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Moral Arguments for the Existence of God. [ Editor's Note: The following new entry by C. Stephen Evans replaces the former entry on this topic by the previous author. ] Moral arguments for God's existence form a diverse family of arguments that reason from some feature of morality or the narrative, moral life to the existence of God, usually understood as a morally good creator of the universe. Moral arguments are both important and titles interesting. They are interesting because evaluating their soundness requires attention to practically every important philosophical issue dealt with in narrative help, metaethics. They are important because of their prominence in popular apologetic arguments for scatter radiation digital religious belief. Evidence for this can be found in the amazing popularity of C. S. Narrative Help! Lewis's Mere Christianity (1952), which is almost certainly the best-selling book of apologetics in the twentieth century, and buffalo soldiers contest which begins with a moral argument for God's existence. Narrative Help! Many ordinary people regard religion as in some way providing a basis or foundation for morality. This fact might seem to favor religious arguments for morality rather than moral arguments for religious belief, but if someone believes that morality is in some way “objective” or “real,” and cruel lyrics japanese that this moral reality requires explanation, moral arguments for God's reality naturally suggest themselves. The apparent connection between morality and religion appears to help, many people to support the claim that moral truths require a religious foundation, or can best be explained by God's existence, or some qualities or actions of God.

After some general comments about theistic arguments and letter manager a brief history of moral arguments, this essay will discuss several different forms of the narrative essay help, moral argument. A major distinction is that between moral arguments that are theoretical in nature and practical or pragmatic arguments. Essay Titles Underlined! The former are best thought of as arguments that begin with alleged moral facts and argue that God is necessary to help, explain those facts, or at least that God provides a better explanation of them than secular accounts can offer. The latter typically begin with claims about soldiers essay contest, some good or end that morality requires and argue that this end is not attainable unless God exists. Whether this distinction is hard and fast will be one of the questions to narrative, be discussed, as some argue that practical arguments by themselves cannot be the basis of rational belief. To meet such concerns practical arguments may have to include a theoretical dimension as well. 1. The Goals of Theistic Arguments. Before attempting to explain and assess moral arguments for the existence of God, it would be helpful to have some perspective on the goals of arguments for God's existence. (I shall generically term arguments for God's existence “theistic arguments.”) Of course views about this are diverse, but most contemporary proponents of such arguments do not see theistic arguments as attempted “proofs,” in digital, the sense that they are supposed to provide valid arguments with premises that no reasonable person could deny. Essay! Such a standard of achievement would clearly be setting the bar for success very high, and proponents of theistic arguments rightly note that philosophical arguments for interesting conclusions in lyrics, any field outside of narrative, formal logic hardly ever reach such a standard. More reasonable questions to ask about theistic arguments would seem to best cover for office manager, be the essay help, following: Are there valid arguments for the conclusion that God exists that have premises that are known or reasonably believed by some people? Are the premises of such arguments more reasonable than their denials, at least for some reasonable people?

Arguments that met these standards could have value in making belief in God reasonable for essay some people, or even giving some people knowledge of narrative essay, God's existence, even if it turns out that some of the premises of the arguments can be reasonably denied by other people, and thus that the arguments fail as proofs. It is of course possible that an argument for essay on product God's existence could provide some evidence for God's existence, in the sense that the argument increases the probability or plausibility of the claim that God exists, even if the narrative help, argument does not provide enough support by itself for full-fledged belief that God exists. A proponent of the coursework cheats, moral argument who viewed the argument in this way might in narrative, that case regard the argument as part of a cumulative case for theism, and italicized underlined hold that the moral argument must be supplemented by other possible arguments, such as the “fine-tuning” argument from the physical constants of the narrative essay help, universe, or an argument from religious experience. A non-believer might even concede some version of angel thesis lyrics japanese, a theistic argument has some evidential force, but claim that the overall balance of evidence does not support belief. A major issue that cannot be settled here concerns the question of where the burden of proof lies with respect to theistic arguments. Narrative! Many secular philosophers follow Antony Flew (1976) in holding that there is a “presumption of atheism.” Believing in God is cruel thesis lyrics japanese like believing in the Loch Ness Monster or leprechauns, something that reasonable people do not do without sufficient evidence. If such evidence is lacking, the proper stance is atheism rather than agnosticism. This “presumption of atheism” has been challenged in a number of ways.

Alvin Plantinga (2000) has argued that reasonable belief in God does not have to be based on narrative essay, propositional evidence, but can be “properly basic.” On this view, reasonable belief in God can be the outcome of a basic faculty (called the sensus divinitatis by essay on product theologian John Calvin) and narrative thus needs no support from arguments at all. In response some would argue that even if theistic belief is not grounded in propositional evidence, it still might require non-propositional evidence (such as experience), so it is not clear that Plantinga's view by itself removes the burden of proof challenge. A second way to geography coursework, challenge the presumption of atheism is to question an help implicit assumption made by best letter for office those who defend such a presumption, which is narrative essay help that belief in God is titles italicized underlined epistemologically more risky than unbelief. The assumption might be defended in the following way: One might think that theists and essay help atheists share a belief in many entities: atoms, middle-sized physical objects, animals, and geography coursework cheats stars, for example. Someone, however, who believes in leprechauns or sea monsters in essay help, addition to these commonly accepted objects thereby incurs a burden of proof. Cheats! Such a person believes in “one additional thing” and essay thus seems to incur additional epistemological risk. One might think that belief in God is relevantly like belief in cover, a leprechaun or sea monster, and thus that the theist also bears an additional burden of proof.

Without good evidence in favor of essay help, belief in God the safe option is to buffalo contest, refrain from belief. However, the theist may hold that this account does not accurately represent the situation. Instead, the theist may argue that the debate between atheism and theism is not simply an argument about whether “one more thing” exists in narrative essay help, the world. In fact, God is not to be understood as an entity in the world at all; any such entity would by definition not be God. The debate is rather a debate about the buffalo, character of the universe. The theist believes that every object in the natural world exists because God creates and essay help conserves that object; every finite thing has the titles italicized underlined, character of being dependent on God. The atheist denies this and affirms that the basic entities in the natural world have the narrative essay, character of existing “on their own.” If this is the right way to think about the cover letter, debate, then it is not obvious that atheism is safer than theism. The debate is essay not about the existence of one object, but the character of the universe as a whole. Both parties are making claims about the character of everything in the natural world, and on product safety both claims seem risky. This point is especially important in dealing with moral arguments for theism, since one of the questions raised by such arguments is the adequacy of a naturalistic worldview in explaining morality. Evidentialists may properly ask about the evidence for theism, but it also seems proper to narrative help, ask about the evidence for atheism if the atheist is committed to a rival metaphysic such as naturalism.

2. History of Moral Arguments for God's Existence. Something that resembles a moral argument for God's existence, or at least an argument from soldiers essay contest, value, can be found in essay help, the fourth of Thomas Aquinas's “Five Ways” (Aquinas 12651274, I, 1, 3). Aquinas there begins with the claim that among beings who possess such qualities as “good, true, and noble” there are gradations. Presumably he means that some things that are good are better than other good things; perhaps some noble people are nobler than others who are noble. In effect Aquinas is claiming that when we “grade” things in this way we are, at essay underlined, least implicitly, comparing them to narrative essay, some absolute standard. Angel Thesis Lyrics! Aquinas believes this standard cannot be merely “ideal” or “hypothetical,” and thus this gradation is essay only possible if there is some being which has this quality to a “maximum” extent: “so that there is something which is truest, something best, something noblest and, consequently, something which is uttermost being; for those things that are greatest in scatter radiation digital tomosynthesis, truth are greatest in being, as it is written in Metaph. Ii.” Aquinas goes on to affirm that this being which provides the standard is essay help also the cause or explanation of the existence of contest, these qualities, and such a cause must be God. Obviously, this argument draws deeply on Platonic and Aristotelian assumptions that are no longer widely held by philosophers.

For the argument to essay, be plausible today, such assumptions would have to be defended, or else the argument reformulated in a way that frees it from its original metaphysical home. Probably the geography coursework cheats, most influential versions of the narrative essay help, moral argument for soldiers contest belief in God can be traced to Kant (1788 [1956]), who famously argued that the theoretical arguments for God's existence were unsuccessful, but presented a rational argument for belief in God as a “postulate of practical reason.” Kant held that a rational, moral being must necessarily will “the highest good,” which consists of a world in which people are both morally good and essay help happy, and in geography, which moral virtue is the condition for essay help happiness. The latter condition implies that this end must be sought solely by moral action. However, Kant held that a person cannot rationally will such an end without believing that moral actions can successfully achieve such an end, and this requires a belief that the causal structure of nature is cruel thesis conducive to the achievement of this end by moral means. This is equivalent to belief in essay help, God, a moral being who is buffalo soldiers ultimately responsible for the character of the natural world. Kant's arguments will be discussed later in this article. Kant-inspired arguments were prominent in the nineteenth century, and continued to narrative essay, be important right up to the middle of the essay, twentieth century. Such arguments can be found, for example, in W. R. Narrative Essay! Sorley (1918), Hastings Rashdall (1920), and A. E. Taylor (1945/1930). Although Henry Sidgwick was not himself a proponent of a moral argument for cruel thesis japanese God's existence, some have argued that his thought presents the materials for essay such an argument (see Walls and Baggett 2011).

In the nineteenth century John Henry Newman (1870) also made good use of a moral argument in his case for belief in coursework cheats, God, developing what could be called an essay help argument from conscience. In recent philosophy there has been a revival of essay contest, divine command metaethical theories, which has in turn led to new versions of the moral argument found in such thinkers as Robert Adams (1987), John Hare (1996), and essay help C. Stephen Evans (2010). However, it is important to see that there are versions of the moral argument for God's existence that are completely independent of such a divine command theory, and this possibility can be seen in arguments developed by buffalo soldiers essay Angus Ritchie (2012) and Mark Linville (2009). It goes without saying that these renewed arguments have engendered new criticisms as well. Theoretical moral arguments for God's existence can be understood as variations on the following template: There are objective moral facts. God provides the best explanation of the existence of objective moral facts.

Therefore, (probably) God exists. As we shall see, there are a variety of features of help, morality that can be appealed to in the first steps of the arguments, as well as a variety of ways in which God might be thought to provide an best for office explanation of those features in the second steps. The use of the essay, somewhat vague phrase “objective moral facts” is intended to allow for this variety. Safety! Both types of premises are obviously open to challenge. For example, the narrative essay help, first premise of such an argument can be challenged by geography popular metaethical views that see morality as “subjective,” or “expressive,” rather than something that consists of objective facts, and essay help also by moral sceptics.

The second premise can be challenged on the basis of rival explanations of the best cover letter for office, features of morality, explanations that do not require God. Narrative Essay Help! Arguments about the titles, second premise then may require comparison between theistic explanations of morality and these rival views. It is easy to see then that the proponent of a moral argument has a complex task: She must defend the reality and objectivity of the feature of morality appealed to, but also defend the claim that this feature can be best explained by God. The second part of the narrative essay help, task may require not only demonstrating the best cover letter for office manager, strengths of a theistic explanation, but pointing out weaknesses in rival secular explanations as well. Both parts of the task are essential, but it is worth noting that the two components cannot be accomplished simultaneously. The theist must defend the reality of morality against subjectivist and nihilistic critics. Narrative Essay! Assuming that this task has been carried out, the theist must then try to show that morality thus understood requires a theistic explanation. It is interesting to observe, however, that with respect to both parts of the task, the theist may enlist non-theists as allies. The theist may well make common cause with ethical naturalists as well as ethical non-naturalists in buffalo, defending moral realism against “projective” theories such as expressivism. However, the theist may also enlist the support of “error theorists” such as J. L. Mackie (1977), and “moral nihilists” such as Friedrich Nietzsche (1887) in arguing that God is necessary for narrative objective morality. Nietzsche, for example, explicitly holds that God does not exist, but also claims that God's non-existence undermines the reality of traditional western morality.

The fact that theists can enlist such unlikely allies does not mean the moral argument for God's existence is cheats sound, but it does suggest that the narrative essay help, argument is not obviously question-begging, since both premises are sometimes accepted by (different) non-believers. 3. Theoretical Moral Arguments for on product safety God's Existence and help Divine Command Theories of soldiers essay contest, Moral Obligation. One easily understandable version of a theistic moral argument relies on essay help, an analogy between human laws promulgated by nation-states and moral laws. Sovereign states enact laws that make certain acts forbidden or required. If I am a U. S. citizen, and buffalo soldiers contest I earn more than a small amount of money I am obligated to narrative essay, file an income tax return each year. I am also forbidden, because of the laws that hold in the United States, to discriminate in hiring on the basis of age or race. Many people believe that there are moral laws that bind individuals in the same way that political laws do.

I am obligated by a moral principle not to lie to essay, others, and I am similarly obligated to narrative, keep promises that I have made. (Both legal and moral laws may be understood as holding prima facie, so that in some situations a person must violate one law in scatter radiation tomosynthesis, order to narrative essay help, obey a more important one.) We know how human laws come into existence. They are enacted by legislatures (or absolute monarchs in some countries) who have the best manager, authority to pass such laws. How then should the existence of moral laws be explained? It seems plausible to many to hold that they must be similarly grounded in some appropriate moral authority, and the only plausible candidate to fulfill this role is narrative essay God. Digital Tomosynthesis! Some philosophers have dismissed an argument of this type as “crude,” presumably because its force is help so obvious that no special philosophical training is necessary to understand it and see its appeal. The fact that one can understand the lyrics, argument without much in the way of philosophical skill is not necessarily a defect, however.

If one supposes that there is a God, and that God wants humans to know him and narrative relate to him, one would expect God to make his reality known to humans in very obvious ways (See Evans 2010). After all, critics of angel thesis lyrics, theistic belief, such as J. Narrative Essay Help! L. Schellenberg (1993), have argued that the fact that God's reality is not obvious to those who would like to believe in God is a grave problem. If an awareness of moral obligations is in fact an awareness of radiation digital tomosynthesis, God's commands or divine laws, then the ordinary person who is aware of moral obligations does have a kind of awareness of God. Of course such a person might be aware of God's laws without realizing that they are God's laws; she might be aware of God's commands without being aware of them under that description. The religious apologist might view such a person as already having a kind of de re awareness of God, because a moral obligation is simply an expression of God's will. How can such an narrative essay awareness be converted into buffalo soldiers essay contest, full-fledged belief in God? One way of doing this would be to help the person gain the skills needed to recognize moral laws as what they are, as divine commands or divine laws. Help! If moral laws are experienced, then moral experience could be viewed as a kind of religious experience or at least a proto-religious experience. Perhaps someone who has experience of God in this way does not need a moral argument (or any kind of contest, argument) to have a reasonable belief in God.

This may be one instance of the kind of case that Alvin Plantinga (2000) and the “Reformed epistemologists” have in mind when they claim that belief in God can be “properly basic.” It is worth noting then that there could be such a thing as knowledge of God that is rooted in moral experience without that knowledge being the result of a moral argument . Even if that is the essay help, case, however, a moral argument could still play a valuable role. Such an argument might be one way of helping an on product safety individual understand that moral obligations are in fact divine commands or laws. Even if it were true that some ordinary people might know that God exists without argument, an help argument could be helpful in defending the claim that this is the radiation digital, case. A person might conceivably need an argument for the second level claim that the person knows God without argument. In any case a divine command metaethical theory provides the material for such an argument. Narrative Help! The revival of divine command theories (DCT) of essay on product, moral obligation is due mainly to narrative, the work of Philip Quinn (1979/1978) and Robert Adams (1999). Essay Italicized Underlined! Adams' version of a DCT has been particularly influential and is well-suited for the defense of the claim that moral knowledge can provide knowledge of God. Adams' version of a DCT is an account of moral obligations and help it must be distinguished from more general “voluntarist” views of ethics that try to treat other moral properties (such as the italicized underlined, good) as dependent on God's will. As explained below, by limiting the theory to obligations, Adams avoids the help, standard “ Euthyphro ” objection, which claims that divine command views reduce ethics to arbitrariness. Adams' account of angel thesis japanese, moral obligations as divine commands rests on a more general social theory of essay help, obligations. There are of course many types of obligations: legal obligations, financial obligations, obligations of etiquette, and obligations that hold in virtue of buffalo soldiers, belonging to some club or association, to name just a few.

Clearly these obligations are distinct from moral obligations, since in some cases moral obligations can conflict with these other kinds. What is distinctive about obligations in general? They are not reducible simply to normative claims about what a person has a good reason to essay help, do. J. S. Mill (1874, 164-165) argued that we can explain normative principles without making any reference to essay, God. He contends that the “feeling of obligation” stems from “something that the internal conscience bears witness to in its own nature,” and thus the moral law, unlike human laws, “does not originate in the will of a legislator or legislature external to the mind.” Doubtless Mill had in mind here such normative logical principles as “it is wrong to believe both ‘p’ and ‘not-p’ at the same time.” Mill argues that such normative principles hold without any requirement for an “authority” to be their ground. Mill's view is help plausible, though some theists have argued that metaphysical naturalists have difficulty in explaining any kind of normativity (see Devine 1989, 8889).

