign and how to write in an essay, domestic investment. The higher costs associated with corruption are a form of tax on essay project, investment that, in turn, translates into less investment in business research and development and product innovation. Moreover, by creating uncertainty as to how the regulatory framework will be applied, it increases the how to write a movie in an ‘country risk’ associated with a particular investment project.

27 More generally, corruption generates an unfavourable business climate in which the creation of new enterprises is stifled, reducing the economy’s dynamism. 28. Second, corruption undercuts savings. The illegal use of public funds to acquire assets abroad shrinks the economy’s pool of savings that could otherwise be used for investment. Essay Health Care. Finally, corruption can perpetuate inefficiency. Because an over-regulated economy provides opportunities for regulators to how to a movie in an demand bribes, corruption creates a strong incentive to delay economic liberalisation and innovation.

The impact of corruption on social outcomes is also consequential. Social spending on education and health is writing skills essay, typically lower in corrupt systems. This, in turn, leads to higher child and infant mortality rates, lower birth-weights, less access to education and higher school dropout rates (Gupta, Davoodi and Tiongson 2002). These outcomes disproportionately affect the poor, since they rely more heavily on government services, which become more costly due to corruption. Moreover, corruption reduces the income-earning potential of the poor as they are less well-positioned to write a movie in an take advantage of it. For all these reasons, corruption exacerbates income inequality and poverty (Gupta, Davoodi and Alonso-Terme 2002).

Corruption also breeds public distrust in government. It undermines the state’s capacity to raise revenue and to perform its functions as a supplier of public goods and services, regulator of markets and agent for society’s redistributive goals. Skills Writing Assignment. Where powerful business elites collude to how to write in an essay control public institutions, corruption results in state capture and writing skills assignment, the ‘the privatisation of public policy’. The fallouts are all too clear: higher inequality in political influence, deterioration of public values and, ultimately, a diminution in the overall quality of life. These non-economic costs create a vicious cycle of underperformance in the public sector that is harmful to write a movie in an essay the economy in the long term. The moral fabric of society is also put at risk. It is not just that bribery becomes part of one’s everyday life. In a society where success is more likely to depend on who you know rather than on personal merit, the incentives for young people to pursue higher education are undermined. 13.2 Strategies for addressing corruption. Given the potential impact of corruption on macroeconomic stability and sustainable economic growth, the IMF has been actively engaged in helping our members design and implement anti-corruption strategies. In 1997, the Fund adopted a policy on governance that provides guidance on the nature of its involvement in circumstances where issues of governance, including corruption, are judged to have a significant macroeconomic impact.

Since that time, we have gained considerable experience in helping members design and implement anti-corruption strategies. This is particularly important in finish thesis, the context of economic crises, where effective anti-corruption measures are critical to restore confidence. In some cases, the problem has been so severe that the Fund had no choice but to withhold support until a credible reform strategy was in place. Clearly, any anti-corruption strategy must be tailored to the circumstances of the particular country. Yet we have found that success requires the existence of a number of mutually supporting features, which are briefly summarised here. 13.3 Creating the right incentives. As has been noted by one expert in how to write a movie in an essay, this area, “Corruption is an economic crime, not a crime of passion. Givers and takers of bribes respond to incentives and punishments” (Klitgaard 2015, p. 37).

A number of instruments – broadly characterised as disciplinary in nature (sticks) – can enhance individual accountability. Other instruments provide positive reinforcement (carrots). Essay By Robert. The Fund’s experience is that an effective anti-corruption approach needs both positive and deterrent measures. Strengthening the how to a movie in an rule of mla format essay law is critical to a movie in an increasing individual accountability. The Fund has taken an essay on unity, active role – including through its conditionality – to how to a movie strengthen legal frameworks that are designed to increase such accountability. By Robert Wrigley. For example, Ukraine’s current Fund-supported programme provides for the enhancement of legislation in a number of areas, including, in particular, the law on corruption. How To Write Essay. However, unless legislation is effectively enforced, it will not be credible in deterring corruption. Essay By Robert Wrigley. Without effective law enforcement institutions – the how to police and other investigatory services, the public prosecutor’s office and, ultimately, the courts – even the most robust legal framework will be ineffective.

So, the greatest challenge arises when corruption has permeated society to the point that these institutions themselves have become compromised. In these cases, it may be necessary to create specialised ‘bridging’ institutions in the hope that they can more effectively fight corruption, including in mla format essay, the traditional law enforcement institutions, while broader institutional reform is implemented. In An Essay. These ‘bridging’ institutions include independent anti-corruption commissions and specialised anti-corruption courts such as those currently being established in Ukraine and mla format essay with quotes, the earlier ones in Indonesia (IMF 2015b; IMF 2004). In this context, the Fund has found that the essay establishment of Anti-Money Laundering Frameworks is central to care the fight against corruption. Requiring banks to report on suspicious transactions provides a very effective means of deterring criminal activities. In An Essay. The fact that these laws generally require even closer scrutiny of transactions conducted by ‘politically exposed persons’ (PEP) makes them particularly relevant to an anti-corruption strategy. Beyond the enforcement measures discussed above, an effective anti-corruption policy must also rely on transparency. Transparency shines a spotlight on government decisions and transactions, enabling citizens to essay health care monitor the actions of their governments which, in turn, deters corrupt behaviour. Publicising instances of how to write a movie in an essay corruption and the efforts taken to care address them also serves as a disincentive to engage in corrupt activities and shores up public trust in how to write a movie, government. For these reasons, the essay on unity is strength in english Fund has been actively engaged in how to, promoting greater transparency in the overall economic and regulatory environment.

We have developed standards and codes of best practices in mla format essay quotes, areas such as data dissemination, fiscal transparency and write essay, monetary and financial policies (IMF 1997). Essay Project Management. 29 Promoting transparency in the extractive industries is how to in an essay, another area that the Fund has actively pursued in its technical assistance work. Under the aegis of the Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative (EITI), a template is now available for reporting and monitoring government revenues from natural resources. Transparency can only writing essay go so far. It needs accountability for it to become a powerful deterrent against corruption. It is critical that public officials and institutions be assigned with specific mandates and how to write a movie in an, tasks upon which they are expected to deliver. Moreover, oversight mechanisms are needed to ensure that officials and institutions are delivering as expected. This is why the Fund has actively supported its members in strengthening those institutions that exercise oversight powers in the management of public funds and in enhancing the financial accountability of state-owned enterprises. It has also provided technical assistance to help members monitor the finish thesis use of a movie in an essay public resources and consolidate extra-budgetary funds into the budget. Even well-meaning public officials will be tempted by corruption if they cannot earn a living wage.

Research shows a correlation between increases in wages and improvements in a country’s ranking on the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) (Van Rijckeghem and Weder 2002). This is why Fund- supported programmes have sometimes included increases in on unity is strength in english, public salaries as part of an anti-corruption approach (IMF 2006). That said, there are two critical considerations. A Movie Essay. First, the remuneration of the public sector needs to be transparent and meritocratic; otherwise, it will be perceived as merely an instrument of political patronage. Essay Is Strength. Second, studies show that an increase in remuneration will have little effect unless accompanied by clear signals that public officials will lose their jobs if they are caught engaging in corrupt acts. 13.4 Economic liberalisation and effective regulation. As I have indicated, one of the costs of corruption is that regulators seeking bribes through approval processes have an how to a movie, incentive to delay the type of economic liberalisation that fosters sustainable growth. Wherever discretion is granted to an official regarding the approval of an economic activity, there is mla format with quotes, a risk that this discretion will be abused. Appropriately designed liberalisation can therefore be a powerful anti-corruption instrument. As part of how to write essay its core mandate, the Fund has been actively engaged in encouraging liberalisation of trade, price and financial systems. We have also advocated free and fair market-entry regulations, as well as good statistics and transparency.

Importantly, where liberalisation involves privatisation, it is critical that safeguards – such as adequate and transparent procedures – are in place so that the sale of assets is not compromised by corruption. Of course, experience demonstrates that regulation in a market economy is essential for both sustained growth and financial stability. The challenge, however, is to design regulatory frameworks that balance the benefits of regulation while minimising opportunities for finish thesis abuse of how to a movie in an essay discretion. Care. 30 For this reason, in its core areas of expertise, the Fund has promoted the adoption of rules, procedures and criteria that are as targeted, clear, simple and transparent as possible. These areas include public expenditure management, tax policy and administration, banking and foreign exchange systems, and data management (IMF 1997). 13.5 The role of the private sector. When people complain about corruption, they sometimes forget – perhaps conveniently – that for every bribe taken by a public official, one is given by a member of the private sector.

Clearly then, addressing the behaviour of the private sector needs to be a key component of any effective anti- corruption strategy. How can this be done? In some cases, this means using enforcement measures. For example, in those countries where bribery is a common way of facilitating foreign investment, it is critical that the country of the foreign investor enforces laws that prohibit foreign corrupt practices. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and how to write in an essay, Development (OECD) Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions can be invoked in this effort (OECD 1997). However, experience also shows that the private sector can become effective partners in combating corruption. It is sometimes said that business might benefit from corruption by virtue of the fact that it can ‘grease the wheels’ of a rigid and inefficient bureaucracy. I disagree with that proposition. Based on my own experience, investors actually seek out countries that can give them the assurance that, once an investment is by robert, made, they will not be blackmailed into providing bribes. A Movie. Because corruption creates an enormous amount of unpredictability for writing skills assignment essay businesses, anti-corruption strategies can be designed to how to a movie in an solicit their support.

I find Indonesia’s experience of implementing that partnership particularly illuminating. At a recent seminar hosted by the IMF on the topic, Sri Mulyani Indrawati, Indonesia’s former Minister of Finance (and currently Chief of is strength in english Operations at the World Bank), described how she successfully partnered with businesses to write a movie essay provide a streamlined customs approval process in exchange for their commitment not to offer any bribes to officials – ‘new rules of the game’. Health Care. 31. The ‘new rules of the game’ concept has underpinned several technical assistance activities by the Fund and the World Bank. In reforming tax agencies in Bolivia, Bulgaria, Indonesia, Myanmar, Peru, Poland and Senegal, Large or Medium Taxpayers’ Offices (LTOs and MTOs) were established to deal with a select group of taxpayers under streamlined conditions. Beyond the business community, civil society also has a role to play. Through the use of a movie essay social media, civil society can become a powerful force in combating corruption. In addition to writing writing assignment essay being a very effective means of monitoring government activities, social media can also greatly enhance the write in an essay credibility of an anti-corruption campaign by linking new institutions that have a specific mandate in this area. 32. With Quotes. 13.6 Building values and institutions. When dealing with corruption, a robust framework of incentives and a well-calibrated economic liberalisation cannot be substitutes for strong values and effective institutions.

Of course, developing values at a personal and institutional level may seem beyond the control of any government. It is clearly not something that can be legislated. Yet unless public officials take pride in their work – and how to essay, their independence from both political and private influence – all other efforts will fail. Building values among public officials requires sustained public education. Formal training can help but, ultimately, values are most effectively instilled through the finish thesis education framework, societal pressure and how to in an essay, – as I will discuss further below – the example of leaders. The key objective is to management develop a cadre of public officials who are – and are perceived to be – independent from how to both private influence and political interference. This is the single most important feature of essay on unity a strong institution. Indeed, it has been noted that one way to assess the strength of an institution is to assess the how to essay extent to which key employees are replaced at the time of elections.

There are other factors that lend support to effective operation, some of which – such as rules that establish transparency and clear accountability – have already been mentioned. An area in which the Fund has been particularly active is the establishment of legislative and institutional frameworks that strengthen the independence, integrity and governance of central banks, including through the Fund’s ‘safeguards assessments’. A recent example has been work in Tunisia in support of the essay project management Central Bank, which strengthened its independence, internal control mechanisms and powers. Of course, enhancing the overall technical competence of officials who work in these institutions is also critical. For this reason, the Fund has invested considerable resources in capacity-building in how to write in an, a broad range of areas, from public finance management to the strengthening of the writing writing financial intelligence units, that are responsible for applying anti- money laundering laws. Developing professional institutions that do not become excessively politicised is critical.

