5 paragraph essay on the red badge of courage

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Ielts Cue Card Topic With Answers Essays and Research Papers. MUET VERSUS IELTS . 5 Paragraph? In today’s global world, the importance of English cannot be denied and argumentative essay care reform ignored since English is the most common . language spoken everywhere. Although Malay language is our mother tongue, we still have to conquer this language if we want to compete with other international countries. With the help of developing technology, English has been playing a major role in many sectors including medicine, engineering, and education is the most important arena where English is needed. Dutch language , England , English language 1070 Words | 3 Pages.

frequently in your area? - Do people in your country like rain or not? Cue Card 1 Talk about an ancient piece kept in your . home. Please say - What is essay on the, it? - Who bought it? - Why is it important? Discussion 1 - Do people come to your home to see it? - Should every ancient piece be kept at home or not? Why? - Is there a famous museum in definition of dissertation paper your country? - Do you think historical buildings should be preserved or not? Cue Card 2 Talk about your favourite wild animal. Please say: - What animal is. Essay , Writing 1262 Words | 5 Pages. You need a packet of standard index cards , a selection of highlighters, (for example, yellow, pink, blue and green), and an easily-read pen.

I . suggest using one with either blue or black ink. The best (most useful) cue cards : have ONE main heading or idea per card are written clearly using larger than usual font (so you can read them easily) have plenty of white space around each word or phrase to essay on the red badge, help them stand out in middle, use bullet points or numbers to itemize the supporting. Check , Idea , IDeaS 833 Words | 3 Pages. IELTS Essay Topics 1 - Government Be sure to check out our other sample IELTS essay topics , too: . • Government (14 topics ) • Modern Society (21 topics ) • Technology (8 topics ) • Employment (3 topics ) • Environment (4 topics ) • Education (17 topics ) • Parents / Children (2 topics ) • Gender Issues (2 topics ) GOVERNMENT Should wealthy nations be required to 5 paragraph essay on the, share their wealth among poorer nations by providing such things as food and education? Or is it the - 2011-bcc, responsibility of the governments. Computer , Country classifications , Cyprus 1683 Words | 6 Pages. SPEAKING TOPICS FOR IELTS www.aippg.com/ ielts You can download this EBOOK for free at on the, – . www.freewebs.com/aungmyomin ---===NOTE TO USERS OF THIS EBOOK===--This ebook is a property of - 2011-bcc, www.aippg.com/ ielts and may be copyrighted. Therefore, please do not distribute it for commercial purposes. Everybody is free to download this book. Red Badge? Credits go to Mr.

Ian Carter (www.freewebs.com/sayagyi) who downloaded this book and copied it to outline presentation, me. Essay On The? IELTS SPEAKING TOPICS 1. Introduce yourself. 2. Describe. Debut albums , Friendship , Time 1031 Words | 3 Pages. ?IB Literature II—HL: Cue Card Instructions L.Lyon (Adapted from definition paper, A.Wiggins) Spring 2014 Contents of each Cue . Card : 1. AUTHOR and essay on the red badge of courage TEXTS (properly punctuated) Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller 2. BIRTH/DEATH DATES AND PLACES OF BIRTH/DEATH He was born on essays October 17, 1915 in essay of courage Harlem New York He died on February 10, 2005, in Roxbury, Connecticut. - 2011-bcc? 3. Essay Red Badge Of Courage? HISTORICAL DATE THE TEXT WAS PUBLISHED The play was first performed in secondary level 1949. That period was the essay on the red badge of courage, post war period for the Second World. Arthur Miller , Death of a Salesman , James Truslow Adams 1744 Words | 4 Pages. 2013.03.02.

IELTS Exam Preparation - IELTS Writing Sample #96 IELTS Exam IELTS Listening . Secrets Vocabulary Preparing Listening Forum IELTS Exam IELTS Home Downloads IELTS Speaking Test IELTS Writing Test IELTS Reading Test IELTS Listening Test Writing Task 1 - A Writing Task 1 - G Writing Task 2 IELTS Speaking IELTS Practice Tests IELTS General Tests IELTS Sample Exam IELTS Line Graphs IELTS FAQs IELTS Tips IELTS Writing Samples Speaking Part 1 Speaking Part 2 3 Search. Communication , Culture , Sleep 538 Words | 3 Pages. ?History of - 2011-bcc, IELTS IELTS test takers and 5 paragraph the organizations which rely on IELTS test results benefit from . - 2011-bcc? IELTS ' continuing investment in 5 paragraph red badge of courage quality assurance, research and development to ensure that the test remains robust and relevant. International teams of writers contribute to IELTS test materials and - 2011-bcc we invest in ongoing research to of courage, ensure that IELTS remains fair and unbiased – wherever and whenever the test is taken – and that IELTS encourages, reflects and respects international diversity and. British Council , England , English language 1552 Words | 6 Pages. 2008, Trung tam Anh ng GLN hi n la m t trong nh ng don v gi ng d y Anh van co uy tin nh t t i Ha N i. GLN cung c p cac khoa h c Anh van, luy n thi . IELTS ch t lu ng cao theo mo hinh: 1 th y 1 tro, 1 th y 10 tro, 1 th y 12 tro, 1 th y 16 tro. Presentation? ? i ngu giao vien t i GLN d u du c tuy n ch n k lu ng, co nhi u nam kinh nghi m gi ng d y Anh van va luy n thi IELTS , co trinh d su ph m va tam huy t v i ngh . Ben c nh do, GLN con co d i ngu tu v n chuyen nghi p, nhi t tinh va h th ng co s v t ch t hi n d i, giup. Digraph , Education , English language 2188 Words | 5 Pages. task. 5 Paragraph On The Red Badge Of Courage? Write about the following topic : Modern technology now allows rapid and uncontrolled access to and exchange of information. Far from writing essay in middle school, . being benefical, this is a danger to our societies.

What are your views? Give reasons for your answer and essay on the of courage include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words. © IELTS Exam Preparation 2007 Taken from IELTS Sample section in http://www.ielts?exam.net Sample Answer This answer would probably receive a Band. Paragraph , Pilcrow , Question 595 Words | 3 Pages. www.ieltsbuddy.com - Free online IELTS Advice IELTS Sample Essay - Alternative Medicine This IELTS sample essay . tackles the argumentative essay care, subject of alternative medicine. When you are asked whether you agree (or disagree), you can look at both sides of the 5 paragraph essay on the of courage, argument if you want. This shows that you have good academic skills as you are able to see both sides of the issue. Writing Essay? It can also sometimes be a good idea to look at both sides of the 5 paragraph red badge of courage, argument because it may be easier for you to brainstorm ideas. If you just.

Adverse effect , Alternative medicine , Anecdotal evidence 731 Words | 3 Pages. somewhere to stay give advice about essay in middle school, what to 5 paragraph red badge of courage, do give information about outline presentation, what clothes to bring Begin your letter as follows: Dear _______ You should write . at least 150 words. You should spend about 20 minutes on 5 paragraph essay on the red badge this task. (Question taken from definition, Instant IELTS by 5 paragraph on the of courage, Guy Brook-Hart) 3. Argumentative Essay Reform? Apologizing to essay on the red badge, a friend You borrowed an important textbook from a classmate last term. You now realize your classmate had returned home overseas and you still have the english secondary level, book. Write a letter to to him / her. In your letter: . Orthography , Party , Question 972 Words | 4 Pages. Currently (can be replace by recently… whatever you want) one of the topic that interests quite a lot of people in of courage society is - 2011-bcc, . _____________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________. To be more specific, there have been several opinions and 5 paragraph essay on the red badge statements on outline the topic , and one typically suggests that ____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ . Argument , Cat , Critical thinking 360 Words | 3 Pages. Free Topics of the Ielts Module for Practice.

Free topics of the IELTS writing module for practice. ? Most high level jobs are done by essay red badge, men. English Level? Should the government encourage . Essay On The? a certain percentage of these jobs to be reserved for women ? Are famous people treated unfairly by the media? Should they be given more privacy, or is the price of their fame an invasion into their private lives? ? Should developing countries concentrate on - 2011-bcc improving industrial skills or should they promote education first? ? Safety standards are important. Computer , Developing country , Nuclear power 1532 Words | 6 Pages. What makes your house pleasant? - Do you like sports? - Describe the kind of essay on the of courage, spots people do in of thesis your country. Essay On The Of Courage? Why? - Have you ever tried any sport? - Do . - 2011-bcc? you think sport affects the 5 paragraph essay on the of courage, person doing it? - Is there any sport you would like to try? Cue Card Describe how you usually communicate with your friends. Please say: - Are you communicating by phone, letters or e-mails? - What are the advantages and disadvantages of argumentative care reform, these ways? - Do your friends agree with this way of communication? - Which. 2006 singles , 2007 albums , 2007 singles 8186 Words | 37 Pages. IELTS academic and general writing. expected to essay on the red badge, produce?

4 What must you include in your answer ? 5 What sort of things do you think the level, examiners will be checking for? . UNDERSTANDING THE INSTRUCTIONS There are no 'right' or 'wrong' answers to essay of courage, this task, but you must read the question carefully and make sure you understand exactly what you have to write about. Academic Present a written argument or case to - 2011-bcc, an educated reader with no specialist knowledge of the 5 paragraph on the red badge of courage, following topic : OR General Training As part of - 2011-bcc, a class assignment . Idea , Introduction , Lay's 1454 Words | 6 Pages. IELTS General Training Writing Description | Paper Format | There are two Writing tasks to on the red badge, complete. Essays? | Timing | 60 minutes | No of . Questions | 2 | Task Types | In Task 1, candidates are asked to respond to 5 paragraph essay on the red badge, a situation, by argumentative essay health reform, writing a letter for 5 paragraph on the red badge, example, requesting information or explaining a situation. In Task 2, candidates write an essay in essays response to a point of view, argument or problem. | Answering | Answers must be given on essay red badge the answer booklet and must be written in full. Notes or.

Answer , Essay , Journalism 930 Words | 3 Pages. critical analysis of the ielts writing test. Critical Analysis of the IELTS writing test I. Introduction I.1. Background English is definition of dissertation, systematically used as the red badge, lingua franca . Presentation? between persons no sharing the same native language. 5 Paragraph Essay Of Courage? It is of dissertation paper, generally adopted as the first language by the majority populations of 5 paragraph red badge of courage, sovereign states, and is widely learned as a second language in outline of thesis most of the countries around the world. Recently, the 5 paragraph essay red badge, number of essay care reform, overseas students willing to study in 5 paragraph essay red badge universities in English-speaking countries has significantly. Assessment , English language , French language 1326 Words | 5 Pages. topic’s 9,10,11,12, of the module 3 leisure and travel, aswenring the exercise’s in the student book, and outline of thesis then, wirte five words related to income, at 5 paragraph essay on the red badge of courage, the . end write a statement using modals.

Procedure: 1.- see de brief introduction of outline of thesis presentation, topic 12. 5 Paragraph On The? 2.- Answer the exercise of the book. 3.- Write fiver words related to income 4.- Write a statement using modals. Outline? 5.- make a conlusion. Essay Red Badge? Results: Reading test Part 5 26.- d. taking out english, 27.- c. carefully 28.- c. surprised 29.-. Credit card , Debit card 320 Words | 3 Pages. advantages or disadvantages of it. 5 Paragraph? The golden rule is to ALWAYS read the question very carefully to see exactly what you are being asked to do.

View this . lesson for more practice on analyzing essay questions. How do I Write an IELTS Essay? In order to answer this, lets first look at a sample question: You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.Present a written argument to an educated reader with no specialist knowledge of the agarwala, following topic.In the essay red badge of courage, last 20 years there have been significant. Communication , Essay , Introduction 1236 Words | 4 Pages. IELTS writing - the essay health reform, editing process [pic] Sunday, June 14, 2009 Posted by Dominic Cole [pic][pic][pic] Writing for essay on the red badge, IELTS is . Level? quite different from academic writing for at least one very good reason: timing. 5 Paragraph Essay On The? In IELTS you only have 60 minutes to of dissertation, produce two pieces of writing, there are no second chances and essay of courage it isn't practical to draft and redraft.

However, in IELTS you still need to find time to check your writing and edit it for mistakes. Here are some very practical suggestions on how to go about. Error , Grammar , Linguistics 1096 Words | 4 Pages. ielts exam The illustration below shows the process of tying a bow tie. Write a report explaining to outline of thesis, a university lecturer how to essay on the red badge of courage, tie his . Argumentative Care Reform? bow tie. Write at least 150 words. Model Answer The diagram illustrates how to knot a bow tie in eight stages.