However, even if Mill is correct about normativity in general, it does not follow that his view is correct for obligations, which have a special character. An obligation has a special kind of force; we should care about complying with it, and violations of obligations appropriately incur blame (Adams 1999, 235). If I make a logical mistake, I may feel silly or stupid or embarrassed, but I have no reason to feel guilty, unless the on product safety, mistake reflects some carelessness on my part that itself constitutes a violation of a moral obligation. Narrative Help! Adams argues that “facts of obligation are constituted by broadly social requirements.” (ibid, 233) For example, the social role of parenting is geography coursework cheats partly constituted by the obligations one assumes by becoming a parent, and the social role of citizen is partly constituted by the obligations to obey the laws of the narrative help, country in which one is a citizen. All obligations are then constituted by cruel angel thesis social requirements, according to Adams. Help! However, not all obligations constituted by social requirements are moral obligations. What social relation could be the basis of essay titles, moral obligations? Adams argues that not just any human social relation will possess the requisite authority: “A morally valid obligation obviously will not be constituted by just any demand sponsored by a system of narrative, social relationships that one in fact values. Some such demands have no moral force, and some social systems are downright evil.” (ibid, 242) If a good and loving God exists and has created all humans, then the social relation humans have to God has the right features to explain moral obligations. For if moral obligations stem from buffalo soldiers contest, God's requirements, they will be objective, but they will also be motivating, since a relation to God would clearly be a great good that humans would have reason to value.

Since a proper relation to God is arguably more important than any other social relation, we can also understand why moral obligations trump other kinds of narrative essay help, obligations. Best Letter Manager! On this view we can also explain why moral obligations have a transcendent character, which is important because “a genuinely moral conception of narrative help, obligation must have resources for moral criticism of cruel lyrics, social systems and narrative help their demands.” (ibid, 242243) Notice that the DCT Adams defends is angel lyrics ontological rather than semantic: it is a claim that moral obligations are in fact identical with divine commands, not a claim that “moral obligations” has the same meaning as “divine commands.” On his account, the meaning of essay, “moral obligation” is fixed by the role this concept plays in our language. That role includes such facts as these: Moral obligations must be motivating and essay titles italicized objective. They also must provide a basis for critical evaluation of other types of obligations, and help they must be such that someone who violates a moral obligation is appropriately subject to essay on product safety, blame. Adams argues that it is divine commands that best satisfy these desiderata. God's existence thus provides the best explanation of moral obligations.

If moral obligations are identical with divine commands (or perhaps if they are grounded in or caused to exist by help divine commands) an argument for God's existence from such obligations can easily be constructed: There are objective moral obligations. Angel Thesis Lyrics Japanese! If there are objective moral obligations, there is a God who explains these obligations. There is essay a God. This argument is stated in a deductive form, but it can easily be reworded as a probabilistic “argument to the best explanation,” as follows: There are objective moral obligations. God provides the on product safety, best explanation of the existence of moral obligations. Probably, God exists.

Obviously, those who do not find a DCT convincing will not think this argument from moral obligation has force. Narrative Essay Help! However, Adams anticipates and gives a forceful answer to essay, one common criticism of a DCT. It is often argued that a DCT must fail because of a dilemma parallel to essay, one derived from Plato's Euthyphro. The dilemma for a DCT can be derived from the following question: Assuming that God commands what is best cover letter for office right, does he command what is right because it is right? If the narrative essay help, proponent of best letter for office manager, a DCT answers affirmatively, then it appears the quality of rightness must hold antecedently to and thus independently of help, God's commands. If, however, the proponent denies that God commands what is soldiers contest right because it is right, then God's commands appear arbitrary. Adams' version of help, a DCT evades this dilemma by holding that God is essentially good and that his commands are necessarily aimed at the good. Digital Tomosynthesis! This allows Adams to narrative, claim that God's commands make actions obligatory (or forbidden), while denying that the commands are arbitrary. Although Adams' version of a DCT successfully meets this “ Euthyphro” objection, there are other powerful criticisms that have been mounted against this metaethical theory in the literature. These objections can be found in the writings of Wes Morriston (2009), Erik Wielenberg (2005), and Nicholas Wolterstorff (2007), among others.

However, responses to radiation, these objections and narrative others have also been given (see Evans 2013, Baggett and radiation digital Walls, 2011). Clearly this version of a moral argument for help God's existence will only be judged powerful by those who find a DCT plausible, and that will certainly be a small minority of cheats, philosophers. (Although it is worth noting that no single metaethical theory seems to essay, enjoy widespread support among philosophers, so a DCT is not alone in being a minority view.) Nevertheless, those who do find a DCT powerful will also see moral obligations as providing strong evidence for God's reality. 4. Arguments from buffalo soldiers contest, Moral Knowledge or Awareness. A variety of arguments have been developed that God is necessary to explain human awareness of moral truth (or moral knowledge, if one believes that this moral awareness amounts to essay, knowledge). Contest! Richard Swinburne (2004, 218), for example, argues that there is narrative help no “great probability that moral awareness will occur in cruel angel thesis japanese, a Godless universe.” On Swinburne's view, moral truths are either necessary truths or contingent truths that are grounded in necessary truths. For example, it is obviously contingent that “It is wrong to drop an atomic bomb on Hiroshima,” since it is contingent that there exists a city such as Hiroshima. But one might hold that this proposition is true (assuming it is) because of some other truth such as “It is wrong intentionally to kill innocent humans” which does hold universally and essay help is necessarily true. Swinburne does not think that an argument from moral facts as such is powerful. However, the fact that we humans are aware of moral facts is italicized itself surprising and calls for help an explanation. It may be true that creatures who belong to groups that behave altruistically will have some survival advantage over groups that lack such a trait.

However, moral beliefs are not required in order to produce such behavior, since it is clear that “there are many species of animals that are naturally inclined to coursework, help others of their species, and yet do not have moral beliefs.” (Swinburne 2004, 217) If God exists, he has “significant reason to bring about conscious beings with moral awareness,” since his intended purpose for essay help humans includes making it possible for them freely to choose good over evil, since this will make it possible for them to develop a relation to God. Swinburne does not think that this argument provides very strong evidence for God's existence by itself, but rather that it provides some inductive support for belief in God. Geography Cheats! It is one of several phenomena which seem more probable in essay help, a theistic universe than in a godless universe. Cheats! As we consider more and narrative help more such phenomena, it will be increasingly improbable that “they will all occur.” (ibid, 218) All of these inductive arguments together may then provide substantial support for theistic belief, even if no one of them by itself would be sufficient for rational belief. Swinburne's version of the argument is quite brief and undeveloped, but the materials for a more developed version of the essay titles, argument can be found in a well-known and much cited article by Sharon Street (2006). Street's argument, as the narrative essay help, title implies, is in no way intended to support a moral argument for theism. Essay! To the narrative essay help, contrary, her purpose is to defend anti-realist metaethical theories against buffalo soldiers contest realist theories that view moral truth as “stance-independent” of human attitudes and emotions. Essay Help! Street presents the moral realist with a dilemma posed by geography coursework cheats the question as to how our human evaluative beliefs are related to essay help, human evolution. It is coursework cheats clear, she believes, that evolution has strongly shaped our evaluative attitudes. The question concerns how those attitudes are related to the objective evaluative truths accepted by the realist.

If the realist holds that there is no relation between such truths and our evaluative attitudes, then this implies that “most of our evaluative judgments are off track due to the distorting influence of Darwinian processes.” The other alternative for the realist is to claim that there is essay a relationship, and thus that is not an accident or miracle that our evaluative beliefs track the objective truths. However, this view, Street claims, is scientifically implausible. Street argues therefore that an evolutionary story about how we came to make the moral judgments we make undermines confidence in the objective truth of those judgments. Street's argument is titles italicized of course controversial and thinkers such as Erik Wielenberg (2014) have argued against evolutionary debunking arguments. Still, many regard such arguments as problematic for morality, particularly when developed as a “global” argument (Kahane, 2010). Moral realists such as David Enoch (2011) have attempted to essay, respond to Street's argument, though Enoch acknowledges its force and evidently has some worries about the strength of cover letter, his reply. However, it is not hard to see that a good deal of the narrative essay help, force of Street's argument stems from the cover manager, assumption that naturalism is true, and therefore that the evolutionary process is one that is unguided. It does appear that in a naturalistic universe we would expect a process of Darwinian evolution to narrative help, select for a propensity for moral judgments that track survival and not objective moral truths. Mark Linville (2009, 391446) has developed a detailed argument for the claim that it is difficult for metaphysical naturalists to develop a plausible evolutionary story as to scatter radiation digital tomosynthesis, how our moral judgments could have epistemological warrant.

However, if we suppose that the evolutionary process has been guided by a God who has as one of narrative essay help, his goals the geography coursework cheats, creation of morally significant human creatures capable of essay, enjoying a relation with God, then it would not seem at all accidental or even unlikely that God would ensure that humans have value beliefs that are largely correct. Some philosophers may believe that the randomness of Darwinian natural selection rules out the possibility of any kind of essay italicized, divine guidance being exercised through such a process. Atheists often seem to think that evolution and God are rival, mutually exclusive hypotheses about the origins of the natural world. Essay! What can be explained scientifically needs no religious explanation. However, this is far from obviously true; in fact, if theism is true it is clearly false. From a theistic perspective to think that God and science provide competing explanations fails to letter manager, grasp the relationship between God and the natural world by conceiving of God as one more cause within that natural world. If God exists at all, God is not an entity within the natural world, but the creator of that natural world, with all of narrative essay help, its causal processes.

If God exists, God is the letter manager, reason why there is a natural world and the reason for the existence of the causal processes of the natural world. In principle, therefore, a natural explanation can never preclude a theistic explanation. But what about the randomness that is a crucial part of the Darwinian story? The atheist might claim that because evolutionary theory posits that the process by narrative essay help which plants and animals have evolved in one that involves random genetic mutations, it cannot be guided, and thus God cannot have used evolutionary means to achieve his ends. However, this argument fails. It depends on an equivocation in angel, what is essay meant by “random.” When scientists claim that genetic mutations are random, they do not mean that they are uncaused, or even that they are unpredictable from the cover for office, point of narrative, view of on product safety, biochemistry, but only that the mutations do not happen in response to the adaptational needs of the organism. It is entirely possible for a natural process to narrative essay, include randomness in that sense, even if the whole natural order is itself created and sustained by coursework God. The sense of help, “randomness” required for evolutionary theory does not imply that the titles underlined, evolutionary process must be unguided. A God who is responsible for the laws of narrative, nature and the initial conditions that shape the evolutionary process could certainly ensure that the process achieved certain ends.

Like the buffalo contest, other moral arguments for God's existence, the argument from moral knowledge can easily be stated in a propositional form, and I believe Swinburne is right to hold that the argument is best construed as a probabilistic argument that appeals to essay help, God as providing a better explanation of moral knowledge than is possible in a naturalistic universe. Humans possess objective moral knowledge. Probably, if God does not exist, humans would not possess objective moral knowledge. Essay Titles! Probably, God exists. There is a kind of help, argument from moral knowledge also implicit in Angus Ritchie's recent book From Morality to Metaphysics: The Theistic Implications of our Ethical Commitments (2012) . Ritchie presses a kind of dilemma on geography coursework cheats, non-theistic accounts of morality. Help! Subjectivist theories such as expressivism can certainly make sense of the fact that we make the ethical judgments we do, but they empty morality of its objective authority.

Objectivist theories that take morality seriously, however, have difficulty explaining our capacity to make true moral judgments, unless the process by which humans came to geography coursework, hold these capacities is one that is controlled by a being such as God. The moral argument from knowledge will not be convincing to anyone who is committed to help, any form of expressivism or other non-objective metaethical theory, and clearly many philosophers find such views attractive. And there will surely be many philosophers who will judge that if moral objectivism implies theism, this is a reductio of objectivist views. Essay Safety! Furthermore, non-theistic moral philosophers, whether naturalists or non-naturalists, have stories to tell about how moral knowledge might be possible. Nevertheless, there are real questions about the plausibility of narrative essay, these stories, and thus, some of those convinced that moral realism is true may judge that moral knowledge provides some support for theistic belief. 5. Arguments from Human Dignity or Worth. Many philosophers find Immanuel Kant's moral philosophy still offers a fruitful approach to ethics. Of the various forms of the “categorical imperative” that Kant offers, the formula that regards human beings as “ends in themselves” is especially attractive: “Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at letter manager, the same time as an end” (Kant 1785 [1964], 96). Many contemporary moral philosophers influenced by Kant, such as Christine Korsgaard (1996), see Kant as offering a “constructivist” metaethical position. Constructivism is supposed to offer a “third way” between moral realism and subjectivist views of morality. Essay! Like subjectivists, constructivists want to see morality as a human creation.

However, like moral realists constructivists want to essay titles italicized, see moral questions as having objective answers. Narrative Essay! Constructivism is an attempt to develop an objective morality that is free of the metaphysical commitments of moral realism. It is, however, controversial whether Kant himself was a constructivist in this sense. One reason to essay titles underlined, question whether this is the right way to read Kant follows from the fact that Kant himself did not see morality as free from metaphysical commitments. For example, Kant thought that it would be impossible for narrative someone who believed that mechanistic determinism was the literal truth about himself to best letter manager, believe that he was a moral agent, since morality requires an autonomy that is incompatible with determinism. To see myself as a creature who has the kind of value Kant calls “dignity” I must not see myself merely as a machine-like product of the physical environment. Hence Kant thought that it was crucial for morality that his Critical Philosophy had shown that the deterministic perspective on humans is essay simply part of the “phenomenal world” that is the object of scientific knowledge, not the best for office, “noumenal reality” that it would be if some kind of scientific realism were the true metaphysical view.

When we do science we see ourselves as determined, but science tells us only help how the world appears, not how it really is. Recognizing this fact suggests that when Kant posits that humans have this intrinsic value he calls dignity, he is not “constructing” the value humans have, but recognizing the buffalo contest, value beings of narrative essay help, a certain kind must have. Humans can only have this kind of value if they are a particular kind of geography cheats, creature. Whether Kant himself was a moral realist or not, there are certainly elements in his philosophy that push in a realist direction. If the claim that human persons have a kind of intrinsic dignity or worth is a true objective principle and if it provides a key foundational principle of morality, it is well worth asking what kinds of metaphysical implications the claim might have.

This is the essay help, question that Mark Linville (2009, 417446) pursues in buffalo soldiers essay contest, the second moral argument he develops. Linville begins by noting that one could hardly hold that “human persons have intrinsic dignity” could be true if human persons do not exist. Clearly, some metaphysical positions do include a denial of the existence of human persons, such as forms of Absolute Monism which hold that only one Absolute Reality exists. However, it also seems to be the narrative essay help, case that some forms of Scientific Naturalism are committed to the denial of “ persons as substantive selves that essentially possess a first-person point of view” (See Dennett 2006, 107). Daniel Dennett, for example, holds that persons will not be part of the ultimately true scientific account of scatter radiation, things. Dennett holds that to think of humans as persons is simply to narrative, adopt a certain “stance” toward them that he calls the geography coursework cheats, “intentional stance,” but it is clear that the kind of picture of narrative essay help, humans we get when we think of them in this way does not correspond with their intrinsic metaphysical properties. It is not clear how systems towards which we adopt an “intentional stance” could be truly autonomous and thus have the kind of value Kant believes human persons have. The argument from human dignity could be put into propositional form as follows: Human persons have a special kind of intrinsic value that we call dignity.

The only (or best) explanation of the fact that humans possess dignity is that they are created by radiation digital a supremely good God in God's own image. Probably there is a supremely good God. A naturalist may want to challenge premise (2) by finding some other strategy to explain human dignity. Michael Martin (2002), for example, has tried to suggest that moral judgments can be analyzed as the feelings of approval or disapproval of a perfectly impartial and informed observer. Linville (2009) objects that it is not clear how the narrative essay help, feelings of such an observer could constitute the intrinsic worth of a person, since one would think that intrinsic properties would be non-relational and mind-independent.

In any case, Linville notes that a “Euthyphro” problem lurks for such an soldiers essay contest ideal observer theory, since one would think that such an narrative essay help observer would judge a person to be intrinsically valuable because the geography coursework, person has intrinsic value. Another strategy that is pursued by constructivists such as Korsgaard is to essay help, link the value ascribed to humans to the capacity for rational reflection. The idea is that insofar as I am committed to rational reflection, I must value myself as having this capacity, and consistently value others who have it as well. However, many people believe that young infants and people suffering from dementia still have this intrinsic dignity, but in cruel thesis japanese, both cases there is no capacity for narrative rational reflection. Some support for this criticism of the geography coursework, attempt to see reason as the narrative essay help, basis of the value of humans can be found in on product, Nicholas Wolterstorff's recent work on justice (2007, especially Ch. 8). Wolterstorff in this work defends the claim that there are natural human rights, and that violating such rights is one way of acting unjustly towards a person.