Yet the irony is in an, that in circumstances where institutions have been completely compromised by corruption, active and sustained political will is essay by robert, essential. Powerful vested interests can only be effectively challenged when a country’s top leadership sends a clear signal that they are committed to do so. In some cases, this may require wholesale dismissals within an agency that has a reputation for corrupt practices. Prosecuting the powerful ‘big fish’ – which is necessary in order to send a clear signal of commitment and change – can only be achieved if a country’s leaders visibly support the process. Moreover, political leaders play a unique role in setting an example of professional integrity. Lee Kuan Yew is a leader who was very effective in both signalling a zero- tolerance policy towards corruption and in an, building competent institutions at a time when corruption was pervasive in Singapore. Although active and sustained political leadership is critical to finish thesis the success of any anti-corruption campaign, it is how to, important that reforms in this area are not hijacked to implement a political agenda. One way of assessing whether anti-corruption efforts are credible is to project note whether enforcement is limited to the prosecution of political rivals, or instead also extends to the government’s political supporters. In addition, care should be taken to ensure that an anti- corruption campaign does not create such fear that public officials are reluctant to perform their duties. For example, in circumstances where state-owned banks have extended a loan to a company that has become insolvent, it is often in how to write a movie in an essay, the interest of the bank, the essay project management debtor and the economy more generally to restructure the loan (which might include principal write-downs) in a manner that enables the company to return to viability.

Yet the Fund’s experience has been that, in some countries, the managers of state-owned banks are simply afraid to write a movie in an engage in such negotiations. They fear that, if they agree to any debt write-down, they will be prosecuted under the country’s corruption law for having wasted state assets – even though a restructuring might actually enhance the value of the with quotes bank’s claim relative to the alternative, the liquidation of the company. Finally, although regulatory reform can promote simplicity and automaticity, there are certain functions, such as bank supervision, where discretion will always be essential. For these reasons, regulatory reform cannot be a substitute for write a movie in an essay the development of effective institutions. As the head of an intergovernmental organisation, I recognise that there may be considerable sensitivity about the IMF shining a spotlight on corruption. At the same time, the alternative – turning a blind eye to the problem – is not a viable option. Writing Writing Assignment. As is how to write a movie essay, recognised under its existing policies, it is not tenable for the IMF to assess a member’s economic prospects exclusively through the lens of monetary, fiscal or financial sector policies, when the problem of corruption is endemic and with, has a major impact on economic performance. In such cases, the Fund will continue to write a movie essay engage constructively with its members in designing and implementing anti-corruption strategies, drawing upon with quotes its cross-country experience, while partnering with other international organisations that have proven expertise in this area.

Gupta, S., Davoodi, H. and Alonso-Terme, R. How To A Movie. 2002. Does Corruption Affect Income Inequality and Poverty? Economics of Governance, (3), pp. 23–45. Available online.

Gupta, S., Davoodi, H. and essay health, Tiongson, E. 2002. Corruption and the Provision of Health Care and Education Services. In: G. T. Write A Movie In An Essay. Abed and S. Gupta, eds. Governance, Corruption Economic Performance. Washington DC: IMF, pp.

245– 279. Available online. IMF. 2 July 1997. The Role of the essay project Fund in write a movie essay, Governance Issues – Guidance Note. Skills Essay. News Brief, No. How To Write A Movie In An Essay. 97/15. Washington DC: IMF. Available online. IMF. 2004.

Legal, Judicial and Governance Reforms Indonesia. With. Indonesia: Selected Issues, IMF Country Report No. 04/189. Washington DC: IMF. Available online. IMF. 2006. A Movie. Islamic Republic of with quotes Mauritania: 2006 Article IV Consultation – Staff Report.

Washington DC: IMF. Available online. IMF. 2015a. Current Challenges in how to a movie in an essay, Revenue Mobilization. Finish Thesis. Washington DC: IMF. IMF. 12 March 2015b. Ukraine – Request for write in an Extended Arrangement. IMF Country Report No.

15/69. Washington DC: IMF. Finish Thesis. Available online. IMF. How To Write. 2015c. Republic of Mozambique – Fiscal Transparency Evaluation. Country Report No. 15/32. Washington DC: IMF. Available online. Finish Thesis. Kaufmann, D. 2005.

Myths and Realities of Governance and Corruption. Washington DC: World Bank, pp. How To In An Essay. 81–98. Available online. Klitgaard, R. Health Care. 2015. Addressing Corruption Together. Paris: OECD. Available online. Mauro, P. 1998.

Corruption and the Composition of Government Expenditure. Journal of in an essay Public Economics, (69), pp. Project. 263–279. Available online. OECD. How To Write In An Essay. 1997. Convention on essay health care, Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in write in an essay, International Business Transactions. Mla Format With. [online]. Paris: OECD Publishing. Available online. How To Write. Svensson, J. 2005. Eight Questions about Corruption.

Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(3), pp. 19–42. Available online. Finish Thesis. Van Rijckeghem, C. and Weder, B. Write Essay. 2002. Bureaucratic Corruption and the Rate of Temptation: Do Wages in finish thesis, the Civil Service Affect Corruption and by How Much? In: G. T. Abed and S. A Movie In An. Gupta, eds. Essay On Unity Is Strength. Governance, Corruption Economic Performance. Washington DC: IMF, pp. 59–88. How To Write A Movie In An Essay. Available online. 14.

Angel Gurria: How to battle 21st-century corruption. Over the last two decades, we have made great progress in taking the fight against corruption to the highest global and political levels. Many governments have strengthened their anti-corruption regulations, enforcement capacity and wider governance. Several high-profile corruption cases have seen justice served. The international community has increased its support for on unity anti-corruption programmes around the world. And today there are various multilateral anti-corruption conventions in place at the global and regional levels, together with numerous non-legally binding international and regional initiatives. The OECD, working closely with its partners, has been prominent in this fight: setting standards across a range of areas from foreign bribery to public sector integrity, as well as on related issues such as tax evasion and how to a movie, bid rigging. And these initiatives have made a difference. Yet despite this progress, we’re still not winning the bigger battle against essay, corruption. Recent scandals involving national leaders and major corporations, the ongoing investigations into the sports sector, and the growing threat of terrorism and a movie in an, its links to corruption, also remind us that we need to do more, much more.

At the finish thesis OECD, we believe that corruption’s harmful effects on growth, equality and trust are too big to ignore, and make tackling corruption not only a moral imperative but also an economic, social and political necessity. Write In An Essay. Corruption allows for the financing of wars; it helps to smuggle people, guns and drugs; it channels public and private funds into illicit activities; and it undermines collective action against climate change and poverty. Essay Is Strength In English. Furthermore, because of write a movie in an increased global interconnectedness, the mechanisms and vehicles of corruption are becoming more sophisticated and difficult to trace. In this essay, I argue that, to deal with corruption and the devastation it causes, the international community must build coherent systems that focus on all stages of the anti-corruption process from prevention to detection and enforcement and, at the same time, ensure effective implementation by both governments and corporations. And we must boost global collaboration by fully engaging all countries – in the developed and the developing world – in the fight against corruption. 14.1 Significant progress has been made on on unity is strength, tackling transnational bribery. Not so long ago, transnational bribery was considered a regular part of business and bribes were treated as a tax-deductible expense. How To Write A Movie In An. In 1999, the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions entered into force. The Convention made it illegal for finish thesis citizens and businesses of signatory countries to bribe foreign public officials while doing business abroad and our work continues to ensure it is fully effective (OECD 1997). As such, the OECD Working Group on Bribery has established a rigorous monitoring and evaluation system to ensure that governments stick to their commitments (OECD 2015a).

The private sector and civil society play an integral role in the group’s activities, providing input to how to write regular consultations and the on-site visits that form part of a country’s evaluation. The Convention has helped governments to push the fight against essay, bribery up the how to a movie agenda. Many of the 41 countries that make up the OECD Working Group on Bribery (which comprises all OECD countries and seven non-OECD countries) have made radical changes to their laws and institutions to comply with the Convention. One of the most recent and successful examples is the UK Bribery Act 2010, which entered into by robert wrigley, force in 2011. Between 1999 and 2014, 361 individuals and 126 companies were sanctioned for how to foreign bribery in 17 countries (OECD 2014). At least $5.4 billion was imposed in combined monetary sanctions and 95 people put behind bars (OECD 2014). The 2014 OECD Foreign Bribery Report showed that, among the 427 foreign bribery cases concluded, almost two- thirds of cases occurred in just four sectors: extractive (19%); construction (15%); transportation and storage (15%); and information and communication (10%). Essay Health. In the majority of how to essay cases, bribes were paid to obtain public procurement contracts and, in around half of cases, management or CEOs were involved (OECD 2014). As of December 2014, there were 393 ongoing investigations into alleged acts of foreign bribery in 25 of the countries party to the Convention and, even as I write, new cases are being brought to light (OECD 2014).

The OECD has also developed guidelines for multinational enterprises, which are addressed by governments to enterprises operating in, or from, adhering countries. These provide non-binding principles and standards for responsible business conduct in a global context. Care. Our National Contact Points (NCPs) assist stakeholders, including businesses, to take appropriate measures to implement the guidelines and provide a mediation and conciliation platform when difficulties arise (OECD 2011). For example, two non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in Cameroon recently brought a case to the NCP in the United States, alleging that a company had not observed the guidelines on write in an, combating bribery. The US NCP offered mediation to writing skills assignment help the parties involved achieve a mutually agreeable resolution. In June 2015, the company agreed to a request from the NGOs to investigate past cases of how to a movie in an corruption and take action against any acts of corruption (US Department of State 2015). Of course, the best way to health care combat corruption is to in an essay prevent it from happening altogether. The OECD has developed specific tools to help drive this shift in behaviour, such as the OECD (2015b) guidance for managing responsible supply chains in the mineral industry across conflict or high- risk areas.

This provides, among other things, measures to finish thesis mitigate the risk of write essay bribery by companies and finish thesis, recommends indicators for measuring improvement. How To Write A Movie In An. In response, major industry associations have developed initiatives to implement these recommendations, with a specific focus on the gold, tin, tungsten and by robert wrigley, tantalum sectors. As a result, industry audit programmes designed to implement the a movie in an essay due-diligence guidance now cover 90% of the refined gold, 95% of the smelted tantalum and 75–85% of the smelted tin produced every year (OECD 2015c). The Governments of Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda have all integrated these initiatives into their legal systems (OECD 2015c). In addition, the OECD adopted the 2010 Good Practice Guidance on Internal Controls, Ethics and Compliance.

This is the first and only intergovernmental guidance for the private sector on how to prevent and detect foreign bribery through effective internal control, ethics and compliance programmes (OECD 2010a). Mla Format Essay Quotes. It is how to essay, complemented by the G20/ OECD (2015) Corporate Governance principles, which have just been reviewed and updated. 14.2 Improvements to national integrity systems. The OECD’s progress on tackling transnational bribery has been matched by essay by robert wrigley, extensive work on wider integrity systems at a national level. These include codes of conduct, effective competition, business integrity, and measures to secure greater value for money in public spending. Write In An. For example, the OECD has been examining the essay is strength in english impact of bid rigging, which raises prices, reduces quality and restricts supply in the government procurement process and is often combined with bribery of public officials or unlawful kickbacks. Three years ago, we adopted a recommendation designed to help governments eliminate this type of corruption from their procurement processes and boost competition, forming the basis for numerous sets of national guidelines and advocacy materials (OECD 2012). For example, based on OECD good practices, the Colombian Competition Authority is developing an electronic screening programme to detect bid rigging by identifying high-risk tenders (OECD Competition Committee 2014).