To begin with, the tie should be placed around the on the red badge of courage, neck, with one end slightly longer than the other. Of Thesis? Then place the longer end over the other and pass it upwards and behind the point where the two ends cross. Essay On The Red Badge Of Courage? Next, take the other end of the. Australopithecus , Australopithecus afarensis , Bow tie 781 Words | 3 Pages. tests. * Coordinating till the presentation, final closure of the positions. 5 Paragraph Red Badge Of Courage? * Handling the complete Recruitment life cycle Joining and Exit Formalities: * . Outline Presentation? Issuing Offer and Appointment Letters. On The? * Work-space allocation, creation of E-mail ID, ID Card for thesis, the New Joiners * Co-ordinate with Bank for essay on the red badge, their Corporate Account. Aseem? * Employee database maintenance. * Involved in the exit formalities. 5 Paragraph On The Of Courage? * Final Settlement of employee’s accounts. Attendance and - 2011-bcc Payroll Administration: *. Accounting software , Accounts payable , Accounts receivable 802 Words | 5 Pages. com/category/pathophysiology/page/3/ Staff nurses reqruitment http://vacancyforstaffnurse.blogspot.in/ Cricket . http://www.crictime.com/watch_live_cricket_streaming_1.htm http://www.iihcrecruiters.com/australia_main_page.htm FOR AUSTRALIA IELTS http://www.ielts.org//test_centre_search/search_results.aspx?TestCentreSearchSubRegion=4a93d759-990f-4c05-b72e-60abc221efd6 http://www.ielts-exam.net/index.php?option=com_contentamp;task=categoryamp;sectionid=7amp;id=20amp;Itemid=32 http://www.

1883 Words | 7 Pages. follow this career and carry out some researches on past events. Equally important, another advantage of learning history is to 5 paragraph essay of courage, enrich cinema industry. . Because of having deep knowledge about health reform, history, cinema makers can come up with creative ideas and topics , in order to create interesting movies to attract a great number of red badge of courage, audience, followed by their bigger profit. III. Benefits of Learning International news There are some advantages of learning international news. First, it is believed that studying. Digraph , Gh , Trigraph 972 Words | 3 Pages. people say that advertising encourages us to buy things we really do not need. Others say that advertisements tell us about new products that may improve our . lives.Which viewpoint do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer . 37) Some people think that children should begin their formal education at a very early age and english secondary should spend most of their time on school studies. Essay Red Badge Of Courage? Others believe that young children should spend most of - 2011-bcc, their time playing.

Compare these two views. Third World 864 Words | 3 Pages. What will you do if you are ill abroad? 162. Do you know what to do in case of emergency? 163. What will do if you cannot find a job in XXX? . 5 Paragraph Essay Red Badge? 164. Why do you want to immigrate to argumentative reform, XXX? 165.

What will you do after the IELTS test? 166. What will do if you fail the red badge, IELTS test? 167. How long have you been learning English? 168. What troubles you most at the moment? 169. Does your family support your decision on argumentative essay going XXX? What help do they offer. Chinese New Year 1932 Words | 3 Pages.

Part 1; About the IELlS test Part 2: For the 5 paragraph essay red badge of courage, student: How to prepare for IElTS The day of the outline presentation, test Unit 2: The Listening test 11 How . to 5 paragraph on the red badge, use this Unit listening Practice Tests Answer Sheet listening Practice Test 1 listening Practice Test 2 Listening Practice Test 3 listening Practice Test 4 listening Practice Test 5 Unit 3: The Reading test 47 How to use this Unit Reading Practice Tests Answer Sheet General Training Reading Practice Test 1 General Training Reading Practice. IELTS , Practice , Psychometrics 11008 Words | 116 Pages. __________________________________________________________________________________________ The results were a lot better than I expected. . __________________________________________________________________________________________ None of our other student friends knew the - 2011-bcc, answer either. __________________________________________________________________________________________ He said: ‘It’s hell being on your own.’ __________________________________________________________________________________________ IDENTIFYING. Academia , Colloquialism , Education 953 Words | 5 Pages. ======== 101 Ideas for Great Table Topics ======== Compiled by Mark LaVergne, DTM, Past International Director of Toastmasters International . Essay Red Badge Of Courage? Phone: 718-457-8390; Email: MarkLaVergne@aol.com Address: 38-11 Ditmars Boulevard, Astoria, NY 11105 Updated: May 2006 – Background and Acknowledgements on Page 14 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------== TABLE TOPIC IDEA #1 ------------------------------------. Grammatical person , Public speaking , Question 7902 Words | 5 Pages.

?D? 1/ Cue card Describe a situation where you helped other people. Essays Secondary Level? Please say - What kind of 5 paragraph, help and when was it? - Whom . did you help? - How often do you help others? D? 2/ Cue card Talk about a recently purchased gadget. Describe the product and say - What was the purpose of buying this particular product? - Where did you buy it? - Did somebody lend you money to writing and contrast in middle, buy it? D? 3/ Cue card Describe an advertisement that you saw and essay on the red badge liked. Please say - What advertisement was it? . Person , Tourism , Tourist attraction 1373 Words | 7 Pages. Whos Afraid of aseem agarwala thesis, Virginia Woolf - Cue Card.

?IB Literature II – HL : Cue Card Instructions 1. AUTHOR and TEXTS : Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? by red badge, Edward Albee 2. . BIRTH/DEATH DATES AND PLACES OF BIRTH/DEATH Edward Albee was born at March 12th, 1928 in America and is still currently alive. 3. HISTORICAL DATE THE PLAY WAS PUBLISHED: The play was initially published in October 13th, 1962 . Definition Paper? 4. SOCIO-POLITICAL CONTEXT THE AUTHOR WAS BORN OUT OF: Edward Albee was initially born with the name of essay on the, Edward Harvey in definition of dissertation 1928 and was abandoned. Essay Of Courage? He. Bloomsbury Group , Leonard Woolf , Naguib Mahfouz 1092 Words | 4 Pages. There are many presentation topics that college students can select. However, a successful presentation is determined by a number of factors, . thus it is important for writing a compare in middle school, a student to understand that an interesting presentation topic will not be enough. To start with, students should be armed with the necessary skills to on the of courage, create a captivating presentation. Using images in your college presentation Balance of agarwala thesis, graphics in your presentation is 5 paragraph essay red badge of courage, very important.

Although images and essays secondary beautiful fonts cannot. Coca-Cola , College , Decriminalization 724 Words | 3 Pages. Information for Candidates in Ielts Exam. around the world IELTS , the International English Language Testing System, is 5 paragraph on the red badge, designed to assess the language ability of english essays level, candidates who want . to study or work where English is the language of communication. IELTS is recognised by over 6,000 organisations worldwide, including universities, employers, professional bodies, immigration authorities and other government agencies. For a list of organisations that accept IELTS scores, visit http://bandscore.ielts.org Preparing to take IELTS Make sure you. Assessment , Candidate , IELTS 3614 Words | 13 Pages. Helpful Hints for 5 paragraph red badge, ACADEMIC MODULE BY GARRY ADAMS TERRY PECK Practice Tests and Hints for IELTS Listening • Reading • Writing • . Speaking fully updated for new IELTS Speaking Test format 101 Helpful Hints for writing essay school, IELTS PUBLISHER'S ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The publishers are grateful for permission to use copyright material.

We would like to essay on the, acknowledge the original sources of text material listed below. Permission has been sought to reproduce all material whose source could be identified. Information. Answer , Compact Cassette , English language 28652 Words | 87 Pages. ? IELTS Secret Key #1 - Time is your greatest enemy Monday, 23 April 2007 To succeed on the IELTS , you must use . Argumentative Essay Health Reform? your time wisely. Many students do not finish at least one module. The table below shows the time challenge you are faced with: Module Total time Questions Time for each question Listening 30 min 40 .75 min Reading 60 min 40 .67 min Writing 60 min 2 30 min Speaking 11-14 min N/A N/A As you can see, the time constraints are brutal. To succeed, you must. Answer , Clock , Passage 737 Words | 3 Pages.

SPEAKING QUESTIONS Where are you living? - Is it a house or an 5 paragraph essay of courage apartment? - Do you have a favorite room in the house? - What does make your house . Definition Paper? pleasant? - Is drawing important for an adult? - Do you find it difficult to draw? Cue Card Talk about a job that you would like to have. You should say - What is on the, it? - What skills are needed for it? - Why did you choose it? Discussion - What can you say about those who change their profession? - What do you think are the disadvantages/advantages. 2007 singles , 2008 albums , 2008 singles 2552 Words | 11 Pages. IELTS Writing Task 2: Useful Language Introducing the - 2011-bcc, topic * Some people argue that… * Have you ever considered… ? . * The question raises the 5 paragraph essay of courage, issue of… Stating an argumentative opinion (thesis statement) * I believe that… * It is essay of courage, my belief that… * This essay will argue that… Indicating the scope of the definition of dissertation, essay * In this essay, I will state… * This essay will examine… * … will be covered in this essay. Giving reasons * One reason for this is that… * This can be explained. Belief , Computer , Essay 720 Words | 4 Pages. What is 5 paragraph essay on the, IELTS ? Test Administration Academic and of dissertation paper General Training Test Format Preparing for the Test 4 4 4 5 IELTS Test . Results Test Scores Test Report Form Interpretation of Results 6 6 7 8 11 Tests Listening Reading Writing Speaking 13 Test Registration and 5 paragraph on the Administration 14 Transferring Answers to writing and contrast essay school, the Answer Sheet 15 Candidates with Special Needs 15 Other Difficulties 16 Security of on the red badge, IELTS 16 Question Paper Development and Research 17 Test Centres 20 Official IELTS Practice. British Council , Candidate , IELTS 9980 Words | 54 Pages.

them there. Once I left, I looked back and saw this path towards that day so clearly — to me it made perfect sense. So much so that when friends asked me . later, “How could you leave such a life — not having to health care reform, work, good parents, nice house?” I would answer , “How could I not?” And yet, I had never felt so humbled. With my leaving came the realization of how very little I had known my Self all those years. 5 Paragraph Red Badge? I did not leave gracefully. I did not expect my soul to be such an urgent and a compare and contrast in middle school powerful force. Love , Rainer Maria Rilke , Walk This Way 2146 Words | 6 Pages. mainp _ softvnn.com Cambridge IELTS 3 Examination papers from the University of Cambridge Local Examination Syndicate C AMBRIDGE . UNIVERSITY PRESS mainp _ softvnn.com PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon. Cigarette , IELTS , Lung cancer 45826 Words | 163 Pages. 7 Things to Remember For an Extemporaneous Speech By Jim Peterson 1. The secret of 5 paragraph on the, successful public speaking and speech writing is - 2011-bcc, using one central . idea.

You can talk about many speech topics , but always refer back to - reinforce - that theme or a thesis. It's the essay of courage, only way the secondary level, audience will remember your message. 2. Capture the central idea of your extemporaneous in one full sentence. Essay Of Courage? It should be a single, declarative sentence. Make sure that you make a specific statement. What do you want. Critical thinking , Phrase , Point 716 Words | 3 Pages. Associate Program Material Narrowing a Topic Example Worksheet Review the following example worksheet: |What general . Essays Secondary? topic have you selected? |Education | | | | | | . English-language films , Essay , Following 347 Words | 3 Pages. The Answer Is No From centuries to centuries the essay red badge, role of outline of thesis presentation, women has been predominantly subordinate to 5 paragraph, the role of men. Men have been known to be . superior in both physical and mental levels. They are also most likely to aseem agarwala thesis, have an essay on the of courage upper hand in situations based on - 2011-bcc their gender.

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UniversitiTeknologiMARA Johor Segamat branchfor providing mean opportunity to do this research. This research must be taken from any research journals or . academic journals. Essay Red Badge? The topic of this research should be related to the subject Personal Finance and Planning (FIN533) only. Outline Of Thesis? It can be the 5 paragraph, either main topics or sub topics of the whole lesson. Presentation? As the research requirements, I had made a report or summary out of this research. This report are containing the following as such Abstract, Research Problems. Consumer debt , Credit card , Credit card debt 1770 Words | 7 Pages. PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Topic : Product decisions in marketing (PRODUCT) Case No.

4: “SMART Cards ” . ____________________________________________________________________________ SMART CARDS S mart is the operative word among many product developers these days. For example, smart card is the name of an advanced form of essay, pocket- and purse-sized cards that may soon usher in a new era of level, cashless electronic commerce. Although they resemble familiar ATM cards , each smart card is red badge, equipped with a computer. Automated teller machine , Contactless smart card , Credit card 1204 Words | 4 Pages. CH3CH2CHBrCH3 2-bromopropane C CH3CHBr(CH3)CH3 2-bromo-2-methylpropane D CH3CH(CH3)CH2Br 1-bromo-2-methylpropane 7. Which of the - 2011-bcc, halogenoalkanes . in the previous question will react fastest with aqueous silver nitrate? Give a reason for essay of courage, your answer . C, as it forms a tertiary carbocation, which is the outline of thesis, most stable intermediate. Essay On The Red Badge Of Courage? 8. An unknown halogenoalkane , with molecular formula C2H5X reacts with hot aqueous silver nitrate to give a yellow ppt. - 2011-bcc? a) identify the halogen Yellow ppt.

Alcohol , Chemical formula , Ethanol 1588 Words | 7 Pages. Cues Customers Seek in a New Website to Gain Trust towards the 5 paragraph essay on the of courage, Brand and the Service. What cues do customers look for definition of dissertation paper, in a new website to gain trust towards the red badge of courage, brand and the service? These are the outline presentation, main variables to be aware of . and look for essay on the red badge of courage, as an interviewer(they are not hypothesis as such, but rather guidelines to walk by): H1: Trustworthiness is a major factor customers asses before deciding to purchase a product or service online from, especially if it is an unknown vendor. (Theory has proven this) H2: Website Design cues (what design cues get mentioned the most and with what. Web design , Website , Websites 1167 Words | 5 Pages. University of Phoenix Material Strategies for - 2011-bcc, Selecting a Topic Complete the following table. Of Courage? |Question . | Answer | |What two objects, people, subjects, or concepts are you going to a compare and contrast essay in middle school, |Paleo diet vs.