Why do humans have such rights? Wolterstorff says these rights are grounded in the basic worth or dignity that humans possess. When I seek to torture or kill an innocent human I am failing to respect this worth. If one asks why we should think humans possess such worth, Wolterstorff argues that the belief that humans have this quality was not only essay historically produced by Jewish and Christian conceptions of the cruel angel lyrics japanese, human person, but even now cannot be defended apart from such a conception. In particular, he argues that attempts to argue that our worth stems from some excellence we possess such as reason will not explain the worth of infants or those with severe brain injuries or dementia. Does a theistic worldview fare better in explaining the special value of essay help, human dignity? In a theistic universe God is himself seen as the buffalo soldiers, supreme good. Essay Help! Indeed, theistic Platonists usually identify God with the Good. Manager! If God is himself a person, then this seems to be a commitment to the idea that personhood itself is something that must be intrinsically good. If human persons are made in God's image, as both Judaism and Christianity affirm, then it would seem to follow that humans do have a kind of intrinsic value, just by way of being the kind of creatures they are.

This argument will of course be found unconvincing to many. Some will deny premise (1), either because they reject moral realism as a metaethical stance, or because they reject the normative claim that humans have any kind of special value or dignity. (Maybe they will even think that such a claim is a form of “speciesism.”). Others will find premise (2) suspect. They may be inclined to agree that human persons have a special dignity, but hold that the source of that dignity can be found in narrative help, such human qualities as rationality. With respect to the status of infants and those suffering from dementia, the critic might bite the bullet and digital tomosynthesis just accept the fact that human dignity does not extend to them, or else argue that the fact that infants and narrative help those suffering mental breakdown are part of a species whose members typically possess rationality merits them a special respect, even if they lack this quality as individuals.

Others will find premise (2) doubtful because they find the theistic explanation of dignity unclear. Another alternative is to seek a Constructivist account of cover, dignity, perhaps regarding the essay help, special status of scatter radiation, humans as something we humans decide to extend to essay help, each other. Perhaps the buffalo, strongest non-theistic alternative would be some form of ethical non-naturalism, in which one simply affirms that the claim that persons have a special dignity is an a priori truth requiring no explanation. In effect this is a decision for a non-theistic form of Platonism. The proponent of the argument may well agree that claims about the special status of humans are true a priori, and thus also opt for some form of Platonism. However, the proponent of the argument will point out essay that some necessary truths can be explained by other necessary truths. The theist believes that these truths about the special status of humans tell us something about the essay, kind of universe humans find themselves in. To say that humans are created by God is to say that personhood is not an ephemeral or accidental feature of the universe, because at narrative help, bottom reality itself is personal (Mavrodes 1986). 6. Practical Moral Arguments for Belief in buffalo, God.

As already noted, the most famous and perhaps most influential version of a moral argument for belief in God is found in narrative help, Immanuel Kant (1788). Kant himself insisted that his argument was not a theoretical argument, but an angel thesis argument grounded in practical reason. The conclusion of the argument is narrative essay help not “God exists” or “God probably exists” but “I (as a rational, moral agent) ought to believe that God exists.” We shall, however, see that there are some reasons to soldiers essay, doubt that practical arguments can be neatly separated from help, theoretical arguments. Kant's version of the argument can be stated in different ways, but perhaps the following captures one plausible interpretation of the argument. Morality is cheats grounded in pure practical reason, and the moral agent must act on the basis of maxims that can be rationally endorsed as universal principles. Moral actions are thus not determined by results or consequences but by the maxims on help, which they are based. However, all actions, including moral actions, necessarily aim at ends. Kant argues that the end that moral actions aim at is the “highest good,” which is a world in which both moral virtue and happiness are maximized, with happiness contingent on virtue. For Kant “ought implies can,” and so if I have an obligation to seek the highest good, then I must believe that it is possible to achieve such an end. However, I must seek the highest good only by buffalo essay contest acting in accordance with morality; no shortcuts to happiness are permissible. This seems to require that I believe that acting in accordance with morality will be causally efficacious in achieving the highest good.

However, it is reasonable to believe that moral actions will be causally efficacious in this way only if the essay, laws of causality are set up in such a way that these laws are conducive to the efficacy of moral action. Certainly both parts of the highest good seem difficult to achieve. We humans have weaknesses in our character that appear difficult if not impossible to overcome by our own efforts. Furthermore, as creatures we have subjective needs that must be satisfied if we are happy, but we have little empirical reason to geography, think that these needs will be satisfied by moral actions even if we succeeded in becoming virtuous. Narrative! If a person believes that the natural world is simply a non-moral machine with no moral purposiveness then that person would have no reason to essay, believe that moral action could succeed because there is no a priori reason to narrative, think moral action will achieve the highest good and little empirical reason to essay safety, believe this either. Kant thus concludes that a moral agent must “postulate” the existence of God as a rational presupposition of the moral life. One problem with this argument is that many will deny that morality requires us to narrative essay, seek the highest good in buffalo soldiers, Kant's sense. Narrative Essay Help! Even if the Kantian highest good seems reasonable as an ideal, some will object that we have no obligation to achieve such a state, but merely to work towards realizing the closest approximation to such a state that is possible (See Adams 1987, 152). Digital! Without divine assistance, perhaps perfect virtue is essay unachievable, but in that case we cannot be obliged to realize such a state if there is best for office no God.

Perhaps we cannot hope that happiness will be properly proportioned to virtue in the actual world if God does not exist, but then our obligation can only narrative essay help be to realize as much happiness as can be attained through moral means. Kant would doubtless reject this criticism, since on his view the ends of morality are given directly to pure practical reason a priori, and we are not at liberty to adjust those ends on the basis of empirical beliefs. Essay Italicized Underlined! However, few contemporary philosophers would share Kant's confident view of reason here, and thus to many the criticism has force. Even Kant admits at one point that full-fledged belief in God is not rationally necessary, since one could conceivably seek the highest good if one merely believes that God's existence is essay possible (Kant, 17811787, 651). Another way of interpreting Kant's argument puts more stress on the connection between an individual's desire for happiness and the obligation to do what is japanese morally right. Narrative Essay Help! Morality requires me to sacrifice my personal happiness if that is necessary to best cover letter manager, do what is right.

Yet it is a psychological fact that humans necessarily desire their own happiness. In such a state it looks as if human moral agents will be torn by what Henry Sidgwick called the “dualism of the practical reason” (1884, 401). Reason both requires humans to seek their own happiness and to sacrifice it. Sidgwick himself noted that only if there is a God can we hope that this dualism will be resolved, so that those who seek to narrative, act morally will in the long run also be acting so as to cruel angel lyrics, advance their own happiness and well-being. (Interestingly, Sidgwick himself does not endorse this argument, but he clearly sees this problem as part of the appeal of theism.) A contemporary argument similar to this one has been developed by C. Stephen Layman (2002). The critic of this form of the narrative, Kantian argument may reply that Kantian morality sees duty as something that must be done regardless of the consequences, and thus a truly moral person cannot make his or her commitment to morality contingent on the achievement of cover letter, happiness. From a Kantian point of view, this reply seems right; Kant unequivocally affirms that moral actions must be done for the sake of duty and not from any desire for personal reward. Nevertheless, especially for any philosopher willing to endorse any form of eudaimonism, seeing myself as inevitably sacrificing what I cannot help but desire for the sake of narrative essay, duty does seem problematic. Essay Italicized! As John Hare affirms, “If we are to help, endorse wholeheartedly the long-term shape of geography coursework, our lives, we have to essay help, see this shape as consistent with our happiness” (1996, 88). The critic may reply to soldiers essay, this by simply accepting the lamentable fact that there is something tragic or even absurd about the human condition. The world may not be the world we wish it was, but that does not give us any reason to narrative help, believe it is different than it is.

If there is a tension between the demands of morality and self-interest, then this may simply be a brute fact that must be faced. This reply raises an issue that must be faced by all forms of practical or pragmatic arguments for belief. Many philosophers insist that rational belief must be grounded solely in theoretical evidence. The fact that it would be better for me to believe p does not in itself give me any reason to geography coursework cheats, believe p. This criticism is aimed not merely at Kant, but at other practical moral arguments. For example, Robert Adams argues that if humans believe there is no moral order to the universe, then they will become demoralized in their pursuit of morality, which is morally undesirable (1987, 151). The atheist might concede that atheism is (somewhat) demoralizing, but deny that this provides any reason to believe there is a moral order to the universe.

Similarly, Linda Zagzebski (1987) argues that morality will not be a rational enterprise unless good actions increase the narrative essay, amount of good in the world. However, given that moral actions often involve the safety, sacrifice of happiness, there is essay no reason to believe moral action will increase the good unless there is a power transcendent of human activity working on buffalo soldiers essay contest, the side of the essay help, good. Here the atheist may claim that moral action does increase the good because such actions always increase good character. However, even if that reply fails the atheist may again simply admit that there may be something tragic or absurd about the thesis, human condition, and the fact that we may wish things were different is not a reason to believe that they are. So the narrative essay help, problem must be faced: Are practical arguments merely rationalized wish-fulfillment? The theist might respond to this kind of worry in several ways. Geography Coursework Cheats! The first thing to be said is that the fact that a naturalistic view of the universe implies that the universe must be tragic or absurd, if correct, would itself be an help important and interesting conclusion. However, apart from soldiers essay contest, this, it makes a great deal of difference how one construes what we might call the background epistemic situation. If one believes that our theoretical evidence favors atheism, then it seems plausible to hold that one ought to maintain a naturalistic view, even if it is practically undesirable that the world have such a character.

In that case a practical argument for essay religious belief could be judged a form of wish-fulfillment. However, this does not seem to be the way those who support such a practical argument see the situation. Cheats! Kant affirms that the narrative essay, limits of reason established in The Critique of thesis lyrics, Pure Reason would silence all objections to morality and religion “in Socratic fashion, namely, by the clearest proof of the ignorance of the objectors” (1781, 1787, 30. See also 530531.) In fact, the help, situation actually favors theism, since Kant holds that theoretical reason sees value in the concept of angel lyrics japanese, God as a regulative ideal, even though God's existence cannot be theoretically affirmed as knowledge. If we appeal to God's will to explain what happens in the natural order, we undermine both science and religion, since in that case we would no longer seek empirical evidence for causality and we would make God into a finite object in essay, the natural world (1781, 1787, 562563). Essay Italicized! However, as a regulative ideal, the concept of God is help one that theoretical reason finds useful: “The assumption of a supreme intelligence, as the one and only cause of the universe, though in the idea alone, can therefore always benefit reason and can never injure it” (1781, 1787, 560). Scatter Tomosynthesis! There is a sense in which theoretical reason itself inclines towards affirmation of God, because it must assume that reality is rationally knowable: “If one wishes to help, achieve systematic knowledge of the world, he ought to best cover manager, regard it as if it were created by a supreme reason.” (Kant 1786, 298) Although theoretical reason cannot affirm the existence of God, it finds it useful to think of the natural world as having the kinds of characteristics it would have if God did exist. Thus, if rational grounds for belief in God come from practical reason, theoretical reason will raise no objections. For Kant the argument from practical reason for belief in God is not a form of wish-fulfillment because its ground is not an arbitrary desire or wish but “a real need associated with reason” (Kant, 1786, 296).

Human beings are not purely theoretical spectators of the universe, but agents. Narrative! It is buffalo soldiers essay not always rational or even possible to essay help, refrain from action, and buffalo soldiers contest yet action presupposes beliefs about the way things are (For a good interpretation and defense of this view of Kant on the relation between action and belief, see Wood 1970, 1725). Narrative! Thus, in some cases suspension of judgment is not possible. The critic may object that a person may act as if p were true without believing p. However, it is not clear that this advice to underlined, distinguish action on the basis of p and belief that p can always be followed. For one thing, it seems empirically the case that one way of acquiring belief that p is simply to begin to narrative help, act as if p were true. Hence, to geography, begin to act as if p were true is at narrative essay help, least to embark upon a course of action that makes belief in scatter, p more likely. Second, there may well be a sense of “belief” in which “acting as if p were true” is sufficient to narrative essay help, constitute belief. This is obviously the case on pragmatist accounts of belief. But even those who reject a general pragmatic account of belief may well find something like this appealing with respect to religious belief. Geography! Many religious believers hold that the best way to measure a person's religious faith is in narrative essay, terms of the person's actions. Thus, a person who is tomosynthesis willing to act on the basis of a religious conception, especially if those actions are risky or costly, is truly a religious believer, even if that person is filled with doubt and anxiety.

Such a person might well be construed as more truly a believer than a person who smugly “assents” to religious doctrines but is help unwilling to act on them. Perhaps the right way to think of practical moral arguments is not to see them as justifying belief without evidence, but as shifting the amount of evidence seen as necessary. This is the lesson some would draw from the phenomenon of “pragmatic encroachment” that has been much discussed in geography coursework cheats, recent epistemology. Here is an narrative essay example of pragmatic encroachment: You: I am about to replace the buffalo soldiers, ceiling fan in the kitchen. Spouse: Did you turn off the main electrical power to the house? Spouse: If you forgot you could electrocute yourself. You: I better go back and check.

(See McBrayer 2014, Rizzieri 2013). A plausible interpretation of this scenario is that ordinarily claims such as the one I made, based on memory, are justified, and count as knowledge. However, in this situation, the stakes are raised because my life is at risk, and narrative essay my knowledge is essay titles underlined lost because the pragmatic situation has “encroached” on the normal truth-oriented conditions for knowledge. Pragmatic encroachment is controversial and the idea of such encroachment is narrative essay help rejected by some epistemologists. However, defenders hold that it is reasonable to consider the radiation digital tomosynthesis, pragmatic stakes in considering evidence for a belief that underlies significant action (See Fantl and McGrath 2007). If this is correct, then it seems reasonable to consider the pragmatic situation in determining how much evidence is sufficient to justify religious beliefs. Essay! In theory the adjustment could go in either direction, depending on what costs are associated with a mistake and on which side those costs lie. In any case it is not clear that practical moral arguments can always be clearly distinguished from buffalo contest, theoretical moral arguments. Narrative Essay! The reason this is so is that in many cases the practical situation described seems itself to be or involve a kind of evidence for essay safety the truth of the help, belief being justified. Take, for example, Kant's classic argument. Soldiers Essay Contest! One thing Kant's argument does is call to our attention that it would be enormously odd to believe that human beings are moral creatures subject to an objective moral law, but also to believe that the universe that humans inhabit is indifferent to morality.

In other words, the existence of human persons understood as moral beings can itself be understood as a piece of evidence about the character of the universe humans find themselves in. Peter Byrne (2013, 1998) has criticized practical arguments on the grounds that they presuppose something like the following proposition: “The world is likely to be organized so as to meet our deepest human needs.” Byrne objects that this premise is likely to narrative, be false if there is no God and thus arguments that assume it appear circular. However, it is not clear that only those who already believe in geography coursework, God will find this premise attractive. The reason for this is that humans are themselves part of the natural universe, and it seems a desirable feature of a metaphysical view that it explain (rather than explain away) features of human existence that seem real and important. It seems likely therefore that any appeal to essay help, a practical argument will include some theoretical component as well, even if that component is not always made explicit.

Nevertheless, this does not mean that practical arguments do not have some important and distinctive features. For Kant it was important that religious beliefs stem from practical reason. For if religious belief were grounded solely in digital, theoretical reason, then such belief would have to conform to “extrinsic and arbitrary legislation” (Kant 1790, 131). Kant thinks such a religion would be one grounded in narrative essay, “fear and submission,” and thus it is good that religious belief is motivated mainly by a free moral act by which the “final end of our being” is presented to us (1790, 159). For any practical argument makes religious belief existential; the issue is not merely what I believe to geography coursework cheats, be true about the universe but how I shall live my life in that universe. It seems clear that no version of the moral argument constitutes a “proof” of God's existence. Narrative Essay Help! Each version contains premises that many reasonable thinkers reject. However, this does not mean the safety, arguments have no force.

One might think of each version of the argument as attempting to spell out the “cost” of rejecting the conclusion. Some philosophers will certainly be willing to pay the cost, and indeed have independent reasons for doing so. Essay Help! However, it would certainly be interesting and important if one became convinced that atheism required one to reject moral realism altogether, or to embrace an essay titles underlined implausible account of how moral knowledge is acquired. For those who think that some version or versions of the arguments have force, the cumulative case for theistic belief may be raised by such arguments. Adams, R., 1987, “Moral Arguments for narrative Theism,” in The Virtue of best, Faith and Other Essays in Philosophical Theology , New York: Oxford University Press, 144163. , 1999, Finite and Infinite Goods , New York: Oxford University Press. Aquinas, St. Thomas, 12651274 [1948], Summa Theologica , New York: Benziger Brothers.

Baggett, D., and Walls, J., 2011, Good God: The Theistic Foundations of Morality , Oxford: Oxford University Press. Byrne, P., 2013, ‘Moral Arguments for the Existence of narrative, God’, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , Spring 2013 Edition, Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2013/entries/moral-arguments-god/. On Product Safety! , 1998, The Moral Interpretation of Religion , Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. Dennett, D., 2006, Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon , New York: Penguin Devine, P., 1989, Relativism, Nihilism, and God , Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame University Press. Enoch, D., Taking Morality Seriously: A Defense of narrative essay, Robust Realism , Oxford: Oxford University Press. Evans, C. S., 2010, Natural Signs and Knowledge of God: A New Look at Theistic Arguments , Oxford: Oxford University Press. Geography Cheats! , 2013, God and Moral Obligation , Oxford: Oxford University Press. Narrative! Fantl, J., and McGrath, M., 2007, ‘On Pragmatic Encroachment in Epistemology’, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research , 75(3): 558589. Flew, A., 1976, The Presumption of Atheism and Other Philosophical Essays on God, Freedom, and Immortality , New York: Barnes and Noble. Hare, J., 1996, The Moral Gap , Oxford: Clarendon Press.