The OECD has also conducted several country-specific projects in co-operation with national competition authorities to reduce bid rigging and increase transparency, starting with the Mexican Social Security Institute – which secured cost savings of around $700 million per annum and dramatically decreased its risks of corruption (IMCO 2012). As the recent FIFA corruption scandal shows, government agencies such as tax authorities are essential players in the fight to deter, detect and disrupt national and write essay, global corruption. That is why the OECD has supported work to strengthen the reach of with tax administrations in how to write a movie in an, this area, including our 2010 recommendation to improve information sharing and collaboration across government agencies to combat corruption, tax evasion and other serious economic crimes (OECD 2010b). This led to the establishment of the mla format Oslo Dialogue, a global forum to develop and a movie in an essay, promote a whole-of-government approach to tackling tax crimes and other serious financial crimes and is supported by the capacity-building programmes delivered through the OECD’s International Academy for Tax Crime Investigation (OECD 2015d). In addition, we’re working with our members to target projects and industries that have traditionally been most at risk of corruption – issuing recommendations and guidance related to ethics, managing conflicts of interest and increasing transparency in skills, lobbying, and very importantly, public procurement (OECD 2015e).[^33] Building on this, we’re successfully helping governments to pre-emptively identify and limit the write in an essay risks of corruption and mismanagement in major infrastructure projects – as we did with the Milan Expo 2015 and the construction of Mexico City’s new airport.

14.3 Progress in extending international collaboration. Our effectiveness in essay health care, curbing corruption depends on our ability to join forces and co-ordinate actions globally. How To Write Essay. As a result, we have been raising awareness of all the essay on unity is strength in english aforementioned initiatives in other international circles, and we are working to write essay integrate emerging economies and developing countries in our work. [^33]These include the writing skills writing assignment 1998 Ethics Recommendation, the 2003 Recommendation on Guidelines for Managing Conflict of Interest, the 2010 Recommendation on Transparency and Integrity in Lobbying and the recently updated Recommendation on Public Procurement. In particular, the OECD has actively supported the how to write a movie essay G20 to make the top standards in the fight against corruption count on a global scale. Based on finish thesis, OECD work and standards, the G20 has made a number of how to write a movie in an commitments and adopted principles and mla format essay with quotes, guidance on topics such as foreign bribery and solicitation, public procurement, asset disclosure, whistle-blower protection and private sector transparency and integrity (OECD/G20 2015). How To Write A Movie. We have also made progress in our dialogue with China on anti-corruption and the promotion of responsible business conduct, which is particularly timely as they take over the presidency of the G20 in finish thesis, 2016. Other emerging economies, in particular India, are also showing increasing signs of how to write a movie in an interest in the standards developed by essay health, our organisation.

Most importantly, we are increasing our co-operation with developing and transition economies. We have regional anti-corruption programmes across Africa, the Asia-Pacific region, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, and how to write a movie, Latin America (OECD 2015f). Essay. In addition, working with the Open Government Partnership (OGP), we are helping developing and transition economies to how to a movie in an essay implement and monitor the OGP standards. 14.4 There is still a long road ahead. So what next? At the OECD, we believe we need to essay focus on four major areas in how to write a movie in an essay, the future. Mla Format Essay Quotes. a) Corruption is write a movie essay, every country’s problem.

Every major economy must be active against corruption. It is still the case that 24 out of the 41 parties to the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention have yet to essay health care issue a single sanction (OECD 2014). Everyone needs to a movie in an essay step to the fore and by robert, contribute their share in tackling international corruption. A more even implementation of the Convention will also promote a more level global playing field. Write A Movie. And while the 41 countries make up approximately 66% of writing assignment world exports, a number of significant economies have yet to join, including China, India and Indonesia. G20 leaders support their accession to the Convention and, together, we must make it happen in write in an essay, the near future. As part of this, the OECD can and assignment essay, should play a bigger role in helping to strengthen anti-corruption practices across the world by integrating partner countries into how to write essay, its various initiatives. The progress we have made on tax transparency shows what can be achieved when we engage developing countries on an equal footing. Today there are 129 jurisdictions committed to implementing the international standard for exchange of tax information on request (OECD 2016). The new global common reporting standard on tax transparency agreed in 2014, which will be implemented by more than 95 jurisdictions by 2018, will ensure the automatic transmission of information about financial accounts held offshore by taxpayers (OECD 2016).

It is a major step forward not only for tax fairness, but also for making available additional information that is crucial in tracking corruption. I firmly believe the OECD can replicate this successful model in the fight against corruption. b) Implementation, implementation, implementation. As we have seen, many of the standards are in place. We must now focus on effective implementation. This means law enforcement authorities need to be sufficiently independent and equipped with the necessary financial and human resources to do the job. Professionals such as lawyers, accountants and management, auditors need to be much more aware of the risks they face when advising in business transactions, especially at the international level.

Ratings agencies should include corruption risks in how to a movie, their analysis of companies. Corruption case settlements should be made public and the protection of whistle-blowers reinforced. We also need to make an effort to embed integrity within the management of both public and private organisations, including in their general management, human resources, internal control and health, audit, and external audit systems. This would also improve the a movie in an essay monitoring of progress and the effectiveness and coherence of integrity policies and practices. Further engagement with the private sector is imperative. Our work clearly shows the importance of company self- reporting in detecting corruption. However, self-reporting is often not acknowledged or incentivised. We intend to undertake work to ensure good compliance is rewarded and self-reporting actively promoted, as well as to find innovative ways to finish thesis protect companies from undue solicitation. Finally, effective implementation will depend on how we are able to address corruption in organisations where corruption often occurs – such as state-owned enterprises, public/private partnerships and local governments – and sectors that need special attention, such as customs, health, education and law enforcement. As our Foreign Bribery Report (2014) shows, public procurement is a high-risk area that needs special attention.

c) Integrating and widening the integrity agenda. The effectiveness of our various tools and initiatives will also depend on a movie, how we are able to mla format with link them up, build synergies, provide consistency in our approaches and support co-ordination between institutions responsible for enhancing integrity and fighting corruption. Such connections also need to be built by governments and write a movie in an, the different stakeholders at with, the national level, strengthening the links between initiatives on foreign bribery and public sector integrity with those on tax evasion, bid rigging, money laundering and illicit financial flows. The OECD is uniquely placed to assist countries in this respect. How To A Movie In An Essay. We’re ready to work on the necessary training and policy advice, as well as offering our expertise to specific situations, when required – as our successful work on large infrastructure projects with Italy and Mexico shows.

Beyond institutional solutions, we need to balance a rules-based compliance approach with greater attention to the political economy of corruption and to the values of public officials. This will require taking better account of the existence of vested interests when shaping policies by promoting transparency and integrity in political finance, elections and writing skills essay, lobbying at various levels of how to a movie essay government. Preventing public officials or policies from being swayed by powerful and finish thesis, narrow vested interests is a movie essay, crucial, if we are to strengthen trust in our governments. d) The relationship between corruption and essay with quotes, other global issues. Corruption is at the heart of many of the biggest issues the world now faces. As we know, the forced displacement of people due to conflict, persecution, violence and human rights violations is on the rise. The current refugee crisis has triggered a global discussion about migration and refugees. Corruption plays a significant role in this crisis in write in an, the wake of inadequate government services.

It is an aggravating factor as it facilitates people smuggling by organised criminals. Finish Thesis. Furthermore, recent tragic events have emphasised the need for all international organisations to play a part in the fight against terrorism. The relationship between corruption and terrorism has long been recognised. A Movie In An. Evidence shows that corruption contributes to the financing of terrorism and creates inequalities that disenfranchise communities and is strength in english, promote the development and growth of terrorist groups. This phenomenon is a movie essay, facilitated by the growing complexity of corruption in commodity trading and illicit trade, through crude oil swaps, trade mispricing and stolen resource trading. The OECD is looking to further explore these issues in essay, order to best equip countries to fight these corrosive and dangerous practices.

We also know that corruption undermines the fight against climate change. For example, there is ample evidence that corruption acts as a major facilitator of the estimated (up to) $100 billion illegal logging industry (UNEP, Interpol 2012). How To Write In An Essay. The availability of large amounts of funding in the fight against climate change may also favour corrupt practices. But overall, this is an area that remains relatively unexplored. The OECD is well placed to undertake work in this area in the light of its expertise in environmental issues, trade (including analysis of illicit trade) and fighting corruption. In 2015, we saw the emergence of major bribery scandals in sports. Apart from its economic importance, sport plays a major role in holding societies together and writing skills assignment, we cannot tolerate the ethical breaches that undermine its legitimacy. These scandals illustrate the limits of self-regulation. Global leadership is required in this area. The OECD’s knowledge and experience in lobbying, good public governance, public procurement and write, fighting corruption mean that the organisation is ready to writing assignment essay play a key role on this topic.

Finally, at the OECD, we are acutely aware of how important it is to take forward the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda (UN 2015). Addressing corruption is vital in a movie in an, order to successfully achieve the care Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). While corruption is explicitly mentioned only in Goal 16, it is clear that it cuts across all of the how to in an SDGs and will be a major hurdle to achieving them. With Quotes. Corruption has a significant impact on poverty, inequality, hunger, education, the availability of how to write essay clean water and sanitation, economic growth, industry innovation and infrastructure. It thwarts resource mobilisation and essay on unity is strength in english, allocation and diverts resources away from sustainable development and from efforts to eradicate poverty. International organisations, including the OECD, must work together to ensure the fight against write a movie in an, corruption is made a priority in order to achieve the SDGs.

The G20 could take a leading role in this respect. We need to establish a common vision and a global agenda. The OECD stands ready to play its part and work hard to win the battle against essay on unity, the dark side of our economies by designing, promoting and implementing better anti- corruption policies for write a movie better lives. G20/OECD. 2015. Principles of with Corporate Governance. Availableonline. Instituto Mexicano para la Competividad (IMCO). How To A Movie In An. 2012. Evaluacion del Acuerdo de Trabajo IMSS-OCDE-CFC. Available online.

OECD. 1997. Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions. Paris: OECD Publishing. Mla Format Essay Quotes. Available online. OECD. 2010a. Good Practice Guidance on Internal Controls, Ethics and Compliance. Available online. OECD. 14 October 2010b.

Recommendation of the Council to Facilitate Co-operation between Tax and Other Law Enforcement Authorities to Combat Serious Crimes. Available online. OECD. 2011. National Contact Points for write a movie essay the OECD Guidelines for by robert wrigley Multinational Enterprises. Available online. OECD. 2012.

Recommendation of the OECD Council on Fighting Bid Rigging in how to write a movie in an, Public Procurement. Available online. OECD. 2014. OECD Foreign Bribery Report: An Analysis of the Crime of Bribery of Foreign Public Officials. Paris: OECD Publishing. OECD. 2015a. Country Reports on the Implementation of the skills writing assignment OECD Anti-Bribery Convention.

Available online. OECD. 2015b. Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas. Available online. OECD. 2015c. Implementing the OECD Due Diligence Guidance.

Available online. OECD. 2015d. Forum on Tax and Crime. Available online. OECD. 2015e. Bribery and Corruption. Available online. OECD. How To Write A Movie. 2015f. Regional anti-corruption programmes. Available online. OECD. 2016.

Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes. Available online. OECD Competition Committee. Essay Project Management. 2014. Fighting Bid Rigging in Public Procurement in Colombia. Paris: OECD Publishing. Available online. OECD and G20. 2015. Anti-corruption. Available online.

United Nations. 2015. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for how to a movie essay Sustainable Development. Available online. Finish Thesis. UNEP, Interpol. 2012. Green Carbon, Black Trade. Norway: UNEP, Interpol. Available online.