Alli diet | |compare and contrast? | . Dieting , Difference , Health 340 Words | 3 Pages. IELTS HIGHER TM Practice Test 09 IELTS HIGHER GENERAL TRAINING PRACTICE TESTS TEST 09 ©2000 - 2012 . 5 Paragraph Essay Red Badge Of Courage? IELTS HIGHER, A member of - 2011-bcc, COTTON ON TO Ltd. 5 Paragraph On The Red Badge? All Rights Reserved Worldwide. http://www.ielts-higher.com/ The contents are for your own individual study only and may not be shared or transmitted in any form. Presentation? If you breach this copyri ght you could face legal action against you. IELTS HIGHER TM Practice Test 09 Many thanks for using IELTS HIGHER! Everyone at essay, IELTS HIGHER. 2002 albums , All rights reserved , Copyright 13523 Words | 56 Pages.

?Describe the book that you like most What is the name of it? When did you read it? From where did you collect it? Explain why you like the book? Describe a . - 2011-bcc? movie that made a good impression on you.

What is the name of the essay on the, movie? When did you watch it? Who else was with you? Explain why it made such impression on you. Describe a television programme you found interesting? What is the name of it? When did you first watch it?

What type of programme is it? Explain why you think it is interesting . 2000 albums , 2007 singles , American films 1213 Words | 6 Pages. 101 IELTS Speaking Part Two Topic cards that tie in with IELTS Speaking Part One Students often find . Argumentative Essay Health Care? moving from 5 paragraph essay on the red badge of courage, practising the question and answer format of speaking about themselves in IELTS Speaking Part One to speaking more generally for 1 or 2 minutes non-stop in writing a compare and contrast school IELTS Speaking Part Two to 5 paragraph essay on the of courage, be quite a jump. Of Thesis? Luckily, the 6 to 8 most popular topics in essay IELTS Speaking Part One (e.g. Writing A Compare And Contrast School? Friends and Families) can also come up in 5 paragraph Part Two (although the same topic is health, never used twice in the same test). 1999 singles , Debut albums , Form of the Good 5430 Words | 14 Pages.

People A childhood friend Describe a friend you had when you were a child You should say: How you first met How long you were friends What you used to do . together And explain why you liked this person. An old person Describe an old person you admire. You should say: Who this person is How long you have known him/her What qualities he/she have And say why you admire him/her An adventurous person Describe an red badge adventurous person who you know. Essay Health Care? You should say. Cooking , Critical thinking , Friendship 763 Words | 3 Pages. working conditions 1. Union/employee contact: by employee employer or union organizer 2. Initial organizational meeting 3. Formation of 5 paragraph, in-house committee 4. . Organizing campaign: contacts employees, present case, encourage employees to sign authorization card 5. Vote outcome: rejection or certified by LRB Both mgmt. and union - gather data on agarwala thesis general economic trends - analyze other collective agreements - conduct analysis of 5 paragraph red badge of courage, grievances - review existing contract or union’s promises - conduct wage and.

Cash balance plan , Employment , Employment compensation 9201 Words | 33 Pages. Syllabus Road to IELTS General Training Unit 1: Leisure entertainment Words: Words and phrases to of thesis, talk about leisure . 5 Paragraph On The Red Badge? activities, sports, games and equipment Listening: A talk about places to eat out in a town; a conversation about a survey on writing a compare essay popular forms of essay on the of courage, physical activity Reading: An article about a new top spot to visit in London; a brochure from - 2011-bcc, a museum of 5 paragraph essay red badge, games Writing (1): Practice exercises for writing a letter of introduction Writing (2): Practice exercises for. Language , Music video , Orthography 1140 Words | 7 Pages. Chapter 4 Selecting a topic and purpose 1. 1) Topic : Eating disorders Specific purpose: To inform my audience about and contrast essay, . the 5 paragraph essay red badge of courage, causes of argumentative health reform, eating disorders. Specific purpose: To persuade my audience about crating good eating habits in of courage order to avoid eating disorders. Secondary? 2) Topic : Lengua Meta Classes Specific purpose: To inform my audience that with only 5 Lengua Meta Classes we just achieve a B2 level in English proficiency. Specific purpose: To persuade my audience that the authorities. Alpine skiing , Alpine skiing combined , Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder 504 Words | 3 Pages. Credit Card Accountability Responsibility and 5 paragraph essay on the red badge Disclosure Act. ? Credit Card Accountability Responsibility and Disclosure Act The Credit Card Accountability, Responsibility, and . Thesis? Disclosure Act was signed into law by President Obama on may 22, 2009 and is suppose to protect consumers and to “bring some common sense and 5 paragraph red badge of courage rationality into our financial system” (Robert Gibbs, the White House spokesman).

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43 Resume Tips That Will Help You Get Hired. When you haven’t updated your resume in a while, it can be hard to essay of courage, know where to health, start. 5 Paragraph Red Badge? What experiences and accomplishments should you include for the jobs you’ve got your eye on? What new resume rules and essays level trends should you be following? And seriously, one page or two? Well, search no more: We’ve compiled all the resume advice you need into one place. Read on for tips and tricks that’ll make sure you craft a winning resume—and help you land a job. Your resume should not have every work experience you’ve ever had listed on it.

Think of your resume not as a comprehensive list of your career history, but as a marketing document selling you as the perfect person for the job. Essay Red Badge Of Courage? For each resume you send out, you’ll want to highlight only the accomplishments and skills that are most relevant to the job at hand (even if that means you don’t include all of your experience). Job search expert Lily Zhang explains more about what it means to tailor your resume here . 2. English Essays Secondary Level? But Keep a Master List of All Jobs. Since you’ll want to be swapping different information in and out depending on the job you’re applying to, keep a resume master list on red badge your computer where you keep any information you’ve ever included on a resume: old positions, bullet points tailored for - 2011-bcc, different applications, special projects that only sometimes make sense to include. Then, when you’re crafting each resume, it’s just a matter of cutting and essay on the red badge of courage pasting relevant information together. Think of a compare essay this as your brag file . Essay On The Red Badge Of Courage? 3. Put the Best Stuff “Above the argumentative reform, Fold” In marketing speak, “above the fold” refers to what you see on 5 paragraph essay red badge the front half of argumentative a folded newspaper (or, in 5 paragraph essay on the of courage, the digital age, before you scroll down on a website), but basically it’s your first impression of a document. In resume speak, it means you should make sure your best experiences and accomplishments are visible on the top third of outline presentation your resume. 5 Paragraph Essay? This top section is what the argumentative essay care, hiring manager is going to see first—and what will serve as a hook for someone to keep on reading. So focus on putting your best, most relevant experiences first—and then check out these five other marketing tricks to of courage, get your resume noticed . According to of dissertation, Zhang , the only occasion when an objective section makes sense is when you’re making a huge career change and need to explain from the get-go why your experience doesn’t match up with the position you’re applying to. In every other case? Consider whether a summary statement would be right for you —or just nix it altogether to save space and focus on 5 paragraph on the red badge of courage making the rest of your resume stellar.

There are lots of different ways to organize the essay, information on 5 paragraph essay your resume, but the good old reverse chronological (where your most recent experience is essay school, listed first) is still your best bet. On The Red Badge? Unless it’s absolutely necessary in your situation, skip the skills-based resume—hiring managers might wonder what you’re hiding. The two- (or more!) page resume is - 2011-bcc, a hotly debated topic , but the essay red badge, bottom line is this—you want the writing and contrast school, information here to be concise, and 5 paragraph on the of courage making yourself keep it to one page is a good way to force yourself to do this. If you truly have enough relevant and important experience, training, and credentials to - 2011-bcc, showcase on more than one page of your resume, then go for essay on the red badge, it. But if you can tell the same story in less space?

Do. Essay Health? If you’re struggling, check out these tips for cutting your content down , or work with a designer to see how you can organize your resume to fit more in less space. Can’t figure out on the red badge of courage how to tell your whole story on one page, or want to be able to - 2011-bcc, include some visual examples of your work? Instead of essay red badge trying to outline presentation, have your resume cover everything, cover the most important details on that document, and 5 paragraph essay red badge of courage then include a link to your personal website , where you can dive more into agarwala thesis, what makes you the essay, ideal candidate. We’ll talk about getting creative in definition, order to stand out in a minute. But the most basic principle of good resume formatting and design? Keep it simple.

Use a basic but modern font, like Helvetica, Arial, or Century Gothic. Make your resume easy on red badge hiring managers’ eyes by using a font size between 10 and 12 and argumentative essay care leaving a healthy amount of white space on the page. You can use a different font or typeface for your name, your resume headers, and the companies for which you’ve worked, but keep it simple and keep it consistent. Your main focus here should be on readability for the hiring manager. That being said, you should feel free to… Really want your resume stand out from the sea of Times New Roman? Yes, creative resumes—like infographics, videos, or presentations—or resumes with icons or graphics can set you apart, but you should use them thoughtfully. If you’re applying through an ATS, keep to the standard formatting without any bells and 5 paragraph essay on the whistles so the computer can read it effectively. If you’re applying to a more traditional company, don’t get too crazy, but feel free to add some tasteful design elements or a little color to make it pop. No matter what, don’t do it unless you’re willing to put in the time, creativity, and essay health design work to make it awesome. 10.

Make Your Contact Info Prominent. You don’t need to include your address on your resume anymore (really!), but you do need to make sure to include a phone number and professional email address (not your work address!) as well as other places the hiring manager can find you on the web, like your LinkedIn profile and 5 paragraph red badge of courage Twitter handle. (Implicit in this is outline presentation, that you keep these social media profiles suitable for prospective employers.) You’ve heard before that hiring managers don’t spend a lot of time on each individual resume. So help them get as much information as possible, in on the red badge, as little time as possible. These 12 small formatting changes will make a huge difference. Know that design skills aren’t your strong suit but want your resume to aseem thesis, look stunning? There’s no shame in getting help, so consider working with a professional resume designer.

This is arguably the most important document of your job search, so it’s worth getting it exactly right! 13. Keep it Recent, Keep it Relevant. As a rule, you should only show the on the, most recent 10-15 years of your career history and only include the experience relevant to the positions to which you are applying. And remember to allocate real estate on your resume according to importance. If there’s a choice between including one more college internship or going into - 2011-bcc, more detail about your current role, always choose the 5 paragraph essay of courage, latter (unless a previous job was more relevant to the one you’re applying to). 14. No Relevant Experience? No Worries! Don’t panic if you don’t have any experience that fits the bill.

Instead, Zhang explains , focus your resume on your relevant and transferrable skills along with any related side or academic projects, and secondary level then make sure to essay red badge of courage, pair it with a strong cover letter telling the narrative of argumentative essay care why you’re ideal for the job. No matter how long you’ve been in a job, or how much you’ve accomplished there, you shouldn’t have more than five or six bullets in a given section. No matter how good your bullets are, the recruiter just isn’t going to 5 paragraph essay red badge of courage, get through them. Check out these tips for argumentative health reform, writing impressive bullet points . You may be tempted to throw in tons of industry jargon so you sound like you know what you’re talking about, but ultimately you want your resume to be understandable to the average person. Remember that the first person who sees your resume might be a recruiter, an assistant, or even a high-level executive—and you want to be sure that it is readable, relevant, and interesting to on the of courage, all of them.

Use as many facts, figures, and numbers as you can in paper, your bullet points. How many people were impacted by your work? By what percentage did you exceed your goals? By quantifying your accomplishments, you really allow the hiring manager to 5 paragraph on the of courage, picture the level of work or responsibility you needed to achieve them. Even if you don’t actually work with numbers, here are some secrets to adding more to - 2011-bcc, your resume . Essay Red Badge Of Courage? People hire performers, so you want to show that you didn’t just do stuff, but that you got stuff done! As you look at your bullet points, think about health care reform, how you can take each statement one step further and add in what the 5 paragraph on the of courage, benefit was to your boss or your company. By doing this, you clearly communicate not only agarwala thesis, what you’re capable of, but also the direct benefit the employer will receive by hiring you.

If you’re not sure how to explain your impact, check out these tips for of courage, turning your duties into accomplishments . Describing soft skills on - 2011-bcc a resume often starts to sound like a list of meaningless buzzwords, fast. But being a “strong leader” or an “effective communicator” are important characteristics you want to get across. On The Of Courage? Think about how you can demonstrate these attributes in your bullet points without actually saying them. Zhang demonstrates here how you can show five different qualities with the same bullet point—try it yourself until you get the result you’re going for! 20. Don’t Neglect Non-Traditional Work. Essay Health? There’s no law that says you can only put full-time or paid work on your resume. On The Of Courage? So, if you’ve participated in a major volunteer role, worked part-time, were hired as a temporary or contract worker , freelanced, or blogged? Absolutely list these things as their own “jobs” within your career chronology. If every bullet in - 2011-bcc, your resume starts with “Responsible for,” readers will get bored very quickly.

Use our handy list of better verbs to mix it up ! Use keywords in your resume: Scan the job description, see what words are used most often, and make sure you’ve included them in your bullet points. Not only is 5 paragraph essay on the red badge, this a self-check that you’re targeting your resume to of dissertation, the job, it’ll make sure you get noticed in 5 paragraph red badge of courage, applicant tracking systems. Stuck on which words to include? Dump the job description into writing and contrast essay, a tool like TagCrowd , which will analyze and spit out the 5 paragraph of courage, most used keywords. Presentation? What words shouldn’t you include? Detail-oriented, team player, and hard worker—among other vague terms that recruiters say are chronically overused . Red Badge? We bet there’s a better way to aseem agarwala, describe how awesome you are. 24. Experience First, Education Second.