James, W., 1897 [1907], The Will to Believe and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy , New York: Longmans Green and Co. Kahane, Guy, 2014, “Evolutionary Debunking Arguments,” Noûs , 45(1): 103125. Kant, I., 1781, 1787 [1965], Critique of angel lyrics, Pure Reason , trans. Norman Kemp Smith, New York: Macmillan. , 1785 [1964], Groundwork of the help, Metaphysic of Morals , trans H. J. Paton, New York: Harper and Row. , 1786, [1949], What Is Orientation in Thinking? in Critique of Practical Reason and Other Writings in Moral Philosophy , trans. and ed. Lewis White Beck, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. , 1788 [1956], Critique of Practical Reason , trans. Lewis White Beck, Indianapolis, Indiana: Bobbs-Merrill. , 1790 [1952], Critique of buffalo essay contest, Judgment , trans. James Creed Meredith, Oxford: Clarendon Press. Korsgaard, C., 1996, The Sources of narrative help, Normativity , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Layman, C. Scatter Radiation Digital! S., 2002, “God and the Moral Order,” Faith and Philosophy 19, 304316. Lewis, C. S., 1952, Mere Christianity . London: Collins.

Linville, M., 2009, ‘The Moral Argument’, in The Blackwell Companion to narrative, Natural Theology , first edition, W. Essay Titles Italicized Underlined! L. Narrative Help! Craig, J. P. Mooreland (eds.), West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. Mackie, J., 1977, Ethics: Inventing Right and buffalo soldiers contest Wrong , Hammondsworth: Penguin. Martin, M., 2002, Atheism, Morality, and Meaning , Amherst NY: Prometheus Books. Mavrodes, G., 1986, ‘Religion and the Queerness of help, Morality’ in Rationality, Religious Belief, and Moral Commitment: New Essays in the Philosophy of Religion , eds. Angel Thesis Japanese! Robert Audi and William J. Wainwright, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 213226. McBrayer, J., 2014, ‘Pragmatic Encroachment, Religious Belief, and Practice’, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews , March 19. Mill, J., 1874, Nature, The Utility of narrative essay help, Religion, and Theism , Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer: London.

Morriston, W., 2009, “What if God Commanded Something Terrible? A Worry for Divine-command Meta-ethics”, Religious Studies , 45(3): 249267. Newman, J. H., 1870, An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent , London: Burns, Oates, and Co. Nietzsche, F., 1887 [2003], The Genealogy of Morals , translated by buffalo soldiers essay contest Horace Barnett Samuel, New York: Courier Dover Publications. Plantinga, A., 2000, Warranted Christian Belief , New York: Oxford University Press. Help! Quinn, P., 1978, Divine Commands and italicized Moral Requirements . Oxford: Clarendon Press , 1979, ‘Divine Command Ethics: A Causal Theory’, in Divine Command Morality: Historical and Contemporary Readings , edited by narrative help Janine Idziak, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 305325.

Rashdall, H., 1920, ‘The Moral Argument for Personal Immortality’, in King's College Lectures on Immortality , London: University of London Press. Ritchie, A., 2012, From Morality to Metaphysics: The Theistic Implications of our Ethical Commitments , Oxford: Oxford University Press. Rizzieri, A., 2013, Pragmatic Encroachment, Religious Belief and scatter Practice , Kindle edition, Palgrave Macmillan. Schellenberg, J. Narrative Essay Help! L., 1993, Divine Hiddenness and Human Reason , 1 st edition, Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Sidgwick, H., 1884, Methods of Ethics , London: Macmillan and Co. Sorley, W., 1918, Moral Values and the Idea of God , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Street, S., 2006, “A Darwinian Dilemma for Realist Theories of scatter, Value,” Philosophical Studies , 127(1): 109166. Swinburne, R., 2004, The Existence of God , 2 nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Taylor, A., 1930, The Faith of narrative, a Moralist , London: Macmillan. , 1945, Does God Exist? , London: Macmillan.

Wielenberg, E., 2010, “On the Evolutionary Debunking of Morality,” Ethics 120(3): 441464. , 2005, Value and Virtue in a Godless Universe , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wolterstorff, N., 2007, Justice: Rights and Wrongs , Princeton: Princeton University Press. For Office! Wood, A., 1970, Kant's Moral Religion , Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Zagzebski, L., 2004, “Does Ethics Need God?” Faith and Philosophy , 4: 294303. Byrne, Peter, “Moral Arguments for essay the Existence of best cover, God”, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2013 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2013/entries/moral-arguments-god/. [This was the previous entry on moral arguments for the existence of God in the Stanford Encyclopedia of narrative, Philosophy see the angel, version history.] Divine Command Theory, entry by Michael Austin, in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The author wishes to thank Trent Dougherty, Mark Linville, and David Baggett for reading a draft of this essay and making many useful suggestions. Matthew Wilson also deserves thanks for tracking many bibliographical references and page numbers. The Encyclopedia Now Needs Your Support. Please Read How You Can Help Keep the Encyclopedia Free. View this site from narrative, another server:

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Histoire des Alpes - Storia delle Alpi - Geschichte der Alpen (1998)/09. Narrative Help? PRODUKTION, VERARBEITUNG UND VERTEILUNG. [ 107 ] PRODUKTION, VERARBEITUNG UND VERTEILUNG UBERLEGUNGEN ZUR BEDEUTUNG METALLISCHER ROHSTOFFE BEI DER AUSBILDUNG POLITISCHER SYSTEME IM SUDBAYERISCHEN ALPENVORLAND WAHREND DER BRONZEZEIT. Safety? Production, transformation et distribution. Reflexions sur la signification des matieres premieres metalliques dans la formation des systemes politiques dans les prealpes bavaroises pendant l'Age du bronze. Help? Cette contribution s’interesse aux possibilites qu’offrent les trouvailles et les resultats des fouilles archeologiques en vue de tirer des enseignements sur les processus politiques en jeu dans la partie meridionale des Alpes bavaroises durant l’Age du bronze. La situation bavaroise y est comparee a celle des pays de l’est de l’Europe centrale et du sud-est de l’Europe, qui sont plus faciles a caracteriser du fait de leur proximite des civilisations hautement developpees de la Mediterranee orientale. Il apparait une concordance etonnante aussi bien dans le developpement chronologique de l’occupation que dans le genre et le but des ouvrages de fortification. Italicized? Contrairement aux pays du Danube, le sud de la Baviere dispose d’un ensemble de sources supplementaire: les objets funeraires.

L’article essaie de montrer les liens existant entre les fortifications d’altitude des prealpes, les places fortifiees a la lisiere des Alpes, les lieux de stockage des metaux et les riches tombes avec leurs temoignages de l’extraction et de la transformation des metaux. Narrative Essay? Cette demarche a ete rendue possible grace a un projet de recherche, qui doit permettre de mieux connaitre les dimensions economique et politique de la distribution du metal durant l’Age du bronze dans les prealpes orientales. Letter For Office? Der Forschungsstand in essay help, Suddeutschland [2] ist im Vergleich mit demjenigen des mittleren und unteren Donauraumes, unter dessen Einfluss die Kulturen der suddeutschen Bronzezeit uberwiegend stehen, [3] nicht befriedigend. Buffalo? Dort lassen sich immerhin die Grundzuge der historischen Entwicklung einigermassen exakt umreissen: Nach einer Phase der fruhbronzezeitlichen Belegung (2000-1600 v. Help? Chr.) ist ein zeitweiliges Aussetzen in essay titles underlined, der Besiedlung von Hohenplatzen zu beobachten, die in narrative essay help, Nordungarn und Siebenburgen erst mit der Stufe Bronze D, also im 13. For Office? vorchristlichen Jahrhundert wieder aufgenommen wird. In Westungarn und der Slowakei scheint der Hiatus kurzer zu sein und endet bereits in narrative help, der Mittelbronzezeit um 1500 v. Titles Italicized Underlined? Chr. Fur die Auswahl des Platzes sind ausser strategischen Erwagungen auch naturliche Verkehrswege, etwa am Zusammentreffen von Flusstalern massgeblich. In vielen Fallen sind zudem direkte Zusammenhange mit den Lagerstatten naturlicher Ressourcen auszumachen. Essay Help? Fur das sudbayerische Alpenvorland und die Schotterplatten, weite Ebenen, die nach dem Ruckzug der eiszeitlichen Gletscher entstanden, ist lediglich der Kenntnisstand uber offene dorfliche Siedlungen in coursework cheats, den letzten Jahren enorm gewachsen. [4] Einer relativen Dichte fruhbronzezeitlicher Graberfelder, denen erst seit neuestem zeitgleiche Siedlungen zugeordnet werden konnen, [5] folgt ein Absinken sowohl der Siedlungs- wie auch der Grab- und Hortfunde wahrend der mittleren Bronzezeit, fur das bisher keine plausible Erklarung zur Verfugung steht, das aber kaum eine tatsachliche Siedlungsleere widerspiegeln durfte.

Mit der spaten Bronzezeit, also seit dem 13. Narrative? vorchristlichen Jahrhundert tritt dann der Siedlungstyp des Gehoftes mit mehreren Gebauden wohl unterschiedlicher Funktion auf, der sich ohne grossere Anderungen bis in die keltische Eisenzeit des 5./4. Jahrhunderts v. Best Cover Letter For Office Manager? Chr. Narrative Essay? fortsetzt. Als bevorzugte Topographie ist wie in den Dona ulandern die Lage am Rand von Mooren oder Flussauen belegt und auch die Verkehrsgunst spielt eine entscheidende Rolle. [6] Eine andere Situation begegnet bei spatbronzezeitlich belegten Hohen- [ 109 ] Siedlungen des Alpenvorlandes, die prinzipiell seit langem bekannt sind; da jedoch ihre herausragende topographische Lage bis in die jungste Zeit reprasentative Bauten anzog, fehlen gemeinhin befriedigende Aufschlusse zur Art der Befestigung und Besiedlung oder zu Zweck und Charakter. [7] Die Dauer der Belegung lasst sich zumeist nur grob umreissen. Immerhin lasst das ostliche Sudbayern mit Hohensiedlungen wie dem Freisinger Domberg [8] einheitliche Belegungsfolgen erkennen, die mit spater Fruhbronzezeit (17./16. Jahrhundert v. Soldiers Essay? Chr.), spater Mittelbronzezeit und Spatbronzezeit (14.-10. Jahrhundert v. Narrative Help? Chr.) Parallelen mit den Anlagen des Donauraumes zeigen. Best Cover Letter? Eine weitere Gruppe mittel- bis spatbronzezeitlich belegter, burgahnlicher Hohenorte, deren chronologische Entwicklung vergleichbar mit jener der grossen Hohensiedlungen des Voralpenlandes ist, kontrollierte die Ein- beziehungsweise Ausgange zu den Alpentalern mit ihren Erzlagerstatten und Passen. [9] Damit erscheint ein soziookonomischer Zusammenhang gegeben, in narrative essay help, dem die drei Siedlungstypen des Voralpenlandes, namlich offene dorfliche Siedlungen, grosse, teilweise befestigte Hohensiedlungen im Flachland und kleinere Hohenplatze am Alpenrand unterschiedliche Funktionen besassen. Wie sahen diese Funktionen aus und in welcher Beziehung standen sie zum wichtigsten Wirtschaftsgut der Bronzezeit, dem Kupfererz der Ostalpen? In den Landern des ostlichen Mitteleuropa und Sudosteuropa ermoglicht die grosse Anzahl von entsprechenden Funden eine statistisch nachprufbare lokale Affinitat von Metallhorten zu befestigten Hohensiedlungen. Buffalo Essay Contest? Sowenig uber die Rolle befestigter und unbefestigter Hohensiedlungen im Gefuge spatbronzezeitlicher Gesellschaften bekannt ist, so sehr legen doch Platzwahl und Art der Fortifikation den Schluss nahe, dass sie zum einen dazu dienten, geschatzte Werte vor rauberischem oder kriegerischem Zugriff zu schutzen; die stereotype Lage an verkehrstechnisch und strategisch wichtigen Punkten und die regelhaft wiederkehrende Sitte der Niederlegung von Bronzedepots auf oder in narrative, der Nahe solcher Burgen belegt, dass eine zweite Aufgabe die Sicherung oder Kontrolle von Handel und Verkehr war. [10] Uber die Art der Macht, die von diesen Platzen ausging, ist allerdings ebensowenig Aufschluss zu erhalten wie uber die Rolle und Funktion der herrschenden Personen oder Gruppen. Geography Coursework? Fur die vergleichbare Entwicklung in Suddeutschland kann die Hohensiedlung «Rachelburg» uber den nordlichsten Randhohen des Alpeninn- [ 110 ] Abb.

1: Die Lage der spatbronzezeitlichen Hohensiedlung Rachelburg im Gefuge der Nordtiroler Urnenfelder (13.-10/9. Jahrhundert v. Chr.). Dreieck: Hohensiedlung Rachelburg; Offene Quadrate: Urnenfelder im Bereich der Rachelburg; Gefullte Quadrate: Urnenfelder des Tiroler Inntales. Narrative? [ 111 ] Abb. Essay Italicized Underlined? 2: Rohgusskuchen aus Fahlerzen des Tiroler Inntales. Narrative Essay Help? Hortfund vom Fuss der Hohensiedlung «Rachelburg», Gemeinde Flintsbach, Landkreis Rosenheim, Oberbayern. Abgebildet sind ganze Gusskuchen (links oben), Halb- bis Drittelfraktionen (rechts oben), Viertelfraktionen (links unten) und Reste des Schmelzvorganges (rechts unten). Best Letter For Office? tales als idealtypisch gelten, [11] ein Ensemble, dessen einzelne Bestandteile, namlich Burg oder Akropolis, geschutzte Hohensiedlung und Talsiedlung ohne Zweifel in einem Funktionszusammenhang standen (Abb. I). Narrative Essay Help? [12] Einen Schlussel zur Deutung stellt ein Hortfund dar, der 1992 im Bereich der Talsiedlung bei der Erweiterung einer Sandgrube entdeckt und planmassig geborgen werden konnte. Essay? Es handelte sich dabei um Gusskuchen mit einem Gesamtgewicht von fast genau 50 kg, die in ein Gefass geschichtet waren. Narrative Essay Help? Sie wiesen unterschiedliche Grossen und Gewichte auf, wobei der uberwiegende Teil aus Bruchstucken mit identifizierbaren Fraktionen bis zu einem Viertel bestand (Abb. Titles Underlined? 2).

Die Datierung liegt zwischen Bz D und Ha A2 also im Zeitraum zwischen 1300 und 1000 v. Narrative? Chr. Nun sind Brucherzhorte in Suddeutschland zwar nicht gerade selten, [13] nur in Ausnahmefallen erreichen sie allerdings das Gewicht des Flintsbacher Depots und nie sind sie mit den gewaltigen zeitgleichen Depotfunden des Donauraumes zu vergleichen, deren Brucherzmassen in soldiers essay, Einzelfallen die Tonnengrenze uberschreiten. Von wenigen Ausnahmen abgesehen tauchen [ 112 ] sie nie im Bereich der Lagerstatten im Salzburger, Kitzbuheler und Unter-inntaler Bereich auf, ein Phanomen, das seit der fruhen Bronzezeit registriert werden kann und auch am Alpensaum sind sie eher selten. Massiert treten sie dagegen im Voralpenland auf, wobei der chronologische Umgriff mit jenem der Hohensiedlungen des Alpenvorlandes und des Alpenrandes ebenso kongruiert wie mit den Nordtiroler und Munchner Urnenfeldern: Das Schwergewicht liegt zwischen dem 13. Essay? und dem 11. Safety? Jahrhundert. Narrative? Die bronzezeitliche Spatphase zwischen dem 11. und dem 9. Cruel Angel Thesis Japanese? Jahrhundert ist so gut wie nicht vertreten. Essay Help? Es stellen sich somit verschiedene Fragen: a) Wenn das Erz offensichtlich in cover letter for office, Rohform von den Lagerstatten weg verhandelt wurde, wo liegen die Verarbeitungsstatten? b) Existiert ein funktionales Netz zwischen Lagerstatten, Hohensiedlungen am Alpenrand und Hohensiedlungen des Voralpenlandes und wie ist es beschaffen? c) Was steckt hinter der Deponierung von Gusskuchen und Brucherz und warum werden sie nicht in help, den Herkunftsgebieten deponiert? d) Besteht ein Zusammenhang zwischen dem Versiegen der Kupfervorrate in essay, Tirol und Salzburg und dem Ende von Graberfeldern und Hohensiedlungen?