US Department of State. 28 July 2015. US NCP Final Statement CED/RELUFA on write in an essay, the Specific Instance between the Center for Environment and Development (CED) with Network to Fight against Hunger (RELUFA) and Herakles Farms’ affiliate SG Sustainable Oils Cameroon (SGSOC) in Cameroon. Finish Thesis. Available online. In An. 15. Mart Laar: The cancer of the modern world – a European perspective. Corruption is a cancer. At first, it can look small and harmless.

Before you know it, it has taken over your entire body. Likewise, the losses from corruption can start small, but in the end the damage is enormous. The problem of corruption around the essay world is write a movie in an, well known. Dictators, arms smugglers and essay quotes, warlords rely on corruption to how to a movie essay fund violence against their own populations. We know too about the corruption in post-Communist countries like Russia.

It’s not just the corruption in the economy; it’s the corruption of the legal and political systems that sustains it, which is so damaging in so many countries. Systemic, widespread corruption can also hold back countries such as Ukraine that are making genuine efforts to reform and build closer links with Europe. It undermines the inspiring campaigns and aspirations of reformers – as seen in Moldova, for instance – and saps the confidence of potential European partners. In Ukraine and Moldova, it is no coincidence that public dissatisfaction and protest appear to be as much about writing skills writing, corruption as they are about anything else. And the write in an essay public are right: corruption siphons off much- needed investment and slows the growth and progress of Eastern European economies. So I believe that we need a plan for Europe that places anti-corruption right at the heart of the process.

I know about corruption. I’ve seen it with my own eyes. You can no more eradicate it than you can abolish human greed. But that doesn’t mean that there is no hope. Estonia was deeply corrupted, just as other former Communist countries were as they made the transition to independence. We were so corrupted – it was so ingrained – that we didn’t even understand that it wasn’t normal. It had become a way of life. So for us, progress depended on a fundamental realisation: we could only cut ourselves off from the old Communist heritage if we cut out the cancer of corruption. This was easy to skills writing assignment say, of course, but harder to implement.

European institutions stressed from the start of the integration process the essay importance of fighting corruption, but sometimes this seemed to us to be just warm words. To our surprise, as our economy and trade relations grew, several Western companies allegedly offered generous bribes in many common business deals. To them, corruption in Eastern Europe was normal. Essay. So, while the West finances campaigns against corruption abroad, it would be significantly more effective if all countries also dealt with the write in an essay criminal activity and the bribes originating at home. In many countries, corruption isn’t actually a negative word. It is connected with friendship and taking care of family. People know that some officials from the government take money from business; that’s how life has always been. How do you begin to health care unpick that?

In Estonia, we knew that if we wanted to break free, we didn’t have any choice – we had to end corruption. Within ten years of transition, we had dramatically cut corruption – to the point where we were less corrupt than several European Union (EU) member states (Transparency International 1998). How did we do it? A huge part of the answer was the a movie essay European Union. We received vital encouragement from the EU, including as part of the negotiations on enlargement. Most importantly, we received a very clear message right from the start that the project door to the EU would be closed to countries with the usual scale of post-Communist corruption. At first, it was thought that the EU was not serious. But then the Slovakian Government, under Vladimir Meciar, was ousted from negotiations on enlargement (European Commission 1997). All of a sudden, we knew that the fight against corruption had to be taken seriously. Transparency was important too.

Clear data enables you to see very similar countries, like Latvia and Estonia, with very different levels of corruption (Transparency International 2015). So if you could cut it in one country, why not the other? With the help of the EU, independent non-governmental organisations (NGOs) were also created, which aided the fight against corruption. The EU shared with us, along with the other countries hoping to join, all of the best practice and legislation for tackling corruption. This allowed us to take big steps forward very quickly. An important part of how to a movie this was to wrigley regularly publish key officials’ income and write essay, its sources, supported by criminal punishments for corruption in the penal code. Not all the measures we took were popular – many people were angry about our efforts. But the mla format essay with quotes European ‘sticks and carrots’ approach made our plans possible. We could privatise public assets, in the knowledge that they could only be sold for how to write essay legal money moved through European banks that had rules against money laundering and fraud. Skills. Using money only from EU and US banks meant that we didn’t have to privatise using ‘black money’ and corruption.

When you cut corruption out of banking and the wider economy, it is much harder for corruption to take root in politics. Helping to tackle corruption in Eastern Europe has also, of course, provided tangible benefits for people in Western Europe. It has helped open up new markets for trade and investment – based on a level playing field and open competition – therefore boosting the prosperity and security of all EU member states, including the in an essay big economies of the West. Many people, including leaders, have asked for finish thesis the secrets of how to write essay Estonia’s success in tackling corruption. Every country is different, but here are my suggestions: One – don’t become corrupt yourself. How can your citizens take anti-corruption programmes seriously if they suspect their government is project, corrupt? So you need to make it clear from the start: mistakes can be pardoned; corruption cannot. How To Write A Movie Essay. There can be no yellow cards – just red ones. Two – let the essay with quotes market do the job. The more radical market reforms you introduce, the less corruption you will have. Abolishing subsidies is a good start: they always go to the wrong places, making the rich richer and the poor poorer.

Simplifying the tax system and cutting taxes helps too – as does the write in an abolition of custom tariffs, in which the EU plays a key role. Three – make government smaller. This is often underestimated in the transition to a market economy. You can’t move your country to the future with the old machinery. So you need to break up the in english old structures that provide opportunities for corruption. A good way to start is to cut the government by half and write a movie essay, double the salaries of those who remain. And then cut the size again by another 20%. Your new public service must be non-partisan and independent. As you go forward, keep government lean.

It’s important – big governments and big bureaucracies create corruption. Four – make everything public. Transparency is one of the most powerful allies in fighting corruption. When information on public spending, government agencies’ work and use of governmental benefits and privileges is freely available, it starts to reduce corruption. Modern technology can help a lot here. Placing government services online and making them open through e-government has been highly effective in Estonia. It doesn’t just cut the misuse of government credit cards and make sure government procurement is clean, it also cuts down on time and paper – and lets trees grow. Five – let freedom reign. Freedom takes the state official out of the essay daily situations and a movie, transactions where corruption can occur.

If you need to have a separate government document every time a house is built or renovated, there is a chance for corruption. When decisions – or the speed of decisions – depend on essay in english, the will of a state official rather than the law of the land, you will have corruption. Write In An Essay. Abolish them and you find that nothing bad happens. These conclusions are really quite simple. More freedom means less corruption, less freedom means more corruption. It’s just the by robert same in sport. If you take away the competition and fair play, you will lose the spirit of sport.

That’s what corruption does to all of our efforts, our dreams and our desires – in corrupt societies, they are thwarted and the human spirit is poorer as a result. We showed in Estonia that it doesn’t have to be like this. Together we can change it – together we can do it! European Commission. 15 July 1997. Agenda 2000 – Commission Opinion on Slovakia’s Application for Membership of the European Union. Brussels: European Commission. Available online. Transparency International.

1998. Corruption Perceptions Index 1998. Available online. Transparency International. 2015. Corruption Perceptions Index 2015. Available online. 16.

Jose Ugaz: People’s power: taking action to demand accountability. How To A Movie In An Essay. Over the past quarter of a century, the face of corruption has changed. And so has the anti-corruption movement. Essay Care. In the early 1990s, corruption was simply not talked about in the international community. In fact, facilitation payments were widely recognised in law as deductible business expenses if handed out abroad. Back then, the focus of the emerging anti-corruption movement was to get corruption on the agenda: raising awareness of its devastating effects and how to write essay, showing its disproportionate impact on the poor. It is the most vulnerable people in our societies who too often have to make the hard choice to pay bribes to get the essential services they need, such as treatment for with a sick grandparent or an education for their child.

This focus shifted in the late 1990s to creating ways to both measure corruption and how to write essay, develop the essay on unity tools to prevent it. Launched in how to a movie, 1995, Transparency International’s (TI) Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) put governments on the spot by publishing their scores around the world (Transparency International 2015a). By 2003, the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) – now ratified by health, 178 countries – outlined a solid framework of anti- corruption laws (UNODC 2015). This came six years after the write in an OECD Convention Against Foreign Bribery and seven years after the ground-breaking Inter-American Convention against Corruption (OECD 1997; International Association of mla format Anti-Corruption Authorities 2012). The G20 has had an Anti-Corruption Action Plan since 2010 and the fight against corruption is how to, now at the heart of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goal 16, promoting peace and justice with targets for tackling corruption (Transparency International 2015b; UN 2015). Today many countries have solid anti-corruption legislation. But laws don’t work if they are not properly enforced.

Corruption remains rife. Countries get used to failing scores and billions of dollars of project illicit financial flows and money laundering provide luxury lifestyles for the corrupt. So what’s next? Pressure from the public is key. We already know that pent-up anger against corruption can provoke people action. How To In An Essay. In Tunisia, a dictator was ousted in 2011 by hundreds of thousands of protestors. His successors are now hunting down the millions he and essay with, his family stole. In Guatemala, months of how to write in an peaceful protests in 2015 forced out both the president and finish thesis, the vice-president. They are now in jail facing corruption charges. Marches against how to a movie, corruption in Brazil, Chile and Indonesia have also led to substantive changes to writing writing assignment laws. This shows how much can be achieved when people react to specific events, but the rejection of corruption needs to write a movie in an become more sustained.

This essay explores the new tools that citizens can, and should, make use of to fight corruption both collectively and essay is strength in english, as individuals. It discusses how communities can take action on the everyday issues of corruption that affect their lives and the major difference individuals can make when they say no to corruption. A Movie. It also looks at how we can and should act together against management, the phenomenon of grand corruption, something that our ever- more connected world is now making possible. At TI, we define grand corruption as the abuse of high- level power that benefits the few at the expense of the many and causes serious and widespread harm to individuals and society alike. Too often, it goes unpunished because the corrupt hide behind political immunity, secret companies that allow them to write hide stolen money and essay by robert wrigley, a global financial network that turns a blind eye to illicit financial flows. Even here, citizen action can make a difference to unmask the write a movie in an essay corrupt. I strongly believe that it will be pressure from people around the world – coming together, using new technologies and speaking with a united bold voice to demand justice – that will start to hold the grand corrupt to account. It has become urgent for writing assignment the victims of how to write a movie grand corruption to essay be recognised. Together, we can all help to stop the current trend. How To A Movie. Public opinion polls and surveys from the past five years have consistently shown that people see corruption as one of the key social challenges of our time (BBC 2010; Avaaz 2014).

When a United Nations online poll consistently featured corruption as a top priority for the next generation of care Sustainable Development Goals, this was translated into Goal 16, which commits all governments to “provide access to justice for all and write, build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions” (UN 2016; UN 2015, p. 2). Management. This growing awareness, combined with the emergence of smart communications technology, will help to drive activism. Around 50% of the world’s population is online, while a similar proportion of the a movie essay adult population owns a smartphone. By 2020, this is expected to rise to 80% (The Economist 2015). There are already clear wins for mobilised, tech-savvy, anti-corruption activism. In Brazil, for writing assignment example, a new law took effect in how to in an, 2010 called Ficha Limpa, or Clean Record, which prevents candidates who have been convicted of corruption, mismanagement of writing skills writing essay public funds or electoral violations from standing for public office for at least eight years.

It came about because more than 40 civil society organisations were able to mobilise two million Brazilian citizens to use online actions, together with events, to how to a movie in an essay campaign for the legislation (Salas 2010). This is project, especially important in a country where TI studies show that 81% and 72% of people respectively feel that political parties and the legislature are corrupt or extremely corrupt (Transparency International 2013a). Thanks to this law, Brazilian courts barred 317 mayoral candidates – who had criminal records – from running for office in the 2012 municipal election. In the 2014 general election, this rose to 497 (Alves 2014). However, the campaign’s impact is not limited to the disqualification of corrupt candidates. Crucially, it has changed the how to write in an way Brazilians perceive their capacity to make their collective voice heard. It has transformed individual anger about political corruption into collective action for social change. In our latest survey, 81% of Brazilians now believe that ordinary people can make a difference in the fight against corruption (Transparency International 2013a). Use of social media helped ignite and project management, organise the uprisings across North Africa and the Middle East. It allowed millions of people to share messages of civil resistance and collective activism. Despite this, one of the many frustrations following the Arab Spring was the feeling that the perpetrators of corruption in the old regimes were not being brought to justice.

The lack of strong institutions to deliver the kind of justice the write people demanded thwarted real reforms. In Guatemala, a similar story of disaffected citizenry turned out differently, because three key factors came together: technology, people and an institutional pressure for accountability. Guatemala has suffered from political corruption and widespread impunity for decades. The justice system was seen as weak and co-opted by powerful interests. Yet, when a huge customs fraud scandal involving a number of the country’s political elite was uncovered in 2015, the people decided enough was enough. For five months, they took to the streets every week, co-ordinating and advertising the protests on social media.

Their numbers swelled. Management. This, combined with pressure from emboldened national prosecutors who were working alongside international investigators from the UN, eventually forced the country’s president and how to write in an, vice- president to resign. They were arrested shortly afterwards. This new spirit of empowered citizenship should be an essay, inspiration to others precisely because it can deliver change. It gives legitimacy to how to a movie essay legal action in the spirit of democracy. It is the will of the health care people.

Masses can usually only be mobilised for a limited period of time around a specific goal. Their successes are watershed moments for all involved, yet they signal the beginning rather than the write a movie essay end of a long process. Systemic anti-corruption reforms are vital for preventing large-scale corruption scandals from happening again and again. So how do you keep society interested when there are no big, flashy news headlines or high-profile people to finish thesis go after? By showing it that engagement matters. When we think of communities, we think of the basic services that people need: education, health, waste collection, public transport and write in an, roads. Often communities are one step removed from how these are funded. Their taxes go into a pot and they take no notice until a hospital fails or a pothole damages their car. But we can only know whether money is well spent if we have access to information about it.

In too many countries, communities either don’t request the information or it is simply not available. When people demand transparency and accountability, they can make a difference. They need to participate meaningfully in the decisions that affect their daily lives. This is what happened in a school just outside Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. Corruption in education is finish thesis, a significant challenge in Bangladesh and particularly affects the poor. Admission officers demand bribes, teachers are often absent and there is no way to report or keep track of the how to a movie in an problem.

One school decided to change the way things worked. It signed an Integrity Pledge and introduced social monitoring tools such as citizen report cards, while budgets were prepared with the participation of the community (Zaman 2011). Within a year, the dropout rate fell from 30% to 7%, the collection of unauthorised payments stopped, scholarships were distributed transparently and 100% of students passed the annual final examination. This success has led to the initiative being rolled out in other schools in essay, Bangladesh. Similar initiatives have been used to improve health, water and construction services from how to a movie Bolivia to Uganda. One crucial ingredient in their success is the active involvement of local communities. If you empower communities, they will make their voices heard and they will take charge of their own futures (Sidwell 2011).

The other crucial element is essay, transparency. Having access to in an essay information is a precondition for essay care making informed decisions and holding public officials and elected leaders to account. Write In An Essay. More than 100 countries now have freedom of essay on unity in english information laws, yet their implementation is still patchy (McIntosh 2014). But not only do governments need to release information, citizens also need to make active use of it. This combination of information and activism can be a potent tool. In July 2015, El Salvador authorities confirmed that citizens had the right to ask for information about public officials’ assets. This is important because, if you can track wealth over time, it can show whether officials are using their positions for illicit gain. In less than four months, Salvadoran citizens submitted close to 6,000 requests for information. These uncovered cases where the wealth of public officials grew by 300% during their time in office (Heywood 2015). Investigations into the inexplicably high wealth of some officials are now being held.

New technologies are facilitating this push for transparency. In An Essay. ‘Big data’ may be a buzzword, but its trickle- down effect can allow ordinary people to search and skills writing essay, evaluate important information. There is no reason why local, regional and national governments cannot put their records online and create a platform for how to in an citizens to search data on writing skills essay, public tenders, tax spending or any other part of the day-to-day running of communities. How To Essay. Increasingly, civil society organisations are also launching online tools to help communities hold their local authorities to account. Through Fix My Street, people in Georgia can flag construction and infrastructure issues in their neighbourhood to essay health care the mayor’s office and track repairs (Transparency International 2013b). The online portal has triggered the fixing of hundreds of how to a movie in an essay problems. In Argentina, voters are visualising the relationship between money and politics through an interactive database, which aggregates political party financing data. The site allows citizens to essay see where party funds are coming from and where they are going (Transparency International 2012). In Lithuania, manoSeimas (My Parliament) lets users find out how parliamentarians have been voting on how to, policy issues (Transparency International 2016a). The tools to hold elected officials to account are beginning to expand. It is finish thesis, up to how to write a movie essay people to start using them. This is where civil society organisations can play an important role in raising awareness and creating a safe environment for speaking up.

16.4 Individuals can make a difference. For too many people, the idea that a corrupt system can change is mla format essay with quotes, difficult to how to essay believe; they simply accept corruption as business as usual. In Peru, there is even a popular saying about politicians ‘roba, pero hace’, which roughly translates to ‘he steals but makes things happen’ (DATUM 2014). On Unity Is Strength In English. More than half of all Peruvians are willing to how to a movie in an essay vote for corrupt politicians as long as they ‘do work’ (Ipsos Peru 2014). Sadly, every year, one in four people around the world pay a bribe to is strength in english access public services (Hardoon and Heinrich 2013). In Cambodia, India and Kenya, this figure is even higher than one in two. In Mexico, a family spends on average 14% of its income on how to a movie in an, bribes for basic services they are entitled to, such as water, medicine and mla format, education (Transparencia Mexicana 2011). People accept this huge financial burden, because they feel powerless and vulnerable (Hardoon and Heinrich 2013). They believe reporting corruption won’t make a difference and how to write, could put them or their family in essay wrigley, danger. How To In An. Breaking this wall of silence requires a number of important cultural and legal steps. People need to essay by robert know that there is strong, enforced legislation to protect whistle-blowers, so they are safe when they speak out.

When citizens feel these mechanisms cannot be trusted, then organised civil society has a vital role to play. This includes advocating the implementation of how to in an protection as well as supporting individual victims and witnesses of quotes corruption. The results can be impressive. TI opened advocacy and legal advice centres in more than 60 countries around the world to write a movie offer free and confidential legal advice and to essay help citizens report corruption (Transparency International 2016b). More than 200,000 citizens have been in contact with our centres and we have collected numerous stories illustrating that one single brave individual reporting corruption can make a huge difference to the lives of entire societies. A Movie In An. In the Czech Republic, a whistle-blower on environmental corruption helped to save the country more than €2 billion (Transparency International 2015c). In Nepal, money that was meant for women giving birth in remote regions but stolen by healthcare officials was returned and redistributed where it was needed most (Transparency International 2015d).

In Guatemala, nepotism in local government was stamped out after a citizen uncovered that the mayor had hired around ten of his relatives (Transparency International 2015e). In March 2015, Transparencia Venezuela launched a smartphone app Dilo Aqui, which allows ordinary citizens to report instances of bribery and any irregularities during elections (Transparencia Venezuela 2015a). In the parliamentary elections in in english, December 2015, more than 400 complaints of electoral abuse were registered via the app that were then channelled to how to write a movie in an essay the National Electoral Council and mla format essay, the Comptroller General for follow-up (Transparencia Venezuela 2015b). The goal is to encourage, cajole, educate and empower more citizens to speak out and speak out safely. This affects us all.

In the UK, for example, a TI survey showed that, while 90% of people would like to report corruption if they came across it, fewer than 30% knew how (Krishnan and essay, Barrington 2011). Skills Writing Assignment. Individuals everywhere need to take their responsibility as citizens seriously and speak up for their right to live in a society free of corruption. When they do that, governments and institutions have to listen and act. 16.5 The new challenge: bringing down grand corruption. Every year an essay, estimated $1 trillion in illicit financial flows leave developing countries, often with a single keystroke (Global Financial Integrity 2015). The majority of these funds end up in project, developed countries. Be it in a property in London or a bank account in Switzerland, the write a movie effects on project, the local economies left behind are devastating.

The money comes from a movie in an skimming off basic services budgets or taking bribes for with quotes contracts. Such abuse of entrusted power for private gain has immediate consequences on people – victims are often left helpless. Write A Movie Essay. We want to see behavioural and systemic change in the next ten years and we want victims to be recognised and essay, taken into serious consideration. For this to happen, we have developed the new concept of ‘grand corruption’. Unfortunately, examples of grand corruption are everywhere. The Chinaleaks documents showed how the country’s elite funnelled billions of dollars of write a movie corrupt money into so-called ‘safe havens’ such as the Bahamas using shell companies (Boehler 2014). The President of Equatorial Guinea, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, and his son Teodoro are estimated to essay on unity is strength have allegedly siphoned off more than $300 million from state coffers to buy a luxury lifestyle in Paris and in an essay, the United States, while the majority of the country’s population lives in poverty. Then there is Ukraine’s former leader Viktor Yanukovych who used state proceeds to fund a lavish lifestyle.

Think also of the billions of dollars’ worth of fines the big banks, including household names such as Barclays, HSBC, Citibank and BNP Paribas, have had to pay for institutionalised corruption like rigging exchange rates, mis-selling products and helping clients avoid anti-money laundering rules and wrigley, evade taxes. We witness human rights abuses in cases of grand corruption. There are victims. When money is siphoned off for the benefit of the few, it is the many who suffer. Schools are not built, healthcare systems are degraded and infrastructure neglected. A Movie In An. It exacerbates poverty and exclusion. Grand corruption also damages democracy and good governance. Assignment. When a state is captured, such as allegedly happened in Guatemala under President Otto Perez Molina, then insecurity and write essay, instability are high. It is the writing assignment citizens that pay the price.

Unfortunately, grand corruption often goes unpunished. In the case of how to a movie in an corporations, too often it is the essay shareholders who pay the fines, not the individuals who commit the crimes. To change this, we need help from citizens. They have to use all the tools for fighting corruption outlined above – technology, community actions and mass movements - to demand justice and unmask the corrupt both in in an, the countries where the corrupt money is generated and, just as importantly, in the countries where it ends up. Money laundering is not just a term used to describe Mafia-style organised crimes. It might be the way your neighbour bought their flat via a secret offshore company, or the cash payments used to essay in english purchase a luxury watch. Citizens living in countries on the receiving end of corrupt money need to be part of the fight against grand corruption too. And this is where awareness raising is still in write a movie in an essay, its infancy. We as civil society are calling on governments to put mechanisms in place that prevent dirty cash from entering their countries.

But because this type of corruption is not obvious to citizens of with dirty money destinations – in fact it can actually add to economic growth – there is still limited will from citizens to pressure their leaders or take action themselves. The G20 has taken up this cause at a high level. It remains for the countries themselves to introduce the legislation and enforce it. The UK recently adopted legislation giving immediate access on beneficial ownership information to law enforcement agencies, banks and businesses with duties to check that they are not handling stolen cash. In 2016, a central registry containing this information will be made public. It is time for more countries to follow suit and for citizens to campaign to a movie in an ensure that they do. More and more, journalists and finish thesis, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) – using new online search tools to how to write a movie follow money – are exposing cases of grand corruption and pressing for criminal investigations and indictments. We strongly believe that ordinary citizens have a part to play in this too. Essay By Robert Wrigley. We call this ‘social sanctioning’: once the how to write a movie in an essay corrupt are exposed they should not be allowed to live freely off their dirty money.

We would like to see a day when the corrupt can’t get visas for travel, luxury shops turn their cash away and real estate agents refuse to sell them their penthouse flats. Without active citizens the fight against finish thesis, corruption cannot be won. People need to say no to corruption on every level. They need to speak out against extortion and denounce leaders and how to write a movie essay, companies who are exposed as engaging in essay by robert wrigley, corruption. They need to take responsibility for their own actions and write a movie, demand the same from their peers. Essay. Together we can create a global culture where corruption is rejected and accountability rules.

There are plenty of examples where this has happened.But the feeling of disempowerment is still too widespread. People need to turn the anger and helplessness they feel into how to write in an essay, active rejection of the status quo. Civil society organisations can help create awareness and mobilisation, but governments have to enforce laws that show the corrupt will be held to finish thesis account. In countries where institutions are weak, citizens play an even more important and often braver role. Those who speak out how to write in an, can be targets, but not everyone has to be on the front line. Take the example of the school in Bangladesh: it was parents and local organisers who asked the essay with school to how to write a movie in an essay note who showed up to teach and to finish thesis commit to not asking for admissions bribes. These small steps led to essay measurable improvements – the kids passed their exams.

Our technology, our reach and our upraised voices can bring hundreds of thousands onto the street. These things can also be used to simply draw attention to finish thesis the inconsistencies between a local politician’s lifestyle and their publicly declared salary. It is the combination of our loud indignation and our quiet vigilance that will put an end to corruption, both grand and write, not so grand. Alves, L. 16 September 2014. Ficha Limpa Law Forces Candidates to Withdraw. Finish Thesis. The Rio Times. Available online. Avaaz. 2014. Where next for Avaaz in 2014?

Setting the agenda. Available online. BBC Press. How To In An Essay. 9 December 2010. Global poll: Corruption is world’s most talked about problem. Finish Thesis. Available online. How To In An. Boehler, P. 22 January 2014.

ChinaLeaks: Expose on Chinese elite’s offshore accounts comes at sensitive time. South China Morning Post – China Insider. Available online. Mla Format Essay With Quotes. DATUM. 2014. Peru 21 – ELECCIONES 2016. Available online.

Economist, The. 28 February 2015. Planet of the Phones. [online]. Available online. Essay. Global Financial Integrity. Writing Skills. 2015. Illicit Financial Flows. Available online. Hardoon, D. and Heinrich, F. 2013. Global Corruption Barometer 2013: Report. Berlin: Transparency International.

Available from: http://www.transparency.org/gcb2013/report Heywood, M. 13 November 2015. When Transparency Rules. Transparency International blog. Available online. International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities.

15 February 2012. Organization of American States (OAS). Available online. Ipsos Peru. September 2014. Informe de Opinion Data – Peru, septiembre de 2014. Available online.

Krishnan, C. and Barrington, R. 2011. Corruption in the UK: Overview and Policy Recommendations. UK: Transparency International. In An Essay. McIntosh, T. 19 September 2014. Paraguay is 100th nation to finish thesis pass FOI law, but struggle for openness goes on. The Guardian. Available online. OECD. 1997. OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in in an, International Business Transactions.

Available online. Salas, A. 22 June 2010. Aiming for a clean record in Brazil. Finish Thesis. Available online. How To In An. Sidwell, M. 25 August 2011. Race to the top. Transparency International blog. Finish Thesis. Available online. Transparencia Mexicana. 10 May 2011. Indice Nacional De Corrupcion Y Buen Gobierno. Available online.

Transparencia Venezuela. 19 March 2015a. Transparencia Venezuela lanzo ‘Dilo aqui’, una aplicacion para denunciar. El Universal. Available online. A Movie. Transparencia Venezuela. 6 December 2015b. Tercer Reporte denuncias recibidas en el marco del proceso electoral Parlamentarias 2015. Available online. Transparency International.

2012. Empowering citizens, securing lasting change: using technology for transparency. Berlin: Transparency International. Writing Skills Assignment. Available online. How To In An. Transparency International. Care. 2013a. Global Corruption Barometer – Brazil.

Available online. Transparency International. How To. 2013b. Fix My Street. Available online. Transparency International. 2015a. Corruption Perceptions Index – Overview. Available online. Transparency International.

2015b. Our work on the G20. [online]. Available online. Transparency International. Skills Essay. 2015c. How To Write A Movie In An. True Stories – Hidden Costs. Available online. Transparency International. 2015d.

True Stories – Birth Rights. Available online. Transparency International. 2015e. True Stories – Family Affairs. Writing Writing Essay. Available online. Transparency International. 2016a. ManoSeimas.lt.

Available online. Transparency International. 2016b. Get involved – Report Corruption. Available online. United Nations – Office on in an essay, Drugs and Crime (UNODC). 2015. United Nations Convention against Corruption: Signature and Ratification Status as of 1 December 2015. Available [online]((https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/signatories. html). United Nations.

2015. Goal 16: Promote just, peaceful and inclusive societies; Sustainable Development Goals. Available online. United Nations. 2016. Segments Priorities – MY Analytics. Available online. Zaman, I. 2011. Realising the MDGs by finish thesis, 2015: Anti- corruption in how to a movie essay, Bangladesh. Assignment Essay. Berlin/Bangladesh: Transparency International. Available online.

An important exception to this was the republican tradition, which started in Greece and Rome, and was adopted by numerous city states in Italy, the Netherlands and elsewhere. The very term ‘republic’ comes from the Latin res publica, or ‘public thing,’ denoting that the political order was representative of a larger public good. ? A classic case was the French Foreign Minister Talleyrand: a highly corrupt individual, but a very talented diplomat, who helped negotiate the settlement at the Congress of Vienna. ? Interview with Ms Mpho Letima, Fellow, African Leadership Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, 28 October 2015. ? A search for the term ‘Cyprus’ on www.occrp.org will point to numerous investigations from all over Eastern Europe where companies in Cyprus are involved. ? You can find further information on this interface and access online here, here and here. ? Notes from conversation with legal professionals in Kano, Nigeria, 7 February 2015, quoting Ibrahim Mokhtar. ? Notes from conversation with tribal elders from Shah Wali Kot District, Kandahar, Afghanistan, 24 May 2009; names withheld for security reasons. ? Notes from trip to Spin Boldak, Afghanistan, 25 May 2009. ? Also interviews with several Western officials in write, Abuja, November 2013. ? Notes of essay on unity is strength interview with a group of Maiduguri residents, Maiduguri, Nigeria, 21 November 2015. ? Longo, Canetti and Hite-Rubin reference the Second Intifada from 2000 to 2005, and how to write in an, the wider violent unrest on the West Bank. ? Ibid., notes Kano, Nigeria. ? Ibid., notes Maiduguri, Nigeria. ? Notes of conversation with Sardar Muhammad, Kandahar, Afghanistan, 20 November 2010. ? See also numerous Dutch petitions to King Phillip II of Spain 1550–1580. ? Notes of interview with Murad Louhichi, Manzil Tmim, Tunisia, 29 September 2012. Essay By Robert. ? Notes of interview with ‘Rustam’ (name changed for security reasons), Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 23 February 2014. How To A Movie In An. ? This is a view I encountered frequently when covering the Algerian civil war for National Public Radio in the late 1990s. ? Conversation with Debra Laprevotte, 15 September 2015. ? In the essay with event, the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), the world cycling governing body, cleared Delgado. He was not docked ten minutes and went on to win the write a movie in an 1988 Tour de France. ? I am grateful to World Bank Group staff Alexander Slater, Joel Turkewitz and Charles Undeland for their assistance with this essay. Essay By Robert. ? See also Olken, B. Write In An Essay. 2007. Monitoring Corruption: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Indonesia, Journal of Political Economy, 115(2), pp. Essay Health Care. 200– 248. ? This 2015 estimate is an extrapolation by Daniel Kaufmann based on his work in Myths and Realities of Governance and Corruption (2005). ? In addition, non-compliance with tax obligations distorts competition. See IMF. 2015a. Current Challenges in Revenue Mobilization. Washington DC: IMF. ? See also, for example, Tanzi, V. and Davoodi, H. 2002.

Corruption, Public Investment, and Growth. In: G. How To A Movie In An Essay. T. Abed and S. Gupta, eds. Governance, Corruption Economic Performance. Quotes. Washington DC: IMF, pp. 280–299.

Military spending is, in addition, prone to corruption, because of secrecy and a lack of transparency (see Gupta, S., de Mello, L. and Sharan, R. 2002. In An Essay. Corruption and Military Spending. In: G. Writing Essay. T. Abed and S. Write. Gupta, eds. Governance, Corruption Economic Performance. Washington DC: IMF, pp. 300–332). ? While the essay on unity analysis of the association between corruption and growth remains controversial, a meta-analysis of 52 cross-country studies found that a one-unit increase in the perceived corruption index is associated with a nearly 1 percentage-point decrease in the growth rate of per capita GDP (see Ugur, M. and Dasgupta, N. 2011.

Evidence on the Economic Growth Impacts of Corruption in Low-Income Countries and Beyond: A Systematic Review. London: EPPI-Centre, Social Research Unit, Institute of a movie in an essay Education, University of London). Essay. ? Over the past decade, risk-rating agencies have realised that their previous models, driven by economic variables alone, were unsatisfactory and have incorporated governance and corruption factors, such as the a movie essay Worldwide Governance Indicators. ? There are cases where corruption has caused some donors to interrupt foreign aid flows. ? For example, the Fiscal Transparency Evaluation conducted by the Fund in project, Mozambique (the first in Sub-Saharan Africa) identified a need for a movie in an essay greater transparency in public procurement and state-owned enterprises (see IMF. 2015c. Republic of Mozambique – Fiscal Transparency Evaluation). In Tunisia, the Fund has supported the development of a more transparent budget law that would strengthen budget preparation and execution procedures and introduce performance-based budgeting. ? Many countries are taking the positive step of automating public services, which not only allows for simplification and efficiency, but also eliminates the potential for essay by robert wrigley abuse of discretion. ? 2015 IMF Annual Meetings Flagship Seminar – Individual Integrity in Public Sector Governance, Lima, Peru. How To Write In An Essay. ? A good example is the ‘I paid a bribe’ website in skills, India (www.ipaidabribe. Write Essay. com). For other examples in Bhutan, Pakistan and Kenya, see Strom, S. 2012. Websites shine light on petty bribery worldwide. New York Times.

6 March 2012. Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/07/ business/web-sites-shine-light-on-petty-bribery-worldwide.html?_r=0). ? All content is available under the Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated.

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Do not fret over the idea that grammar, style, and mechanics will be evaluated in how to in an essay this assignment. Project! This writing exercise is merely one way to take a look at any particular patterns. Academia , Composition studies , Essay 1153 Words | 4 Pages. 800 Word Essay Food, health and medical technologies have a large impact on individuals and how to a movie communities today and in by robert wrigley the . future. Write In An Essay! Throughout this paper, discussion will involve the issues that society faces regarding food and health and how we can create a healthier and safer world for our future. Finish Thesis! The food industry has a large impact on individuals and will affect wider communities in the future. The rush of today’s society has pushed food production to become more commercialized with prepackaged/premade. Fast food , Food , Health 826 Words | 3 Pages. eating McDonald’s undoubtedly poses a multitude of health risks: obesity, lethargy and heart pains would be three signs that you might be eating too many of how to in an . those delicious beef burgers. We can’t deny the cost implications too. McDondald’s is, in a word , expensive.

Why pay so much for an unhealthy meal when a healthy meal would cost a third of the price? Madness! Some would also argue that McDonald’s, by promoting a uniform and standardized restaurant format, is eroding the cultural diversity that. Arc de Triomphe , Food , Hamburger 683 Words | 3 Pages. ? Remember the Titans relationship development Dejzon Walker Movie Paper Assignment Com 200 Summer 2012 Dejzon Walker . Com 200 August 6, 2012 Remember the writing skills writing assignment, Titans relationship development The time era that this film was connecting to a movie, was the early 1970’s due to the heavy civil topics such as discrimination and racism.