Unless you’re a recent graduate, put your education after your experience. Chances are, your last couple of jobs are more important and relevant to you getting the job than where you went to college. 25. Red Badge? Also Keep it Reverse Chronological. Usually, you should lay down your educational background by of thesis presentation listing the most recent or advanced degree first, working in reverse chronological order. But if older coursework is essay on the of courage, more specific to the job, list that first to grab the reviewer’s attention. Don’t list your graduation dates.

The reviewer cares more about whether or not you have the of dissertation paper, degree than when you earned it. Red Badge? If you graduated from college with high honors, absolutely make note of of thesis it. While you don’t need to list your GPA, don’t be afraid to 5 paragraph on the red badge of courage, showcase that summa cum laude status or the fact that you were in the honors college at your university. Essay School? 28. Include Continuing or Online Education. Essay Of Courage? Don’t be afraid to include continuing education, professional development coursework, or online courses in of dissertation, your education section, especially if it feels a little light. Kelli Orrela explains , “Online courses are a more-than-accepted norm nowadays, and your participation in them can actually show your determination and motivation to get the skills you need for your career.” Be sure to add a section that lists out 5 paragraph of courage all the relevant skills you have for a position, including tech skills like HTML and Adobe Creative Suite and - 2011-bcc any industry-related certifications. Just make sure to skip including skills that everyone is 5 paragraph, expected to have, like using email or Microsoft Word. Doing so will actually make you seem less technologically savvy. If you have lots of skills related to agarwala thesis, a position—say, foreign language, software, and leadership skills—try breaking out one of red badge those sections and listing it on its own.

Below your “Skills” section, add another section titled “Language Skills” or “Software Skills,” and detail your experience there. Again—we’re going for skimmability here, folks! Feel free to include an “Interests” section on your resume, but only add those that are relevant to the job. Are you a guitar player with your eye on a music company? Definitely include it. But including your scrapbooking hobby for a tech job at a healthcare company? Don’t even think about it. 32. Outline Of Thesis? Beware of Interests That Could Be Controversial. Maybe you help raise money for your church on essay the reg.

Or perhaps you have a penchant for canvassing during political campaigns. Yes, these experiences show a good amount of argumentative essay health work ethic—but they could also be discriminated against by someone who disagrees with the cause. Zhang explains here how to weigh the decision of whether to include them or not. Do include awards and accolades you’ve received, even if they’re company-specific awards. Just state what you earned them for, e.g., “Earned Gold Award for having the company’s top sales record four quarters in a row.” What about personal achievements—like running a marathon—that aren’t totally relevant but show you’re a driven, hard worker? Zhang shares the proper ways to include them.

Gaps and Other Sticky Resume Situations. If you stayed at a (non-temporary) job for only a matter of months, consider eliminating it from your resume. According to The New York Times ’ career coach , leaving a particularly short-lived job or two off your work history shouldn’t hurt, as long as you’re honest about your experience if asked in an interview. If you have gaps of a few months in 5 paragraph on the of courage, your work history, don’t list the definition of dissertation, usual start and end dates for each position. Of Courage? Use years only (2010-2012), or just the number of and contrast essay in middle school years or months you worked at your earlier positions.

If you’ve job-hopped frequently, include a reason for leaving next to each position, with a succinct explanation like “company closed,” “layoff due to 5 paragraph essay of courage, downsizing,” or “relocated to - 2011-bcc, new city.” By addressing the 5 paragraph essay red badge, gaps, you’ll proactively illustrate the reason for english secondary level, your sporadic job movement and make it less of an issue. Re-entering the workforce after a long hiatus? This is the perfect opportunity for a summary statement at the top, outlining your best skills and accomplishments. Then, get into your career chronology, without hesitating to include part-time or volunteer work. See more tips from Jenny Foss for killing it on your comeback resume. Essay On The? Don’t try to creatively fill in writing and contrast school, gaps on your resume. For example, if you took time out of the workforce to raise kids, don’t list your parenting experience on your resume, a la “adeptly managed the growing pile of laundry” (we’ve seen it). While parenting is as demanding and intense a job as any out there, most corporate decision makers aren’t going to take this section of 5 paragraph essay on the red badge of courage your resume seriously. 39. Ditch “References Available Upon Request” If a hiring manager is interested in you, he or she will ask you for references—and will assume that you have them.

There’s no need to argumentative essay care reform, address the obvious (and doing so might even make you look a little presumptuous!). It should go without saying, but make sure your resume is free and clear of typos. And don’t rely on 5 paragraph essay red badge of courage spell check and grammar check alone—ask family or friends to take a look at it for you (or get some tips from an editor on of dissertation paper how to perfect your own work ). If emailing your resume, make sure to always send a PDF rather than a .doc. That way all of your careful formatting won’t accidentally get messed up when the hiring manager opens it on his or her computer. To make sure it won’t look wonky when you send it off, Google’s head of HR Laszlo Bock suggests, “Look at it in both Google Docs and Word, and then attach it to an email and open it as a preview.” Ready to save your resume and send it off? Save it as “Jane Smith Resume” instead of “Resume.” It’s one less step the hiring manager has to take.

Carve out on the red badge some time every quarter or so to pull up your resume and make some updates. Have you taken on new responsibilities? Learned new skills? Add them in. When your resume is updated on a regular basis, you’re ready to pounce when opportunity presents itself. And, even if you’re not job searching, there are plenty of good reasons to keep this document in tip-top shape. Photo courtesy of Hero Images / Getty Images . Erin Greenawald is a freelance writer, editor, and content strategist who is passionate about elevating the argumentative essay care reform, standard of writing on the web.

Erin previously helped build The Muse’s beloved daily publication and led the company’s branded content team. If you’re an 5 paragraph on the red badge individual or company looking for help making your content better—or you just want to go out to secondary level, tea—get in touch at eringreenawald.com. Hmmm, seems you#39;ve already signed up for this class. While you#39;re here, you may as well check out all the amazing companies that are hiring like crazy right now.

Essay on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Read this essay to learn about Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). After reading this essay you will learn about: 1. Introduction to FDI 2. Concept of FDI 3. 5 Paragraph On The Red Badge. Foreign Portfolio Investment 4. Raison d’etre 5. Benefits 6. Selection 7. Negative Impact 8. Types 9. Theories 10. Patterns 11. Policy Framework 12. Promotion 13. FDI Trends in India. Essay on the Introduction to FDI Essay on the Concept of FDI Essay on Foreign Portfolio Investment in aseem, comparison to essay on the FDI Essay on Raison d’etre for FDI Essay on the Benefits of FDI Essay on the Selection of FDI Destinations Essay on the Negative Impact of Foreign Direct Investment Essay on the Types of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Essay on the Theories of Foreign Direct Investment Essay on the Patterns of FDI Essay on the Policy Framework to Promote Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Essay on the Promotion of Foreign Direct Investment in writing a compare essay in middle school, India(FDI) Essay on FDI Trends in India. International trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) are the 5 paragraph red badge, two most important international economic activities integrating the aseem thesis, world economy. On The. With the increase in argumentative reform, the mobility of factors of production across countries, FDI has become an essay red badge integral part of a firm’s strategy to expand international business.

FDI is the largest source of external finance for developing countries. At present, inward stock of and contrast in middle, FDI amounts to about one-third of the developing countries’ gross domestic product (GDP), compared to merely 10 per cent in 1980. FDI plays a crucial role in the development process of host economies. Essay On The. It also has a significant role in enhancing exports of the host country. Outline Presentation. It is estimated that the sales from foreign-owned facilities are about double the value of 5 paragraph essay of courage, world trade. FDI not only serves as a source of capital inflow into host economies, but also helps to argumentative enhance the competitiveness of the domestic economy through transferring technology, strengthen­ing infrastructure, raising productivity, and generating new employment opportunities. FDI has often been viewed as a threat by host countries due to the capacity of transnational investing firms to influence economic and political affairs.

Many developing countries often fear FDI as a modern form of economic colonialism and exploitation, similar to their previous unpleasant experiences with colonial powers. Yet, FDI flows are generally preferred to essay of courage other forms of external finance because these are non-debt creating, non-volatile, and the returns depend on argumentative essay care, the performance of the project financed by the investors. FDI is essay considered superior to other types of capital flows due to various reasons: i. Firms entering a host country through FDI have a long-term perspective in contrast to foreign lenders and portfolio investors. Essays Secondary Level. Therefore, FDI flows are less volatile and easier to sustain at the time of economic crisis. ii. Debt inflows may finance consumption whereas FDI is more likely to be used to improve productivity. iii. Since FDI provides more than just capital by offering access to internationally available technologies, management know-how, and marketing skills, it is likely to have a strong impact on economic growth. A firm has to 5 paragraph essay on the of courage evaluate various options to cater to foreign markets and care, select the essay on the of courage, most appropriate mode of international business expansion.

Geographical distances of markets or resources, especially for low-value products, make it more attractive to get into manufacturing operations overseas. In addition, the firm has to carry out a risk benefit analysis of licensing vis-a-vis ownership for its international operations. A foreign firm investing in argumentative essay health care, India should understand the institutional and regulatory framework for investment promotion in India. In simple terms, FDI means acquiring ownership in an overseas business entity. It is the on the red badge, movement of capital across national frontiers, which gives the - 2011-bcc, investor control over the assets acquired. FDI occurs when an investor based in one country (the home country) acquires an 5 paragraph essay on the red badge asset in another country (the host country) with the intent to manage it.

It is the management dimension that distinguishes FDI from english secondary level, portfolio investment in foreign stocks and on the red badge of courage, other financial instruments. Conceptually, a firm becomes a multinational corporation (MNC) by way of FDI as its operations extend to multiple countries. FDI is of thesis defined as an investment involving a long-term relationship and reflecting a lasting interest and control by a resident enterprise (foreign direct investor or parent enterprise) in one economy in an enterprise (FDI enterprise or affiliate enterprise or foreign affiliate) resident in an economy other than that of the foreign direct investor.’ For acquiring substantial controlling interest, generally 10 per on the red badge, cent or more equity is to be acquired in the foreign firm. The ‘lasting interest’ implies the existence of a long- term relationship between the direct investor and the enterprise wherein a significant degree of influence is level exerted by the investor in the management of the direct investment enterprise. Direct investment enterprise refers to an incorporated enterprise in which a foreign investor owns 10 per cent or more of the ordinary shares of voting power or an 5 paragraph red badge of courage unincorporated enterprise in which a foreign investor has equivalent ownership. Ownership of 10 per cent of the ordinary shares or voting stock is the criterion for determining the existence of a direct investment relationship. These are either directly or indirectly owned by the direct investor. The definition of direct investment enterprise extends to the branches and subsidiaries of the direct investor. FDI is characterized by decreased sensitivity to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. Since FDI is the result of secondary, a long-term perspective by the investor, it is 5 paragraph red badge of courage much less volatile than foreign portfolio investment.

It has been reported that most FDI (i.e., more than 90%) leads to aseem agarwala thesis intra-corporate trade at international level. The returns of FDI are generally in on the, form of profit, i.e., retained earnings, profits, dividends, royalty payments, management fees, etc. Essay # 3. Foreign Portfolio Investment in comparison to FDI : Foreign portfolio investment (FPI) is defined as an investment by individuals, firms, or a public body in foreign financial instruments, such as foreign stocks, government bonds, etc. In FPl, the equity stake in the foreign business entity is not significant enough to exert any management control. Thus, FPI is the passive holding of of dissertation, securities and other financial assets by a foreign firm, which does not entail management control of the 5 paragraph essay on the, issuing firm.

High rate of returns and mitigation of risks due to geographical diversification positively influence FPL Thus, FPI is passive whereas FDI is active. The returns in the case of FPI are generally in the form of argumentative essay, non-voting dividends or interest payments. Portfolio investment, like FDI, is of courage part of the capital account of balance of payment (BoP) statistics. It is important to understand why a firm takes a decision to invest in foreign countries when low-risk alternatives to cater to foreign markets, such as exporting and licensing, are already available. As the firm invests its own resources in a foreign country, the firm is exposed to greater risks. Major factors that influence a firm’s decision to invest in definition of dissertation, foreign markets are discussed. Higher costs of transportation between the production facilities and geographically distant markets make it economically unviable for firms to compete or enter such markets. Substantial costs of transportation have to be incurred for marketing products in countries located at larger geographical distances.

For a product with low unit value, i.e., value to essay of courage weight ratio, such as steel, fast food, cement, etc., the cost of transportation has much larger impact on its competitiveness in foreign markets compared to a high-unit value product, such as watches, jewellery, computer processors, hard-disks, etc. Therefore, for low-unit value products, it becomes more attractive to manufacture the of thesis presentation, products in the foreign country itself either by way of licensing or FDI. Liability of foreignness : A firm’s unfamiliarity with the host country and lack of adaptation of business practices in red badge, a foreign country often result in a competitive disadvantage vis-a-vis indigenous firms. This adds to the cost of doing business abroad, which is termed as liability of foreignness’. For instance, Kellogg’s unfamiliarity with Indian breakfast habits led to faulty positioning of of dissertation paper, its cornflakes as a substitute to the traditional Indian breakfast and has been a classic marketing blunder. It took several years for Kellogg’s to understand the centrality of its traditional food in India’s lifestyle before repositioning its cornflakes as a complementary rather than a substitute to 5 paragraph essay red badge the Indian breakfast.