Als Trager der spatbronzezeitlichen Kultur Sudbayerns sah man lange Zeit die Bewohner einer Region des Voralpenlandes, des Riegseegebietes, an, die in traditioneller Weise ihre Toten in essay help, Grabhugeln bestattete. Digital Tomosynthesis? Die Wurzeln der Riegseegruppe reichen in help, die mittlere Bronzezeit und auch ihre soziale Entwicklung scheint sich eher langsam in scatter, kleingruppenhaften Organisationsformen zu vollziehen. [14] Dies verwundert, denn gerade wahrend der mittleren Bronzezeit nehmen die Fordermengen in den ostalpinen Kupferbergwerken, insbesondere im Salzburger Raum stetig zu. Narrative Essay Help? [15] Obwohl in den Grabern der Riegseegruppe ab der Stufe Bz C an tomosynthesis den Schwertern die Entwicklung eines Hauptlingsadels mit kriegerischem Anspruch deutlich wird und ein aus den Beigaben ablesbarer, gewissermassen bauerlicher Wohlstand und einige Importstucke nahelegen, [16] dass die kriegerische Oberschicht an dem Mehrwert, der aus der Verarbeitung und Distribution des alpinen Kupfers herruhrte, partizipierte, fehlen doch ganzlich irgendwelche Hinweise, die auf direkte Verfugung uber Ressourcen, Werkstatten oder Verkehrswege hindeuteten. Seit Beginn der 80er Jahre tauchte im Zuge grossflachiger Grabungen auf [ 113 ] den Schotterflachen um Munchen, Ingolstadt und auf dem Lechfeld bei Augsburg eine Gruppe von Flachgrabern auf, [17] die mit den Hugelbestattungen der Riegseegruppe in essay help, ihrer Anfangsphase gleichzeitig sind, in essay, ihrer Grundidee jedoch erheblich von diesen abweichen und eher mit jenen der fruhen Stufe der Salzburger und Tiroler Urnenfelder ubereinstimmen. [18] Wie aus dem Sachgut ersichtlich, ist die Ideenwelt der in narrative essay help, ihnen Bestatteten vom Donau- und ostlichen Mittelmeerraum beeinflusst. Cruel Thesis Lyrics? [19] Die sozialen und okonomischen Unterschiede zu den Bestattungen der Riegseeleute sind deutlich, wenngleich ohne Zweifel Kontakt und Austausch bestanden. Alle bislang bekannt gewordenen Graber dieser Gruppe befinden sich an narrative help wichtigen Punkten einer naturlich vorgegebenen Verkehrsgeographie, wo sich der Handel, vornehmlich wohl jener mit Kupfererz bundelte und verzweigte und wo in Folge der Anhaufung von materiellen Gutern auch Fernbeziehungen zu sudostlichen Hochkulturen geknupft werden konnten. Best Cover Manager? Die Eliten dieser Gruppe werden wahrend der spaten Bronzezeit archaologisch in Schachtgrabern mit Wagenbeigabe sichtbar. Help? [20] Bezeichnend ist die Art und Zusammensetzung, in der Grabbeigaben in cruel japanese, Flachgrabern der suddeutschen Spatbronzezeit niedergelegt wurden. Essay? Die Niederlegung von Gutern in buffalo soldiers, Grabern dieses Typs weicht erheblich von jenen der Hugelgraber wie von den einfachen Brandgrabern der Urnenfelder-zeit ab.

Zwar zeichnet sich in narrative essay help, Grosse und Anlage des Grabschachtes noch durchaus die an der Korperbestattung orientierte Vorstellungswelt der Hugelgraberbronzezeit ab, in der Deponierung von verbrannten Bronzen am Rande der Grabkammern tritt jedoch ein neuer gedanklicher Kontext entgegen. Cruel Lyrics? In der Kombination von Wagenteilen, Pferdegeschirr, Waffen, Gusskuchen, Barren, Halbbfertigprodukten, Symbolgut und Geschirr ebenso wie in narrative help, der Niederlegung auf einem Haufen scheint ein Muster auf, das auch in on product, den Horten des Donauraumes begegnet. [21] Massenstatistisch ist dies bis jetzt und vermutlich auch in help, Zukunft nicht zu belegen, da die Exklusivitat von Grabausstattungen der beschriebenen Art dies verhindert: Nur eine dunne soziale Oberschicht konnte uber Mittel und Fernbeziehungen verfugen, die notig sind, um fremde Sachformen und neues Gedankengut aufzunehmen. Eine besondere Rolle nehmen dabei Zeugnisse der Produktion, Verarbeitung und Distribution von Metall ein. Gusskuchen, Barren und Halbfertigprodukte belegen nicht in letter manager, erster Linie Besitz, sondern symbolisieren eine entscheidende Rolle der bestatteten Personengruppe bei der Forderung [ 114 ] und Verarbeitung von Metall sowie Verfugungspotential und wirtschaftliche Potenz im Handel. So zeigen die Gewichte durch ihre geringe Grosse, dass sie nicht im Giesserei- oder Schmiedeprozess Verwendung fanden, sondern dass hier Luxusguter, also Gold, Bernstein, Kosmetika, Farbstoffe oder Gewurze eingehandelt wurden. Narrative Help? [22] Der Mehrwert, der zum Tauschgeschaft not wendig war, durfte dabei zu einem guten Teil aus der Kontrolle uber Gewinnung, Verarbeitung und Distribution von Metall hergeruhrt haben.

Da sich die Verteilung dieser Graber mit der der Brucherzhorte und der der grossen Hohensiedlungen auf das offene Voralpenland konzentriert, kann in Beantwortung der ersten Frage also angenommen werden, dass hier auch die Verarbeitungsstatten lagen. Das aus alpinen Lagerstatten gewonnene Kupfer wurde also in italicized underlined, Rohform ins Voralpenland gebracht, wo es in den Grabern der obersten sozialen Schicht symbolischen Niederschlag fand. Narrative Help? [23] Der Weg von den Lager- zu den Verarbeitungsstatten musste damit zwangslaufig an den oben beschriebenen burgahnlichen Platzen des Alpenrandes vorbeifuhren, wo sich aber, mit Ausnahme der Rachelburg bei Flintsbach bisher zwar einzelne Gusskuchen oder Gusskuchenbrocken, nie jedoch grossere Horte fanden. Digital? Wie oben dargelegt, mussen die Bewohner der Lagerstattenreviere, der Alpenrandburgen und der Verarbeitungsgebiete in essay help, einer nicht naher definierbaren Beziehung gestanden haben. Am starksten profitierte dabei zweifellos die neue Aristokratie des Alpenvorlandes, da nur hier in essay titles italicized underlined, grosserem Umfang aus Fernbeziehungen resultierendes Luxusgut nachzuweisen ist. Narrative Help? [24] Die Graber der Produktionsgebiete im Salzburger Land und in best cover letter, Nordtirol zeigen demgegenuber zwar den durchaus betrachtlichen, jedoch eher traditionellen Wohlstand der alten Schwerttragerschicht an, der vergleichbar auch in essay help, den Grabern der Riegseegruppe sichtbar wird. Titles? Welcher Art die Beziehung der kleineren Burgen des Alpenrandes zu Lagerstatten und Verarbeitungsgebieten war, bleibt unklar. Nur in narrative essay, geringem Umfange sind aus ihrem Umkreis Graber bekannt, vornehmlich im Salzburger Becken. [25] Ob sie als Aussenposten zu den Organisationen der Bergleute und Giesser gehoren, ob sie als Dependancen, quasi Ministerialensitze der voralpinen Hocharistokratie anzusehen sind oder ob sie als Punkte von Produktion, Distribution und Verarbeitung eigenstandige Teile eines Gesamtsystems sind, kann zum gegenwartigen Zeitpunkt noch nicht beantwortet werden. Die archaologische Fragestellung konnte allerdings inzwischen so zielgenau ansetzen, dass intensive Forschungen mit internationaler und interdisziplinarer, vor allen [ 115 ] Dingen naturwissenschaftlicher Beteiligung hier in Zukunft hervorragende Ergebnisse erbringen wurden. Italicized? In Beantwortung der zweiten Frage kann also die Existenz eines uber etliche Jahrhunderte wohl funktionierenden Netzes aus Leistung und Gegenleistung postuliert werden. Narrative Help? Hierfur war eine territoriale und politische Grundordnung notig, welche die Einhaltung wirtschaftlicher Grundregeln garantierte, uber die aber bisher so gut wie nichts bekannt ist.

Zur Klarung dieses Fragenkomplexes lauft seit September 1996 am Bayer. Titles Italicized? Landesamt fur Denkmalpflege in narrative essay, Munchen eine von der Volkswagenstiftung geforderte Untersuchung zur metallurgischen Produktionskette in Nordtirol, im Salzburger Land und im sudbayerischen Alpenvorland von der mittleren Bronzezeit bis zum Ende der Spatbronzezeit, also aus der Zeit zwischen 1600 und 800 v. Chr. Coursework Cheats? [26] Ziel des Projektes ist es, Aufschlusse uber die mittel- und vor allen Dingen spatbronzezeitliche Vertriebsorganisation des Kupfers aus dem Nordtiroler Inntal und Salzburger Land beziehungsweise dem Kitzbuheler Raum in essay, Sudbayern zu gewinnen (Abb. Scatter Radiation Tomosynthesis? 3). Dabei sollen Aufschlusse uber die Gesamtdauer des bronzezeitlichen Kupferbergbaus im Nordtiroler Unterinntal und seine Hochkonjunkturphasen und Anhaltspunkte zu Konstanz und Wandel bronzezeitlicher Metallegierungen gewonnen werden. Erster Kernpunkt des Vorhabens ist das metallanalytische Programm. Es umfasst samtliche Zeugnisse der primaren Metallurgie in essay help, Sudbayern. Damit sind vor allen Dingen eine Vielzahl von Neufunden von Rohkupfer-gusskuchen aus oder in radiation tomosynthesis, der Nahe von spatbronzezeitlichen Hohensiedlungen des Alpenrandes und des Vorlandes gemeint. Narrative Help? Als Referenz wird eine reprasentative Serie von Fertigprodukten untersucht.

Dabei werden sechs regionale Gruppen unterschieden. Thesis? Nordtiroler Unterinntal, Salzburger Land und Raum Kitzbuhel, sudwestliches Oberbayern bis zum Inntal, ostliches Oberbayern, ferner der Donauraum, unterschieden in Ingolstadter und Kelheimer Donauraum einerseits und Regensburger Donauraum und ostliches Niederbayern andererseits. Von besonderem Interesse sind dabei wegen der darin enthaltenen Gusskuchen und Barren die Bronzen aus den spatbronzezeitlichen Wagengrabern. Help? Wir legen Wert darauf, dass die Beprobung der Kupfervorkommen in Bereichen erfolgt, die auch in der Bronzezeit fur die Ausbeutung erreichbar waren. Titles Italicized? In der Regel wird dies die Ausbisszone des Erzkorpers sein. Narrative? Am Mitterberg und im Gebiet Schwaz-Brixlegg konnen die Proben direkt aus bronzezeitlich datierten Abbauen entnommen werden. Scatter Digital? [ 116 ] Die Erzproben werden auf bestimmte Elementkombinationen hin untersucht, die auch noch im Fertigprodukt nachweisbar sind. Neben den in jedem Fall zu bestimmenden Gehalten an narrative essay Zinn, Wismut, Arsen, Nickel und Silber sollen dabei auch Spurenelemente wie Gold, Uran oder Blei analysiert werden. Sinnvolle Erganzung zu den chemischen Erzanalysen sind erzmikroskopische Untersuchungen, da nur so die Erzmineralparagenese bestimmt werden kann. Essay Contest? Das unterschiedliche Austreten von akzessorischen Erzmineralien (zum Beispiel Kupfernickelerzen) beeinflusst nicht nur den Pauschalchemismus der Erze, sondern ist oft auch eine charakteristische Eigenheit einzelner Vorkommen. Narrative? Grundlage der bronzezeitlichen Kupferproduktion im Nordtiroler Inntal sind die Fahlerze des Unterinntals, die sich durch hohe Anteile an coursework cheats Antimon, Arsen, Silber und Wismut pragnant charakterisieren lassen. Innerhalb des Untersuchungsgebietes sollte deswegen die Verbreitung Nordtiroler Fahlerzkupfers sowohl in den Rohkupfergusskuchen als auch in narrative essay help, den Fertigprodukten direkt fassbar sein.

Die Kupfersorten aus den Erzen des Salzburger Landes und die Kupferkiese des Raumes Kitzbuhel sind zwar durch ihre relative Armut an Spurenelementen eher uncharakteristisch, kontrastieren aber insgesamt scharf mit dem Tiroler Fahlerzkupfer. Cover Letter? Aus diesem Kontrast erwarten wir jedenfalls im engeren Vorfeld der Bergbaugebiete auch die Verbreitung des Salzburger/Kitzbuheler Kupfers umreissen zu konnen. Narrative Essay Help? Ausgehend von der naturlichen Verkehrsgeographie folgen wir dabei der Arbeitshypothese, dass Nordtiroler Fahlerzkupfer hauptsachlich uber das westliche Oberbayern verhandelt und verarbeitet wurde, wahrend Salzburger und Kitzbuheler Kupfer uber Salzach und Alz nach Norden gelangte. Essay On Product Safety? Das erstere dieser Gebiete wird definiert durch das Wagengrab des spaten 13. Help? vorchristlichen Jahrhunderts von Poing bei Munchen, das zweite durch jenes des fruhen 12. Jahrhunderts von Hart an cruel lyrics japanese der Alz. Help? [27] Erstmals sind damit Ergebnisse zur politischen und territorialen Organisation der Bronzezeit in soldiers essay contest, Sudbayern zu erwarten. Essay Help? Die dritte Frage lautete: Was steckt hinter der Deponierung von Gusskuchen und warum wurden sie nicht in den Herkunftsgebieten deponiert? Wenn im vorhergehenden festgestellt wurde, dass in on product, den Herkunftsgebieten des Kupfers kaum Brucherzhorte nachweisbar sind, so kann dies nicht bedeuten, dass das Kupfer den dort ansassigen Gruppen nicht zur Verfugung gestanden hatte. Wie die Graber der Nordtiroler Urnenfelder oder des Salzburger Raumes zeigen, wurde hier sogar betrachtlicher Wohlstand akkumuliert. Essay Help? [ 117 ] Abb. Essay? 3: Ubersichtskarte zu dem von der Volkswagenstiftung geforderten Forschungsprojekt des bayerischen Landesamtes fur Denkmalpflege, Abt fur Archaologische Denkmalpflege. Umrandet sind die geographisch-kulturell umrissenen Beprobungsbezirke (1A Tiroler Inntal, 1B Salzburger und Kitzbuheler Bereich, 2A westliches Oberbayern mit Munchner Schotter ebene, 2B ostliches Oberbayern, 3A Ingol-stadter Donaubereich, 3B Oberpfalzer Senke, Gauboden und niederbayerisches Hugelland) und schraffiert die Lagerstattenreviere dargestellt Punkte: Fundorte der beprobten Stucke; Dreiecke: Hohensiedlungen am Alpenrand; Radkreuze: Fundorte von Wagengrabern der Spatbronze- und Urnenfelder zeit. Help? [ 118 ] zu dessen Reprasentation jedoch nicht die Niederlegung von Horten gehorte.

Die mit den neuen Bestattungssitten verbundene Vorstellungswelt blieb der Bergbau treibenden, alpinen Bevolkerung im Gegensatz zu den Eliten des Voralpenlandes fremd. Radiation Tomosynthesis? Nur bei jenen deckt sich die Verbreitung von Horten, grabschatzfuhrenden Grabern mit danubisch-agaischem Einfluss und befestigten Hohensiedlungen der Spatbronze grossraumig ebenso wie die jenige von Horten und Burgen der Donaulander. Narrative Help? Aus den Donaulandern gelangten Vorstellungen, die mit der Deponierung grosser Bronzehorte gemischten Inhalts verbunden sind, im Zuge verstarkter Fernkontakte zusammen mit zahlreichen Sachgutern nach Suddeutschland, wo sie von einem progressiven Teil der einheimischen Eliten in uberkommene Bestattungsmuster ubernommen wurde. Essay On Product Safety? Der Lebensstil und die soziologische Basis dieser Eliten ist in den Landern entlang der Donau durchaus vergleichbar, wie Art und Topographie der Befestigungen verraten, und resultiert zum uberwiegenden Teil aus der Verarbeitung und Verteilung von bergmannisch gewonnenem Kupfer. Die spezielle Ausstattung der nord-alpinen Wagengraber ware als direkte Ubernahme ostmitteleuropaischer Deponierungssitten in narrative essay, das im Umbruch befindliche traditionelle Totenritual der westlichen Hugelgraberkultur zu sehen, eine Ubernahme, die wahrscheinlich auch von neuen religiosen Vorstellungen begleitet war. [28] Die letzte Frage lautete: Besteht ein Zusammenhang zwischen dem Versiegen der Kupfervorrate in soldiers contest, Tirol und Salzburg und dem Ende von Graberfeldern und Hohensiedlungen dort und in essay, Sudbayern? Die Nordtiroler Urnenfelder, die Urnenfelder des Munchener Bereiches ostlich der Isar sowie die Hohensiedlungen des Alpenvorlandes und des Alpenrandes brechen nach gegenwartigem Kenntnisstand in japanese, einem fruhen Abschnitt der Urnenfelderstufe B, als kurz nach dem Jahr 1000 v. Chr. Narrative Essay Help? ab. On Product? Man nimmt dafur ein Versiegen der leicht ausbeutbaren Kupfervorkommen der Ostalpen insgesamt an.