T.C. Williams High School in in english Alexandria, Virginia at how to write essay, the time was a desegregated school and the hiring of mla format essay with their first African American head coach Herman Boone. Alexandria, Virginia , Bill Yoast , Coach 1165 Words | 4 Pages. Example Literary Essay : The Giver by Lois Lowry Example Introduction Paragraph: “The real voyage of discovery . consists not in seeking new landscapes, but in having new eyes.” This quote by how to essay Marcel Proust speaks of discovering what?s right in front of you by mla format essay seeing it differently, with “new eyes.” The main character, Jonas, in how to write a movie essay Lois Lowry?s The Giver goes through a similar experience when he discovers his “Capacity to project management, See Beyond.” Jonas begins to see his Community differently, with an awareness or. Lois Lowry , Newbery Medal , The Giver 856 Words | 3 Pages. influence the decisions we make to give us our 'world view' aswe can not find other examples due to age.

Things such as age, gender and . In An! commuity will also play a part in shaping the essay project management, effects of your world view. A World view is write a movie in an described by many different people in mla format with various ways for example Samovar and Porter (2003) (citing Rapport and Overing 2000) will describe a world view as 'the common English translation of the German word “Weltanschauung” meaning overarching philosophy or outlook, or conception of. I Shall Be Released , Learning , Life 1025 Words | 3 Pages. Words are powerless when looked at individually but they have the potential for good or evil, when someone who can properly use them to his . or her advantage. That is in an essay what Nathaniel Hawthorne quote means, and I fully agree with him. An example of words being used for evil could be a dictator trying to convince his people that he is best for the country. An example of words being used for good could be a civil rights activist trying to persuade people to essay project management, get along and to treat everyone with respect. Core issues in ethics , Evil , God 1292 Words | 4 Pages. in a more accurate way. WELL, that is how I feel about what I write.

Since coming home for the summer, I’ve revisited old papers and how to a movie in an essay essays . for further refinement and essay health care fine tweaking just because I think it’s fun (and because I’m a perfectionist, whoops). So some of the write in an, essays I post are more loved and tended to than others, but today I am posting the is strength, first essay I wrote for the Nonfiction Writing class I took this past spring at KU. It’s come a long way since then, and I’m certain I will pay it. Microsoft Word , Political correctness , Word 2077 Words | 6 Pages. ART-O-METER scale essay Music is how to essay a form of expression; it is art, and essay health care what makes it of highest or lowest value can often be a matter of . A Movie In An Essay! personal choice. There are, however, universal ways of looking at a song’s value. First, one can analyze a song based on skills assignment essay the message the writer wants to reveal. Words construct meaning, which ultimately reveals a theme, and the power of the how to a movie in an, theme helps listeners decide a song’s worth and universal impact. Closely linked to a song’s theme is the song’s literary. Aspect of music , Broken heart , Fiction 1377 Words | 4 Pages.

Example of an finish thesis Ethnolect Based Essay. travelled, can appreciate humour, and that he would like to be perceived as an how to a movie essay educated person with further academic goals. The phonological features of a . Essay! person’s speech are the most obvious signposts to his or her origins or mother tongue. For example , Bill pronounces the ‘not’ in ‘not really’, ‘correct’, ‘just’ and ‘want’ by ending with a glottal stop (/?/), rather than the voiceless consonant (/t/). This occurs as final consonants are much less frequent in Mandarin than in how to a movie in an English and thus they. Australian English , British English , Dialect 953 Words | 3 Pages. the Usage of the health care, “N” Word When discussing the definition, effects, and the history behind the “N” word , it is how to essay interesting how . this word has managed to change over time from essay having a descriptive meaning, to a negative connotation, and to a positive controversial meaning. That is why there are those who believe that the a movie essay, “N” word should and should not be used, and there are those that believe that only some (or the essay in english, accepted ones) should use it in order to avoid conflicts.

This essay will go over how to in an, some. Black people , Hip hop , Hip hop music 918 Words | 3 Pages. disquisition, monograph; More 2. formal an attempt or effort. a misjudged essay synonyms: attempt, effort, endeavor, try, venture, . trial, experiment, undertaking his first essay in telecommunications a trial design of a postage stamp yet to wrigley, be accepted. verbformal verb: essay ; 3rd person present: essays ; past tense: essayed; past participle: essayed; gerund or present participle: essaying e?sa/ 1. attempt or try. essay a smile Origin late 15th century (as a verb in the sense ‘test the. Definition , Essay , Gerund 608 Words | 4 Pages. How to Avoid Going Over an write Essay Word Limit. to Avoid Going Over an writing assignment Essay Word Limit 1.Write first and how to a movie edit later. This is very important: If you constantly worry about . word limits, it is quite likely that you will end up discarding ideas that add to your paper. Alternatively, consider adding bullet-pointed thoughts as they arise if it bothers you to write too many words that will later require cutting back 2. Replace phrases with single words . There are always opportunities to say more with less. For example : Phrasal verbs, such as.

English passive voice , Passive voice , Phrase 1801 Words | 6 Pages. ?In this essay , it is finish thesis about the journal article that I had presented in the Journal Club. How To Write! In the following, I am going to summarize the . concerned clinical issue / practice presented in the journal article. In the second part of the essay , I will analyze the concerned clinical issue / practice and writing skills assignment essay relate to how to, my prior learning and/or experience. Essay Health! Next, I will discuss on what I have learned from the concerned clinical issue / practice. Lastly, I am going to recommend strategies to facilitate my learning. Health care provider , Illness , Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator 839 Words | 3 Pages. ?2000 Word Essay on how to write essay Disrespecting an NCO by SPC BUTLER On November 21, I received a negative counseling for disrespecting a Non . Commissioned Officer, though it was warranted by essay quotes a series of events I didn’t agree with I should have found a more appropriate way to voice my concerns. The online dictionary defines disrespect as an how to a movie in an essay expression of lack of respect and a fashion that is generally disrespectful and essay contemptuous. How To A Movie! I define disrespect as putting one down verbally, physical or emotionally. In.

Corporal , Non-commissioned officer , Officer 2059 Words | 3 Pages. Descriptive Essay 1) Definition: Descriptive essay is one of the many types of writing styles that provides a detailed . description for on unity a particular person, place, memory, experience or object. Descriptive essay is purposely created so readers can readily imagine its particular subject matter. It focuses on the five senses which are sight, smell, touch, sound and how to write in an taste. 2) Example : Spring Everyone has a comfortable place to escape to essay is strength, for relaxation. They go there when they need to be. Hearing , Odor , Olfaction 1017 Words | 4 Pages.

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3. What is language. Compound , English language , Etymology 785 Words | 4 Pages. moral or not. Writing Skills Writing Assignment! By betraying his own kin Momutu decided to give up his humanity, while on the other hand, Amoo gave up his own freedom to protect his family. . How To Essay! Testing with success series The Essay Exam Organization and neatness have merit Before writing out the exam: Write down their key words , listings, etc, as they are fresh in your mind. Otherwise these ideas may be blocked (or be unavailable) when the time comes to essay, write the a movie, later questions.

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Name: Andrew Gordon Subject: Exp201, Professor Morales Summary Assignment Forerunners Sei Shonagon: Hateful Things Essay question: . Consider Sei Shonagon’s definition of the word ‘hate’ in the Heian era. Is an mla format essay with quotes opinion considered hostile if it focuses on honesty and transparency of a situation? “Hateful Things” is an opinionated extract from the book “Pillow Talk” written by Sei Shonagon. How To Write Essay! Pillow Talk is care a collection of the lists, desires, poetry and judgmental conversations by Shonagon. Sei. Essay , Heian period , Japan 1371 Words | 4 Pages. creative talent. We start to in an, concentrate on educating them using a system that is predicated on academic ability and lacking development of creativity. This . discourages the practice of mla format essay quotes anything that we will not use to make a living in the future. Write A Movie In An Essay! An example of such discouragement is, when we tell our children they should be making better grades instead of practicing music, because they will never make a living being a musician.

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In his essay , “Slurring Spanish,” Luis Rodriguez highlights the difficulties of finish thesis bilingual speakers, specifically Spanish speakers, in a movie in an essay . Writing Assignment Essay! America. He concentrates on the challenges that Spanish speakers face in school from having English forced as the language to be spoken at all times, moreover Rodriguez points out two Spanish-speaking students that experienced the hardships of essay bilingual speakers in an “English Only” education system. Although Luis Rodriguez could have written his essay in his native. Bilingual education , English language , French language 1061 Words | 4 Pages. at Cram.com Upgrade | Hi Iamsiddha. Get Access to StudyMode.com - Complete Your Registration Now. StudyMode - Premium and Free Essays , . Term Papers Book Notes Essays Book Notes AP Notes Citation Generator More Essay On Eye Donation Wikipedia Essays and Term Papers Search Advanced Search Documents 1 - 20 of 47 Laser Eye Surgery Research essay Laser eye surgery Laser eye surgery The eye is the organ of sight. It is used in almost everything we do, from playing sport to essay project management, reading. Critical theory , Essay , Essays 1151 Words | 6 Pages.

A Definition Essay on the Word Romance. The Attraction of Romance Romance: the word the puts the art in heart, the word describes the actions that take place to imprint . your name in a girls head, the word that everyone thinks about when two people are madly in love with one another. Essay! The Oxford English Dictionary tells the essay care, word came from 1497 from a time when chivalry was the key to love. In this time, the word meant to how to write essay, be chivalrous, but in modern times to romance someone is to “put your moves on is strength them” to dazzle someone with your personality. English language , French language , Kid Rock 925 Words | 3 Pages. through 2061.

Both agreements stipulated the price of 3 Malaysian cents per 1,000 imperial gallons (4,500 L). The Malaysian government has stated that the how to a movie essay, . Care! agreements were signed during a different time and that the price should increase. They cite the example of water sold by China to a movie essay, Hong Kong in the past, which was approximately US$5.8 per 1,000 imperial gallons (4,500 L).[1] However, this price comparison is not directly applicable because while Hong Kong has borne the cost of constructing the essay wrigley, infrastructure. Desalination , Johor , Malaysia 803 Words | 3 Pages. ?One word essay : HARMONY Confucius once said “Let the write a movie essay, states of equilibrium and Harmony exist in essay health perfection, and write a movie in an essay a happy order . will prevail throughout heaven and earth, and all things will be nourished and finish thesis flourish.” Harmony is how to a movie in an defined as the state of being in writing assignment essay agreement or concord. Singapore is how to write a movie essay a bustling metropolis and essay with a multi-racial society, where people of different ethnic groups co-exist and lived harmoniously. Singapore has thrived rapidly because of how to write in an essay our openness to international trade. Ethnic group , Race 916 Words | 4 Pages.

1. In this essay I am going to care, compare Malta with Cyprus. Write! . 2. In this essay I am going to finish thesis, compare between Malta and write a movie in an essay Cyprus. 3. Writing Skills Writing! In this essay I am going to compare Malta to Cyprus. . Arabic language , Egypt , Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom 1276 Words | 7 Pages. BM 6105 Assignment BM 6105 Managing Change Assignment (3000 words ) Essay Due on Monday 14th of write in an essay January 2013 You are . required to write an writing skills essay supported with reference to the academic literature that answers the following question: • You have recently been appointed to your first management post following graduation. How To Write A Movie! You are keenly aware that as part of your management role you will be responsible for essay is strength in english managing change and a movie anticipate drawing on your BM 6105 studies to help you achieve success. Essay , Management , Organization 690 Words | 3 Pages. ? Essay Option #2 If you don't want to essay, take school seriously, then I guess I’ll look forward to seeing you working your shift at McDonald’s . In An Essay! when I stop by for the fries”. Assignment Essay! This is in an essay what my mom told me when I was an eighth grader. My parents are very accomplished people; my mother is a registered nurse and my father is a lawyer. So her words cut deep and hit me where it hurt.

Why was she telling me this? Because I deserved every bit of it. I was at a point in essay health care my life when I was very immature. I was. College , Father , High school 1107 Words | 4 Pages.

Free Information Technology essays. Nowadays people tend to how to write essay read articles or news directly from gadgets such as Smartphone and tablets. Wea??re already seeing some changes, even with semantics. For example, you publish a book, but you launch an e-book. E-books are more similar to the Internet than to skills writing traditional books. The lengths of e-books are changing.

E-books can be shorter than print books, as seen with long-form journalism and e-shorts by Byliner, Atavist, Kobo, and Kindle Singles. In An! E-books can also be published as serials, allowing for the agile model of publishing. Readers now have the chance to give input and help shape the content. The evolution of the E-Books make people change their reading habits. These habits lead to reduction of people visited the library. Library can be defined as a collection of sources of information and similar resources, made accessible to a defined community for reference or borrowing. It provides physical or digital access to material, and assignment, may be a physical building or room, or a virtual space, or both. In another words, people love to subscribe eBooks through gadgets than visit the library to write a movie find a books. In these situation library should play a role in increasing their information about people interest in the form of books and Journals.

It is because more people nowadays tend to management read E-Books or E-Journals than visiting the library. How To Write In An! Though e-readers are becoming more and more popular, theya??re not outdistancing print, and therea??s no indication that they will even in the future. In 2012, researcher found that of the adults questioned, only 5 percent of them read exclusively e-books. People of all ages prefer print books than E-books because of many reason. It will cover the pro and cons of print books and E-books. There will be a justification made in these report. The purposes of this report are; i) To justify the statement a?..Libraries should provide more books rather than invest in new technology such as ebooks and e-journals. ii) The pros and writing writing assignment essay, cons of E-Book and E-Journals.

With the in an essay advance of phones, tablets, and ereaders, ebooks have become a popular reading standard. Still, there’s something about the feel of an old-fashioned paper book. Mla Format Quotes! Ebooks can be read practically anywhere on anything, it really help when we in write a movie in an essay work and have no time to open a book. On another hand, some researchers discovered that 62 percent of the respondents actually prefer printed books to e-books, even though theya??re technically the technological and essay on unity, digital generation. i) Paper books cannot be deleted and real experience. There are few opinion that agree, library should invest more in books because books is how to in an more practical than ebooks. One of them are;

a??The ebook I was reading told me I was 84% finished with the on unity is strength in english book when the how to write a movie in an book ended. The remaining 16% was excerpts from the author’s other books, an finish thesis, author interview, and a discussion guide. Write A Movie Essay! Paper books are far superior when it comes to letting you know your place in a book, and that’s why I prefer booka?? In these case library should give more attention to providing a books than invest in technology. Libraries should be responsible for keeping paper books as one day the internet may not exist. It is mla format essay with a known fact that paper books are the only reliable and safe source of information. The best way to start and how to write in an, finish your book is reading the book itself. One day your gadget may lost all the finish thesis data because of technical problem such as virus and malware. A Movie In An Essay! There is no guarantee that ebooks will kept forever in our phone. Leta??s take an example, when A format their phone or laptop the data store in it will not exist and health, may deleted. A Movie! It will destruct the wrigley ebooks in their phone.

Lending print books couldna??t be easiera?” just grab the book and pass it along; no set-up or hassle involved. There is just something about print books that ebook cana??t compete with, the way the spine cracks the fist time ita??s open, the way the how to write a movie essay pages feel in your hands, the rich scent of paper, the way they wear over time and gain character. People will appreciate the books when they can touch, feel and read it. Mla Format Quotes! The best part it we can hold a pen and write down anything that we thought about how to a movie in an, every passage we read. While ebooks are probably going to be around for quite a while, there is something really special about essay with quotes, being able to hold something in your hands that your parents, grandparents, and other family members had when they were young. Some people love to sit with their family and a movie essay, holding a book than holding a tablet. It is because they will more concentrate on the book their read.

Seeing a shelf full of books and topics is inspiring and stimulates the imagination. Keeping books in handphone and bookshelf is much different. When we keep books in bookshelf we can see the books in our house or any place. If we keep the mla format essay quotes books in our gadgets, it was like the how to write essay books we read are never exist. The situation is we read and delete rather than read and keep it for our collection. It’s no secret that reading is care good for a movie in an essay you. Just six minutes of reading is enough to reduce stress by 68%, and numerous studies have shown that reading keeps your brain functioning effectively as you age. One study even found that elderly individuals who read regularly are 2.5 times less likely to develop Alzheimer’s than their peers. But not all forms of reading are created equal. ii) E-books are damaging our health. Ebooks will damaging our physical and essay wrigley, mental health than we might think.

When we read through smartphone, the a movie in an essay light from the essay project screen may destruct our sight and lead to eyes problem. Researchers have been examining the differences between reading regular books and e-books for how to write a movie years. Many of the studies have shown that reading old-fashioned books has plenty of advantages over skills, e-books, which can be gateways to other electronic distractions, all of which screw with your sleep. A Movie In An Essay! This is care why you should ditch the screen for printed pages. How To Write A Movie Essay! Using laptops or phones late at night to read doesn’t make way for restful sleep. Reading helps you de-stress faster or just as fast as listening to music, taking a walk, or having a cup of tea or coffee, according to writing skills essay a 2009 study. When researchers measured heart rate and muscle tension, they found that people relaxed just six minutes into reading. Write! But reading on a device might cancel out this effect, and may even impact your stress levels negatively. Repeated use of essay quotes mobile phones or laptops late at night has been linked to depression, higher levels of stress, and how to write, fatigue among young adults.

Constant use of technology not only disrupts our sleeping patterns and throws off our circadian rhythms, but it fosters a shorter attention span and fractured focus a?” online, we jump from meme to essay on unity in english meme and link to link, checking Facebook intermittently. How To Write A Movie! Social media and technological distractions also always seem to foster guilt and regret, and before we know it, three hours have passed and our brains feel like mush. People nowadays love to read something with visual than directly words by project management, words. Thata??s why people will love to check facebook than open their books in their smartphone or tablets. Reading an in an, old-fashioned paper book might seem out of style, wasteful, or impractical. Essay Care! But dona??t underestimate the simplicity of holding a physical book in your hands, flipping through the pages, and not having anything else to shift your focus to. How To! Commit to essay wrigley the classic paper book and you’ll get the full, healthier experience. Reading in print helps with comprehension. A 2014 study found that readers of a short mystery story on a Kindle were significantly worse at remembering the order of events than those who read the same story in paperback. Lead researcher Anne Mangen of Norway’s Stavanger University concluded that “the haptic and tactile feedback of a Kindle does not provide the same support for mental reconstruction of a story as a print pocket book does.”

iii) Survey about Prints books and E-books. Textbook makers, bookstore owners and college student surveys all say millennials still strongly prefer print for how to a movie essay pleasure and learning, a bias that surprises reading experts given the same groupa??s proclivity to consume most other content digitally. Marlene England (Owner of a bookstores) said millennials regularly tell her they prefer print because ita??s a??easier to follow stories.a?? Pew studies show the highest print readership rates are among those ages 18 to 29, and the same age group is still using public libraries in large numbers. Don Kilburn, North American president for Pearson, the largest publisher in writing writing assignment the world and the dominant player in write in an essay education, said the move to digital a??doesna??t look like a revolution right now. Care! It looks like an evolution, and ita??s lumpy at best.a?? And it can be seen most prominently on college campuses, where students still lug backpacks stuffed with books, even as they increasingly take notes (or check Facebook) on laptops during class. This is the report made by The Washington Post. This post shows that more people will choose prints book than E-books.

In order to justify this report, there is a survey has been conducted with 20 respondent. It will ask about which the respondent prefer in finding information. The question will cover their choices about prints books or E-books. Survey about Print Books Vs E-books. 1. How many Books have you read in the last year? a??11 or more Books. 2. How To In An! Have you purchased an E-book or a print book in the last 12 months? a??Ia??ve purchased only E-books.

a??Ia??ve purchased only printed books. a??Ia??ve bought both e-books and printed books. a??No Ia??havena??t purchased either. 3. Do you prefer to read E-Books or Print Books? a??Print books only. 4. Do you agree with the following statement: a??Library should invest more in books publication than ebooks and e journals..a?? a??Neither agree or disagree. Result of the survey. 1. How many Books have you read in the last year? Among the skills writing essay 20 respondent the majority will read four to five books in in an a year.

2. Have you purchased an E-book or a print book in wrigley the last 12 months? These finding shows more people prefer to purchased both e-books and write a movie, printed books. Skills Writing! Printed books are more popular among the reader. 3. Do you prefer to read E-Books or Print Books? The third questions shows that most of the respondent prefer print books than E-books. Essay! Many people wrote in essay their comments and had clear reasons for avoiding the screen like, a??Therea??s something about curling up with a good book in write a movie onea??s hands that cana??t be beata?? and a??I spend enough time on computers at writing assignment essay, work, need a breaka?? to a??I like the write in an feel of the pagesa??. Is Strength In English! Seems like the smell and feel of paper, curling up on a rainy afternoon with a mug of tea is better than seeing on screen with brighting light that can distract our eyes. 4. Do you agree with the following statement: a??Library should invest more in how to in an books publication than ebooks and e journals..a?? The last questions is finish thesis about the main topic that need to justify with the survey.

More respondents strongly agree that library should vary and invest in print books to satisfied people needs in reading a print books. The result show that most of them strongly agree library should invest more on how to write essay prints book than E-books. We will forget how good to hold a books in real and appreciate the writing in the print books. Library will play a main role in essay project management promoting a people to read a print books. Readers absorb less on Kindles and iPads than when they read on paper. A few years back, researcher wrote that it’s faster to read paper books than e-books, study shows. For a conclusion, it is better if we invest more on printed books because many people cana??t forget the smell of the how to write essay books and also the essay care sentimental value when we hold a book than smartphones.

The survey will be the evidence that print books may allow for deeper reading and how to write a movie in an essay, stronger understanding and memory than digital books. Nostalgia, comfort and convenience seem to be big reasons in favor for keeping the skills writing assignment essay physical book alive. Another study show that sixteen to 24-year-olds are known as the super-connected generation, obsessed with snapping selfies or downloading the latest mobile apps, so it comes as a surprise to learn that 62% prefer print books to ebooks. The two big reasons for write essay preferring print are value for money and an emotional connection to writing assignment physical books. How To A Movie In An Essay! On questions of ebook pricing, 28% think that ebooks should be half their current price, while just 8% say that ebook pricing is right. Sometimes books in digital form is mla format quotes expensive than books in write a movie essay printed form. People nowadays will consider much on the value of the things they buy. It is writing assignment better to buy something that we can see and hold than in virtual form.

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If you use part of essay health this page in your own work, you need to provide a citation, as follows: Essay UK, Books and ebooks . Available from: http://www.essay.uk.com/essays/information-technology/books-and-ebooks/ [05-10-17]. If you are the original author of this content and no longer wish to have it published on our website then please click on the link below to request removal: 10-05-17 - Image processing 09-05-17 - Integration of Cloud and Internet of Things 03-05-17 - Mobile ad-hoc network 02-05-17 - Technology used in hospitality industry 01-05-17 - The Personal Software ProcessSM (PSPSM) 21-04-17 - Software quality 20-04-17 - Data Warehouse for decision making 19-04-17 - Enhancing food security via a web based system 17-04-17 - Frame relay technology 15-04-17 - Competition and how to in an, Innovation: A Comparative Study of Telecommunications and Insurance (WIP) We offer professional custom essay writing, dissertation writing and coursework writing service.

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