In another instance, Disneyland failed miserably in writing a compare school, its French venture primarily due to lack of essay on the, product adaptation in view of significant differences in customers’ preferences in Europe vis-a-vis the US market. It has to argumentative essay care reform arrive at a trade-off between scale benefits from 5 paragraph, concentrating production at a single location and exporting or benefits of FDI, such as proximity of production locations, higher level of agarwala, control, and gaining better access to the market. Potential benefits of FDI to host countries include the following: Access to superior technology: Foreign firms bring superior technology to the host countries while investing. The extent of benefits depends upon the technology spill-over to other firms based in the host country. The investing foreign firm increases industry output, resulting in overall reduction in 5 paragraph essay of courage, domestic prices, improved product or services quality, and agarwala, greater availability. This intensifies competition in host economies, resulting in net improvement in consumer welfare. Increase in domestic investment: It is found that capital inflows in red badge of courage, the form of - 2011-bcc, FDI in­crease domestic investment so as to survive and red badge, effectively respond to the increased competition.

Bridging host countries foreign exchange gaps: In most developing countries, the levels of domestic savings are often insufficient to support capital accumulation to achieve growth targets. Definition. Besides, the level of foreign exchange may be insufficient to on the purchase imported inputs. Argumentative Essay Health Care Reform. Under such situations, the essay on the red badge, FDI helps in making available foreign exchange for of thesis presentation imports. Essay # 6. Selection of FDI Destinations : A firm has to evaluate various countries as investment destinations and 5 paragraph essay on the, select the most appropriate one for aseem agarwala investment. Briefly, the 5 paragraph essay, factors influencing net profit of an MNE’s operations in a host country include the following: Cost of capital input: Cost includes interest rate and a compare and contrast, financial capital employed for setting up of plant or the rent. Wage rate is red badge highly significant for the manufacture of labour-intensive products. The prevailing taxation rates of the host country are of prime importance while making an investment decision.

A large number of of thesis, countries provide tax holidays to foreign companies in order to attract FDI. Costs of inputs: The costs of inputs in the host country, such as raw material, intermediate products, etc. influences the production cost which in turn influences the investment decision. Cost of logistics: Logistics, including availability of various modes of essay on the of courage, transport, and the cost of of thesis presentation, transportation, influence the FDI decision. Demand of a product in the host country market, including consumer preferences and their income levels, significantly affects the investment decisions.

In terms of ‘most attractive’ global FDI locations, four of the top five countries, as ranked by trans-national corporations TNCs are surprisingly, countries from developing economies. China is 5 paragraph essay on the of courage considered the most attractive investment location by 52 per cent of thesis, respondents followed by India with 41 per cent (Fig. 12.1). India’s high ranking is considered to be even more remarkable given the fact that FDI inflows to India have been modest until recently. The US is the only developed country in the top five investment locations. Although, Germany, UK, and essay, Australia could make it into the top 10, traditionally important FDI destinations, such as Canada, France, the Netherlands, and Italy were not included. This implies that TNCs expect investors to move away from established FDI locations, which often have saturated markets and high production costs, towards emerging economies that are often more dynamic. The overall trend in FDI inflows in of thesis presentation, recent years in developing countries is taking the lead in global FDI recovery. As indicated in Exhibit 12.1, India has emerged as a hot investment destination.

Leading global firms from a variety of industrial sectors, including IT, telecom, and automobile have not only made substantial investment in India but also plan to commit significant resources in the future too. Essay # 7. 5 Paragraph. Negative Impact of essay care reform, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): In most countries, public opinion towards foreign enterprises is not very favourable and FDI is feared due to its impact on domestic firms, the economy, and culture. The major concerns about the negative aspects of FDI are as follows: Multinational enterprises (MNEs) are far more advanced than domestic companies, owing to their large size and financial power. In some sectors, this is of courage leading to writing and contrast school MNE monopolies, thus impeding the entry of domestic enterprises and harming consumers. MNEs’ ability to operate at a large scale and invest heavily in marketing and advertising and RD activities differentiate their products and makes entry of new firms far more difficult as they are unable to make similar investments in RD and marketing strategies. (ii) Crowding-out and 5 paragraph on the red badge of courage, unemployment effects: FDI tends to discourage entry and stimulates exit of presentation, domestic entrepreneurs, often termed as the 5 paragraph on the, crowding-out effect. As FDI enterprises are often less labour intensive, their entry results in higher unemployment and increased social instability. MNEs often function in a way that doesn’t result in aseem thesis, technology- sharing or technology-transfer, thereby making local firms technologically dependent or technologically less self-reliant.

Foreign investors import their inputs and use the host country as a processing base, with little value-added earnings in the host country. A large proportion of their profits may be repatriated. Large foreign investors often bribe government officials and distort market forces. With MNEs holding a dominant position in sensitive industries, such as telecommunications, and the supply of core equipment and software for the information technology (IT) industry, there is a danger that the strategic interests of the host country may be compromised. Essay # 8. Types of 5 paragraph essay of courage, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI):

Foreign direct investment may be classified under various heads depending upon the criteria used. Major types of FDI are discussed here: (i) On the Basis of Direction of Investment: Foreign firms taking control over domestic assets is termed as inward FDI. From an Indian perspective, direct investments made by - 2011-bcc foreign firms, such as Suzuki, Honda, LG, Samsung, General Motors, Electrolux, etc., in India are examples of inward FDI. Domestic firms investing overseas and taking control over foreign assets is known as outward FDI. Such outward FDI is also known as Direct Investment Abroad (DIA). From the Indian point of view, direct investments overseas by Indian firms, such as Tata Motors, Infosys, Videocon, ONGC, Ranbaxy, etc., are illustrations of outward FDI. (ii) On the red badge of courage, Basis of Types of Activity: When a firm invests in a foreign country in similar production activity as carried out in home country, it is termed as horizontal FDI. Thus, horizontal FDI occurs when the multinational undertakes the same production activities in a compare and contrast in middle, multiple countries. Horizontal FDI enables the 5 paragraph red badge, investing firm to exploit its competitive advantage in the host country.

Multinational firms from both developed and developing countries use horizontal FDI to establish their competitive advantage abroad. Of Dissertation Paper. A number of MNEs, such as Coke, Pepsi, Kodak, HSBC, LG, Samsung, etc., expanded internationally by way of horizontal FDI. Direct investment in industries abroad so as to either provide inputs for the firm’s domestic operations or sell its domestic outputs overseas is red badge termed as vertical FDI. Thus, vertical FDI takes place when the multinational fragments the production process internationally, locating each stage of production in the country where it can be done at the least cost. A firm gains control over various stages of the value chain from sourcing raw materials to manufacturing and to aseem thesis marketing.

The MNEs fragment their production activities geographically on 5 paragraph essay on the of courage, the basis of factor intensities in vertical FDI. Backward vertical FDI: Direct investment overseas aimed at providing inputs for the firm’s production processes in the home country is termed as backward vertical FDI (Exhibit 12.2). Such FDI is historically common in extractive industries, such as mining (gold, copper, tin, bauxite mining, and - 2011-bcc, petroleum extraction). Companies like British Petroleum and Shell have expanded their international business by backward vertical FDI.

Forward vertical FDI: Direct investment in a foreign country aimed to sell the output of the firm’s domestic production processes is referred to as forward vertical FDI. Setting up a marketing network, assembly, or mixing operations overseas are illustrations of 5 paragraph on the of courage, forward vertical FDI. Direct investment overseas aimed at manufacturing products not manufactured by the firm in the home country is termed as conglomerate FDI. (iii) On the Basis of Investment Objectives: In order to gain privileged access to resources vis-a-vis competitors, MNEs invest in countries with availability of natural resources. Aseem Agarwala. This ensures the MNE of stability of raw material supply at right prices. The major economic determinants for 5 paragraph on the red badge resource seeking FDI include: i. Availability of raw material. ii.

Complementary factors of production. iii. Physical infrastructure. When resource-abundant countries lack capital and - 2011-bcc, necessary technical skills for resource extractions, such FDI is favored. When host countries are no longer constrained with the availability of capital and technical skills and are able to set up competitive indigenous enterprises, FDI gives way to non-equity arrangements and arm’s-length trade relations. Historically, resource-seeking FDI has been very important but its significance has declined considerably over time.

However, resource-seeking FDI still remains extremely important for investing in 5 paragraph essay red badge of courage, developing countries. Such types of MNEs are common in sectors, such as oil, agro-processing, metals like steel, copper, bauxite, etc. Moreover, resource-seeking FDI is also preferred for production of labour-intensive goods. For instance, naturally occurring soda ash in Kenya reduces the cost of production by half for essays secondary level chemical industries. Cheap gas in Trinidad and Tobago considerably brings down the 5 paragraph essay red badge, cost of steel production. Morocco is an investment destination for - 2011-bcc Tata Chemicals because the country holds 60 per essay red badge, cent of the english essays level, world’s phosphate resources.

MNEs invest in countries with sizeable market and 5 paragraph on the of courage, growth opportunities in order to protect existing markets, counteract competitors, and to preclude rivals or potential rivals from gaining new markets. Investing in other countries helps the investing firm to english secondary reduce transaction costs, improve buyer understanding by bringing it closer to the target markets, and overcome a number of regulatory controls in the host country. The major economic determinants of market-seeking FDI include: ii. Market growth. iii.

Regional integration. Market-seeking FDI are often favoured by MNEs in a large number of durable and non-durable consumer goods, such as automobiles, computers, processed foods, cigarettes, etc. A firm may strategically opt for efficiency-seeking FDI as a part of regional or global product rationalization and/or to gain advantages of process specialization. Efficiency-seeking FDI provides the essay on the of courage, investing firm not only access to - 2011-bcc markets but also economies of scope, geographical diversification, and international sourcing of inputs. The major economic determinants of efficiency seeking FDI include: i. Productivity adjusted labour costs. ii.

Availability of skilled labour. iii. Availability of business related services. iv. Trade policy.

Efficiency-seeking FDI are often favoured in product categories, such as motor vehicles, electrical appliances, business services, etc., besides, in process involving production of consumer electronics, textiles and 5 paragraph on the red badge, clothing, and a compare essay school, pharmaceuticals. On the basis of entry modes, foreign direct investment may be of the following two types: Investing in creation of 5 paragraph essay on the, new facilities or expansion of existing facilities is termed as Greenfield investment. Essay Reform. Firms often enter international markets by way of Greenfield investments in 5 paragraph of courage, industries where technological skills and production technology are the key. Further, the selection of FDI mode is agarwala influenced by: i. Institutional factors. ii. Cultural factors. iii.

Transactional cost factors. Particularly, the attitude towards takeovers, conditions in 5 paragraph on the, capital markets, liberalization policies, privatization, regional integration, current sales, and the role played by aseem agarwala intermediaries, such as investment bankers affect the mode of direct investment abroad. Investment promotion by host countries aims at investment in new greenfield ventures as it is viewed to generate economic benefits. In developing countries where the right types of companies are not available for 5 paragraph acquisition, Greenfield operations are the preferred mode of FDI. Mergers and acquisitions : For establishing overseas production facilities, mergers and acquisitions (MAs) are crucial tools for a firm’s internationalization strategy. English Essays Secondary Level. MAs have become an 5 paragraph essay on the increasingly popular mode of investment among firms worldwide in order to enhance their competitiveness so as to consolidate, protect, and advance their position by acquiring companies internationally. It is estimated that about 70-80 per cent of FDI are in - 2011-bcc, the form of 5 paragraph of courage, MAs. In developed countries with large number of competing firms, MAs serve as principal source of FDI. However, an secondary MNE has to essay red badge make Greenfield investments in developing and least developed countries where the definition of dissertation, right type of target firms are not available for acquisition. The value of India’s total cross-border deals, both inbound and outbound, increased significantly by 409 per cent from US$9.5 billion in 2005 to red badge of courage US$48 billion in 2007 but declined to US$25.63 billion in 2008. The value of inbound deals increased by 200 per cent from US$5.1 billion in 2005 to US$15.5 billion in 2007 whereas the outbound deals during the argumentative, same period increased rapidly by 662 per cent from US$4.3 billion to US$32.8 billion.

However, both inbound and outbound deals declined^ to US$12.48 billion and US$13.15 billion, respectively in 2008. The major foreign MNEs acquiring Indian firms during 2005 to 2007 included Vodafone, Maxis Communication and Apollo, Vendanta Resources, Mylan Laboratories, Mittal Investments, Citigroup, Oracle, Holcim and Matsushita Electric Works Ltd (Table 12.1) whereas major overseas acquisitions by Indian firms included that of on the red badge, Tata Steel, Hindalco, Suzlon, Essar Steel Holdings, Great Offshore, United Spirits, Tata Power, Tata Chemicals, J SW Steel Limited, Wipro Technologies, Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, and Suzlon Energy (Table 12.2). The most attractive returns from mergers occur where scale economies can be achieved, which means essentially buying consolidation among peer companies. India is likely to writing and contrast in middle witness a relatively large volume of horizontal combinations where companies buy their peers. An acquisition may be termed as a ‘hostile takeover’ when it is resisted by the target firm’s management and board of directors. Such takeover attempts are strongly resisted by the target firm. In order to prevent the acquiring firm from such takeovers the essay red badge of courage, target firm often resorts to use of ‘poison pills’ by outline increasing the 5 paragraph essay red badge of courage, cost of negative items as a strategic option, as discussed in Exhibit 12.3. However, the acquiring firm may raise the attractiveness of outline, its offer, through a ‘sweetener’ to effectively counter the target firm’s resistance. Investment by essay on the of courage foreign firms in the manufacturing sector is termed as industrial FDI. Major objectives of FDI in the manufacturing sector include: i. To achieve cost efficiencies by way of taking advantage of availability of raw material inputs and manpower at cheaper costs.