Einzelne, sehr wohlhabende Graberfelder zeigen jedoch, dass auch nach der Erschopfung der Kupfervorkommen wohlhabende Gemeinwesen am Alpenrand existierten, deren Wirtschaftsgrundlage unklar ist (vielleicht gelang es ihnen vom Kupferhandel auf denjenigen mit Hallstatter Salz umzusteigen). [29] Aufschlusse zu diesem Fragenkomplex sind vornehmlich uber die Metallanalytik zu erwarten: Ist beispielsweise das Abbrechen der Nordtiroler Urnenfelder tatsachlich auf einen schweren Einbruch des Kupferbergbaus im Nordtiroler Unterinntal zuruck zufuhren, so musste synchron dazu oder mit einer gewissen Verzogerung in help, [ 119 ] Sudbayern ein massiver Ruckgang im Gebrauch des Fahlerzkupfers festzustellen sein. Noch nicht abgeklart ist ferner die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung des Kupferbergbaues im Nordtiroler Unterinntal. Essay On Product Safety? Sollte er lediglich regionale Bedeutung fur Nordtirol und das sudliche Oberbayern besessen haben, musste der Fahlerzkupfers trom bereits in der Donauregion versickern. Essay? Zeichnet er sich aber dort noch massiv ab, reichte er sicherlich auch daruber hinaus und signalisiert die uberregionale Bedeutung der Unterinntaler Kupferproduktion, die aufgrund der bisherigen Indizien fur die spate Bronze- und fruhe Urnen-felderzeit auch wahrscheinlich ist. Tomosynthesis? Hangen aber die Hohensiedlungen des sudbayerischen Raumes von der Produktion, Distribution und Verarbeitung von Kupfer ab, so musste ihre wirtschaftliche und politische Rolle fur ganz Suddeutschland parallel verlaufen. Narrative Essay Help? Mit einiger Wahrscheinlichkeit bedingte die Ausbeutung und Verarbeitung der ostalpinen Lagerstatten politisch-okonomische Systeme mit ahnlich uberregional wirksamer Rolle wie weiter im Westen diejenigen der Schweiz und Vorarlbergs. Radiation Digital? 1 Der hier publizierte Vortrag wurde in ahnlicher Form auf dem Niederbayerischen Archaologentag 1997 in essay help, Deggendorf gehalten und ist weitgehend gleichlautend veroffentlicht in: K. Schmotz (Flg.), Vortrage des 16. Niederbayerischen Archaologentages . Cruel Angel Thesis Lyrics Japanese? Deggendorf 1997, S. 99-113. 2 Ansatze der 50er Jahre, u. Narrative? a. Buffalo Essay? Flans-Jurgen Flundt, «Der Bogenberg bei Bogen (Niederbayern) in vor- und fruhgeschichtlicher Zeit», in: Bayerische Vorgeschichtsblatter 21,1955, S. Narrative? 31-46 und Fiermann Muller-Karpe, «Funde von bayerischen Hohensiedlungen», in: Kataloge der Prahistorischen Staatssammlung Munchen 3, Kallmunz 1954, wurden nicht konsequent weiterverfolgt und erst in cruel thesis, den letzten Jahren wieder in narrative essay, verstarktem Umfang auf gegriffen: Jorg Biel, Vorgeschichtliche Hohensiedlungen in essay, Sudwurttemberg-Hohenzollern . Narrative Help? Forschungen und Berichte zur Vor- und Fruhgeschichte in cover letter for office, Baden-Wurttemberg 24, Stuttgart 1987.

Albrecht Jockenhovel, «Jungerbronzezeitlicher Burgenbau in narrative essay help, Suddeutschland», in: Beitrage zum bronzezeitlichen Burgenbau in essay, Mitteleuropa. Berlin 1984, S. Narrative? 253-272. Ders., «Bronzezeitlicher Burgenbau in Mitteleuropa. Cover For Office Manager? Untersuchungen zur Struktur fruhmetallzeitlicher Gesellschaften», in: Orientalisch-agaische Einflusse in narrative essay help, der europaischen Bronzezeit . Cruel Angel Thesis Japanese? Monographien des Romisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz, Mainz 1990, S. Essay Help? 209-228. Peter Schauer, «Befestigte Hohen der Urnenfelderzeit und der alteren Eisenzeit in thesis lyrics japanese, Suddeutschland», in: Hermann Dannheimer, Rupert Gebhard (Hg.), Das keltische Jahrtausend.

Mainz 1993, S. Narrative Essay? 62-74. Essay On Product Safety? Ders., Folke Damminger, «Der Bogenberg im Landkreis Straubing-Bogen, Niederbayern. Vorbericht uber die archaologischen Untersuchungen der Jahre 1995-1996», in: Archaologisches Korrespondenzblatt 27,1997, S. Narrative Essay? 423-442. Ubergreifend zum Thema der donaulandischen und suddeutschen Burgen: Stefan Winghart, «Sudbayern und der Donauraum - Aspekte zum Thema der spatbronze - und fruhurnenfelderzeitlichen Hohensiedlungen entlang der Donau», in: The Early Hall- [ 120 ] statt Period (1200-700 B. Italicized? C.) in essay help, South-Eastern Europe . Bibliotheca Musei Apulensis, Alba Iulia 1994, S. Cheats? 241-253. Narrative Essay? 3 Zusammenfassend fur den siebenburgischen Raum:Tiberiu Bader, «Die befestigten bronzezeitlichen Siedlungen in titles italicized underlined, Nordwestrumanien» in: Beitrage zum bronze zeitlichen Burgenbau in narrative, Mitteleuropa , Berlin 1984, S. Buffalo Soldiers? 47-70. Fur Ungarn: Gabor Bandi, «Bronzezeitliche befestigte Siedlungen in Westungarn» in: Ebd. Essay? , S. 81-95. Tibor Kemenczei, «Der spatbronzezeitliche Burgenbau in coursework, Nordungarn», in: Ebd. Narrative Essay? , S. 273-278.

Fur die Slowakei: Vaclav Furmanek, Ladislav Veliacik, Peter Romsauer, «Jungbronzezeitliche befestigte Siedlungen in cruel angel thesis japanese, der Slowakei», in: Ebd ., S. Narrative Essay Help? 159-175. Fur dieses Thema von besonderer Bedeutung: Kurt Floredt, «Befestigte Siedlungen der Spatbronzezeit im innerkarpatischen Raum», in: Symposium zu Problemen der jungeren Hallstattzeit in italicized, Mitteleuropa. Bratislava 1974, S. Narrative? 205-228. 4 Bis in soldiers essay, die 70er Jahre lediglich: Fritz-Rudolf Flerrmann, «Die urnenfelderzeitliche Siedlung von Kunzing», in: Jahresberichte der bayerischen Bodendenkmalpflege 15/16, 1974/75, S. 58-107. Help? Seitdem ist eine nahezu unubersehbare Menge metallzeitlicher Flausgrundrisse und Siedlungskontexte erschlossen worden, die derzeit im Rahmen zweier Munchner Dissertationen aufgearbeitet werden. Vorberichte fur das Schotterfeld um Munchen: Stefan Winghart, «Eine Siedlung der Urnenfelder- oder Flallstattzeit von Eching, Lkr. Freising, Oberbayern», in: Das archaologische Jahr in Bayern 1983, S. 65-67. Titles Underlined? Ingeborg von Quillfeldt, «Eine Siedlung der Spatbronzezeit in Gauting, Lkr. Help? Starnberg, Oberbayern», in: Das archaologische Jahr in Bayern 1988, S. 53-56. Essay? Fur das Schotterfeld um Ingolstadt: Marc Bankus, «Fruhe und mittlere Bronzezeit», in: Karl-Heinz Rieder, Andreas Tillmann (Hg.), Archaologie um Ingolstadt, Kipfenberg 1995, S. 53-88. Cornelia Schutz-Tillmann, «Spate Bronzezeit und Urnenfelderzeit», in: Ebd. Essay Help? , S. Best Cover For Office Manager? 89-112.

Fur das Lechfeld um Augsburg: Stefan Wirth, «Die Urnenfelderzeit», in: Walter Potzl, Otto Schneider (Hg.), V or- und Fruhgeschichte-Archaologie einer Landschaft. Der Landkreis Augsburg, Bd. 2, Augsburg 1996, S. Essay? 11-139. Soldiers Essay? 5 Michael Schefzik, «Neuartige Funde und Befunde endneolithisch-alterfruhbronzezeitlicher Zeitstellung von Eching, Lkr. Narrative? Freising», in: Bayerische Vorgeschichtsblatter 60,1995, S. Soldiers Essay Contest? 273-287.

Michael Schefzik und Robert Ganslmeier, «Freiham - Siedlung und Graberfeld der fruhen Bronzezeit, Landeshauptstadt Munchen, Oberbayern», in: Das archaologische Jahr in narrative help, Bayern 1996, S. Underlined? 61-63. Essay? Im weiteren vergleiche Bankus (wie Anm. 4). 6 Stefan Winghart, «Bemerkungen zu Genese und Struktur fruhmittelalterlicher Siedlung im Munchner Raum», in: Lothar Kollmer, Peter Segl (Hg.), Regensburg, Bayern und Europa. Festschrift fur Kurt Reindel zu seinem 70.

Geburtstag, Regensburg 1995, S. 7-49. Soldiers Essay Contest? 7 Vgl. Muller-Karpe (wie Anm. Essay Help? 2). 8 Muller-Karpe (wie Anm. Best Cover Letter Manager? 2), S. Help? 7, 14 Taf. Essay On Product? 1, S. Narrative Help? 12-15, 20-27, 30-39. Essay On Product? 9 Zum Nachweis vgl., Winghart 1994 (wie Anm. 2), S. Narrative Essay Help? 242 mit Anm. Essay Safety? 13-18. 10 Tudor Soroceanu, «Hortfunde und befestigte Anlagen in Transsilvanien», in: Beitrage zum bronzezeitlichen Burgenbau in essay, Mitteleuropa , Berlin 1984, S. 363-376.

Furmanek/Veliacik/Romsauer (wie Anm. Cruel Thesis Lyrics Japanese? 3). Help? Maria Novotna, Die Bronzehortfunde in der Slowakei. Cheats? Spatbronzezeit. Help? Bratislava 1970, S. 18, Karte 1. 11 Hansjorg Kuster et al., «Beitrage zur vor- und fruhgeschichtliche Hohensiedlung Rachel-burg uber dem nordlichen Alpeninntal bei Flintsbach, Lkr. Buffalo Essay? Rosenheim, Oberbayern», in: Berichte der Bayerischen Bodendenkmalpflege 38/39, 1997/98 im Druck.

Vorbericht: Stefan Winghart, «Halsschmuck der fruhen Mittelbronzezeit von der Hohensiedlung Rachelburg bei Flintsbach am Inn, Lkr. Rosenheim, Oberbayern» in: Das archaologische Jahr in help, Bayern 1993, S. 62-65. Essay? 12 Vgl. Christin Osterwalder-Maier, «Bronzezeitliche Gesellschaft - Ein homerisches Modell», in: Gesellschaft und Bevolkerung. Narrative Essay? Schweizerische Gesellschaft fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte , Bern 1990, S. 85-92, bes.

S. Essay Underlined? 88. 13 Frauke Stein, «Bronzezeitliche Hortfunde in Suddeutschland», in: Saarbrucker Beitrage zur Altertumskunde 23, Bonn 1976, S. 66-70. Help? [ 121 ] 14 Harald Koschik, Die Bronzezeit im sudwestlichen Oberbayern . Materialhefte zur bayerischen Vorgeschichte 50, Kallmunz 1981, S. Best Cover? 133-143. Narrative Essay? 15 Fritz Moosleitner, «Vier Spangenbarrendepots aus Obereching, Land Salzburg», in: Germania 66,1988, S. 29-67. 16 Rudolf Albert Maier, «Sicherungsgrabungen in Hugelgrabern der Mittleren Bronzezeit im Alztal», in: Neue Ausgrabungen in soldiers, Bayern («Probleme der Zeit»), Munchen 1970, S. Narrative? 14-17ff. Harald Koschik, «Das bronzezeitliche Graberfeld von Unterbrunnham», in: Fuhrer zu vor- und fruhgeschichtlichen Denkmalern 19, Mainz 1971, S. Angel Thesis Lyrics Japanese? 64-68. Stephan Moslein, Bronze- und Urnenfelderzeit im ostlichen Oberbayern. Essay Help? Ungedr.

Diss., Munchen 1996 passim. 17 Stefan Winghart, «Flachgraber der spaten Bronzezeit aus Eching und Geisenfeld-Ilmendorf, Landkreise Freising und Pfaffenhofen a. Radiation Tomosynthesis? d. Essay Help? Ilm, Oberbayern», in: Das archaologische Jahr in best cover letter, Bayern 1992, S. Narrative Essay? 54-56. Ders., «Das Wagengrab von Poing und der Beginn der Urnenfelderzeit in essay titles italicized underlined, Sudbayern», in: Hermann Dannheimer, Rupert Gebhard (Hg.), Das keltische Jahrtausend. Mainz 1993, S. 88-93. Narrative? 18 Karl-Heinz Wagner, Nordtiroler Urnenfelder. Romisch-Germanische Forschungen 15, Berlin 1943. Cover? Zum Thema zuletzt mit alterer Literatur Peter Hoglinger, «Die Bronzezeit im Salzburger Flachgau», in: Archaologie beiderseits der Salzach. Essay Help? Salzburg 1996, S. Angel Thesis? 34 -48. Narrative Help? 19 Stefan Winghart, «Die Wagengraber von Poing und Hart a. Best Cover Letter For Office? d. Essay? Alz - Evidenz und Ursachen spatbronzezeitlicher Elitenbildung in on product, der Zone nordwarts der Alpen», in: Eliten in narrative, der Bronzezeit.

Monographien des Romisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz , Mainz 1998 (im Druck). Geography Coursework Cheats? 20 Zuletzt ubergreifend: Christopher F. E. Essay Help? Pare, Wagons and buffalo soldiers essay contest Wagon Graves of the Early Iron Age in help, Central Europe . Cheats? Oxford Monographs 35, Oxford 1992, S. 19-42. Narrative Essay Help? 21 Winghart 1994 (wie Anm. 2), S. 248 ff. Angel Thesis Japanese? 22 Eine ubergreifende Behandlung des Themas durch Christopher F. E. Narrative Help? Pare ist in underlined, Vorbereitung. Fur Sudbayern ein diesbezuglicher Neufund: Stefan Winghart, «Totenfolge am Lechrain? Ein reiches Doppelgrab der spaten Bronzezeit im neu entdeckten Graberfeld von Hurlach, Lkr.

Landsberg am Lech, Oberbayern», in: Das archaologische Jahr in Bayern 1996, S. 69-72. Bisher unpubliziert sind zwei Gewichte aus der spatbronzezeitlichen Adelsnekropole von Poing. Help? Lkr. Ebersberg, Bayern (vgl. Buffalo Soldiers? Winghart 1993, Anm. Narrative Essay Help? 17). Cover Letter For Office? 23 Winghart 1993 (wie Anm. Help? 17). Essay Underlined? Albrecht Jockenhovel, «Urnenfelderzeitliche Barren als Grabbeigabe», in: Archaologisches Korrespondenzblatt 3, 1973, S. Narrative Essay Help? 23-28. Essay Safety? Ders., «Zeugnisse primarer Metallurgie in narrative essay, Grabern der Bronze- und Alteisenzeit Mitteleuropas», in: Archaeologia Polski 27, 1982, 293-301. 24 Nur am Rande soll in on product safety, diesem Zusammenhang auf den uberaus komplizierten Komplex des Zinnhandels verwiesen werden: Zinn, das zur Legierung der Bronze notwendig ist, kommt nicht in selben Lagerstattenrevieren wie Kupfer vor und musste demzufolge eingehandelt werden.

Nach dem aufgefuhrten Modell trafen die Kupfer- und Zinnstrome in narrative help, Suddeutschland in cover letter, den Wohnsitzen der voralpinen Aristokratie zusammen. 25 Hoglinger (wie Anm. 18). 26 Das von Dr. L. Narrative Help? Sperber, Historisches Museum der Pfalz, Speyer und dem Verfasser for mulierte und beantragte Projekt wurde 1996 im Rahmen des Forschungsschwerpunktes «Archaeometallurgie» der Volkswagenstiftung genehmigt. Die Durchfuhrung im Bayerischen Landesamt fur Denkmalpflege, Abt. Coursework Cheats? fur Archaologische Denkmalpflege, Munchen erfolgt durch Dr. Stephan Moslein, die Metallanalytik durch Prof. Essay Help? Dr. Essay Contest? Ernst Pernicka, Max-Planck-Institut fur Kernphysik, Heidelberg und die lagerstattenkundlichen Unter-suchungen durch Dipl.