Savings in costs of logistics due to proximity to inputs, markets, or both, results into cost reduction. ii. Thesis. To bypass trade barriers such as high import tariffs and other import restrictions. iii. To be closer to the markets and serve them more efficiently. iv. To have physical presence due to strategic reasons.

Investment by on the of courage a foreign firm in - 2011-bcc, services sector is termed as non-industrial FDI. The major reasons for non-industrial FDI are: i. As services are non-tradable, FDI becomes a strategic option to enter international markets. ii. To overcome regulatory obstacles. iii. To create regular contact with the customer.

(vi) On the Basis of Strategic Modes: In response to trade barriers of the host country, such as import restrictions and on the, prohibitive tariff structure, FDI is made a substitute for exports. It is aimed to serve the target market and its surroundings effectively. Entry mode for such types of FDI is typically through MAs. Countries with high per capita income are generally targeted for export replacement FDI. In order to minimize a firm’s cost of production and distribution, FDI is made so as to utilize the target country to serve the global markets. English Essays Level. The competitive advantage and the incentives offered by the host country plays a crucial role in attracting such FDI.

Greenfield investment is often the 5 paragraph of courage, mode of entry in such target markets as these have relatively low per capita income. Firms invest in essay health, foreign countries so as to use the target as a base to serve investors’ home country. The basic objective of firms in this kind of FDI is to obtain cheap inputs to support home production. Bilateral trade agreements play an important role in FDIs to promote substitutions. Firms generally target countries with middle to high per capita income, using the Greenfield operations as the entry mode. Essay # 9. Theories of Foreign Direct Investment: Most trade theories fail to explain why a firm invests in foreign countries in unfamiliar environments, making its operations much more complex, difficult to manage and, therefore, running additional risks. An FDI theory should help one conceptualize answers to essay on the typical ‘W and ‘H’ questions such as: Who is the investor?

A domestic or a foreign investor, an reform established multinational company, or a little known new firm. What kind of investment is to be made? Whether it is Greenfield or merger or acquisition? Whether the investment is first-time or sequential? Why should the 5 paragraph essay on the of courage, firm go abroad? Reasons for internationalization, such as scale or scope economies, cost reduction, increased profitability, or strategic reasons for making the investment. The firm has to carry out analysis of socio-cultural, political, and economic factors before deciding upon the selection of host country for investment. The timing of investment decisions in view of product lifecycle stages, maturity of the market, and firm’s resource availability. How to internationalize?

In view of various modes of international business expansion, the firm has to select the best suited entry mode. Principal theories of aseem agarwala, international investment that address one or more of essay on the, these issues are discussed here. The earlier theories were based on the belief that FDI takes place due to differences in the rates of return on capital across countries. Secondary Level. Capital is likely to be attracted to markets that offer higher returns as long as there are differences in 5 paragraph on the of courage, interest rates or prices between markets. These theories were based on the assumption that markets were perfectly competitive and firms invest overseas as a form of essays level, factor movement to benefit from on the, differential profits. The theory of capital arbitrage is more suitable for foreign portfolio investments where the returns on capital are crucial in the short term. Outline Of Thesis. A firm has long-term interest in 5 paragraph on the red badge, FDI, a variety of multiple factors influence the investment decision, besides higher rate of return. Therefore, the scope of of dissertation, capital arbitrage theory is limited to providing a broad explanation of FDI. Factors that inhibit markets from working perfectly are known as market imperfections.

Government policies, including import restrictions and quotas, incentives on exports and FDI, tax regimes, restrictions on 5 paragraph on the of courage, FDI, and government’s participation in trade are some of the examples of government intervention that create market imperfections. The basic objective of essays secondary level, such restrictive measures is to promote a country’s industrial development and manage the balance of trade. Most developing countries often practice the red badge, import substitution strategy by restricting imports and promoting domestic production of less competitive indigenous firms. However, developed countries are in no way behind in protecting their domestic industries by providing huge subsidies and incentives to domestic producers, besides using a variety of ever-evolving non- tariff barriers to restrict entry to their markets. A combination of all these factors contributes to imperfections in the international markets.

Such market imperfections make exporting both restrictive and expensive. In order to - 2011-bcc access restrictive markets with market imperfections, FDI is often employed as a strategic tool for international business expansion. FDI effectively bypasses the trade restrictions, such as prohibitive import tariffs and quotas. MNEs tend to exploit market imperfections created by the host country governments by 5 paragraph essay on the of courage direct investment overseas. Such protectionist measures decreased profitability of exporting automobiles from Japan to Europe and increased profitability of FDI to cater to the market. This explains establishment of manufacturing operations by Japanese automobile majors in Europe and the US. It is important to aseem agarwala understand that it is the mobility of capital and immobility of low- cost labour that makes FDI a preferred tool to access foreign markets. Firms often take advantage of market imperfections, such as economies of scale and scope, cost advantages, product differentiations, technical, managerial or marketing know-how, financial strengths, etc., by way of investing abroad. A firm expands internationally in order to exploit its specific advantage or core competence in foreign markets. 5 Paragraph Essay Red Badge Of Courage. When the know-how, technology, skills, or trade secrets available with the firm are crucial to a firm’s competitive advantage, it needs to protect such knowledge base within the organization.

Since arm’s-length collaborative strategies, such as management contract and agarwala thesis, licensing do not provide complete protection to the specific know-how possessed by red badge the firm, internalization is often preferred so that trade secrets remain within the organization. Therefore, a firm expands into a compare and contrast essay in middle, international markets by way of investing in a foreign country in order to have control over its overseas operations. An MNE is believed to possess monopolistic advantage, which enables it to on the red badge operate overseas more profitably and compete with local firms. The benefit possessed by - 2011-bcc the firm that maintains its monopolistic power in the market is 5 paragraph red badge of courage termed as monopolistic advantage. For a firm to invest in physical resources overseas, the following conditions are required: i. The firm should have some additional advantage that outweighs the cost of operating in a foreign country and exposing itself to an alien business environment. ii. The firm can exploit such specific advantage only through control of writing essay school, foreign operations by red badge ownership rather than other low-risk means of market access requiring less commitment of resources such as exporting and licensing. Such an advantage specific to the investing firm is also known as firm specific advantage (FSA). It is the outline of thesis presentation, monopolistic advantages such as ‘superior knowledge’ and ‘economies of scale’ not possessed by 5 paragraph on the red badge of courage competing firms that justify investment in physical capital overseas.

(v) International Product Life Cycle Theory : The international product life cycle (IPLC) theory developed by Raymond Vernon provides an essays secondary level explanation as to why production locations are shifted across countries. Although the theory was developed in the American context, it can be extended to other countries too. A firm gains monopolistic advantage by innovation of a product or process technology and essay on the, markets the product domestically or in overseas markets through exports. The product is initially manufactured in the country of outline, innovation even though the cost of production in other countries may be lower. Subsequently, in the growth phase of the product life cycle, when the product becomes standardized, the innovating firm takes advantage of lower cost of manufacturing abroad, and starts investing in other countries to on the red badge create its own manufacturing facilities. The theory suggests that an MNE prefers those countries for investment as manufacturing locations that have market size large enough to support local production. Argumentative. In the growth phase of product life cycle, the FDI is made to on the red badge other high income countries to shift production with sizeable market. In the maturity stage, technology becomes available to the competitors, the competition intensifies, and the innovating firm shifts production from the definition of dissertation paper, country of initial FDI to other lower-cost locations. As a result, the products manufactured in overseas locations become more cost-competitive vis-a-vis those manufactured in the home country and the foreign-based subsidiaries become not only more competitive to serve overseas markets but their production is also imported into essay of courage, the innovating country even to serve its domestic market. IPLC theory is valid for both trade and investment and provides a dependable explanation about english essays secondary level trade patterns and investment. The theory explains why firms undertake FDI in countries with low production costs and considerable demand to support local production.

However, the IPLC theory does not touch upon the reasons for on the red badge undertaking international investment rather than exporting or licensing, which are low cost alternatives for writing and contrast in middle school international business expansion. Essay On The Of Courage. The theory applies mainly to english industrial FDI in manufacturing sector. It is generally relevant to large firms with innovating capabilities. The IPLC theory ignores revenue as it is too cost-oriented. Further, it does not discuss opportunities when FDI is on the red badge more profitable. The eclectic theory (OLI Paradigm) is a compare and contrast essay in middle a blend of macroeconomic theory of international trade (L) and micro-economic theories of the firm (O I). As suggested by the eclectic theory, the extent and pattern of FDI are determined by a combination of three factors as discussed here.

For the investing firm to essay red badge of courage be profitable overseas, it needs to possess some core competencies or specific advantages not shared by its competitors. Such advantages, internal to a specific firm, are termed as FSAs or ownership (O) factor. Such advantages should enable the firm either to have a lower marginal cost or higher marginal returns vis-a-vis its competitors so as to enable it to reap more profits from overseas investment. An MNE possesses firm-specific advantages, such as: i. Intangible assets, such as technology, knowledge, information and specific entrepreneurial, technical, managerial, and marketing skills. ii. Tangible assets, such as natural resources, capital, and manpower. iii. Size economy Due to of dissertation paper large size of MNEs they often enjoy economies of scale and scope, access to finance within the MNE, benefits emanating from diversifi­cation of assets and risks spread. iv. Monopolistic advantage An MNE may benefit from its monopolistic ownership of of courage, scarce natural endowments, privileged access to raw materials, ownership of patent rights, and other inputs.

Since an MNE is required to have its operations in foreign countries, it has to of thesis incur additional costs due to: i. Psychic distance because of 5 paragraph essay on the, differences in socio-cultural environment of the definition paper, host country. ii. 5 Paragraph On The Of Courage. Unfamiliarity with the host country’s market conditions. iii. Differences in legal, political, economic environment, and institutional framework. iv. Increased expenses of operation and communication in a foreign country due to geographical difference. As the indigenous firm in the host country is not required to english essays secondary level incur the above costs, the ‘costs of foreignness’ are specific to foreign firms.

Therefore, in order to operate profitably and to remain in 5 paragraph essay red badge, a foreign market, an MNE has to poises firm-specific advantages that either lower its operational costs or earn higher revenue. The locational (L) advantage or factor of a host country is the key determinant to its relative attractiveness as an health reform investment destination. The major country-specific advantages can be as follows: Availability of factor endowments, availability of raw materials and other inputs, productivity and costs of inputs, market size and its growth, cost of 5 paragraph essay on the red badge, logistics, efficacy, and cost of communication channels. Familiarity of operational environment, socio-cultural similarity, language, low psychic distance between the firm’s home country and of dissertation, the host country. The host country government’s attitudes and policies towards foreign firms and investment, incentives to promote FDI, continuity of economic policies, and the stability of the government. An MNE would, therefore, typically prefer countries with large market size and high rate of market growth, adequate and low cost availability of raw material, inputs and manpower, socio-cultural proximity, economic and political stability. The internalization factor : The internalization (I) factor explains the entry mode used by an MNE to access international markets. 5 Paragraph On The. The core competencies or specific knowledge and know-how possessed by the firm form the basis of economic gains. A firm may transfer its know- how to an unrelated firm in a foreign country by way of licensing and thus earn profits. A firm attempts to internalize its operations: i. To protect its proprietary knowledge from competitors.

ii. To create and maintain monopolistic or oligopolistic power in the market by placing entry barriers to its competitors, forming cartels, predatory pricing, cross- subsidizing among its international operations, etc. iii. - 2011-bcc. To protect itself against market uncertainties. Thus, the 5 paragraph on the, internalization advantages explain why an MNE opts for wholly owned subsidiaries rather than licensing or minority ownership for accessing foreign markets. Internalization helps a firm lessen the incidences of market failure. The eclectic framework distinguishes between two types of market failures:

Endemic market failure: Such market failure occurs due to natural market imperfections, such as unfamiliarity with markets or lack of market knowledge, the aseem agarwala, incidence of essay on the, transaction costs in external markets, interdependence on demand and supply, uncertainty and of thesis presentation, risks, etc. Structural market failure: Endogenous market imperfections created by an MNE so as to exploit its oligopolistic power are termed as structural market failures. MNEs are often involved in creating entry barriers for 5 paragraph red badge of courage competitors, abusing their bargaining power due to their sheer size and financial strength, cross-subsidization, predatory pricing, and price discrimination. Besides, MNEs indulge in arbitraging government-imposed market regulations, such as tariffs and non-tariff barriers, differentiation in taxation regimes, etc., that create exogenous market imperfections. MNEs are often criticized for of dissertation adopting unfair practices, such as transfer pricing and under-invoicing, through their affiliates for their own advantage so as to bypass high tariffs and the taxation differences among various countries. Thus, MNEs effectively arbitrage structural market imperfections through internalization, accumulating tariff and after-tax profits much higher than those of unrelated firms engaged in arm’s-length transactions. While enjoying these benefits of internalization, an MNE has to incur various costs too—those of running large-scale vertically and horizontally integrated international businesses. The MNE is required to expend huge amount of financial resources in managing the mammoth organization spread across many countries, often known as governance cost.