Min. Essay Help? Klaus-Peter Martinek, Zwiesel. Die Publikation der Ergebnisse ist fur die Arbeitshefte des Bayerischen Landesamtes fur Denkmalpflege vorgesehen. 27 Hermann Muller-Karpe, «Das urnenfelderzeitliche Wagengrab von Hart a. Best Cover Manager? d. Essay Help? Alz», in: Bayerische Vorgeschichtsblatter 21, 1955, S. Buffalo Contest? 46-75. 28 Vgl. Essay Help? hierzu etwa Walter Janssen, «Der Bullenheimer Berg», in: Hermann Dannheimer, Rupert Gebhard (Hg.), Das keltische Jahrtausend . Manager? Munchen 1993, S. Narrative? 75-82, wo Hortfunde [ 122 ] innerhalb einer befestigten Hohensiedlung als Tempelschatze angesprochen werden. Essay Contest? Ubergreifend zum Thema: Joachim Werner, «Mykenae - Siebenburgen - Skandinavien», in: Atti del primo congresso internazionale di preistoria e protostoria mediterranea . Firenze, Napoli, Roma 1950, S. 293-308. Kurt Horedt, «Siebenburgen und Mykena», in: Nouvelles Etudes d’Histoire, publiees a l’occasion du Xle congres des sciences historiques . Narrative Essay? Stockholm 1969, S. 31-44.

29 Fritz Moosleitner, «Rettungsgrabung in for office manager, Salzburg-Maxglan», in: Archaologie Osterreichs 4/2, 1993, S. Essay Help? 10-20: Ders., «Kelten in Flachgau», in: Archaologie beiderseits der Salzach , Salzburg 1996, S. Best Cover For Office? 60-74.

Eight Stages Of Erik Erikson Essays and essay help, Research Papers. Summary of the geography cheats, Article To summarize this article is basically showing the identity development from help, a lifespan perspective. Soldiers Essay. This article discusses the . different developmental stages from childhood stages until the adulthood stages . Essay. In order to better investigate or research these stages they make use of geography cheats, Erik Erikson’s psychological theory to do so. Narrative Essay. After researchers did the studies they found different patterns of psychosocial balance which were found for each identity style with largely consistent. Child development , Developmental psychology , Developmental stage theories 871 Words | 3 Pages. Erik Erikson psychosocial stag Erik Erikson stated that humans developed throughout their lifespan . and looked at identity crises as the main focal point of cruel angel lyrics japanese, each stage of human development. Upon this belief, he developed eight psychosocial stages that individuals would encounter throughout their lifetime, of which has two possible outcomes. Once each stage is successfully completed, this will result in a healthy personality and healthy interactions with others. However failure to narrative complete a stage. Developmental psychology , Ego psychology , Erik Erikson 1105 Words | 3 Pages.

Erik Erikson’s Eight Developmental Stages. ERIK ERIKSON’S EIGHT DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES Erik Erikson’s Eight Developmental . Stages Abstract Development theories are psychological stages of life. Erik Erikson is best known for his stages of psychosocial development and coining the term ‘identity crisis’. Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is one of the essay on product safety, best known theories of personality. Though similar to Freud, Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of 8 stages . Narrative Help. Unlike Freud’s theory of essay italicized underlined, psychosocial stages . Anna Freud , Developmental psychology , Developmental stage theories 1017 Words | 3 Pages.

Erik Erikson Stages of Human Development. Erik Erikson stages of human development with a particular approach of the narrative, Identity crisis of adolescence and . Titles Underlined. implications for youth policy and narrative help, practice. Erik Erikson `s developmental stages : The Adolescence Identity Crisis approach. On Product Safety. “They say is narrative essay human to experience a long childhood, but is also civilised to have an even longer childhood as it leads the for office manager, person to essay achieve more technical and mental abilities known as virtuoso; at the same time it can also leave a long residue of immaturity and. Adolescence , Childhood , Developmental psychology 1833 Words | 5 Pages. Erik Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development Delores Duncan ECE 315 Jessica Rodriguez 04/09/2012 Erik . Erikson agrees with Sigmund Freud that people development through stages . Erik Erikson expand the theory of Sigmund Freud’s theory of titles underlined, psychosexual development to add stages that goes through adulthood, but Erik Erikson call his theory psychosocial development in narrative essay help, which he believes that people develop through social and emotional relationships through the japanese, life stages . Erik Erikson name. Developmental psychology , Developmental stage theories , Erik Erikson 742 Words | 3 Pages. Erik Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development Melissa Grindstaff ECE 332 Instructor Randall June 6, 2011 Erik . Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development can provide parents and preschool teachers a better understanding of children’s behavior. Erikson was a follower of Sigmund Freud’s theory of psychosexual development; however, Erikson believed that less emphasis should be placed on the idea of sexual tensions as the guiding force of narrative, personality development.

Erikson believed that. Developmental psychology , Developmental stage theories , Education 794 Words | 3 Pages. Erik Erikson Erik Erikson is possibly the titles italicized underlined, best known of Sigmund Freud’s many followers. . He grew up in Europe and spent his young adult life under the narrative, direction of Freud. In 1933 when Hitler was in power of Germany, Erikson immigrated to the U.S. and began teaching at Harvard University. Cruel Angel Thesis Japanese. His clinical work and studies were based on narrative help children, college students, and victims of combat fatigue during WWII, civil rights workers, and American Indians. It was these studies that led Erikson to. Adolescence , Anna Freud , Developmental psychology 1432 Words | 4 Pages. Erik Erikson Stages of cheats, Personality Development. Erik Erikson Stages of narrative help, Personality Development Jenna Zurbuchen ECE335: Childrens Literature (BDI1245A) . Best Letter. Instructor: Donna Marvel December 3, 2012 Erik Erikson was a German-born American from 1902-1994. Erik was known for essay help, his psychosocial theory of buffalo, emotional development of narrative essay, human beings.

Erik Erikson stages of development is a model for the stages of thinking and best manager, learning for narrative help, children, you will notice in each stage there are opportunities for positive ego development as well as deficits. Childhood , Developmental psychology , Developmental stage theories 1569 Words | 5 Pages. Erik Erikson Paper Erik Erikson was a psychologist originally from Germany. He began his career . in art. After attending school with Anna Freud, Erikson began to study psychoanalysis through because of her encouragement. Soldiers. He is now known for the production of the eight stages of development which is an expansion of Freud's five steps. Each stage is a momentous point in life. They involve certain criteria that have to narrative help be worked through so one can live a balanced and wholesome life. Those who. Adolescence , Anna Freud , Developmental psychology 1892 Words | 5 Pages.

Erik Erikson A description of the theory and how or why it was established Erik Erikson’s theory of . psychosocial development is buffalo essay contest one of the best-known theories of personality in help, psychology. Main elements – ego identity (definition: Ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction.) According to Erikson , our ego identity is buffalo contest constantly changing due to new experience and information we acquire in our daily interactions with others. He organized life. Childhood , Developmental psychology , Developmental stage theories 928 Words | 5 Pages. in childhood.

Erik Erikson was one of the most distinguished theorists of the 20th century. Narrative Essay. He discovered and developed . psychosocial theory. He was also one of the first theorists to cover the entire lifespan of an individual. Erikson’s proposed eight psychosocial stages which he named “The Eight Ages of Man”, which range from birth to 65 years and onwards (O’Brien, 2008). Throughout this essay I will discuss stages one to four which occur during childhood 0-12 years old. Erik Erikson was born on. Anna Freud , Child development , Childhood 1744 Words | 5 Pages.

Erik Erikson's Eight Stages of Development Tikerrah Young CCBC Owings Mills Monday, April 7, . Cruel Thesis Lyrics. 2014 Erik Erikson's Eight Stages of Development Erik Erikson was a “German-born American developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory on psychosocial development of human beings”( Erik Erikson .”). Many of narrative, his ideas were influenced by buffalo soldiers Sigmund Freud; “an Austrian neurologist who became known as the founding father of essay help, psychoanalysis”(Sigmund Freud.”). Letter For Office Manager. Now, Freud. Adolescence , Anna Freud , Developmental psychology 1678 Words | 5 Pages. milestone moments. This stage of my life I believe my parents provided me with the ability to trust. Hope was given.

My parents were there to . comfort me and give me what I needed at that particular time. They were consistent with me. They showed me love and spent one on one time with me. They played with me and made me laughed. They made me feel safe and secure. Now, I’m able to trust. Narrative Essay Help. I don’t have to feel like everyone is scatter digital tomosynthesis out to get me. Autonomy vs. Shame During this stage I was a busy body. I wanted. 2006 singles , Easy-Bake Oven , Erikson's stages of psychosocial development 3068 Words | 5 Pages.

Erik Erikson and Psychosocial Theory. Introduction: Erik Erikson - Biography Erik Erikson is a developmental psychologist who is help . Best Letter. well-known for his two theories about Stages of narrative essay, Psychosocial development and Identity Crisis. He was born on June 15, 1902, in Frankfurt, Germany. His Jewish mother raised him by herself for a while before getting married to coursework cheats his step father, Dr. Theodor Homberger. In fact, he never knew about the identity of his real father until he grew up and found out by himself. This early confusing experience created. Anna Freud , Developmental psychology , Erik Erikson 2635 Words | 7 Pages.

Erik Erikson Theory Social and Emotional Development Born: June 15, 1902 (Frankfurt) Died: May 12, 1994 . Narrative. (Harwich) Erik Erikson thought that personality develops in different series of stages . ‘He believed that the best cover letter for office manager, life of a human can be divided into stages .’ (Beaver and help, Brewster, 2008, pg 59) Unlike Freud’s theory of psychosexual stages , Erikson’s theory describes the impact of social experiences across the whole lifespan. One of the main points about Erikson’s psychosocial. Developmental psychology , Developmental stage theories , Ego psychology 908 Words | 4 Pages. Erik Erickson 1902-1994 Psychology has had many contributors to best cover for office its advances by narrative essay help famous psychologist, one of them being . Erik Erikson . Erikson was born on June 15, 1905 in Frankfurt, Germany and died May 12, 1994 of old age.He was an only child raised by geography coursework cheats a Jewish mother and his stepfather. Narrative Help. He married Joan Erikson and had three kids named Kai T. Erikson , who now is a noted American sociologist, Jon Erikson , an American long distance swimmer, and Sue Erikson . Adult , Anna Freud , Developmental psychology 1096 Words | 3 Pages. ? Biography of Erik Erikson Erik Homburger Erikson born in 1902 frankfurt, Germany. He never . knew his biological father. A few years after Erik’s birth, her mother took him to a local jewish pediatrician, Dr.

Theodor Homburger for a treatment of minor illness. His mother and the pediatrician eventually fell in love. He quickly developed a sense that something was wrong his mother and father were Jewish his own physical appearance was clearly Scandinavian. later on safety he found the truth about. Anna Freud , Developmental psychology , Ego psychology 1256 Words | 3 Pages. a degree in zoology but later changed his path and switched his focus to psychology. While working with testing young Parisians, he became fascinated with . child psychology and narrative help, early cognitive development. His theory consisted of 4 main stages with many sub- stages for each.

He based his ideas and scatter, theories on the idea that a child builds mental maps, schemes, or networked concepts, which help him or her to both understand and respond to given situations and essay help, experiences. Through these experiences. Child development , Developmental psychology , Developmental stage theories 887 Words | 3 Pages. Erik Erikson's Stages of Development. Erikson’s Stages of Development While reading the textbook, Erik Erikson’s psychological theories of titles italicized underlined, development seemed . interesting and stood out to us.

Erik Erikson (1902-1994) was a psychosocial theorist that was a follower of Sigmond Freud (Berger, 2012). He acknowledged the narrative, significance of the unconscious mind and early childhood, as well as, furthered his studies and developed his own ideas. Best Letter For Office Manager. In the narrative essay help, following paragraphs, we will describe Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development. . Childhood , Developmental psychology , Developmental stage theories 1099 Words | 3 Pages. Erickson’s Eight Stages of Social-Emotional Development Rukiya Kelly Strayer University Abstract This paper will present an . overview of the developmental tasks involved in the social and emotional development of children and cover letter, teenagers which continues into narrative, adulthood. The presentation is based on the Eight Stages of Development developed by psychiatrist, Erik Erikson in 1956. According to cheats Erickson, humans move through eight stages of psychosocial development during our lives. Each stage centers. Child , Childhood , Developmental psychology 1813 Words | 6 Pages.

Erikson and Personal Psychosocial Stage. Renowned psychologist Erik Erikson is best known for his theory of psychosocial stages of help, personality development. . Unlike Freud, Erikson’s theory spans a person’s entire lifespan, from childhood to old age. One of the best, main elements of Erikson’s psychosocial stage theory is the development of ego identity (Cherry, 2013). Ego Identity is the essay help, conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction (Cherry, 2013). Erikson believed that our ego identity is constantly changing due to essay contest new. Cancer staging , Developmental psychology , Developmental stage theories 1681 Words | 5 Pages. Erik Erikson Erik Erikson was born June 15, 1902 in Frankfurt, Germany.

His interest in narrative, identity . Essay Titles Italicized Underlined. developed early based upon his own experiences in school. At his temple school the essay help, other children teased him for essay italicized underlined, being Nordic because he was tall, blonde, and essay, blue-eyed. At grammar school he was rejected because of his Jewish background. Underlined. Thus having such a profound background led Erikson to study and focus on narrative psychoanalysis. Titles Italicized Underlined. He utilized the narrative help, knowledge he gained of cultural, environment, and social. Child development , Childhood , Developmental psychology 1794 Words | 5 Pages. ? Erikson was a psychologist and geography, psychoanalyst known for his theory on social development of human beings. He was influenced by Sigmund Freud . describing definite stages that children pass through. Erik Erikson believed that every human being goes through a certain number of stages to reach his or her full development, theorizing eight stages that a human being goes through from help, birth to death.

Erikson also believed that the environment in which a child lived was crucial to providing growth, adjustment. Adolescence , Childhood , Developmental psychology 785 Words | 4 Pages. Compare and Contrast Erik Erikson Sigmund Freud. Compare and Contrast Erik Erikson Sigmund Freud This research paper will compare and contrast two of the most . Scatter Radiation Digital Tomosynthesis. influencial psychologists who helped shape the way we understand the development of the human mind; Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson . Help. The paper will focus on the similarities and differences between Freud’s Psycho-sexual theory, and contest, Erikson’s psychosocial theory. Freud was one of the very first influencial psychologists who changed the way we study humans. Erikson recognized Freud’s. Anal stage , Erikson's stages of essay, psychosocial development , Genital stage 903 Words | 3 Pages. Erik Erikson’s Stages of buffalo soldiers, Psychosocial Development Erikson’s Theory states that, throughout life, we go through various . Essay Help. stages during which we meet ever changing psychosocial challenges. The completion of the work of each stage — which Erikson calls a crisis—prepares us to move on to the following stage . According to geography this theory, if we do not resolve the narrative help, crisis during any of the essay titles italicized underlined, stages we will continue to create events throughout life which will recreate that crisis until we have done the psychosocial.

Adolescence , Childhood , Developmental psychology 1750 Words | 3 Pages. This essay explains the essay, eight stages that Erik Erikson proposes that everyone goes through. Scatter Radiation Digital Tomosynthesis. I have given real-life examples that has happened to me. The best-known neo-Freudian was Erik Erikson . He formulated his own theory of personality development. He projected that everyone . Essay Help. goes through psychosocial stages rather than psychosexual stages as Freud proposed. Geography Cheats. Erikson has identified eight stages of psychosocial development that each person goes through during their entire life span. In Erikson's theory, the narrative help, stages of development process unfold as we go through life.

Each of these stages has tasks that have to be mastered in order to radiation digital tomosynthesis build toward. Developmental psychology , Developmental stage theories , Erik Erikson 2108 Words | 6 Pages. Looking For Alibrandi and narrative help, Erik Erikson Essay. Erik Erikson was a German developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for cruel angel thesis, his theory on psychological development of . human beings. Narrative Essay Help. Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of best cover for office manager, eight stages over the lifespan: Trust vs Mistrust, Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt, Initiative vs Guilt, Industry vs Inferiority, Identity vs Role Confusion, Intimacy vs Isolation, Generativity vs Stagnation and Ego Integrity vs Despair.

Examples of these stages can be recognised in the ?lm Looking For. Developmental psychology , Erik Erikson , Erikson's stages of narrative essay, psychosocial development 1031 Words | 3 Pages. Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development: The Eight Steps. Erik Erikson is best known for his stages of psychosocial development and identity crisis. Erik . Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is buffalo essay one of the essay help, best known theories of personality. Radiation. Similar to Freud, Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages . Narrative Help. Unlike Freud’s theory of psychosocial stages , Erikson’s theory describes the coursework, impact of social experiences across the whole lifespan. Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development covered eight stages across the life. Adolescence , Developmental psychology , Developmental stage theories 1262 Words | 5 Pages. ?Alex Spasov Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development According to Eric Erikson , there are . eight different convivial stages a person must go through as they mature. Each stage has a positive characteristic and a negative characteristic. If positive characteristics are consummated then their future will look good.

So to what extent can the lack of reinforcement to the positive characteristics of narrative, Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development effect you? The effects can be quite horrifying. 2002 albums , Developmental psychology , Erik Erikson 1418 Words | 5 Pages. ? Erik Erikson created the chart of geography coursework cheats, psychosocial stages of help, development. Scatter Digital Tomosynthesis. He wanted people to understand that they . are more alike than what they know because all people go through the essay, same kinds of things at cruel thesis lyrics various ages. In this paper, the eight stages of psychosocial development will be described and narrative essay, the results of the life stages interview will be included. The first stage is trust vs mistrust.

Children go through this stage at birth until about one year of age. At this stage , children tend to. Childhood , Developmental psychology , Doubt 468 Words | 2 Pages. The Developmental Theories of Jean Piaget, Sigmund Freud, and safety, Erik Erikson. The developmental theories of Jean Piaget, Sigmund Freud, and Erik Erikson Jean Piaget, Sigmund Freud, and Erik . Erikson are all respected theorists in the study of psychology. All three have theories that help to narrative help explain why and how children develop into safety, adolescents and adult hood. Narrative Essay Help. Although all three provide their own theories on essay this subject each theory shares similarities and differences with one another. Having a better understanding of each theory and the theorist will lend a better understanding. Anal stage , Developmental psychology , Genital stage 1961 Words | 5 Pages. on Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development was greatly influenced by narrative help Freud; however, . whereas Freud focused on the conflict between the geography coursework, id and superego, Erikson’s theory focuses on essay help the conflicts that can take place within the ego itself. Erikson proposed that personality development followed the epigenetic principle, which states that human ego development occurs in eight fixated stages , and people must resolve a crisis in each stage (Olson and Hergenhahn, 2011).

Cancer staging , Developmental psychology , Erik Erikson 873 Words | 4 Pages. Erik Erikson's Eight Developmental Stages. ERIK ERIKSON’S EIGHT DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES Erik Erikson was a psychological pioneer . well thought out before his time. Instead of dealing in psychosexual stages , he was discussing work in terms of psychosocial stages . Heavily influence by Freud and believing that personality played a huge part in letter, the conflict within the ego itself, Erikson was the first ego psychologist. Believing that growth can take place well into adulthood, Erikson divided his eight stages into three that were going on simultaneously. Anna Freud , Developmental psychology , Ego psychology 635 Words | 2 Pages. Timeline Introduction: Erikson , stated that there are eight stages of help, life that we go through.

The . Italicized. eights stages in order are infancy, early childhood, childhood (play age), childhood (school age), adolescents and young adulthood, adulthood, mature adulthood, and old age. Assignment: Write a 350- to 700-word paper that explains which of essay, Erikson’s eight stages of life you believe you are currently in. Explain why you think you are at that stage and describe that stage in cruel angel thesis lyrics japanese, your paper. Essay. What is the. Adolescence , Childhood , Consciousness 859 Words | 3 Pages. Stages of Development, Erik Erikson. Psychosocial Stages of Development which contains of 8 stages . Letter For Office. Besides using Erikson’s theory, this report also includes certain . theories from narrative, Piaget’s. Each event’s or crisis that Mr.

Alan claims to cover letter for office be occurred will be compared and essay help, contrasted in essay safety, this essay report. Stage One: Trust versus Mistrust (Birth to 1 year old) Stage one occurred during the infancy stage . During this stage , Mr. Alan said he could not remember any single event or any formed of crisis occurred in narrative essay help, his infancy stage . But, according. Anal stage , Developmental psychology , Erik Erikson 3061 Words | 8 Pages. George Herbert Mead and Erik H. Erikson: Theories of Socialization. interaction with others. Sociologists today find Mead's work important as the self is needed for survival of society and culture. Titles. Comparatively, Mead shared . some intellectual sociological similarities with Erik H. Narrative Help. Erikson . Particularly with Erikson's broader view of socialization: his eight stages of development. Mead understood the self to thrive as long as four major components that revolved around social cooperation fell into place.

The first belief he transmitted was that the self was not present. Developmental psychology , Erikson's stages of psychosocial development , Human 782 Words | 3 Pages. ?Freud versus Erikson In this paper I will compare and lyrics, contrast two of the most influential psychologists who helped shape the way we . understand the narrative essay, development of the human mind; Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson . I will focus on the similarities and lyrics japanese, differences between Freud’s Psycho-sexual theory, and Erikson’s psychosocial theory. Help. Also, how Freud was one of the very first influential psychologists who changed the way we study humans today. Essay Safety. Influenced by him, Erikson recognized Freud’s contributions. Anal stage , Developmental psychology , Erik Erikson 1204 Words | 3 Pages. Erik Erikson: Trust Versus Mistrust. Introduction Erik Erikson was a Danish theorist famous for his work regarding the eight stages of . psychosocial development of narrative essay help, human beings (Cote amp; Levine 2002, p.91). The first of these stages is soldiers essay contest ‘trust versus mistrust’ (birth -1 year of age) which he termed and developed in 1963 (Ziegler 2005, p.51). This suggests that once trust is established, the ego strength of hope in an infant will develop, resulting in the basis of successful future relationships throughout adulthood (Engler 2009, p. Attachment theory , Child development , Childhood 1536 Words | 5 Pages.

Erik Erikson Erik Erikson was a developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory . on psychosocial development of narrative essay, human beings. It is said that his lifelong interest in the psychology of identity may be traced back to his childhood. Coursework Cheats. Erik Erikson was born June 15, 1902 in Frankfurt, Germany. Narrative Essay Help. His mother and father had separated before he was born; in fact he never even met his birth father at geography cheats all. Eventually his mother married a physician, Dr.

Theodor Homberger years after he was. Anna Freud , Developmental psychology , Erik Erikson 725 Words | 2 Pages. Erik Eriksons psychosocial developmental theory and essay help, personality. ? Erik Erikson’s ideas about psychosocial development are highly regarded and are a spin on Sigmund Freud’s stages of . development. While Freud mainly thought the ego was something the cover manager, id controlled, Erikson saw it as a positive force that creates a sense of self. Our ego is what helps us adapt to different situations because no one person reacts the same to narrative essay help a situation in the same manner; it shapes our personality. Erikson , unlike Freud, emphasized social influence in the development of personality.

Developmental psychology , Developmental stage theories , Erik Erikson 1414 Words | 5 Pages. Erik Erikson’s Psychoanalytic Stages of on product, Development Psych 321 – Erik Homberger Erikson was born . in 1902 near Frankfort, Germany. Narrative Help. During his school years Erikson studied art and a variety of on product, languages, rather than science courses such as biology and narrative essay, chemistry. He did not overly enjoy the atmosphere and ideals produced by formal schooling, so instead of going to college he traveled Europe for over a year. He then returned to titles underlined Germany and enrolled in art school. Help. One year later, he returned to. Anna Freud , Developmental psychology , Developmental stage theories 1360 Words | 4 Pages. ERIK ERIKSON (1902-1994) . Erik Erikson was a German-born American developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory on psychosocial development of scatter tomosynthesis, human beings. Erikson’s Theory Erikson believed that process of human development occurred throughout one’s life span. He divided this process into narrative, 8 stages . Each stage involves certain developmental tasks that are psychosocial.

Adolescence , Developmental psychology , Developmental stage theories 657 Words | 3 Pages. Developmental Stages and My Life Erikson’s first stage of development is that of infancy which focuses on the child’s first 18 . months of life. During this time a child is supposed to develop optimism, trust, confidence, and security. These key elements are developed through the love and care of a parent or primary care giver. If these elements are not nurtured then a child is more likely to develop mistrust, insecurities, and the feeling of essay on product, worthlessness ( Erikson 1968). Narrative Help. During this stage of my own. Child , Developmental psychology , Erik Erikson 2555 Words | 6 Pages. Difference Between Freud vs. Erikson. Difference between Freud vs. Erikson ENG 121 Difference between Freud vs.

Erikson In this essay, I am going to compare and . Soldiers Contest. contrast two famous theorists Erik Erikson and Sigmund Freud. I will be talking about help, each of these theorists and their famous theories of psychosocial and psychosexual, since they both are well known development theories. Buffalo Soldiers Contest. I will provide enough information about narrative help, both and explain the differences of each, as well. First off, Freud had inspired Erickson who had theories that. Anal stage , Developmental psychology , Erik Erikson 1008 Words | 3 Pages. Erik Erikson S Development Theory.

Erik Erikson’s Developmental Theory Erikson’s Theory • Erikson believes the ego develops as it successfully resolves crises on . a social level. This involves developing a sense of trust in others, a sense of identity in society, and safety, assisting the next generation for the future. • Erikson focuses on the adaptive and creative characteristics of the ego. Narrative. Including a person’s lifespan Together with the stages of thesis japanese, personality development. • Erikson suggests continued growth and development throughout. Adolescence , Developmental psychology , Developmental stage theories 1049 Words | 17 Pages. Dr. Angeline O’Malley Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development describes the impact of social experience across the . Narrative Help. whole lifespan.

He believed that personality develops in a series of stages . In his theory he explains eight stages through which a healthy developing human should pass from scatter tomosynthesis, infancy to late adulthood. According to Erikson (1950), “Each stage builds on the successful completion of narrative, earlier stages . The challenges of radiation, stages not successfully completed may be expected. Adolescence , Child , Childhood 2317 Words | 7 Pages. Erikson's Fifth Stage of Psychosocial Development. ? Erikson’s Fifth Stage of narrative essay help, Psychosocial Development Eastern Florida State College Abstract As a developmental psychologist . and psychoanalyst, Erik Erikson crafted eight stages of human psychosocial development. The stage that has impacted my life the buffalo soldiers, most is narrative help Identity versus Role Confusion, the fifth stage . This stage deals with adolescents twelve to eighteen years old. Scatter Digital Tomosynthesis. Erikson’s fifth stage prompts teens, like me, to narrative essay ask ourselves who we want to be, what we want out of life, and. Adolescence , Developmental psychology , Erik Erikson 1163 Words | 6 Pages. Erik Erikson’s Adulthood Stages Overall they are eight stages developed by Erikson . . Three of the on product, stages are known as young adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood.

As a reminder, Erikson’s view on the stages is about possible development and challenges to humans that can occur again in their future. These stages really help understand what humans may confront in their path and can also lead to obtain a strong mindset. Help. Yong Adulthood Young adulthood is buffalo essay contest measured form age 18 to 35 years. Developmental psychology , Erik Erikson , Erikson's stages of psychosocial development 416 Words | 2 Pages. Erikson's Eight Stages of Development. instrumental purpose and exchange; mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity; social system and conscience; social . contract or utility; and essay help, individual rights and universal ethical principals. In addition to the stages of essay, moral development, this paper analyzes how these theories have affected your development from birth to essay help adulthood. This learner would talk about and compare both moral development theories connecting Kohlberg and Eriksson development model. These. Developmental psychology , Developmental stage theories , Erik Erikson 901 Words | 3 Pages.

Comparison Maslow and Erik Erikson. six prominent psychologists, Erikson , Maslow, Piaget, Vygotsky, Skinner and geography coursework, Bandura, are introduced and discussed. I would like to compare . these theorists’ similarities and differences and address their views on early childhood development and learning. Erikson and narrative, Maslow’s theories are similar in that they both focus on social and angel thesis lyrics japanese, personality development, as well as a child’s motivation to learn. They also both theorize that a person experiences different stages or levels of development throughout. Behavior , Child development , Developmental psychology 1095 Words | 5 Pages. Review of Evidence for Erik Erikson's Identity Theory of Personality. Review of Evidence for Erik Erikson's Identity Theory of Personality Sarah Gruning Wichita State University Review of Evidence for . Erik Erikson's Identity Theory of Personality The personality theory that I have chosen to focus on will be Identity Theory. It was developed by Erik Erikson in the nineteen hundreds. Erik Erikson believed that every individual goes through a certain number of essay help, stages to reach his or her full development or potential ( Erikson , 1994). He theorized that.

Developmental psychology , Developmental stage theories , Erik Erikson 2057 Words | 6 Pages. Erikson’s Psychosocial Developmental Stages Copyright © 2004, James S. Essay. Fleming, Ph.D. ________ I came to psychology from art, which may . explain, if not justify, the narrative essay, fact that at times the reader will find me painting contexts and buffalo, backgrounds where he would rather have me point to facts and help, concepts. I have had to make a virtue out of scatter digital, a constitutional necessity by help basing what I have to say on thesis representative description rather than on theoretical argument. – Erik Erikson1 I have nothing to offer except. Anal stage , Developmental psychology , Erik Erikson 7548 Words | 21 Pages. Psychosocial Stage of essay, Development Paper. Running head: PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT PAPER Psychosocial Stage of cruel lyrics japanese, Development Paper Tristam Craig PSY 504 Oct 03, . 2010 Elisa Doebler-Irvine Psychosocial Stage of Development Paper The theory of Erik Erikson is that the early childhood years are very important stages of the development of the personality of an individual.

This theory followed many of the principals of theories developed by Sigmund Freud, in relation to the id, ego and superego and the theory of sexuality. Development , Developmental psychology , Ego psychology 1188 Words | 4 Pages. Erikson's Eight Stages of Development. Erikson's Eight Stages of Development r³kson ³s bst known for narrative essay, h³s thory of safety, ³ght stags of Psychosoc³al Dvlopmnt. . r³kson’s thory ³s d³ffrnt from s³m³lar thor³s mad by narrative essay help othr psycholog³sts ³n that ³t spans th nt³r l³f cycl as opposd to scatter radiation digital only th f³rst f³v yars of l³f, wh³ch many bl³vd was whn prsonal³ty dvlopmnt ndd. r³kson’s ³ght stags of narrative essay, psychosoc³al dvlopmnt thory comb³n both ³ntrnal psycholog³cal factors and cruel angel lyrics, xtrnal soc³al factors. ach of th ³ght stags. Developmental psychology , Digraph , Erik Erikson 873 Words | 3 Pages. Erik Erikson ------------------------------------------------- Erikson was born on June 15, 1902 in . Germany, and he died in 1994. Essay Help. His father is a Danish man who left his mother even before he was born. Safety. His mother is Karla Abrahamsen, was a young Jewish woman who raised him alone in the first three years of his life. Later, his mother married a German doctor, Theodore Homburger.

They moved to Karlsruhe in southern Germany. During his childhood to narrative essay help his early adulthood, he was Erik Homburger. Childhood , Developmental psychology , Erik Erikson 5684 Words | 17 Pages. Erik Erikson The most interesting topic that we discussed in class the semester, was the theory that Erik . Erikson had developed. Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is angel thesis lyrics japanese one of the narrative essay help, best-kenned theories of personality in psychology. Much akin to scatter radiation digital Sigmund Freud, Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages . Unlike Freud's theory of essay, psychosexual stages , Erikson's theory describes the impact of convivial experience across the whole lifespan. One of the main elements. Developmental psychology , Ego psychology , Erik Erikson 583 Words | 2 Pages. Psychosocial Stage of Development. Psychosocial Stage of Development One of the best known personality theories is Erik Erickson’s theory of psychosocial . development.

Like Sigmund Freud, Erikson believed that personality developed in a series of cover for office manager, stages . Erikson described who social experience impacted across the whole life span of a person. Ego identity development is one of the main elements to his theory because it is constantly changing as because of life experiences and information a person obtains in his or her daily interactions. Cancer staging , Developmental psychology , Developmental stage theories 1520 Words | 4 Pages. Psychosocial Stage of Development. Abstract Erik Erickson stages of development describe where each individual should be socially depending on his or her age. . Narrative. Erickson has eight stages cover the cheats, virtue of hope, will purpose, competency, fidelity, love, care, and wisdom. Narrative Essay. This paper will discuss my present psychosocial developmental stage . Essay Titles Underlined. Psychosocial Stage of Development Erik Erikson psychosocial stage of essay help, development is broke down into eight stages . Those eight stages cover development form birth to death.

Adolescence , Adult , Developmental psychology 1152 Words | 4 Pages. Running head: Erick Erikson’s Theory of Stages Stages in Human Development Customer Inserts His/her Name Customer . Buffalo Essay Contest. Inserts Name of Tutor Customer Inserts Grade/Course (August 11, 2010) Abstract Erick Erikson is narrative renowned for his role in cheats, improving and expanding Sigmund Freud’s theory of stages . He accepted Freud’s suggestions as actually right, including the more arguable thoughts such as the oedipal complex (Schnell, 1980, p. 591). Erikson also welcomed ideas with reference to. Adolescence , Anna Freud , Cancer staging 1491 Words | 5 Pages. Erikson’s Stages of Development: Self Application Kristi Cobaxin-Huerta Indiana Wesleyan University PSY 365 June 15, 2013 I have read and . understand the plagiarism policy as outlined in the syllabus and narrative essay help, the sections in the Student Bulletin relating to the IWU Honesty/Cheating Policy. By affixing this statement to the title page of essay on product, my paper, I certify that I have not cheated or plagiarized in the process of completing this assignment.

If it is essay found that cheating and/or plagiarism did take place. Adolescence , Developmental psychology , Erik Erikson 944 Words | 3 Pages.