Multinational firms are often required to invest substantial resources in acquiring know-how or technological competence while entering into unrelated lines of business. The eclectic theory provides the most comprehensive explanation of 5 paragraph essay, FDI, integrating firm-specific (O), location-specific (L), and internalization (I) advantages. It logically examines the reasons for investing overseas, the selection of country location for investment, and the cost-benefit analysis for english essays selecting the mode of on the of courage, international expansion in a holistic manner. In the past decade, the US software firms have increasingly utilized the low-cost IT labour force in India. Outline Presentation. Companies wishing to capture the benefits of outsourcing can engage in contracting (hiring an Indian contracting company to perform the service) or foreign direct investment (opening an Indian subsidiary and hiring Indian employees). Modern FDI theories predict that Indian software outsourcing should occur primarily in 5 paragraph red badge, the form of FDI. However, contrary to FDI theories, many US and European companies are hiring Indian software contracting companies in order to use the low-cost Indian IT labour force. Hybrid model suggests that contracting companies provide their clients with a combination of the advantages of english essays secondary, both FDI and 5 paragraph red badge of courage, contracting.

The amount of FDI undertaken over a given time period (for example, a year) is termed as the essay health care reform, flow of FDI. If the investment is made by a foreign firm in a country, it is termed as inflow of FDI whereas investment made overseas is termed as outflow of FDI. The total accumulated value of 5 paragraph of courage, foreign owned assets at a given time is agarwala thesis termed as stock of FDI. Essay On The Red Badge. FDI comprises equity capital and re invested earnings as per IMF norms. Paper. Besides, capacity expansions financed by firms of foreign origin as well as short-term or long-term loans that form part of essay on the red badge of courage, original packages are also treated as FDI.

There has been significant growth in FDI over the years. Globally, FDI inflows increased from US$742143 million in 2004 to outline of thesis presentation US$1305852 million in 2006 whereas FDI outflows rose from US$877301 million in 2004 to US$1215789 million in 2006. International macroeconomic factors, such as general economic slump and security concerns adversely affected FDI. This growth reflected increased flows to developing countries as well as to South East Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) which more than offset the decline in flows to 5 paragraph essay developed countries. Between 2006 and 2007, FDI inflow’ to Netherlands exhibited the highest growth by 2285 per definition paper, cent from US$4.4 billion in 2006 to US$104.2 in 2007 followed by 5 paragraph on the the US (30.3%), Czech Republic (27.3%), and the UK (22.6%) among the developed economies whereas among the developing economies, Brazil witnessed the highest growth of FDI inflows at 99.3 per cent, followed by Mexico (92.9%), Chile (92.2%), and Singapore (52.6%) (Table 12.3). The Russian Federation witnessed an impressive FDI inflow growth of 70.3 per cent whereas FDI declined by 9.4 per cent for India and 3.1 per cent for China.

While developed countries remain the major source of FDI, outflows from developing countries have also risen, from a negligible amount in the early 1980s to US$83 billion in 2004. The outward FDI stock from developing countries reached more than US$ 1 trillion in 2004, with a share of 11 per cent in world stock. Developing countries are beginning to recognize the a compare and contrast essay, significance of foreign investment in essay red badge of courage, order to essay in middle school achieve their firms’ competitiveness and for enhancing their economic growth. It is important to essay on the red badge of courage understand that the government policies in developing countries were restrictive and paid little attention to outward investment. Moreover, the secondary level, ratio of FDI outflows to essay on the red badge of courage gross capital formation was 25 per cent for Singapore in agarwala thesis, 2002-04 compared to 8 per cent for the US. 5 Paragraph Essay On The Red Badge Of Courage. A number of firms from developing countries have also used MAs as strategic tools for global business expansion during the last few years. The global FDI increased faster than world trade and world output.

There had been considerable debate across the world to reduce barriers to cross-border trade. Multilateral organizations, primarily the GATT and subsequently the WTO, worked to reduce the trade barriers. As a result, there had been significant reduction in tariffs and english essays secondary, non-tariff barriers, such as quota systems, which got eliminated from most countries. However, countries do exercise innovative barriers and firms often use FDI as a tool to circumvent protectionist measures. 5 Paragraph Essay Red Badge Of Courage. FDI by aseem agarwala Japanese automobile companies in Europe, the US, and some other countries was primarily aimed to circumvent their trade protectionist measures. Rapid globalization in the last decade accelerated cross- border investments. Greenfield foreign direct investment increased from 5656 projects in 2002 to 9796 projects in 2004.

Developing and transition (South East Europe and CIS) economies attracted a larger number of Greenfield investment than developed countries. Greenfield investment is the key driver behind the FDI recovery during the recent years. This illustrates the tendency of developing countries to receive more FDI through Greenfield projects than through MAs. China and India attracted significant number of Greenfield FDI projects, together accounting for nearly half of the total number in the developing countries. 5 Paragraph On The. Recent liberalization measures in India and strong economic growth in China, combined with increased liberalization after its accession to WTO, contributed to this trend. Health Care Reform. The services sector accounted for three-fifth of all Greenfield projects in the world.

However, the FDI surge in 2005 is essay mainly attributed to - 2011-bcc increase in cross-border MAs. Global MAs increased by 40 per cent to essay of courage US$2.9 trillion whereas Greenfield projects marginally dropped in 2005. A Compare And Contrast Essay In Middle School. China, India, and 5 paragraph red badge, the UK received highest number of Greenfield projects during the year. It has been observed that: i. The increase in share of MAs in the total FDI is adversely affecting greenfield FDI. ii. The growing trend of MAs is leading to creation of oligopolistic world, especially in case of strategic industries.

iii. MAs severely affects survival of aseem thesis, indigenous firms and 5 paragraph essay on the red badge of courage, industries from developing countries and they need to be more watchful. FDI is secondary mainly financed by MNEs through: The foreign direct investor’s purchase of share of an enterprise in a country other than its own. Short- or long-term borrowings and lending of funds between direct investors, i.e., parent enterprises and affiliate enterprises. The direct investor’s share (in proportion to direct equity participation) of earnings not distributed as dividends by 5 paragraph essay affiliates, or earnings not remitted to the direct investor. A Compare Essay School. Such retained profits by 5 paragraph essay on the of courage affiliates are reinvested.

Among various FDI financing options, equity capital is the level, largest component. On The Red Badge Of Courage. Its worldwide share in total world FDI inflows fluctuated between 58 per cent and 71 per cent, during 1995-2004. Definition. The intra-company loans accounted for 23 per 5 paragraph red badge, cent and re-invested earnings for 12 per aseem, cent of the world FDI inflows during the same period. The later two components are also much less s. In 2001, the essay on the, share of reinvested earnings in FDI financing reached a low of 2 per cent of worldwide FDI whereas the writing a compare and contrast in middle, equity capital registered a higher share. However, in 2007 re invested earnings accounted for about 30 per cent of worldwide FDI flows.

For carrying out cross-country comparison of FDI performance and FDI potential, the UNCTAD’s FDI performance and potential indices serve as useful tools. Inward FDI performance index : It is 5 paragraph essay red badge a measure of the extent to which a host economy receives inward FDI compared to the relative size of its economy. It is calculated as the ratio of a country’s share in level, global FDI inflows to its share in global GDP. IND i = The inward FDI performance index of the i th country. FDI i = The FDI inflows in the i th country. FDI w = World FDI inflows. GDP i = GDP in the i th country. A value greater than ‘one’ indicates that the country receives more FDI compared to its relative economic size, a value below one that it receives less, a negative value means that foreign investors disinvest in that period. Thus, the index captures the influence of FDI on factors other than market size, assuming that, other things being equal, size is the ‘baseline’ for attracting investments. These other factors can be diverse, ranging from the business climate, economic, and political stability, the presence of natural resources, infrastructure, skills, and tech­nologies, to opportunities for participating in privatization or the effectiveness of FDI promotion. The countries with top inward FDI Performance Index in 2006 included Luxembourg, Hong Kong, China, Suriname, Iceland, Singapore Malta, Bulgaria, Jordan, Estonia, and Belgium.

The inward FDI performance index improved in 2004 for 5 paragraph on the developing countries as well as transition economies of South East Europe and the CIS. The improvement had been remarkable in agarwala, South, East, and Southeast Asia. However, it worsened in developed countries compared to 2003. For instance, the 5 paragraph essay red badge of courage, US where the FDI inflows rose by 69 per cent in 2004 had a lower performance index and ranked 114th out of 140 countries of the world due to its lower FDI flows in 2002-03. India’s ranking for inward FDI index declined considerably from 98th in 1990 to 120th in 2000. However, it increased subsequently to 121st in 2005 but declined later to writing a compare and contrast 113th in 2006.

Outward FDI performance index : Performance in FDI outflows relating to the size of economies is measured by outward FDI performance index. It is calculated as the ratio of a country’s share in global FDI outflows to its share in the world GDP. OND i = The outward FDI performance index of the i th country. FDI i = The FDI outflows in the i th country. FDI w = World FDI outflows. GDP i = GDP in the i th country. The differences in the index values among countries reflect differences in these two sets of factors determining outward FDI by Trans-national Companies (TNCs) headquartered in different countries: i. ‘Ownership advantages’, or firm-specific competitive strengths of 5 paragraph red badge of courage, TNCs (such as innovation, brand names, managerial and organizational skills, access to information, financial or natural resources, and of dissertation paper, size and network advantages) that they are exploiting abroad or wish to augment through foreign expansion. ii. ‘Location factors’, which reflect primarily economic factors conducive to the production of different goods and services in home and host economies, such as relative market size, production or transport costs, skills, supply chains, infrastructure, and technology supply. Driven by essay red badge the competitive pressures of globalization of world economy, both these factors work together and lead a firm to invest abroad by establishing foreign affiliates.

These affiliates then become a source of competitive strength for their respective corporate networks. The leading investor economies, in term of outward FDI performance index include Iceland, Hong Kong, China, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Belgium, Netherlands, Panama, Ireland, Azerbaijan, and Bahrain. India’s ranking in outward FDI performance index improved considerably from 94th in 2000 to 65th in 2005 but declined later to 56th in 2006. Inward FDI potential index : The inward FDI potential index reflects the aseem agarwala thesis, stability of structure variables comprising the index. It is based on 12 economic and 5 paragraph red badge of courage, structural variables measured by their respective scores on a range of 0-1.

It is the of thesis presentation, un-weighted average of scores based on: a. GDP per on the red badge, capita. b. The rate of growth of - 2011-bcc, GDP. c. The share of essay on the red badge, exports in agarwala thesis, GDP. d. Telecom infrastructure. e. Commercial energy use per capita. f. The share of RD expenditures in gross national income. g. 5 Paragraph Essay Red Badge Of Courage. The share of outline of thesis presentation, tertiary students in the population.

i. Exports of natural resources as a percentage of the world total. j. Imports of parts and components of electronics and automobiles as a percentage of the world total. k. Exports in services as a percentage of the of courage, world total. l. Inward FDI stock as a percentage of the world total. The top economies by inward FDI potential index in 2006 include the US, Singapore, the UK, Canada, Luxembourg, Germany, Qatar, Sweden, Norway, and Hong Kong (China). Cross-country comparison of FDI performance vs. potential Indices : A comparison of rankings by the FDI potential index with those of FDI performance index gives an indication of how each country performs against its potential.

Countries in definition of dissertation, the world can be divided in four categories so as to draw up a four-fold matrix as shown in 5 paragraph essay, Exhibit 12.4. Countries with high FDI potential and performance. Countries with low FDI potential but strong FDI performance. Countries with high FDI potential but low FDI performance. Countries with both low FDI potential and performance. India falls in the category of under performer with both low FDI potential and performance. Therefore, there is a lot of scope for enhancing both performance as well as potential. The concern for below potential countries is how they could raise their FDI performance to match their potential whereas the above potential countries need to continuously strive so as to sustain their FDI performance at levels comparable with those of past while addressing their structural problems. Essay # 11. Policy Framework to Promote Foreign Direct Investment (FDI):

Attracting foreign direct investment has become a key part of national development strategies for most countries. Such investments are often viewed to augment domestic capital, employment, and productivity, leading to essay care reform economic growth. Despite its positive effects, FDI is also blamed for crowding out domestic investments and lowering certain regulatory standards. The impact of FDI depends on many conditions. However, well developed and 5 paragraph essay of courage, implemented policies can help maximize gains from FDI. Although FDI is believed to play a positive role in achieving sustainable development, it does not, however, automatically lead to environmentally and socially beneficial outcomes. The nature and extent of these outcomes are critically affected by market conditions, and thus the regulatory framework, within which the aseem, investment takes place. Investment promotion by host countries is broadly made through three different ‘generation’ policies, which are discussed as follows:

First generation policies the liberalization of FDI flows and the opening up of sectors to foreign investors. Second generation policies the marketing of countries as locations for FDI and the setting up of national investment promotion agencies. Third generation policies the targeting of foreign investors at the level of industries and clusters, and the marketing of regions and clusters with the aim of matching the 5 paragraph essay red badge, locational advantages of countries with the needs of foreign investors. Major regulatory and - 2011-bcc, incentives measures for FDI may be summarized as: i. Screening, admission, and establishment: a. Closure of certain sectors, industries, or activities to FDI. b. Minimum capital requirements. c. On The Red Badge Of Courage. Restrictions on modes of aseem agarwala thesis, entry. d. Eligibility for bidding on privatization. e. Establishment of special zones (such as EPZs/SEZs) for FDI with legislation distinct from that governing the rest of the country. ii. Fiscal incentives: a. Reduction in standard corporate income tax rates o Tax holidays.

b. Reductions in social security contributions. c. Accelerated depreciation allowances. d. Essay Of Courage. Duty exemptions and aseem agarwala, drawbacks. e. Export tax exemptions. f. Reduced taxes for expatriates. iii. Financial incentives: a. Investment grants. b. Subsidized credits. c. Credit guarantees.

iv. Other incentives. a. Subsidized service fees (electricity, water, telecommunications, transportation, etc.) b. Subsidized designated infrastructure such as, commercial buildings. c. Preferential access to government contracts. d. Closure of the market to further entry or granting of 5 paragraph red badge of courage, monopoly rights. v. Definition Of Dissertation. Performance requirements: a. Protection from import competition. b. 5 Paragraph On The Red Badge. Local content requirements (value added) c. Minimum export shares. d. Trade balancing. e. Argumentative Essay. Technology transfer.

f. Local equity participation. g. Employment targets. h. RD requirements. More generally, countries typically have a mix of both resource-seeking and efficiency-seeking FDI, reflecting partial reform of their trade regimes, and essay red badge, the political economy of dispensing patronage. Consequently, most countries follow dual policy regimes. On the basis of cross-country analysis of FDI regimes of paper, six major Asian countries, i.e., India, People’s Republic of China (PRC), Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam, the following observations may be made: i. FDI policy may differ between regions. Three of the six—China, India, and Malaysia—feature rather high levels of decentralized economic policy-making. Thailand has been pursuing a policy of ‘industrial decentralization’ for some time. In all six countries, with the exception of Malaysia, economic authority is 5 paragraph essay on the of courage progressively being devolved away from the centre in varying degrees and at different speeds.

ii. There are large inter-industry differences in the degree of protection, and - 2011-bcc, thus difference in incentive, in 5 paragraph essay on the of courage, all the six countries. iii. State-owned enterprises (SOEs) typically receive preferential treatment, especially in China, India, and Vietnam, and so do their MNE joint venture partners. iv.

Most countries offer some sort of fiscal or financial incentive to foreign investors. These vary by the sales orientation of the foreign investor, the technology introduced by the investor, the location of the investment, and other factors. v. The regulatory regime frequently offers more than one entry option for potential foreign investors, especially in recently reformed economies. A critical evaluation of outline of thesis presentation, FDI and economic development in India and China, as given in essay red badge, Exhibit 12.5, brings out the differences in their approach to economic development. Essay # 12. Promotion of Foreign Direct Investment in India(FDI): The Department of care reform, Industrial Policy and Promotion is responsible for facilitating and promoting FDI inflows into the country. It plays an active role in investment promotion through dissemination of information on 5 paragraph essay red badge, investment climate and opportunities in India.

The department also advises potential investors about investment policies, procedures, and opportunities. It also helps resolve problems faced by foreign investors in the implementation of their projects through the Foreign Investment Implementation Authority (FIIA) which interacts directly with the of thesis, investors. In addition, a number of government departments, such as Ministries of Finance, External Affairs, Labour, Environment and Forests, etc., are also involved in the investment process. Exhibit 12.6 summarizes the details of agencies involved in FDI clearances/approvals in India. The policy framework of FDI in India evolved in a phased manner, from the strategy of import substitution soon after independence to progressive liberalization that began in the early 1990s. The Indian government promotes FDI so as to fuel its development plans with increased investment and derive spin-off benefits. FDI inflows in the development of infrastructure, setting up of Special Economic Zones (SEZs), and technological up gradation of Indian industry through Greenfield operation investments in manufacturing and in projects with high employment potential are encouraged. The FDI policy in red badge of courage, India may be summarized as. i. Retail trading (except single brand product retailing) ii. Atomic energy.

iii. Lottery business. iv. Gambling and betting sector. v. Business of chit fund and Nidhi Company. vi. Plantation except tea. vii. Trading in Transferable Development Rights (TDR) viii. Secondary. Activity/sector not opened to private sector investment.

FDI up to 24 per cent allowed : i. Manufacture of items reserved for small sector up to 24 per cent above which prior government approval is 5 paragraph essay on the of courage required. FDI up to 26 per - 2011-bcc, cent allowed : i. FM broadcasting FDI and FII investment up to 20 per cent with prior government approval. ii. Up-linking a news and current affairs TV channels with prior government approval. iii.

Defence production with prior government approval. iv. Insurance FDI and FII under the automatic route. v. Publishing of news papers and periodicals: with prior government approval. FDI up to 49 per cent allowed : a. Setting up hardware facilities, FDI and FII equity with prior government approval. b. 5 Paragraph Essay Red Badge. Cable network FDI and FII with prior government approval. c. Direct to Home (DTH) FDI and FII with prior government approval. FDI cannot exceed 20 per cent. ii. Scheduled air transport services under the automatic route. iii.

Commodity exchanges with prior government approval. iv. Definition Paper. Credit information companies with prior government approval. v. Refining in case of PSUs with prior government approval. vi. Essay On The. Asset reconstruction companies with prior government approval. FDI up to 51 per cent allowed : i. Single brand product retailing subject to prior approval. FDI up to 74 per cent allowed : i. ISP with gateways, radio-paging, and argumentative health care reform, end-to-end bandwidth: 49 per cent under automatic route and beyond 49 per cent with prior government approval.

ii. 5 Paragraph Essay On The. Establishment and operation of satellites: with prior government approval. iii. - 2011-bcc. Private sector banking: FDI and FII under the automatic route. iv. Telecommunications services: Basic, cellular, unified access services, global mobile personal communication services, and 5 paragraph essay red badge of courage, other value added telecom services with 49 per cent under the automatic route and beyond 49 per cent with prior gov­ernment approval. v. Non-scheduled air transport services, ground handling services under the automatic route. Foreign direct investment up to of thesis 100 per 5 paragraph on the red badge of courage, cent allowed with prior government approval subject to conditions: a. Items from small scale sector.

b. Test marketing of aseem thesis, items approved for manufacture. ii. Courier services. iii. Tea sector, including tea plantation subject to divestment of 5 paragraph essay of courage, 26 per cent equity in - 2011-bcc, favour of Indian partner/public within five years. iv. 5 Paragraph Red Badge. ISP without gateway, infrastructure provider, electronic mail, and voice mail: FDI up to english essays secondary level 49 per cent under the automatic route and 5 paragraph essay, beyond 49 per cent with prior government approval. v. - 2011-bcc. Mining and mineral separation of titanium bearing minerals and ores, its value addition and 5 paragraph on the, integrated activities. vi. Cigars and writing essay school, cigarettes manufacture. vii.

Airports-existing projects with prior government approval beyond 74 per cent. viii. Up-linking of a non-news and current affairs TV channel. ix. Investing companies in infrastructure/ services sector (except telecom sector) x. 5 Paragraph Red Badge Of Courage. Publishing of of dissertation, scientific magazines, specialty journals and periodicals. Foreign direct investment allowed up to 100 per cent under automatic route: i. Agriculture sector: c) Development of seeds. d) Animal husbandry. g) Services related to agro and allied sectors.

ii. Industrial sectors: (a) Covering exploration and mining of diamonds and precious stones, gold, silver, and minerals. (b) Coal and lignite for captive consumption. (b) Manufacturing activities: (a) Alcohol distillation and brewing. (b) Coffee and rubber processing and warehousing. (c) Hazardous chemicals. (d) Industrial explosive—manufacture. (e) Drugs and pharmaceuticals.

(f) Manufacture of telecom equipment. (c) Petroleum sector: (a) Petroleum sector other than refining including market study and formulation; investment/financing; setting-up infrastructure for marketing. (b) Petroleum refining for private companies. (a) Generation (except atomic energy), transmission, distribution, and power trading. i. Special Economic Zones and Free Trade Warehousing Zones. ii. Industrial Parks.

iii. Construction development projects. (a) Civil aviation. i. Essay On The. Airports Greenfield projects. ii. Helicopter/seaplane services. iii. Maintenance and repair organizations, flying and technical training institutes. iv. Air transport services for NRI investment.

v. Ground handling services for NRI investment. (b) Non-banking finance companies. i. Wholesale/cash carry trading. ii. Trading for exports. In sectors/activities not listed above, FDI is permitted up to 100 per in middle school, cent through automatic route subject to prevailing rules and regulations applicable. FDI inflows in India have shown a fluctuating trend during the last few years as shown in Table 12.4 and 5 paragraph on the of courage, Fig. 12.2.

It increased from US$4029 million in 2000-01 to US$6130 million in 2001-02. However, the FDI inflows declined to of thesis US$4322 million in 2003-04 but subsequently exhibited a rising trend to US$8,961 million in 2005-06 and thereafter jumped to US$22,079 million 2006-07 and 5 paragraph essay on the, US$29,893 million in 2007-08. The equity capital accounted for 74.8 per cent, whereas re-invested earnings were 21.8 per cent, and other capital for definition of dissertation 3.4 per cent of the on the red badge, total FDI inflows in India, as shown in Fig. 12.3 during April 2000 to May 2008. Sector-wise composition of FDI inflows as shown in Fig. 12.4 indicates that services sector received the highest FDI inflows of aseem agarwala thesis, US$14,256 million (22%) during April 2000 to May 2008, followed by computer software and hardware US$7,477 million (11.5%), construction activities US$4325 million (6.7%), telecommunications US$4074 million (6.3%), housing and real estate US$3745 million (5.8%), power US$2643 million (4.1%), automobile industry US$2582 million (4.0%), metallurgical industries US$2377 million (3.70/0), petroleum and natural gas US$2007 (3.1%), chemicals US$1519 million (2.3o/o), and others US$19800.3 million (30.6%). Mauritius has been the top investor in India with US$28493 million (40.6%) as shown in Fig. 12.5. followed by the US with US$5327 million (76%), Singapore with US$4973 million (71%), the UK with US$4579 million (6.5%), Netherlands with US$2791 million (4.0%), Japan with US$2151 million (3.1%), Germany with US$1637 million (2.3%), Cyprus with US$1162 million (1.7%), France with US$997 million (1.4%), UAE with US$802 million (1.1%), and others with US$17279 million (24.6%) during April 2000 to May 2008. Foreign Direct investment in 5 paragraph on the of courage, Retail Sector : India is the second largest market in the world after China and it fascinates global retailers to invest. Many international players, such as Wal-Mart, Gap, Ikea, and Tesco already source from India despite FDI restrictions.

Wal-Mart, through its buying office in - 2011-bcc, Bangalore, sourced goods worth US$1 billion from India in 2004 and planned to increase this to 5 paragraph essay on the US$1.5 billion in 2005. The major pros and cons of essay reform, opening up FDI in the retail sector are discussed here. i. FDI in retail would benefit the consumer by offering him/her more choice, better services, wider access, easier credit, and a better shopping experience. ii. Essay Red Badge. Modern retailing will benefit local retailing by forcing it to re-invent as has been the health reform, case in China. iii. It will lead to higher standards of quality, introduce best practices, provide more skilled employment, and improve tax collection. iv.

Foreign direct investment in red badge of courage, retail would lead to less wastage of agri-produce due to improved food processing techniques and cold storage facilities. v. - 2011-bcc. FDI would involve up gradation of infrastructure, logistics, and support services. vi. It would help Indian products get global recognition. vii. It will help increase the supply of processed foods, apparels, and 5 paragraph red badge, handicrafts. viii. Elimination of multiple middlemen would reduce transaction costs related to inventory, delivery, and handling. i. FDI in retail would wipe out indigenous mom and pop (kirana) stores as they will not be able to match the standards and services provided by super markets. ii. The unorganized sector would obviously lose its place and edge in the retail market.

iii. Retail FDI would also introduce competitive pricing, forcing a lot of domestic players out writing a compare and contrast in middle of the game. iv. It would reduce employment opportunities by displacing smaller retailers in the unorganized sector, like what has happened in Thailand. v. It would mean legalizing the predatory practices of the MNC retail chains. vi. Retail-FDI will promote a ‘standardized’ form of global foreign culture. vii. India’s imports are likely to increase as MNCs will dump their products in India. viii.

Since very little investment is required in retailing, foreign players would end up remitting their profits. Allowing FDI in essay on the red badge of courage, retail sector will considerably affect the market structure and the consumers. The government of India opened up FDI up to 51 per cent in retail trade to ‘single brand products’ with effect from 10 February 2006, with prior government permission. There has been considerable debate over the impact of FDI in outline, retail sector. Opening up of the red badge of courage, retail sector in China has contributed to definition of dissertation growth in 5 paragraph essay of courage, labour- intensive manufacturing, as indicated in Exhibit 12.7. In view of the significance of FDI in development process of host economies, most countries promote FDI pro-actively.

A cross-country analysis of FDI regimes reveals the differences in focus areas and strategies in promoting foreign investment. Before publishing your articles on aseem agarwala thesis, this site, please read the following pages: