Best freelance writers websites

best essay blogs Nicholas Handler, is a junior at Yale University majoring in history. Handler is freelance writers, active in social justice organizations and hopes to become a human rights lawyer. I never expected to gain any new insight into the nature of apa citation phd thesis my generation, or the changing landscape of American colleges, in best freelance Lit Theory. Lit Theory is supposed to be the class where you sit at the back of the marx essay on alienation, room with every other jaded sophomore wearing skinny jeans, thick-framed glasses, an ironic tee-shirt and over-sized retro headphones, just waiting for freelance writers lecture to be over so you can light up a Turkish Gold and walk to lunch while listening to Wilco. That#8217;s pretty much the way I spent the course, too: through structuralism, formalism, gender theory, and post-colonialism, I was far too busy shuffling through my iPod to see what the pathway enzyme, patriarchal world order of capitalist oppression had to do with Ethan Frome. But when we began to study postmodernism, something struck a chord with me and made me sit up and best freelance look anew at the seemingly blase college-aged literati of which I was so self-consciously one. Letter: Fortunately, College Has Changed. This is in marx regard to freelance, your college essay contest that took place last year. After Anthesis? The essay entitled Fortunately, College Has Changed by Matthew Bender from the University of Arkansas has several factual errors and insinuations. Then entire first and second paragraphs are neither chronologically or factually correct.

How do I know that there are errors? Because I am Mervin Jebaraj, the writers, person referred to in the opening paragraph. 1. Pathway? A committee of students wrote the actual text of a proposed bill not a note. The idea began in November of 2007 and not in the spring. Writers? 2. There was no staying up all night, and against animal essay there was no on campus bbq. The committee obtained a meeting with Sen. Madison after a lot of work and didn#8217;t just pass a note to her.

The committee also spent months working with her and other legislators. to best freelance writers websites, see the institute, resolution passed. We don#8217;t appreciate the writers, trivialising narrative of our work. 3. The resolution never asked for the creation of phd thesis socially aware investments, the options already existed. 4. The conference I went to was well after the divestment process and was to share ideas about websites, divestment with others as opposed to receiving inspiration for divestment. 5. There is an essay care, implication that I was skinny dipping and smoking marijuana in Belize. Neither is true.

I hold the websites, New York times in the highest regard and hope that you will take this seriously. In the future, I hope you check the. Of New? veracity of statements made before you publish them. Mervin Jebaraj, Research Assistant, Center for Business and Economic Research. Liz Addison , 38, is a biology major whose goal is to become a large animal veterinarian. She has trained a winning racehorse and best writers websites is interested in American presidential history. Oh, the hand wringing. #8220;College as America used to apa citation, understand it is coming to an end,#8221; bemoans Rick Perlstein and freelance his beatnik friend of of new york fallen face. Best Freelance Writers? Those days, man, when a pretentious reading list was all it took to lift a child from marx on alienation, suburbia. When jazz riffs hung in the dorm lounge air with the smoke of a thousand bongs, and college really mattered. Writers Websites? Really mattered? Rick Perlstein thinks so. It mattered so much to him that he never got over his four years at apa citation phd thesis the University of Privilege.

So he moved back to live in its shadow, like a retired ballerina taking a seat in the stalls. But when the curtain went up he saw students working and best freelance studying and working some more. Adults before their time. Today, at on alienation the University of Privilege, the student applies with a Curriculum Vitae not a book list. Shudder. Frankie Thomas , is a junior majoring in cinema-television critical studies, with a minor in gender studies. Best Freelance Websites? Her immediate plans include dropping out at rights the end of the year to write and/or travel.

She is a film maker and a blogger, with interests ranging from the social history of the Victorian era to birdwatching to the novels of freelance writers websites Dawn Powell. I had the kind of college experience most people only arginine sythesis pathway dream about. Charged by the atmosphere of intellectual exploration, inspired by professors who pushed me farther than I#8217;d ever imagined I could go, I made fascinating new friends at Skidmore; together we discovered Nabokov and Kafka, Citizen Kane and Dr. Strangelove, and our own literary voices. It was a three-week summer program. I was fifteen. Now I#8217;m twenty, halfway toward graduating from University of Southern California, and if I had a thousand dollars for every college student I know who Struggles With Depression#8230;well, I still wouldn#8217;t have enough money to best, pay my full tuition. But it would keep me going for a semester or two, assuming I didn#8217;t lose my own struggle and drop listlessly out.

As our SATs would have put it, #8220;depression#8221; is to #8220;college campus#8221; as #8220;consumption#8221; is to animal essay, #8220;Victorian orphanage,#8221; and best freelance ours is psychosynthesis, a generation of wheezing waifs. Best Freelance Writers? Max Lance , 23, is a freshman at USC#8217;s School of Cinematic Arts, majoring in writing for film and television. He hopes to make his mark either with a #8220;life-changing TV show#8221; or by #8220;marrying someone rich.#8221; When I dropped out of argumentative essay health care reform college three years ago I would have completely agreed that college isn#8217;t the cultural experience that it was hyped up to be. As I return this September, I#8217;ve realized that it#8217;s a good thing it isn#8217;t. I completely agree that college as America used to know it has come to an end, but I believe that schools have changed for the better. The problem I had when I quit school the freelance writers websites, first time around was that I never adjusted to how schools have changed.

I dropped out because of my mislaid expectations; the same ones that Rick Perlstein is nostalgic for. I#8217;m going back to school because I#8217;ve realized what the college experience is like today and I#8217;m now more than prepared to abuse it. Like nearly everyone in my graduating class, I attended higher education because that#8217;s what we did next. College seemed more like 13th grade rather than a place where I would be opened up to radical people and ways of argumentative essay health thinking. I spent my freshman and sophomore years doing what I needed to do to get good grades because that#8217;s all I had done since kindergarten. And even though I worked hard to earn a 3.7 GPA, I dropped out of New York University because of a complete lack of passion for what I was studying (journalism, via process of elimination). Travis Weinger , 21, is a senior majoring in freelance writers websites history, with a concentration in war, revolution and social change. His minor is apa citation, political science. He is a founder of the Triton, a newspaper at UCSD, and of the best writers websites, Symposium, an on-campus discussion group. Rick Perlstein#8217;s article, boiled down, is simply an extended version of the bitching that every generation hears from the one that preceded it: #8220;Back when I went to school, we walked uphill in the snow both ways#8230;#8221; In sum, college mattered back when Mr. Perlstein went to psychosynthesis institute of new york, it because that was when he went to it.

Since college has changed from when he remembered it, he wants us to believe that it has somehow degenerated into irrelevance. The vast majority of Perlstein#8217;s complaints fit under the above rubric. Freelance Writers? Our college experience is not as liberating as his was (no longer can we simply phone public intellectuals and bully them into psychosynthesis institute of new visiting our dorms). Freelance? Our activists are not as radical as his were (we don#8217;t take over enough buildings). Of New York? Our connection to the Sixties isn#8217;t as strong as his was (our band members aren#8217;t former revolutionaries). We are not as alienated from society as he was (we engage our world, not whine about it). Perlstein#8217;s claim that his experience was in best writers some way both richer and phd thesis harder than the next generation#8217;s is an best freelance, old one, and is continuously echoed by every generation.

Like most complaints of this type, it is largely groundless and mildly insulting. To respond to it bit by bit would validate his nostalgic whining to marx essay, a degree it does not deserve. The Cultural Contradictions of American Universities. For the past twenty to thirty years, we have seen the great degradation of post-secondary education. Conventional wisdom suggests that the problem lies simultaneously within the freelance, hands of the politicians and the students. This narrative does not account for the history of sythesis college. Throughout the modern age, the role college played in the national debate was minimal. To this date, there has only been one president with a Ph.D., and best writers both The New Deal and Truman#8217;s Fair Deal did relatively little for college and education in general (with the psychosynthesis of new, exception of the G.I. Bill). And even today, most candidates on best writers websites, both sides of the rights essay, isle have the freelance writers, same prescription for college: the marx on alienation, problem is best writers websites, lack of funding, therefore, the solution is to increase funding.

It usually ends at that. In order to find the after anthesis, true crisis of college, we must first look at its true purpose. A few months ago, Charles Murray wrote a controversial series of columns in the Wall Street Journal arguing, not that college had been written out of the national debate, but that its role is too great. Essentially, too many people are going to college who did not need college, but instead needed vocational training. There are serious problems with his logic to be sure, not the freelance writers websites, least of marx which is his obvious IQ-ism. While it is true that college is in need of some serious reforming, focusing solely on IQ will not solve them, for IQ is freelance writers websites, not the only purpose of college. Apa Citation Phd Thesis? For example, there are, what a professor of mine called, #8220;latent overtones.#8221; That is, those unexpected, and unintended consequences of college learning. For example, one might discover a great philosopher that he#8217;s never heard of, or another collegiate finds that they enjoy a field of study which they did not expect.

But this is, of writers websites course, part of the after anthesis, intellectual journey of students. College exists not, as conventional wisdom suggests, to change the culture. It exists to create a new breed of intellectuals. All politics aside, students should exit college not knowing simply what to think, but how to think. This is freelance writers websites, where Mr. Murray and I agree. He hits the nail on the head when he describes the apa citation phd thesis, purpose of college, that college is created to train the elites to do their jobs.

However, this purpose has been lost in freelance websites a quagmire of watered-down curricula and fluff courses. Apa Citation Phd Thesis? And this brings us to best writers, the real problem of college: the searing anti-intellectualism of the youth. Education is the single most important factor in the growth of our country. Specifically, higher education paves a future and provides opportunity for against animal rights students that attend college and gives them a shot at a career. 50 years ago, college was strictly for writers websites the elite, high class Americans. Now, it seems that every common household has at least one family member attend college.

But with the increasing drop out rate today, students seem less interested in learning at college and their priorities change from health care, their original goal of graduating. Freelance Writers Websites? The importance of education today is psychosynthesis york, a growing factor because the future of this country depends on freelance writers, the students in college today. College is misunderstood by many incoming freshman. All of the television advertisements and billboards encouraging students to animal rights, attend college are used as bait to best writers, reel in student#8217;s tuition. Parents encourage their kids to attend college after graduating high school because they want to institute york, see their kids have a shot at success. However, college is not cut out for best writers everyone.

More freshman than ever are dropping out after their first year because college can be overwhelming through everything that takes place within campus boundaries. The pressures of college whether it#8217;s to impress parents or maintain a high GPA grasps hold of many students while they are in college, freezing them from work and essay care attending class regularly. Back in the 50#8217;s and 60#8217;s when college was becoming so popular, people attended college solely to improve their education and learn through the college experience, in hopes of obtaining a career after graduation. Now, people attend college because their friends or girlfriend go there. Many people attend college just to party as much as possible.

College can be misleading for teenagers fresh out of high school, and people who feel that continuing their education isn#8217;t the most important factor in attending college should not apply. College matters because without a thoroughly educated society, America would fall to its knees and regress into deep depression. Jobs would flounder because the people applying for best websites them wouldn#8217;t get accepted without college degrees. Pat Brown expanded university development in California in 1966 to institute of new, encourage people of every social class to attend college and gain a higher education. The reason for his rapid expansion was because the number of college students doubled from 1957 to 1967, and freelance writers websites Brown decided in order to arginine sythesis, improve society and keep America running, more universities should be built to best freelance, attract new students. However, in 1997, only 54 percent of students that attended college as freshmen graduated with a degree six years later, 30 percent not even finishing their freshman year. Once students enroll in college, dropping out is the worst decision they can make. The opportunity cost of dropping can be detrimental to a student#8217;s financial standing. Dropping out psychosynthesis york also means dropping tuition, and students are often left with debt to pay off depending on which year they dropped out. Entering in a low paying job, drop outs must slowly pay back student loans, which is why college is freelance websites, so important to stick to and graduate once enrolled.

The likelihood of students being able to marx essay on alienation, pay off student loans quickly after graduating is much greater than the likelihood of a drop out websites paying off loans. Drop outs sometimes will only make enough money per paycheck to pay off previous college debts, not leaving any left over cash for leisure activities. Once choosing the decision to after anthesis, attend college, remaining in college is the most important decision a student can make, in order to avoid living a below average lifestyle. Young adults are fed by change. No matter how resistant or welcoming I am to change, when all is said and done change sustains me. Two years as an undergraduate student at Fordham University have been made slightly easier by knowing this about myself, because college means change. Even with the still shrinking cyber community and the #8216;real world#8217; opportunities offered to many young people today, nothing can replace the rush of change attached to the college experience. College students are encouraged to make noise.

When interviewed by Rick Perlstein for best freelance writers websites an article entitled #8216;What#8217;s the after anthesis, Matter With College#8221; students were very vocal. Hamilton Morris, a New York bred college student, described a college experience where many students hate school #8220;with a passion#8221; and websites #8220;don#8217;t leave#8221;. Perlstein writes that Morris#8217;s feelings are proof of a #8220;culture of enervation#8221; which overwhelms many campuses today. Instead of seeing what Perlstein describes, students without hope or the after anthesis, will to pursue their studies, I see Morris as describing a culture of restlessness. Students who claim to hate college but still do not leave are experiencing a kind of best freelance restlessness which comes with the sythesis pathway, package. Students experience change so quicklychanges of passions, opinions and interests.

They are bound to become restless, especially when the off-campus world is within arm#8217;s length. I often smile to think the world is at my fingertips when I am surfing the internet, but the best, truth is my fingers are touching my keyboard, and I am planted in arginine sythesis pathway enzyme my kitchen chair drinking Diet Coke. College offers me the opportunity to shake hands with the leaders of business, art, science and medicinesomething the internet can not give me. Writers Websites? College professors do not want students to be excited about school and theory alonethey want them to take their passion into the world beyond the campus. I am not writing this commentary for my school newspaper. I am writing it for arginine sythesis enzyme New York Times Magazine, a publication Journalism majors like me aspire to work for. College urges me to aspire, to freelance writers, voice my opinions, and yes, to change.

The problem with colleges in the 21st century is convoluted with many deciding factors, resulting in york a more complex position for current college students to experience, unlike any previous generation of college students. In my opinion, being a college graduate student and one who has been involved in my school, I can honestly say that the biggest problem with our generation is the sense of best freelance nihilism, which is plaguing the our very core of our being. Essay? It is important to freelance, realize that this comes not only from college campuses, but the society in general; people just don#8217;t care. If they do care and want to be involved, societal pressures, mostly economic, is what keeps them from being invoked with the spirit of the previous generations. There seems to be no sense of urgency when it comes to psychosynthesis institute of new york, our generation. Nihilism will do that to everyone. I also find it interesting that the people who do want to be involved do not necessarily know what to get involved with. Best Websites? In the 60s, it seemed to be clear cut what the problem was; racism, sexism, or the arginine sythesis pathway enzyme, war in Vietnam. Best Websites? A contrast between the 60s generation and us now is that people do not what the of new, problems really are. Best Freelance Writers Websites? The mentality when speaking to college students; they seem to focus more on trying to get that 80K a year job then the socio-political issues affecting us.

It is evident that we value the apa citation phd thesis, dollar more so than we value the human struggle. So apathy also plays a role. It is important to realize that we must do something, otherwise everyone suffers. Sending your child to college is not an option in American society, and it#8217;s hardly a privilege at that. In today#8217;s fierce and fast paced world it is a necessity For most parents, thought goes into how they will even fund such a venture within the first few months of the child#8217;s conception. Freelance Websites? College funds and savings bonds, money from relatives and graduation parties, this all gets stored until an entire portion of that funding goes towards expensive college visits. Not only does the child want to go to college, that child has picked out 10 in against which there is an orientation at each for prospective parents. They want to see where their money is going, as well as where their child will sleep, learn, and become the successful adult they were meant to best freelance, be.

What is wrong with college? As a successful student at a prominent Chicago school, I, for one, have plenty of opinions on the matter. Against Rights? Let#8217;s look at #8220;our war#8221; by first taking a retrospective glance at Vietnam. My father, a student at the time of Vietnam, was a conservative at a very conservative Indiana school. He still wore his GDI shirt most days of the week and talked highly of the camaraderie between fellow students. There were protests that were actually allowed on his campus. When the students died in the Kent incident he remembers rallies against the war in their honor. He also remembers reading the freelance websites, names of the dead soldiers with the rest of his class, keeping in somber memory the fight his country was in.

Bands of students were scared, there was a draft in effect. Everyone had war on the mind and as those 18 year olds took on argumentative essay health care reform, their first years of college, they had a lot more to worry about than where the weekend#8217;s keg party was taking place. They were learning, growing, and forming opinions on the world they were entering by knowing their current events and being passionate about best freelance writers, them. Of course, without the internet, their local papers brought them more world events and marx less Lindsay Lohan. Being passionate about the best writers, world takes a certain naivety that forms when someone does not already have the opinions of others so easily accessible. The internet has taken so much of this away from current students.

In my experience, you only institute of new have to make a choice on best freelance writers websites, which websites to read. Looking at our war today, many students walk away from it, choosing not even to recognize that it affects their daily world. Sythesis Pathway Enzyme? There are many more cliques, many more places to falter, and many more reasons not to care. Hold a pen in writers websites front of you and look at apa citation phd thesis it; notice its size and color in particular. Now, slowly move it away until you have your arm fully extended. Notice anything different? Probably not, and best that is against rights essay, how it should be. If we remember back to middle school science class, color is partially dependent upon the angle that light hits an object. Websites? But we just moved an object, causing the essay health care, angle to change from our perspective, and did not notice any change in color. The pen also moved further away without any apparent change in size.

I forgot the intricate details that explain why this happens, something to do with a portion of the brain that keeps our perceptions fluid . What I do remember, and will never forget, is how cool this all seemed and how much more there is to the world when you get past the surface. College is a pretty different place today than it was for best freelance my parents thirty years ago. Then again, so were the two worlds in which we were raised. Most kids in my generation were not raised in the Sandlot. We did not hang out at the malt shop after school. And we definitely did not attend any sock hops (or if we did, best believe we did not call them that). Instead, we started out playing on jungle gyms with woodchips and protective rubber flooring underneath. Eventually, we found ourselves being chauffeured to organized baseball practice, in a minivan. By high school, the importance of getting into a good college had been seared into us and serious attention had to be allocated toward after-school activities and marx other kinds of enriching events to make sure that we were #8220;well- rounded#8221;. Here#8217;s a fun game that anyone my age can play: ask your parents what they got on their SATs. If they can, you win!

Basically, it is like hitting the lottery, since your parents have to be like one out of writers a million. Apa Citation Phd Thesis? High school students in the 60#8217;s did not pay $1,000 for an SAT class and definitely did not go to any Independent College Consultants. Best Websites? As Mr. Perlstein stated, college was seen as a place sort of apart from the rest of the world. Kids went there and were met with new people, ideas, and situations. Back then, as I understand it, college was not seen as a stepping stone or a rung on the ladder. You did not go with the mindset that it was simply a means to end, a place to simply collect good grades and then experience the #8216;director#8217;s cut redux edition#8217; of arginine sythesis pathway enzyme college admissions in the form of graduate school, an internship or a job. Why College Matters: A Response to #8220;What#8217;s the Matter With College#8221; I suppose I should begin by saying that I don#8217;t go to best writers, a real college. I mean, I don#8217;t feel like I go to a real college. I don#8217;t take real classes.

I don#8217;t live on a real campus. I#8217;m a music major and attend the apa citation phd thesis, Peabody Institute in best writers websites Baltimore, Maryland. Peabody is an established music conservatory, one of the schools of Johns Hopkins University (despite what I say about it not being a #8220;real#8221; school). In his essay, Perlstein is making it seem that today#8217;s college undergraduates and the ideals we pursue are somehow deficient. That we#8217;re missing out. He#8217;s especially concerned that we#8217;re nothing like the students of the 60s and essay 70s. He#8217;s right about best, that, but that is nothing to be ashamed of. We#8217;re students who want (or carry) the iPhone. We are environmental activists. We#8217;re more technologically savvy than Perlstein#8217;s generation. We get our information and communicate in a totally different way.

We#8217;re amazing jugglers. We#8217;re a new breed. It is interesting to read that the defining issue for essay on alienation the 1966 California gubernatorial race was college. For my sake, and I#8217;m sure for the sake of a lot of my peers, I wish it were still that way. College sounded romantic and fun. My friends argue that things have changed in freelance writers websites the past 40 years, and apa citation phd thesis that there are bigger fish to fry. The war, for freelance example. Making a living once college ends.

When they start complaining, however, about classes and stress, I ask them, #8220;aren#8217;t there bigger fish to fry?#8221; at which they sigh outwardly, roll their eyes, and throw their hands up in the air. I understand where their frustration lies. We still feel young in after anthesis the scheme of things, and best freelance websites not ready to plan out our lives after college. It feels like we#8217;ve been doing nothing but planning since freshman year of high school. Who has time to worry anyway? Right now, I am worrying if I have enough money to pay the rent this month.

Many of my classmates worry how to pay for the next semester. Against Rights? To be honest, when it came to college, most of us never really had a choice. Where I grew up, in Greenwich, Connecticut, there was never the best freelance writers websites, option of #8220;college vs. no college.#8221; The choice was #8220;Ivy League vs. state school,#8221; or something along those lines. The whole getting-ready-for-college experience was important. As you thumb these pages, reader, loyal subscriber, conscious citizen with an appetite for inquiry and thoughtfulness, or may I say fellow American, you tell yourself that you want to sample a young student#8217;s intellect.

Certainly I do believe that my own college experience has been important, even critical, to essay health reform, my life and to my thoughts here and now, but young and impressionable does not necessarily partner with a tame, meaningful sense of hindsight#8230; My college experience has fostered some growth. But for the nation? Lend me some relevance. Am I to accurately describe my confusion with you over coffee to tell you how this all breaks downI fit in the puzzle and I#8217;m one of the corners, right? Politics. We don#8217;t have movements, and we don#8217;t have causes.

A choice between higher education and higher purpose has been made; show me one text message, fellow student, that you have wanted the whole country to read. Children live at school. Best Freelance Writers? Especially if they don#8217;t have much of a home life to live in the afternoon or evening, kids live and learn at against school. College isn#8217;t so different, only first graders aren#8217;t expected to shape up all by themselves when they appear to be wasting time. Oh, college students aren#8217;t either? Pity. I guess higher education isn#8217;t all that important. Maybe the problems of best freelance writers higher education are just fronds atop a mirage of public schooling. Talk to Herbert Kohl, Jonathan Kozol, John Taylor Gatto, men who are trying to against rights, wake this country up, and they#8217;ll show you what#8217;s happening to my younger brothers and sisters. Freelance Writers? Content in the shade, college students loaf, while in more dangerous environs, under the pretext that they are to learn, children sit down in their desks each morning in the arms of a crumbling system. In college, we choose to sleep in, not to participate, excel, regress, etc.

If higher education is important to the nation, why don#8217;t more people act like it? Better yet, if education is of new york, so important to the nation#8217;s future, why is it neglected? Important as it is, I feel proud to best freelance websites, remember the words of Thomas Jefferson, who often can remind us of politicians#8217; and citizens#8217; true responsibilities: #8220;It is against animal rights, highly interesting to our country, and it is the duty of its functionaries, to provide that every citizen in best it should receive an education proportioned to the condition and pursuits of his life.#8221; He speaks to the politician, tells him to after anthesis, take a good look at freelance websites his fellow Americans. What sort of education will he provide to arginine pathway enzyme, match the condition, the quality of life? If the quality be poor, will he stick to freelance, poor schooling until lifestyles rise to the occasion? Try downtown Anywhere, where elementary schools have been forced to remove social studies and arts in favor of apparently year-round test preparation, for standards in English and mathematics. The #8220;need to know#8221; world and the world of standardization are one in the same, and columns of darkened bubbles are in apa citation phd thesis no short supply, though there#8217;s still a need to live. The Problem with College: Why We No Longer See Ourselves As #8220;Part of#8221; a Community. One anomaly of American society is freelance, that our universities play only a marginal role in our culture.

In other nations, like France where intellectual life is not centered on their institutions of education, this may come as no surprise, but the virtues of American universities are indisputable. Academics wonder why they are allowed to phd thesis, be the nation#8217;s intellectual leaders, but not its leaders, or even advisors, in the political or ethical arenas. Some are resentful of the mainstream society, thinking it apostate, as though they were priests of some outworn creed, but this alienation, which has developed in tandem with the websites, evolution of academia, did not come because the against essay, society rejected the university as a social or moral authority, but rather because the university ran out of the energy it took to function in this role. This occurred, at least partially, because those of us in college found that the values we shared were not strong enough to unite us. From the time of Plato, the writers websites, purpose of the university has not been to represent the society or culture in which it exists but to essay on alienation, pursue truth. Most academics, who may disagree on what truth is in essence, would agree that it is a noble and worthy objective. And, since truth is their goal, many of them think themselves justified in being alienated from mainstream society. Freelance? This does not mean their views are homogenous; I can testify that, at the University of Idaho (to name one example), the essay reform, politics of professors in the College of Business are not shared by the English instructors; but what the freelance, two departments have in marx essay common is their distance from America#8217;s political center. This is largely because specialists in any field, whether that field is philosophy or political science, tend to feel invalidated if anyone could reach the same conclusions that they do. It is best freelance, a telling fact that, at least until recent years, there was a higher percentage of sythesis pathway enzyme self-described Marxist literary critics than blue-color workers.

Nonetheless, this desire for academic innovation benefits the university in that it makes professors#8217; research original; it is for this reason that, whenever universities are rated according to prestige, the best freelance websites, United States constantly is found to have the greatest number of prestigious institutions. Even so, there is marx, another facet to a professor#8217;s job, teaching. Freelance Writers Websites? This requirement creates a dilemma for many professors: their strenuous educations and meticulous research has caused many of them to become opinionated, but, at the same time, they need to after anthesis, keep their students pacified while educating them in accordance with principles which the students may not share. Thus, they (and the students) learn that it is easier to ignore worldview-related issues. In searching for the least common ethical denominator among the group, the instructors and the instructed clandestinely agree that the values which they hold as specific to their Weltanschauungs do not apply to everyone, and, if they do, the value of placidity applies even more.

As Allan Bloom wrote in 1987, #8220;[A]lmost every student entering the university . . . says he believes . . . that truth is freelance websites, relative#8221; (1). While this outlook may work in as far as it prevents conflicts, it is an ineffective communal bond. This is because the values of the classroom are provisional andmost students cannot help but feelartificial. They haven#8217;t the against essay, power to unite the freelance websites, students and faculty in a community, which requires common interests and mores. Animal Rights? In July, The Magazine published What's the Matter With College, an essay by the historian Rick Perlstein, online and invited college students across the United States to respond.

Some 600 undergraduates did -- many agreeing with Perlstein's assertion that college as America used to understand it is coming to an end, many dismissing his argument as so much nostalgic pap, still others taking the best writers, occasion to phd thesis, critique higher education from an best freelance writers websites, insider's perch. Marx On Alienation? To continue the conversation, we're featuring the winning student essay and four runners-up, and posting another 450 of the entries in a searchable format. (The other entries were withdrawn by best freelance writers, their authors or did not follow the contest's rules.)

Compilations, Recompilations, and Concurrency. Suppose that a stored procedure is submitted for execution using EXEC dbo.SP1; and further suppose that while SQL Server is compiling SP1, another request EXEC dbo.SP1; referring to the same stored procedure is received. Compilations are serialized, but recompilations are not serialized. If it is a plan-optimality-related recompile, one thread will recompile it and best freelance websites, the other threads utilizing the procedure will continue using the apa citation phd thesis old plan until the compilation is websites finished. Institute! However, if it is a plan-stability-related recompile, all threads will recompile concurrently and the last one completed is the writers one that is cached. Compilations, Recompilations, and Parameter Sniffing. Parameter sniffing refers to a process whereby SQL Server's execution environment sniffs the current parameter values during compilation or recompilation, and passes it along to the query optimizer so that they can be used to generate potentially faster query execution plans. The word current refers to the parameter values present in the statement call that caused a compilation or a recompilation.

Parameter values are sniffed during compilation or recompilation for the following types of batches: Stored procedures Queries submitted via sp_executesql Prepared queries OPTION(RECOMPILE) query hint. For such a query (could be SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE or MERGE), both the parameter values and the current values of local variables are sniffed. (Without OPTION(RECOMPILE), only psychosynthesis of new parameter values are sniffed). Websites! The values sniffed (of parameters and local variables) are those that exist at the place in the batch just before the statement with the OPTION(RECOMPILE) hint. Argumentative Reform! In particular, for parameters, the values that came along with the batch invocation call are not sniffed. The OPTIMIZE FOR query hint can assist in websites avoiding parameter sniffing problems caused by the first execution of a procedure where atypical parameter values are passed. For example, consider the query plans for apa citation phd thesis, the following two queries:

In these queries, the plan produced is highly dependent on the value of the CustomerID. Only one SalesOrderHeader row matches the predicate soh.CustomerID 30117 but a large number of rows match the predicate soh.CustomerID 10000. If this SELECT statement was included in a stored procedure, the effectiveness of the query plan produced would be significantly influenced by the value passed to the query on its first execution. If a particular value is freelance writers websites known to be typical, SQL Server can be instructed to optimize for marx essay, that value via a query hint as shown in best freelance the following procedure definition: Now, compare the query plans from the following two executions: You will see that the query plans are now identical. Argumentative Essay Health Care! It is important to note however that this hint should only ever be used to supply typical parameter values. In the case above, we have optimized the plan for a CustomerID of 30117 but created a poor plan for a CustomerID of 10000.

For values that vary widely, SQL Server 2008 offers an additional option. OPTIMIZE FOR UNKNOWN requests SQL Server to use statistical distributions to determine the plan rather than the writers websites supplied value. For example, we will modify our previous procedure via the following code: SQL Server's Profiler makes it easy to identify batches that cause recompilations. Start a new profiler trace and select the following events under Stored Procedures event class. (To reduce the psychosynthesis institute of new york amount of data generated, it is best writers recommended that you de-select any other events.)

In addition, to marx essay on alienation detect statistics-update-related recompilations, select the Auto Stats event under Objects class. Now start SQL Server Management Studio, and execute the freelance writers websites following Transact-SQL code: Pause the apa citation phd thesis profiler trace, and you will see the freelance writers following sequence of events. -- DemoProc1 CREATE TABLE #t1 (a int, b int) -- DemoProc1 SELECT * FROM #t1. -- DemoProc1 SELECT * FROM #t1. -- DemoProc1 CREATE TABLE #t1 (a int, b int) -- DemoProc1 SELECT * FROM #t1. Table 5: Events generated from phd thesis, executing the Transact-SQL code example.

The event sequence indicates that SELECT * FROM #t1 was the statement that caused the recompilation. The EventSubClass column indicates the reason for the recompilation. In this case, when DemoProc1 was compiled before it began execution, the best websites CREATE TABLE statement could be compiled. The subsequent SELECT statement could not be compiled because it referred to a temporary table #t1 that did not exist at the time of the initial compilation. Psychosynthesis York! The compiled plan for DemoProc1 was thus incomplete. When DemoProc1 started executing, #t1 got created and then the SELECT statement could be compiled. Best Freelance Websites! Because DemoProc1 was already executing, this compilation counts as a recompilation as per our definition of psychosynthesis of new recompilation. The reason for this recompilation is correctly given as deferred compile. It is interesting to note that when DemoProc1 is best writers websites executed again, the query plan is no longer incomplete. The recompilation has inserted a complete query plan for DemoProc1 into the plan cache.

Therefore, no recompilations happen for the second execution. The statements causing recompilations can also be identified by selecting the following set of trace events. If the above example is run after selecting this new set of trace events, the trace output looks like the following. -- DemoProc1 CREATE TABLE #t1 (a int, b int) -- DemoProc1 SELECT * FROM #t1. -- DemoProc1 CREATE TABLE #t1 (a int, b int) -- DemoProc1 SELECT * FROM #t1. Table 6: Events generated from executing the argumentative essay care reform Transact-SQL code example. Notice that in best freelance websites this case, the statement causing the recompilation is printed after the SP:Recompile event. This method is somewhat less obvious than the first one. Therefore, we shall trace the first set of profiler trace events henceforth. To see all of the possible recompilation reasons reported for the SP:Recompile event, issue the following query:

The output of the essay on alienation above query is as follows. Schema, bindings, or permissions changed between compile and execute. Recompile because of best websites DNR (Deferred Name Resolution). Object not found at compile time, deferred check to run time. Set option change. Set option changed in batch. Temp table changed. Temp table schema, binding, or permission changed. Remote rowset changed. Remote rowset schema, binding, or permission changed.

For browse permissions changed. Permissions changed in FOR BROWSE (deprecated DBLIB option) Query notification environment changed. Query notification environment changed. Partition view changed. SQL Server sometimes adds data-dependent implied predicates to WHERE clauses of queries in marx essay some indexed views. If the underlying data changes, such implied predicates become invalid, and best writers websites, the associated cached query plan needs recompilation. Cursor options changed.

Change in cursor options. Option (Recompile) requested. Recompile was requested. Parameterized plan flushed. Parameterized plan was flushed from cache (SQL Server 2008) Test plan linearization. (SQL Server 2008) For internal test only. Plan affecting database version changed. (SQL Server 2008)

Table 7: Recompilation reasons reported for the SP:Recompile event. Recompilations due to mixing DDL and essay care reform, DML. Mixing Data Definition Language (DDL) and Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements within a batch or stored procedure is a poor design practice because it can cause unnecessary recompilations. The following example illustrates this using a stored procedure. Freelance Writers! (The same phenomenon happens for arginine sythesis enzyme, a batch also. Writers Websites! Because SQL Server Profiler does not provide the necessary tracing events, we cannot observe it in action.) Clean up the rights previous example (or prepare for best writers, a rerun) by executing the following: In the profiler trace output, the argumentative essay following sequence of events can be observed. -- MixDDLDML CREATE TABLE tab1 (a int) --DDL.

-- MixDDLDML SELECT * FROM tab1 -- DML. -- MixDDLDML SELECT * FROM tab1 -- DML. -- MixDDLDML CREATE INDEX nc_tab1idx1 ON tab1(a) -- DDL. -- MixDDLDML SELECT * FROM tab1 -- DML. -- MixDDLDML SELECT * FROM tab1 -- DML. -- MixDDLDML CREATE TABLE tab2 (a int) --DDL. -- MixDDLDML SELECT * FROM tab2 -- DML. -- MixDDLDML SELECT * FROM tab2 -- DML. Table 8: Events generated from best, executing the Transact-SQL code example.

Here is how the MixDDLDML procedure is compiled. During the first compilation (not recompilation) of MixDDLDML, a skeleton plan for it is after anthesis generated. Because tables tab1 and tab2 do not exist, plans for best freelance, the three SELECT statements cannot be produced. After Anthesis! The skeleton contains plans for writers, the two CREATE TABLE statements and the one CREATE INDEX statement. When the procedure begins execution, table tab1 is created.

Because there is no plan for the first SELECT * FROM tab1, a statement-level recompilation happens. Argumentative Essay Reform! The second SELECT * FROM tab1 causes a recompilation because a plan for that query does not yet exist. Next, tab2 gets created. SELECT * FROM tab2 causes a recompilation because a plan for that query did not exist. In conclusion, three recompilations happen for this example however they are statement-level rather than stored procedure-level. If the stored procedure is written as follows, an interesting phenomenon is observed.

In the profiler trace output, the following sequence of events can be observed. -- DDLBeforeDML CREATE TABLE tab1 (a int) -- DDL. -- DDLBeforeDML CREATE INDEX nc_tab1idx1 ON tab1(a) -- DDL. -- DDLBeforeDML CREATE TABLE tab2 (a int) -- DDL. -- DDLBeforeDML SELECT * FROM tab1 --DML. -- DDLBeforeDML SELECT * FROM tab1 --DML. -- DDLBeforeDML SELECT * FROM tab1 --DML. -- DDLBeforeDML SELECT * FROM tab1 --DML. -- DDLBeforeDML SELECT * FROM tab2 -- DML. -- DDLBeforeDML SELECT * FROM tab2 -- DML. Table 9: Events generated from executing the Transact-SQL code example.

Because of best writers statement-level recompilations, three recompilations still happen. When compared with the MixDDLDML stored procedure, the apa citation number of best freelance recompilations has not reduced. It is important to sythesis pathway consider not only the number of recompilations but the cost of them. Statement level recompilations are much lower in best writers websites cost than batch level recompilations. Recompilations due to number of column modifications.

Consider the following stored procedure and its execution. Recall that the recompilation threshold for a temporary table is 6 when the table is empty when the arginine sythesis threshold is calculated. When RowCountDemo is best freelance websites executed, a statistics changed-related recompilation can be observed after #t1 contains exactly 6 rows. Against Rights! By changing the upper bound of the while loop, more recompilations can be observed. Recompilations due to SET option changes. Consider the following stored procedure. When SetOptionsDemo is best freelance writers executed, the SELECT query is compiled with ANSI_NULLS ON. When SetOptionsDemo begins execution, the value of that SET option changes because of SET ANSI_NULLS OFF, and therefore the compiled query plan is no longer valid. It is phd thesis therefore recompiled with ANSI_NULLS OFF. The second execution does not cause a recompilation because the cached plan is compiled with ANSI_NULLS OFF. This section contains descriptions of various tools and commands that exist in observing and debugging recompilation-related scenarios.

A number of dynamic management views and functions are useful when exploring plan reuse. In particular, the best freelance following objects are most helpful: As an example, the following query is useful in exploring the current plan cache contents: This virtual table conceptually exists only in the master database, although it can be queried from any database. The cacheobjtype column of this virtual table is particularly interesting. Arginine! When cacheobjtype = Compiled Plan, the row refers to a query plan. Freelance Websites! When cacheobjtype = Executable Plan, the row refers to an execution context. As we have explained, each execution context must have its associated query plan, but not vice versa. One other column of interest is the objtype column: it indicates the type of against animal object whose plan is cached (for example, Adhoc, Prepared, and Proc).

The setopts column encodes a bitmap indicating the SET options that were in effect when the best websites plan was compiled. Sometimes, multiple copies of the same compiled plan (that differ in only setopts column) are cached in a plan cache. Against Rights Essay! This indicates that different connections are using different sets of writers websites SET options, a situation that is often undesirable. Marx! The usecounts column stores the number of times a cached objects has been reused since the time the object was cached. This virtual table is maintained for backwards compatibility with SQL Server 2000. Best Writers Websites! Dynamic Management Objects should now be used in preference. Phd Thesis! The virtual table is documented here: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms187815.aspx.

This command removes all of the cached query plans and execution contexts from the plan cache. It is not advisable to writers run this command on a production server because it can adversely affect performance of running applications. This command is useful to control plan cache's contents when troubleshooting a recompilation issue. This command removes all of the institute york cached plans from the plan cache for websites, a particular database. It is not advisable to against essay run this command on a production server because it can adversely affect performance of running applications. DBCC FREESYSTEMCACHE(cache[,resource pool]) This command removes all the plans in a particular cache. The value ‘ALL’ can also be provided for the cache. Best Freelance Websites! Optionally in SQL Server 2008, the effect of this command can be limited by essay a Resource Governor resource pool name. Best Websites! This latter option could be useful for after anthesis, cleaning up ad-hoc query plans associated with a specific resource pool, when the ‘Sys Plans’ cache option is also provided. It is not advisable to run this command on a production server unless its effect is fully understood as it can adversely affect performance of best writers running applications.

SQL Server 2008 introduced a new eventing system known as Extended Events. It allows tracing of events as they occur and details of phd thesis events as they are fired to be written to best freelance writers websites a variety of arginine pathway synchronous and writers, asynchronous targets. After Anthesis! A number of these events are related to best websites plan caching. You can see the full list of available events by executing the following command: The following profiler trace events are relevant for observing and after anthesis, debugging plan caching, compilation, and recompilation behaviors. 'Cursors: CursorRecompile' for observing recompilations caused by cursor-related batches. 'Objects: Auto Stats' for observing the statistics updates caused by SQL Server's auto-stats feature. 'Performance: Show Plan All For Query Compile' is useful for best freelance websites, tracing batch compilations. After Anthesis! It does not distinguish between a compilation and a recompilation. It produces showplan data in textual format (similar to the one produced using set showplan_all on option). 'Performance: Show Plan XML For Query Compile' is useful for websites, tracing batch compilations. It does not distinguish between a compilation and a recompilation.

It produces showplan data in XML format (similar to the one produced using set showplan_xml on option). Essay On Alienation! 'Stored Procedures: SP: Recompile' fires when a recompilation happens. Other events in the Stored Procedures category are also useful — for best writers websites, example, SP:CacheInsert, SP:StmtStarting, SP:CacheHit, SP:Starting, and psychosynthesis institute york, so on. Values of the following perfmon counters are relevant when debugging performance problems that may be caused by best excessive compilations and recompilations. SQLServer: Buffer Manager. Lazy writes/sec, Total pages. SQLServer: Cache Manager. Cache Hit Ratio, Cache Object Counts, Cache Pages, Cache Use Counts/sec. SQLServer: Memory Manager. SQL Cache Memory (KB) Auto-Param Attempts/sec, Batch Requests/sec, Failed Auto-Params/sec, Safe Auto-Params/sec, SQL Compilations/sec, SQL Re-Compilations/sec, Unsafe Auto-Params/sec. Table 10: Perfmon counters used for health reform, debugging query performance problems.

While the best writers websites plan cache generally is apa citation self-maintaining, poor application coding practices can cause the plan cache to become polluted with a large number of best writers websites query plans that are unlikely to be reused. As an example, while it is convenient to use the AddParameterWithValue(parametername, parametervalue ) method of the SqlCommand object in .NET coding, doing so does not specify the marx on alienation data type of the parameter. For string parameters, this can be particularly troubling. Best Freelance Writers! If the parameter value is initially “hello”, a query plan with an nvarchar parameter length of marx essay 5 will be cached after the command is executed. When the best query is re-executed with a parameter value of “trouble”, the command will appear to pathway enzyme be different as it has an nvarchar parameter with a length of 7. The more the command is executed, the more the plan cache will become full of plans for different length string parameters. Best Freelance! This is particularly troubling for commands with multiple string parameters as plans will end up being stored for all combinations of all lengths of psychosynthesis all the parameters. To work around such a problem, the best freelance websites application could use a method to add the parameter that allows specifying the data type precisely. As an example, nvarchar(100) might be used as the data type for apa citation, each execution in the above example, if we know that all possible parameter lengths are less than 100. Freelance Writers! Ad-hoc queries generated by end-user query tools can also cause a similar problem where many combinations of similar queries can end up becoming cached.

In SQL Server 2008, there are three options that can help in dealing with plan cache pollution issues. FORCED PARAMETERIZATION can be set at the database level. This makes SQL Server become much more aggressive in deciding which queries to pathway auto-parameterize. Best Freelance Writers! The down-side of this option is that it could potentially introduce parameter-sensitivity problems. (This option was also available in institute of new york SQL Server 2005). OPTIMIZE FOR ADHOC WORKLOADS is best writers websites a new sp_configure server level option. When set, SQL Server only caches a plan stub on the first execution of an after anthesis, ad-hoc query. Best! The next time the essay health care same query is executed, the full plan is stored. Plan stubs are much smaller than query plans and best freelance websites, this option ensures that the plan cache is not filled by arginine sythesis pathway query plans that have never been reused. Writers Websites! DBCC FREESYSTEMCACHE can be used to clear the cache of plans associated with a particular Resource Governor resource pool. This could be useful when executed periodically if ad-hoc queries are able to be isolated into identifiable resource pools. (This command was also available in essay SQL Server 2005 but the option to freelance writers clear a specific resource pool was added in SQL Server 2008).

SQL Server caches query plans for a variety of statement types submitted to of new york it for execution. Query plan caching allows for query plan reuse, avoids compilation penalty, and utilizes plan cache better. Some coding practices hinder query plan caching and reuse, and therefore, should be avoided. SQL Server detects opportunities for best freelance writers websites, query plan reuse. In particular, query plans can be non-reusable for essay, two reasons: (a) Schema of an best writers websites, object appearing in a query plan can change thereby making the plan invalid; and (b) Data in tables referred to by a query plan can change enough to make a plan sub-optimal. SQL Server detects these two classes of conditions at query execution time, and recompiles a batch or pieces of it as necessary. Poor Transact-SQL coding practices both at server and at application data access layer can increase recompilation frequency or plan cache pollution and psychosynthesis institute of new, adversely affect SQL Server's performance. Such situations can be debugged and corrected in many cases. Appendix A: When Does SQL Server Not Auto-Parameterize Queries? Auto-parameterization is a process whereby SQL Server replaces literal constants appearing in a SQL statement with such parameters as @p1 and @p2. The SQL statement's compiled plan is then cached in best writers websites plan cache in parameterized form so that a subsequent statement that differs only in the values of the literal constants can reuse the cached plan.

As mentioned in after anthesis Section 4, only those SQL statements for which parameter values do not affect query plan selection are auto-parameterized. SQL Server's LPE (Language Processing and Execution) component auto-parameterizes SQL statements. When QP (query processor) component realizes that values of best writers literal constants does not affect query plan choice, it declares LPE's attempt of auto-parameterization safe and essay, auto-parameterization proceeds; otherwise, auto-parameterization is declared unsafe and is aborted. Values of some of the best perfmon counters mentioned in psychosynthesis institute of new Section 11.5 ('SQLServer: SQL Statistics' category) report statistical information on freelance writers websites auto-parameterization. The following list enumerates the statement types for which SQL Server does not auto-parameterize.

Queries with IN clauses are not auto-parameterized. After Anthesis! For example: WHERE ProductID IN (707, 799, 905) BULK INSERT statement. UPDATE statement with a SET clause that contains variables. For example: A SELECT statement with UNION.

A SELECT statement with INTO clause. A SELECT or UPDATE statement with FOR BROWSE clause. A statement with query hints specified using the OPTION clause. A SELECT statement whose SELECT list contains a DISTINCT. A statement with the TOP clause. A WAITFOR statement. A DELETE or UPDATE with FROM clause. Best Websites! When FROM clause has one of the rights essay following: More than one table TABLESAMPLE clause Table-valued function or table-valued variable Full-text table OPENROWSET XMLUNNEST OPENXML OPENQUERY IROWSET OPENDATASOURCE Table hints or index hints When a SELECT query contains a sub-query When a SELECT statement has GROUP BY, HAVING, or COMPUTE BY Expressions joined by OR in a WHERE clause. Comparison predicates of the form expr non-null-constant . Freelance Writers! Full-text predicates.

When the target table in an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE is a table-valued function. Marx Essay On Alienation! Statements submitted via EXEC string . Statements submitted via sp_executesql , sp_prepare , and writers, sp_prepexec without parameters are auto-parameterized under TF 447. When query notification is requested. When a query contains a common table expression list. When a query contains FOR UPDATE clause. When an UPDATE contains an ORDER BY clause. Marx Essay On Alienation! When a query contains the GROUPING clause. INSERT statement of the form: INSERT INTO T DEFAULT VALUES. INSERT … EXEC statement. When a query contains comparison between two constants.

For example, WHERE 20 5 If by best freelance writers websites doing auto-parameterization, more than 1000 parameters can be created. Did this paper help you? Please give us your feedback. Tell us on a scale of 1 (poor) to apa citation phd thesis 5 (excellent), how would you rate this paper and why have you given it this rating? For example: Are you rating it high due to having good examples, excellent screen shots, clear writing, or another reason?

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The Responsibility of Intellectuals. TWENTY-YEARS AGO, Dwight Macdonald published a series of articles in Politics on the responsibility of peoples and, specifically, the responsibility of intellectuals. Freelance Writers? I read them as an undergraduate, in after anthesis, the years just after the war, and writers had occasion to after anthesis, read them again a few months ago. They seem to me to have lost none of their power or persuasiveness. Macdonald is concerned with the question of writers war guilt. He asks the question: To what extent were the psychosynthesis institute of new, German or Japanese people responsible for best freelance writers the atrocities committed by their governments? And, quite properly, he turns the question back to us: To what extent are the British or American people responsible for the vicious terror bombings of civilians, perfected as a technique of warfare by the Western democracies and reaching their culmination in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, surely among the most unspeakable crimes in history.

To an undergraduate in 1945-46—to anyone whose political and moral consciousness had been formed by the horrors of the 1930s, by after anthesis, the war in Ethiopia, the best freelance, Russian purge, the “China Incident,” the animal rights, Spanish Civil War, the Nazi atrocities, the Western reaction to these events and, in part, complicity in them—these questions had particular significance and poignancy. With respect to freelance writers, the responsibility of intellectuals, there are still other, equally disturbing questions. Intellectuals are in a position to against essay, expose the lies of governments, to analyze actions according to writers, their causes and motives and often hidden intentions. In the Western world, at least, they have the power that comes from political liberty, from access to information and argumentative care freedom of expression. For a privileged minority, Western democracy provides the leisure, the facilities, and the training to seek the truth lying hidden behind the freelance writers, veil of distortion and misrepresentation, ideology and class interest, through which the events of current history are presented to us. The responsibilities of intellectuals, then, are much deeper than what Macdonald calls the rights essay, “responsibility of people,” given the unique privileges that intellectuals enjoy. The issues that Macdonald raised are as pertinent today as they were twenty years ago. We can hardly avoid asking ourselves to what extent the writers, American people bear responsibility for the savage American assault on a largely helpless rural population in Vietnam, still another atrocity in what Asians see as the “Vasco da Gama era” of world history.

As for those of us who stood by in silence and marx essay on alienation apathy as this catastrophe slowly took shape over the past dozen years—on what page of history do we find our proper place? Only the most insensible can escape these questions. I want to return to them, later on, after a few scattered remarks about the responsibility of intellectuals and best freelance how, in practice, they go about meeting this responsibility in the mid-1960s. IT IS THE RESPONSIBILITY of intellectuals to speak the truth and to expose lies. This, at least, may seem enough of a truism to phd thesis, pass over without comment. Not so, however. For the modern intellectual, it is not at all obvious. Thus we have Martin Heidegger writing, in a pro-Hitler declaration of best writers 1933, that “truth is the revelation of that which makes a people certain, clear, and strong in its action and after anthesis knowledge”; it is only this kind of “truth” that one has a responsibility to speak. Americans tend to be more forthright.

When Arthur Schlesinger was asked by The New York Times in freelance writers, November, 1965, to explain the contradiction between his published account of the Bay of rights essay Pigs incident and the story he had given the websites, press at the time of the attack, he simply remarked that he had lied; and a few days later, he went on to compliment the Times for also having suppressed information on the planned invasion, in “the national interest,” as this term was defined by the group of essay care reform arrogant and deluded men of whom Schlesinger gives such a flattering portrait in his recent account of the best writers websites, Kennedy Administration. It is of no particular interest that one man is quite happy to lie in psychosynthesis of new york, behalf of best freelance websites a cause which he knows to be unjust; but it is significant that such events provoke so little response in the intellectual community—for example, no one has said that there is something strange in the offer of a major chair in the humanities to a historian who feels it to be his duty to persuade the world that an American-sponsored invasion of a nearby country is nothing of the sort. And what of the incredible sequence of lies on the part of our government and its spokesmen concerning such matters as negotiations in Vietnam? The facts are known to all who care to know. The press, foreign and domestic, has presented documentation to after anthesis, refute each falsehood as it appears. But the power of the government’s propaganda apparatus is such that the citizen who does not undertake a research project on the subject can hardly hope to confront government pronouncements with fact. [1] The deceit and distortion surrounding the American invasion of Vietnam is by now so familiar that it has lost its power to shock. It is therefore useful to recall that although new levels of writers websites cynicism are constantly being reached, their clear antecedents were accepted at home with quiet toleration. It is a useful exercise to compare Government statements at the time of the of new york, invasion of Guatemala in 1954 with Eisenhower’s admission—to be more accurate, his boast—a decade later that American planes were sent “to help the best writers, invaders” ( New York Times , October 14, 1965). Nor is it only in moments of crisis that duplicity is considered perfectly in order. “New Frontiersmen,” for on alienation example, have scarcely distinguished themselves by a passionate concern for historical accuracy, even when they are not being called upon to provide a “propaganda cover” for ongoing actions.

For example, Arthur Schlesinger ( New York Times , February 6, 1966) describes the bombing of North Vietnam and the massive escalation of freelance websites military commitment in early 1965 as based on a “perfectly rational argument”: so long as the Vietcong thought they were going to win the war, they obviously would not be interested in pathway, any kind of negotiated settlement. The date is best writers important. Health Care? Had this statement been made six months earlier, one could attribute it to ignorance. But this statement appeared after the UN, North Vietnamese, and Soviet initiatives had been front-page news for months.

It was already public knowledge that these initiatives had preceeded the escalation of February 1965 and, in websites, fact, continued for several weeks after the bombing began. Correspondents in Washington tried desperately to find some explanation for the startling deception that had been revealed. Chalmers Roberts, for example, wrote in the Boston Globe on November 19 with unconscious irony: [late February, 1965] hardly seemed to Washington to be a propitious moment for negotiations [since] Mr. Johnson…had just ordered the first bombing of North Vietnam in an effort to bring Hanoi to a conference table where the bargaining chips on sythesis enzyme, both sides would be more closely matched. Coming at that moment, Schlesinger’s statement is less an example of deceit than of best contempt—contempt for sythesis an audience that can be expected to freelance writers, tolerate such behavior with silence, if not approval. [2] TO TURN TO SOMEONE closer to the actual formation and implementation of policy, consider some of the reflections of Walt Rostow, a man who, according to Schlesinger, brought a “spacious historical view” to the conduct of foreign affairs in the Kennedy administration. [3] According to his analysis, the guerrilla warfare in Indo-China in arginine pathway, 1946 was launched by Stalin, [4] and Hanoi initiated the freelance writers websites, guerrilla war against South Vietnam in 1958 ( The View from the animal rights essay, Seventh Floor pp. 39 and 152).

Similarly, the Communist planners probed the “free world spectrum of defense” in Northern Azerbaijan and Greece (where Stalin “supported substantial guerrilla warfare”— ibid ., pp. 36 and 148), operating from plans carefully laid in 1945. Best Websites? And in Central Europe, the Soviet Union was not “prepared to accept a solution which would remove the dangerous tensions from Central Europe at the risk of even slowly staged corrosion of of new Communism in best writers websites, East Germany” ( ibid ., p. 156). It is institute interesting to compare these observations with studies by scholars actually concerned with historical events. The remark about best freelance writers, Stalin’s initiating the first Vietnamese war in 1946 does not even merit refutation. As to phd thesis, Hanoi’s purported initiative of 1958, the freelance websites, situation is more clouded.

But even government sources [5] concede that in 1959 Hanoi received the sythesis enzyme, first direct reports of what Diem referred to best websites, [6] as his own Algerian war and that only after this did they lay their plans to involve themselves in this struggle. In fact, in December, 1958, Hanoi made another of its many attempts—rebuffed once again by Saigon and the United States—to establish diplomatic and commercial relations with the Saigon government on the basis of the status quo. [7] Rostow offers no evidence of Stalin’s support for the Greek guerrillas; in fact, though the historical record is far from clear, it seems that Stalin was by no means pleased with the adventurism of the Greek guerrillas, who, from animal rights, his point of websites view, were upsetting the satisfactory post-war imperialist settlement. [8] Rostow’s remarks about Germany are more interesting still. He does not see fit to after anthesis, mention, for example, the Russian notes of freelance writers websites March-April, 1952, which proposed unification of Germany under internationally supervised elections, with withdrawal of psychosynthesis york all troops within a year, if there was a guarantee that a reunified Germany would not be permitted to join a Western military alliance. [9] And he has also momentarily forgotten his own characterization of the strategy of the Truman and Eisenhower administrations: “to avoid any serious negotiation with the Soviet Union until the best writers websites, West could confront Moscow with German rearmament within an organized European framework, as a fait accompli “ [10] —to be sure, in defiance of the Potsdam agreements. But most interesting of psychosynthesis all is Rostow’s reference to Iran. The facts are that there was a Russian attempt to impose by force a pro-Soviet government in Northern Azerbaijan that would grant the Soviet Union access to Iranian oil. This was rebuffed by superior Anglo-American force in 1946, at best freelance writers websites, which point the marx essay, more powerful imperialism obtained full rights to Iranian oil for itself, with the installation of a pro-Western government. We recall what happened when, for a brief period in the early 1950s, the only Iranian government with something of a popular base experimented with the curious idea that Iranian oil should belong to the Iranians.

What is interesting, however, is the description of Northern Azerbaijan as part of “the free world spectrum of defense.” It is best freelance websites pointless, by now, to comment on the debasement of the phrase “free world.” But by what law of nature does Iran, with its resources, fall within Western dominion? The bland assumption that it does is essay health care most revealing of deep-seated attitudes toward the freelance writers websites, conduct of foreign affairs. IN ADDITION to this growing lack of concern for after anthesis truth, we find, in recent published statements, a real or feigned naivete about American actions that reaches startling proportions. For example, Arthur Schlesinger, according to the Times , February 6, 1966, characterized our Vietnamese policies of 1954 as “part of our general program of international goodwill.” Unless intended as irony, this remark shows either a colossal cynicism, or the inability, on a scale that defies measurement, to comprehend elementary phenomena of contemporary history. Similarly, what is one to freelance writers websites, make of the testimony of Thomas Schelling before the essay on alienation, House Foreign Affairs Committee, January 27, 1965, in best websites, which he discusses two great dangers if all Asia “goes Communist”? [11] First, this would exclude “the United States and what we call Western civilization from after anthesis, a large part of the best, world that is poor and colored and potentially hostile.” Second, “a country like the United States probably cannot maintain self-confidence if just about the greatest thing it ever attempted, namely to institute of new york, create the basis for decency and prosperity and writers democratic government in the underdeveloped world, had to be acknowledged as a failure or as an attempt that we wouldn’t try again.” It surpasses belief that a person with even a minimal acquaintance with the record of American foreign policy could produce such statements. It surpasses belief, that is, unless we look at the matter from a more historical point of view, and place such statements in the context of the against rights, hypocritical moralism of the past; for example, of Woodrow Wilson, who was going to teach the Latin Americans the art of good government, and who wrote (1902) that it is “our peculiar duty” to teach colonial peoples “order and self-control…[and]…the drill and habit of law and obedience….” Or of the missionaries of the 1840s, who described the hideous and degrading opium wars as “the result of best writers websites a great design of Providence to animal essay, make the wickedness of men subserve his purposes of mercy toward China, in breaking through her wall of exclusion, and bringing the empire into freelance writers websites more immediate contact with western and Christian nations.” Or, to approach the present, of A.A. Berle, who, in pathway enzyme, commenting on the Dominican intervention, has the best freelance writers, impertinence to marx essay, attribute the problems of the Caribbean countries to imperialism— Russian imperialism. [12] AS A FINAL EXAMPLE of this failure of skepticism, consider the best writers websites, remarks of Henry Kissinger in his concluding remarks at the Harvard-Oxford television debate on America’s Vietnam policies.

He observed, rather sadly, that what disturbs him most is that others question not our judgment, but our motives—a remarkable comment by a man whose professional concern is political analysis, that is, analysis of the institute york, actions of governments in terms of motives that are unexpressed in official propaganda and perhaps only dimly perceived by those whose acts they govern. No one would be disturbed by an analysis of the political behavior of the Russians, French, or Tanzanians questioning their motives and interpreting their actions by the long-range interests concealed behind their official rhetoric. Freelance Writers Websites? But it is an article of faith that American motives are pure, and not subject to analysis (see note 1 ). Although it is psychosynthesis institute of new nothing new in American intellectual history—or, for that matter, in best, the general history of animal rights essay imperialist apologia—this innocence becomes increasingly distasteful as the power it serves grows more dominant in world affairs, and more capable, therefore, of the unconstrained viciousness that the mass media present to us each day. We are hardly the first power in history to combine material interests, great technological capacity, and an utter disregard for the suffering and misery of the lower orders. The long tradition of best freelance writers naivete and self-righteousness that disfigures our intellectual history, however, must serve as a warning to the third world, if such a warning is needed, as to how our protestations of sincerity and benign intent are to be interpreted. The basic assumptions of the “New Frontiersmen” should be pondered carefully by those who look forward to the involvement of academic intellectuals in politics. For example, I have referred above to Arthur Schlesinger’s objections to the Bay of after anthesis Pigs invasion, but the reference was imprecise. True, he felt that it was a “terrible idea,” but “not because the notion of sponsoring an exile attempt to overthrow Castro seemed intolerable in itself.” Such a reaction would be the merest sentimentality, unthinkable to a tough-minded realist.

The difficulty, rather, was that it seemed unlikely that the deception could succeed. The operation, in his view, was ill-conceived but not otherwise objectionable. [13] In a similar vein, Schlesinger quotes with approval Kennedy’s “realistic” assessment of the situation resulting from best freelance writers, Trujillo’s assassination: There are three possibilities in argumentative essay health reform, descending order of preference: a decent democratic regime, a continuation of the best, Trujillo regime or a Castro regime. We ought to aim at the first, but we really can’t renounce the second until we are sure that we can avoid the third [p. 769]. The reason why the third possibility is so intolerable is rights essay explained a few pages later (p.

774): “Communist success in Latin America would deal a much harder blow to the power and influence of the United States.” Of course, we can never really be sure of avoiding the third possibility; therefore, in best freelance websites, practice, we will always settle for the second, as we are now doing in Brazil and Argentina, for example. [14] Or consider Walt Rostow’s views on American policy in Asia. [15] The basis on against animal rights essay, which we must build this policy is that “we are openly threatened and we feel menaced by Communist China.” To prove that we are menaced is of course unnecessary, and the matter receives no attention; it is enough that we feel menaced. Our policy must be based on our national heritage and our national interests. Our national heritage is briefly outlined in the following terms: “Throughout the nineteenth century, in good conscience Americans could devote themselves to the extension of both their principles and their power on this continent,” making use of “the somewhat elastic concept of the best websites, Monroe doctrine” and, of course, extending “the American interest to Alaska and phd thesis the mid-Pacific islands…. Both our insistence on unconditional surrender and best the idea of post-war occupation…represented the formulation of American security interests in Europe and Asia.” So much for our heritage. Argumentative Reform? As to our interests, the matter is equally simple. Fundamental is best freelance our “profound interest that societies abroad develop and strengthen those elements in their respective cultures that elevate and protect the dignity of the individual against the state.” At the same time, we must counter the “ideological threat,” namely “the possibility that the Chinese Communists can prove to Asians by progress in China that Communist methods are better and faster than democratic methods.” Nothing is after anthesis said about those people in Asian cultures to whom our “conception of the websites, proper relation of the individual to the state” may not be the uniquely important value, people who might, for example, be concerned with preserving the “dignity of the individual” against concentrations of foreign or domestic capital, or against semi-feudal structures (such as Trujillo-type dictatorships) introduced or kept in arginine pathway enzyme, power by American arms. All of this is freelance writers flavored with allusions to “our religious and ethical value systems” and to our “diffuse and complex concepts” which are to the Asian mind “so much more difficult to grasp” than Marxist dogma, and are so “disturbing to some Asians” because of “their very lack of dogmatism.”

Such intellectual contributions as these suggest the after anthesis, need for a correction to De Gaulle’s remark, in his Memoirs , about the American “will to power, cloaking itself in idealism.” By now, this will to power is not so much cloaked in idealism as it is drowned in freelance, fatuity. Rights? And academic intellectuals have made their unique contribution to this sorry picture. LET US, HOWEVER, RETURN to the war in Vietnam and the response that it has aroused among American intellectuals. A striking feature of the recent debate on Southeast Asian policy has been the distinction that is commonly drawn between “responsible criticism,” on the one hand, and best freelance “sentimental,” or “emotional,” or “hysterical” criticism, on the other. There is phd thesis much to best freelance writers websites, be learned from sythesis, a careful study of the writers websites, terms in which this distinction is drawn. The “hysterical critics” are to be identified, apparently, by their irrational refusal to accept one fundamental political axiom, namely that the United States has the right to extend its power and control without limit, insofar as is feasible. Responsible criticism does not challenge this assumption, but argues, rather, that we probably can’t “get away with it” at against animal essay, this particular time and place. A distinction of this sort seems to be what Irving Kristol, for example, has in mind in his analysis of the protest over Vietnam policy ( Encounter , August, 1965). He contrasts the responsible critics, such as Walter Lippmann, the Times , and Senator Fulbright, with the “teach-in movement.” “Unlike the university protesters,” he points out, “Mr.

Lippmann engages in no presumptuous suppositions as to best writers, ‘what the Vietnamese people really want’—he obviously doesn’t much care—or in legalistic exegesis as to apa citation phd thesis, whether, or to what extent, there is ‘aggression’ or ‘revolution’ in South Vietnam. His is a realpolitik point of view; and best he will apparently even contemplate the possibility of a nuclear war against China in argumentative care, extreme circumstances.” This is freelance commendable, and animal essay contrasts favorably, for best writers Kristol, with the talk of the “unreasonable, ideological types” in the teach-in movement, who often seem to be motivated by such absurdities as “simple, virtuous ‘anti-imperialism,’ “who deliver “harangues on animal essay, ‘the power structure,’ ” and who even sometimes stoop so low as to read “articles and reports from the foreign press on the American presence in writers websites, Vietnam.” Furthermore, these nasty types are often psychologists, mathematicians, chemists, or philosophers (just as, incidentally, those most vocal in protest in the Soviet Union are generally physicists, literary intellectuals, and others remote from the against rights essay, exercise of power), rather than people with Washington contacts, who, of writers websites course, realize that “had they a new, good idea about Vietnam, they would get a prompt and respectful hearing” in Washington. I am not interested here in phd thesis, whether Kristol’s characterization of best writers protest and essay dissent is accurate, but rather in the assumptions on which it rests. Is the best freelance writers websites, purity of American motives a matter that is beyond discussion, or that is pathway irrelevant to discussion? Should decisions be left to “experts” with Washington contacts—even if we assume that they command the necessary knowledge and principles to make the “best” decision, will they invariably do so? And, a logically prior question, is “expertise” applicable—that is, is there a body of theory and of relevant information, not in the public domain, that can be applied to the analysis of foreign policy or that demonstrates the freelance writers, correctness of present actions in some way that psychologists, mathematicians, chemists, and philosophers are incapable of comprehending? Although Kristol does not examine these questions directly, his attitude presupposes answers, answers which are wrong in argumentative essay, all cases. American aggressiveness, however it may be masked in pious rhetoric, is a dominant force in world affairs and must be analyzed in best, terms of its causes and motives. There is against essay no body of theory or significant body of relevant information, beyond the comprehension of the layman, which makes policy immune from criticism. To the extent that “expert knowledge” is applied to best, world affairs, it is surely appropriate—for a person of any integrity, quite necessary—to question its quality and the goals it serves.

These facts seem too obvious to require extended discussion. A CORRECTIVE to Kristol’s curious belief in the Administration’s openness to new thinking about after anthesis, Vietnam is writers websites provided by McGeorge Bundy in apa citation, a recent issue of Foreign Affairs (January, 1967). Freelance Writers? As Bundy correctly observes, “on the main stage…the argument on apa citation, Viet Nam turns on tactics, not fundamentals,” although, he adds, “there are wild men in the wings.” On stage center are, of course, the President (who in his recent trip to best, Asia had just “magisterially reaffirmed” our interest “in the progress of the psychosynthesis institute york, people across the Pacific”) and his advisers, who deserve “the understanding support of those who want restraint.” It is these men who deserve the credit for the fact that “the bombing of the best, North has been the of new, most accurate and the most restrained in modern warfare”—a solicitude which will be appreciated by the inhabitants, or former inhabitants of Nam Dinh and best websites Phu Ly and against animal Vinh. It is these men, too, who deserve the credit for what was reported by Malcolm Browne as long ago as May, 1965: In the best freelance writers websites, South, huge sectors of the on alienation, nation have been declared “free bombing zones,” in which anything that moves is a legitimate target. Tens of thousands of tons of bombs, rockets, napalm and cannon fire are poured into these vast areas each week. Best Freelance Writers Websites? If only by the laws of chance, bloodshed is believed to arginine sythesis, be heavy in these raids. Fortunately for the developing countries, Bundy assures us, “American democracy has no taste for imperialism,” and “taken as a whole, the stock of American experience, understanding, sympathy and simple knowledge is now much the most impressive in the world.” It is true that “four-fifths of all the foreign investing in writers, the world is now done by Americans” and that “the most admired plans and policies…are no better than their demonstrable relation to the American interest”—just as it is true, so we read in the same issue of Foreign Affairs , that the plans for armed action against after anthesis Cuba were put into motion a few weeks after Mikoyan visited Havana, “invading what had so long been an almost exclusively American sphere of influence.” Unfortunately, such facts as these are often taken by unsophisticated Asian intellectuals as indicating a “taste for imperialism.” For example, a number of writers Indians have expressed their “near exasperation” at the fact that “we have done everything we can to attract foreign capital for fertilizer plants, but the marx, American and best freelance writers the other Western private companies know we are over arginine sythesis pathway a barrel, so they demand stringent terms which we just cannot meet” ( Christian Science Monitor , November 26), while “Washington…doggedly insists that deals be made in freelance, the private sector with private enterprise” ( ibid ., December 5). Health Care Reform? [16] But this reaction, no doubt, simply reveals, once again, how the freelance websites, Asian mind fails to comprehend the “diffuse and complex concepts” of Western thought. IT MAY BE USEFUL to argumentative essay reform, study carefully the “new, good ideas about Vietnam” that are receiving a “prompt and respectful hearing” in Washington these days.

The US Government Printing Office is an endless source of insight into the moral and intellectual level of best freelance websites this expert advice. In its publications one can read, for example, the testimony of Professor David N. Rowe, Director of Graduate Studies in sythesis pathway enzyme, International Relations at best freelance writers, Yale University, before the marx essay on alienation, House Committee on Foreign Affairs (see note 11 ). Websites? Professor Rowe proposes (p. 266) that the marx, United States buy all surplus Canadian and Australian wheat, so that there will be mass starvation in China. These are his words: Mind you, I am not talking about this as a weapon against the Chinese people. It will be. But that is only incidental. The weapon will be a weapon against the Government because the internal stability of best that country cannot be sustained by an unfriendly Government in the face of general starvation. Professor Rowe will have none of the phd thesis, sentimental moralism that might lead one to compare this suggestion with, say, the Ostpolitik of Hitler’s Germany. [17] Nor does he fear the impact of such policies on freelance, other Asian nations, for example, Japan. Health Care? He assures us, from his “very long acquaintance with Japanese questions,” that “the Japanese above all are people who respect power and determination.” Hence “they will not be so much alarmed by American policy in Vietnam that takes off from a position of writers websites power and intends to seek a solution based upon the imposition of our power upon local people that we are in opposition to.” What would disturb the Japanese is marx essay “a policy of indecision, a policy of refusal to face up to best freelance writers websites, the problems [in China and Vietnam] and to meet our responsibilities there in a positive way,” such as the way just cited.

A conviction that we were “unwilling to use the power that they know we have” might “alarm the Japanese people very intensely and shake the degree of psychosynthesis of new their friendly relations with us.” In fact, a full use of American power would be particularly reassuring to best freelance writers, the Japanese, because they have had a demonstration “of the tremendous power in arginine sythesis pathway enzyme, action of the United States…because they have felt our power directly.” This is surely a prime example of the healthy, “ realpolitik point of view” that Irving Kristol so much admires. But, one may ask, why restrict ourselves to such indirect means as mass starvation? Why not bombing? No doubt this message is best freelance writers implicit in the remarks to the same committee of the Reverend R.J. de Jaegher, Regent of the Institute of Far Eastern Studies, Seton Hall University, who explains that like all people who have lived under Communism, the apa citation phd thesis, North Vietnamese “would be perfectly happy to be bombed to be free” (p. 345). Of course, there must be those who support the Communists.

But this is really a matter of small concern, as the Hon Walter Robertson, Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs from 1953-59, points out in best freelance writers, his testimony before the same committee. He assures us that “The Peiping regime…represents something less than 3 per cent of the population” (p. 402). Consider, then, how fortunate the Chinese Communist leaders are, compared to the leaders of the Vietcong, who, according to Arthur Goldberg ( New York Times , February 6, 1966), represent about against, “one-half of one percent of the population of South Vietnam,” that is, about one-half the freelance writers websites, number of new Southern recruits for the Vietcong during 1965, if we can credit Pentagon statistics. [18] In the face of such experts as these, the scientists and philosophers of whom Kristol speaks would clearly do well to continue to draw their circles in the sand. HAVING SETTLED THE ISSUE of the political irrelevance of the protest movement, Kristol turns to essay, the question of freelance what motivates it—more generally, what has made students and junior faculty “go left,” as he sees it, amid general prosperity and under liberal, Welfare State administrations. This, he notes, “is a riddle to argumentative essay health, which no sociologist has as yet come up with an answer.” Since these young people are well-off, have good futures, etc., their protest must be irrational.

It must be the result of boredom, of too much security, or something of this sort. Other possibilities come to websites, mind. It may be, for argumentative reform example, that as honest men the students and junior faculty are attempting to find out the truth for freelance writers websites themselves rather than ceding the responsibility to “experts” or to government; and phd thesis it may be that they react with indignation to what they discover. Best Freelance? These possibilities Kristol does not reject. They are simply unthinkable, unworthy of consideration. More accurately, these possibilities are inexpressible; the categories in which they are formulated (honesty, indignation) simply do not exist for the tough-minded social scientist. IN THIS IMPLICIT DISPARAGEMENT of traditional intellectual values, Kristol reflects attitudes that are fairly widespread in academic circles.

I do not doubt that these attitudes are in of new york, part a consequence of the desperate attempt of the social and behavioral sciences to imitate the surface features of sciences that really have significant intellectual content. But they have other sources as well. Anyone can be a moral individual, concerned with human rights and problems; but only a college professor, a trained expert, can solve technical problems by “sophisticated” methods. Ergo, it is only problems of the latter sort that are important or real. Responsible, non-ideological experts will give advice on tactical questions; irresponsible, “ideological types” will “harangue” about best, principle and trouble themselves over moral issues and human rights, or over the traditional problems of rights essay man and best writers websites society, concerning which “social and behavioral science” has nothing to offer beyond trivalities.

Obviously, these emotional, ideological types are irrational, since, being well-off and having power in their grasp, they shouldn’t worry about such matters. At times this pseudo-scientific posing reaches levels that are almost pathological. Consider the phenomenon of Herman Kahn, for example. Apa Citation? Kahn has been both denounced as immoral and lauded for his courage. By people who should know better, his On Thermonuclear War has been described “without qualification…[as]…one of the great works of our time” (Stuart Hughes). The fact of the matter is that this is freelance writers surely one of the emptiest works of our time, as can be seen by applying to it the intellectual standards of any existing discipline, by tracing some of health its “well-documented conclusions” to the “objective studies” from which they derive, and by following the line of argument, where detectable. Kahn proposes no theories, no explanations, no factual assumptions that can be tested against best freelance websites their consequences, as do the sciences he is attempting to mimic. He simply suggests a terminology and provides a facade of rationality. When particular policy conclusions are drawn, they are supported only by ex cathedra remarks for which no support is essay health even suggested (e.g., “The civil defense line probably should be drawn somewhere below $5 billion annually” to keep from provoking the Russians—why not $50 billion, or $5.00?). What is more, Kahn is quite aware of this vacuity; in his more judicious moments he claims only that “there is no reason to writers, believe that relatively sophisticated models are more likely to animal rights essay, be misleading than the simpler models and analogies frequently used as an aid to judgment.” For those whose humor tends towards the macabre, it is easy to play the game of “strategic thinking” a la Kahn, and to prove what one wishes. For example, one of Kahn’s basic assumptions is that.

an all-out surprise attack in which all resources are devoted to counter-value targets would be so irrational that, barring an incredible lack of sophistication or actual insanity among Soviet decision makers, such an attack is best writers websites highly unlikely. A simple argument proves the psychosynthesis institute of new, opposite. Premise 1: American decision-makers think along the lines outlined by Herman Kahn. Premise 2 : Kahn thinks it would be better for everyone to be red than for everyone to websites, be dead. Premise 3 : if the Americans were to argumentative care, respond to an all-out countervalue attack, then everyone would be dead. Conclusion : the Americans will not respond to an all-out countervalue attack, and therefore it should be launched without delay. Best? Of course, one can carry the argument a step further. Fact : the Russians have not carried out an all-out countervalue attack.

It follows that they are not rational. If they are not rational, there is no point in “strategic thinking.” Therefore,…. Of course this is all nonsense, but nonsense that differs from Kahn’s only in the respect that the argument is of slightly greater complexity than anything to be discovered in his work. What is remarkable is that serious people actually pay attention to these absurdities, no doubt because of the facade of marx essay tough-mindedness and pseudo-science. IT IS A CURIOUS and depressing fact that the “anti-war movement” falls prey all too often to similar confusions. Best Freelance? In the fall of against animal essay 1965, for example, there was an International Conference on Alternative Perspectives on Vietnam, which circulated a pamphlet to websites, potential participants stating its assumptions. The plan was to set up study groups in which three “types of intellectual tradition” will be represented: (1) area specialists; (2) “social theory, with special emphasis on theories of the international system, of social change and development, of conflict and conflict resolution, or of revolution”; (3) “the analysis of public policy in marx, terms of basic human values, rooted in various theological, philosophical and humanist traditions.” The second intellectual tradition will provide “general propositions, derived from social theory and tested against historical, comparative, or experimental data”; the third “will provide the framework out of which fundamental value questions can be raised and in terms of which the moral implications of societal actions can be analyzed.” The hope was that “by approaching the questions [of Vietnam policy] from the moral perspectives of all great religions and philosophical systems, we may find solutions that are more consistent with fundamental human values than current American policy in Vietnam has turned out to freelance websites, be.”

In short, the against, experts on values (i.e., spokesmen for the great religions and best writers websites philosophical systems) will provide fundamental insights on moral perspectives, and essay on alienation the experts on social theory will provide general empirically validated propositions and “general models of conflict.” From this interplay, new policies will emerge, presumably from best freelance websites, application of the canons of scientific method. The only debatable issue, it seems to me, is whether it is more ridiculous to turn to experts in social theory for general well-confirmed propositions, or to the specialists in the great religions and philosophical systems for after anthesis insights into fundamental human values. There is much more that can be said about this topic, but, without continuing, I would simply like to emphasize that, as is no doubt obvious, the cult of the best freelance, experts is both self-serving, for those who propound it, and fraudulent. Argumentative? Obviously, one must learn from social and behavioral science whatever one can; obviously, these fields should be pursued as seriously as possible. But it will be quite unfortunate, and highly dangerous, if they are not accepted and judged on best writers websites, their merits and according to their actual, not pretended, accomplishments. In particular, if there is a body of animal theory, well-tested and verified, that applies to the conduct of foreign affairs or the resolution of domestic or international conflict, its existence has been kept a well-guarded secret. Writers? In the phd thesis, case of Vietnam, if those who feel themselves to freelance websites, be experts have access to principles or information that would justify what the American government is doing in that unfortunate country, they have been singularly ineffective in making this fact known. Health Care Reform? To anyone who has any familiarity with the social and behavioral sciences (or the “policy sciences”), the claim that there are certain considerations and principles too deep for the outsider to comprehend is best writers simply an absurdity, unworthy of comment. WHEN WE CONSIDER the responsibility of intellectuals, our basic concern must be their role in the creation and analysis of ideology. And, in against rights essay, fact, Kristol’s contrast between the unreasonable ideological types and the responsible experts is formulated in terms that immediately bring to mind Daniel Bell’s interesting and influential “The End of Ideology,” an essay which is as important for what it leaves unsaid as for its actual content. [19] Bell presents and discusses the Marxist analysis of ideology as a mask for freelance class interest, quoting Marx’s well-known description of the belief of the bourgeoisie “that the special conditions of its emancipation are the argumentative essay health, general conditions through which alone modern society can be saved and the class struggle avoided.” He then argues that the age of ideology is ended, supplanted, at least in best writers websites, the West, by a general agreement that each issue must be settled in its own terms, within the after anthesis, framework of a Welfare State in best writers, which, presumably, experts in the conduct of institute of new public affairs will have a prominent role. Bell is best freelance writers websites quite careful, however, to characterize the precise sense of “ideology” in which “ideologies are exhausted.” He is referring to ideology only as “the conversion of ideas into social levers,” to sythesis enzyme, ideology as “a set of beliefs, infused with passion,…[which] …seeks to transform the writers websites, whole of a way of life.” The crucial words are “transform” and “convert into social levers.” Intellectuals in the West, he argues, have lost interest in converting ideas into social levers for the radical transformation of essay society.

Now that we have achieved the pluralistic society of the Welfare State, they see no further need for a radical transformation of society; we may tinker with our way of life here and there, but it would be wrong to try to modify it in any significant way. With this consensus of intellectuals, ideology is dead. There are several striking facts about Bell’s essay. First, he does not point out the extent to which this consensus of the intellectuals is self-serving. He does not relate his observation that, by and large, intellectuals have lost interest in writers, “transforming the after anthesis, whole of a way of life” to the fact that they play an increasingly prominent role in running the best freelance, Welfare State; he does not relate their general satisfaction with the Welfare State to the fact that, as he observes elsewhere, “America has become an affluent society, offering place…and prestige…to the onetime radicals.” Secondly, he offers no serious argument to show that intellectuals are somehow “right” or “objectively justified” in reaching the consensus to apa citation, which he alludes, with its rejection of the notion that society should be transformed.

Indeed, although Bell is fairly sharp about the empty rhetoric of the “new left,” he seems to have a quite utopian faith that technical experts will be able to cope with the few problems that still remain; for example, the fact that labor is treated as a commodity, and the problems of “alienation.” It seems fairly obvious that the classical problems are very much with us; one might plausibly argue that they have even been enhanced in severity and scale. For example, the classical paradox of poverty in the midst of plenty is now an ever-increasing problem on an international scale. Whereas one might conceive, at least in principle, of a solution within national boundaries, a sensible idea of transforming international society to cope with vast and perhaps increasing human misery is hardly likely to develop within the framework of the intellectual consensus that Bell describes. THUS IT WOULD SEEM NATURAL to describe the consensus of Bell’s intellectuals in somewhat different terms from his. Freelance Writers Websites? Using the terminology of the first part of his essay, we might say that the after anthesis, Welfare State technician finds justification for his special and prominent social status in his “science,” specifically, in the claim that social science can support a technology of best writers social tinkering on a domestic or international scale. He then takes a further step, ascribing in a familiar way a universal validity to what is in fact a class interest: he argues that the special conditions on which his claim to power and authority are based are, in fact, the only general conditions by which modern society can be saved; that social tinkering within a Welfare State framework must replace the commitment to the “total ideologies” of the against animal rights, past, ideologies which were concerned with a transformation of society.

Having found his position of power, having achieved security and affluence, he has no further need for ideologies that look to radical change. The scholar-expert replaces the best freelance writers websites, “free-floating intellectual” who “felt that the animal rights, wrong values were being honored, and rejected the society,” and who has now lost his political role (now, that is, that the best writers, right values are being honored). Conceivably, it is correct that the technical experts who will (or hope to) manage the “industrial society” will be able to against essay, cope with the classical problems without a radical transformation of society. It is freelance writers conceivably true that the bourgeoisie was right in marx essay, regarding the special conditions of its emancipation as the only general conditions by which modern society would be saved. In either case, an best freelance websites, argument is in order, and skepticism is after anthesis justified when none appears. Within the same framework of general utopianism, Bell goes on to pose the freelance writers, issue between Welfare State scholar-experts and third-world ideologists in a rather curious way. He points out, quite correctly, that there is no issue of Communism, the essay, content of that doctrine having been “long forgotten by friends and foes alike.” Rather, he says, the question is an older one: whether new societies can grow by freelance writers, building democratic institutions and allowing people to make choices—and sacrifices—voluntarily, or whether the new elites, heady with power, will impose totalitarian means to transform their societies.

THE QUESTION is an interesting one. It is odd, however, to see it referred to as “an older one.” Surely he cannot be suggesting that the West chose the democratic way—for example, that in England during the after anthesis, industrial revolution, the farmers voluntarily made the choice of leaving the land, giving up cottage industry, becoming an best writers websites, industrial proletariat, and voluntarily decided, within the framework of the existing democratic institutions, to make the against essay, sacrifices that are graphically described in the classic literature on nineteenth-century industrial society. One may debate the question whether authoritarian control is necessary to permit capital accumulation in the underdeveloped world, but the Western model of development is hardly one that we can point to best freelance writers websites, with any pride. It is perhaps not surprising to find Walt Rostow referring to “the more humane processes [of industrialization] that Western values would suggest” ( An American Policy in Asia ). Those who have a serious concern for the problems that face backward countries, and for the role that advanced industrial societies might, in principle, play in development and modernization, must use somewhat more care in marx essay, interpreting the significance of the Western experience. Returning to the quite appropriate question, whether “new societies can grow by building democratic institutions” or only by totalitarian means, I think that honesty requires us to recognize that this question must be directed more to American intellectuals than to third-world ideologists. The backward countries have incredible, perhaps insurmountable problems, and websites few available options; the United States has a wide range of apa citation phd thesis options, and best freelance websites has the economic and technological resources, though, evidently, neither the intellectual nor moral resources, to confront at marx essay, least some of freelance writers these problems. It is easy for apa citation phd thesis an American intellectual to writers websites, deliver homilies on the virtues of freedom and liberty, but if he is really concerned about, say, Chinese totalitarianism or the burdens imposed on the Chinese peasantry in forced industrialization, then he should face a task that is arginine infinitely more important and challenging—the task of creating, in the United States, the intellectual and moral climate, as well as the social and economic conditions, that would permit this country to participate in modernization and best freelance writers development in a way commensurate with its material wealth and health care reform technical capacity.

Large capital gifts to Cuba and China might not succeed in alleviating the authoritarianism and terror that tend to best freelance websites, accompany early stages of capital accumulation, but they are far more likely to have this effect than lectures on democratic values. Sythesis? It is possible that even without “capitalist encirclement” in its various manifestations, the truly democratic elements in websites, revolutionary movements—in some instances, soviets and collectives—might be undermined by an “elite” of bureaucrats and technical intelligentsia. But it is almost certain that capitalist encirclement itself, which all revolutionary movements now have to face, will guarantee this result. The lesson, for those who are concerned to strengthen the democratic, spontaneous, and popular elements in developing societies, is quite clear. Lectures on the two-party system, or even on the really substantial democratic values that have been in part realized in Western society, are a monstrous irrelevance, given the effort required to raise the level of culture in Western society to the point where it can provide a “social lever” for both economic development and the development of true democratic institutions in animal rights essay, the third world—and, for freelance writers that matter, at home. A GOOD CASE CAN BE MADE for the conclusion that there is essay indeed something of writers websites a consensus among intellectuals who have already achieved power and affluence, or who sense that they can achieve them by “accepting society” as it is and marx essay on alienation promoting the values that are “being honored” in this society.

It is also true that this consensus is most noticeable among the scholar-experts who are replacing the best freelance writers websites, free-floating intellectuals of the past. Of New? In the university, these scholar-experts construct a “value-free technology” for best freelance writers websites the solution of technical problems that arise in contemporary society, [20] taking a “responsible stance” towards these problems, in the sense noted earlier. This consensus among the responsible scholar-experts is the domestic analogue to that proposed, internationally, by those who justify the application of American power in after anthesis, Asia, whatever the human cost, on the grounds that it is necessary to contain the “expansion of China” (an “expansion” which is, to be sure, hypothetical for the time being) [21] —that is, to translate from best freelance writers, State Department Newspeak, on the grounds that it is essential to reverse the Asian nationalist revolutions or, at least, to prevent them from spreading. The analogy becomes clear when we look carefully at the ways in which this proposal is formulated. With his usual lucidity, Churchill outlined the general position in a remark to his colleague of the moment, Joseph Stalin, at Teheran in 1943: The government of the world must be entrusted to satisfied nations, who wished nothing more for themselves than what they had.

If the world-government were in the hands of hungry nations there would always be danger. But none of us had any reason to seek for anything more…. Our power placed us above the rest. We were like the rich men dwelling at peace within their habitations. For a translation of Churchill’s biblical rhetoric into the jargon of contemporary social science, one may turn to the testimony of Charles Wolf, Senior Economist of the Rand Corporation, at the Congressional Committee Hearings cited earlier: I am dubious that China’s fears of encirclement are going to be abated, eased, relaxed in the long-term future.

But I would hope that what we do in Southeast Asia would help to develop within the animal essay, Chinese body politic more of a realism and willingness to live with this fear than to indulge it by best writers websites, support for liberation movements, which admittedly depend on a great deal more than external support…the operational question for American foreign policy is not whether that fear can be eliminated or substantially alleviated, but whether China can be faced with a structure of incentives, of penalties and rewards, of inducements that will make it willing to live with this fear. The point is further clarified by essay care, Thomas Schelling: “There is growing experience, which the Chinese can profit from, that although the United States may be interested in encircling them, may be interested in defending nearby areas from them, it is, nevertheless, prepared to behave peaceably if they are.” In short, we are prepared to live peaceably in our—to be sure, rather extensive—habitations. And, quite naturally, we are offended by the undignified noises from the servants’ quarters. If, let us say, a peasant-based revolutionary movement tries to achieve independence from foreign powers and the domestic structures they support, or if the best freelance, Chinese irrationally refuse to respond properly to the schedule of reinforcement that we have prepared for them—if they object to marx essay, being encircled by the benign and peace-loving “rich men” who control the territories on their borders as a natural right—then, evidently, we must respond to this belligerence with appropriate force.

IT IS THIS MENTALITY that explains the frankness with which the United States Government and its academic apologists defend the American refusal to permit a political settlement in Vietnam at best writers websites, a local level, a settlement based on institute york, the actual distribution of political forces. Writers? Even government experts freely admit that the arginine, NLF is the only “truly mass-based political party in South Vietnam” [22] ; that the NLF had “made a conscious and massive effort to extend political participation, even if it was manipulated, on the local level so as to involve the people in a self-contained, self-supporting revolution” (p. 374); and that this effort had been so successful that no political groups, “with the possible exception of the Buddhists, thought themselves equal in size and power to risk entering into a coalition, fearing that if they did the whale would swallow the minnow” (p. 362). Moreover, they concede that until the introduction of overwhelming American force, the NLF had insisted that the struggle “should be fought out at the political level and best websites that the use of massed military might was in essay care reform, itself illegitimate….

The battleground was to be the minds and loyalties of the best, rural Vietnamese, the apa citation phd thesis, weapons were to be ideas” (pp. 91-92; cf. also pp. Best Freelance Websites? 93, 99-108, 155f.); and, correspondingly, that until mid-1964, aid from Hanoi “was largely confined to after anthesis, two areas—doctrinal know-how and leadership personnel” (p. 321). Captured NLF documents contrast the enemy’s “military superiority” with their own “political superiority” (p. 106), thus fully confirming the analysis of freelance websites American military spokesmen who define our problem as how, “with considerable armed force but little political power, [to] contain an adversary who has enormous political force but only modest military power.” [23] Similarly, the most striking outcome of both the Honolulu conference in February and the Manila conference in apa citation phd thesis, October was the frank admission by high officials of the Saigon government that “they could not survive a ‘peaceful settlement’ that left the Vietcong political structure in place even if the Vietcong guerilla units were disbanded,” that “they are not able to freelance websites, compete politically with the Vietnamese Communists” (Charles Mohr, New York Times , February 11, 1966, italics mine).

Thus, Mohr continues, the Vietnamese demand a “pacification program” which will have as “its core…the destruction of the sythesis pathway, clandestine Vietcong political structure and the creation of an iron-like system of government political control over the population.” And from Manila, the same correspondent, on October 23, quotes a high South Vietnamese official as saying that: Frankly, we are not strong enough now to writers websites, compete with the Communists on marx, a purely political basis. They are organized and disciplined. The non-Communist nationalists are not—we do not have any large, well-organized political parties and we do not yet have unity. We cannot leave the Vietcong in existence. Officials in Washington understand the situation very well.

Thus Secretary Rusk has pointed out that “if the Vietcong come to the conference table as full partners they will, in a sense, have been victorious in the very aims that South Vietnam and the United States are pledged to prevent” (January 28, 1966). Max Frankel reported from Washington in the Times on February 18, 1966, that. Compromise has had no appeal here because the best freelance writers, Administration concluded long ago that the apa citation, non-Communist forces of best freelance South Vietnam could not long survive in a Saigon coalition with Communists. It is for that reason—and not because of an excessively rigid sense of protocol—that Washington has steadfastly refused to deal with the Vietcong or recognize them as an independent political force. In short, we will—magnanimously—permit Vietcong representatives to attend negotiations only if they will agree to phd thesis, identify themselves as agents of freelance writers websites a foreign power and thus forfeit the arginine pathway enzyme, right to participate in a coalition government, a right which they have now been demanding for a half-dozen years.

We well know that in freelance websites, any representative coalition, our chosen delegates could not last a day without the support of American arms. Therefore, we must increase American force and resist meaningful negotiations, until the day when a client government can exert both military and political control over its own population—a day which may never dawn, for as William Bundy has pointed out, we could never be sure of the security of a Southeast Asia “from which the Western presence was effectively withdrawn.” Thus if we were to “negotiate in the direction of marx on alienation solutions that are put under the label of neutralization,” this would amount to capitulation to the Communists. [24] According to this reasoning, then, South Vietnam must remain, permanently, an American military base. All of this is, of course, reasonable, so long as we accept the fundamental political axiom that the United States, with its traditional concern for the rights of the weak and downtrodden, and best writers websites with its unique insight into the proper mode of development for backward countries, must have the courage and the persistence to impose its will by force until such time as other nations are prepared to psychosynthesis of new, accept these truths—or simply, to best freelance, abandon hope. IF IT IS THE RESPONSIBILITY of the intellectual to insist upon the truth, it is also his duty to see events in their historical perspective. Thus one must applaud the insistence of the Secretary of State on the importance of historical analogies, the Munich analogy, for against animal essay example. As Munich showed, a powerful and aggressive nation with a fanatic belief in writers websites, its manifest destiny will regard each victory, each extension of its power and authority, as a prelude to the next step. Phd Thesis? The matter was very well put by writers, Adlai Stevenson, when he spoke of phd thesis “the old, old route whereby expansive powers push at best freelance websites, more and marx essay on alienation more doors, believing they will open until, at the ultimate door, resistance is websites unavoidable and major war breaks out.” Herein lies the danger of appeasement, as the Chinese tirelessly point out to the Soviet Union—which, they claim, is marx on alienation playing Chamberlain to best websites, our Hitler in Vietnam. Of course, the aggressiveness of liberal imperialism is not that of Nazi Germany, though the distinction may seem academic to a Vietnamese peasant who is marx being gassed or incinerated. We do not want to occupy Asia; we merely wish, to writers, return to Mr.

Wolf, “to help the Asian countries progress toward economic modernization, as relatively ‘open’ and stable societies, to which our access, as a country and as individual citizens, is free and comfortable.” The formulation is apa citation phd thesis appropriate. Best Websites? Recent history shows that it makes little difference to essay on alienation, us what form of government a country has so long as it remains an “open society,” in best freelance websites, our peculiar sense of this term—that is, a society that remains open to American economic penetration or political control. If it is necessary to arginine, approach genocide in Vietnam to achieve this objective, than this is the price we must pay in defense of freedom and the rights of man. In pursuing the aim of helping other countries to progress toward open societies, with no thought of territorial aggrandizement, we are breaking no new ground. In the best writers, Congressional Hearings that I cited earlier, Hans Morgenthau aptly describes our traditional policy towards China as one which favors “what you might call freedom of competition with regard to the exploitation of China” ( op. cit ., p. 128). In fact, few imperialist powers have had explicit territorial ambitions. Thus in 1784, the British Parliament announced: “To pursue schemes of of new conquest and extension of dominion in India are measures repugnant to best writers, the wish, honor, and policy of this nation.” Shortly after this, the after anthesis, conquest of India was in full swing. A century later, Britain announced its intentions in Egypt under the freelance writers websites, slogan “intervention, reform, withdrawal.” It is obvious which parts of this promise were fulfilled within the next half-century. In 1936, on the eve of hostilities in North China, the Japanese stated their Basic Principles of National Policy. These included the use of moderate and peaceful means to against rights, extend her strength, to promote social and economic development, to freelance, eradicate the menace of Communism, to correct the aggressive policies of the great powers, and to secure her position as the stabilizing power in East Asia.

Even in 1937, the Japanese government had “no territorial designs upon China.” In short, we follow a well-trodden path. It is useful to remember, incidentally, that the US was apparently quite willing, as late as 1939, to negotiate a commercial treaty with Japan and arrive at a modus vivendi if Japan would “change her attitude and apa citation phd thesis practice towards our rights and interests in best freelance, China,” as Secretary Hull put it. The bombing of Chungking and the rape of Nanking were unpleasant, it is true, but what was really important was our rights and interests in China, as the responsible, unhysterical men of the day saw quite clearly. It was the closing of the psychosynthesis institute york, open door by Japan that led inevitably to the Pacific war, just as it is the closing of the open door by “Communist” China itself that may very well lead to best writers, the next, and no doubt last, Pacific war. QUITE OFTEN, THE STATEMENTS of sincere and devoted technical experts give surprising insight into the intellectual attitudes that lie in the background of the latest savagery. Health Care Reform? Consider, for best freelance writers websites example, the following comment by the economist Richard Lindholm, in 1959, expressing his frustration over the failure of economic development in “free Vietnam”: …the use of American aid is determined by pathway enzyme, how the Vietnamese use their incomes and their savings. The fact that a large portion of the Vietnamese imports financed with American aid are either consumer goods or raw materials used rather directly to meet consumer demands is an indication that the best, Vietnamese people desire these goods. for they have shown their desire by their willingness to use their piasters to purchase them. Argumentative Care Reform? [25] In short, the Vietnamese people desire Buicks and air-conditioners, rather than sugar refining equipment or road-building machinery, as they have shown by their behavior in a free market.

And however much we may deplore their free choice, we must allow the people to have their way. Of course, there are also those two-legged beasts of burden that one stumbles on best freelance, in the countryside, but as any graduate student of political science can explain, they are not part of on alienation a responsible modernizing elite, and therefore have only a superficial biological resemblance to writers, the human race. In no small measure, it is attitudes like this that lie behind the health reform, butchery in Vietnam, and websites we had better face up to them with candor, or we will find our government leading us towards a “final solution” in Vietnam, and in psychosynthesis institute york, the many Vietnams that inevitably lie ahead. Let me finally return to Dwight Macdonald and the responsibility of intellectuals. Macdonald quotes an best freelance websites, interview with a death-camp paymaster who burst into essay tears when told that the best websites, Russians would hang him. “Why should they? What have I done?” he asked. Macdonald concludes: “Only those who are willing to resist authority themselves when it conflicts too intolerably with their personal moral code, only they have the right to marx, condemn the death-camp paymaster.” The question, “What have I done?” is one that we may well ask ourselves, as we read each day of fresh atrocities in Vietnam—as we create, or mouth, or tolerate the best freelance writers, deceptions that will be used to institute, justify the next defense of freedom. [1] Such a research project has now been undertaken and published as a “Citizens’ White Paper”: F. Best Writers Websites? Schurmann, P. D. Scott, R. Zelnik, The Politics of argumentative essay care reform Escalation in Vietnam , Fawcett World Library, and Beacon Press, 1966.

For further evidence of American rejection of UN initiatives for diplomatic settlement, just prior to best writers, the major escalation of February, 1965, see Mario Rossi, “The US Rebuff to enzyme, U Thant,” NYR , November 17, 1966. There is further documentary evidence of NLF attempts to establish a coalition government and to neutralize the best freelance websites, area, all rejected by the United States and its Saigon ally, in Douglas Pike, Viet Cong , M.I.T. Press, 1966. In reading material of this latter sort one must be especially careful to phd thesis, distinguish between the evidence presented and the “conclusions” that are asserted, for reasons noted briefly below (see note 22 ). It is interesting to see the first, somewhat oblique, published reactions to The Politics of Escalation , by those who defend our right to conquer South Vietnam and institute a government of our choice. For example, Robert Scalapino ( New York Times Magazine , December 11, 1966) argues that the thesis of the book implies that our leaders are “diabolical.” Since no right-thinking person can believe this, the thesis is refuted. To assume otherwise would betray “irresponsibility,” in a unique sense of this term—a sense that gives an ironic twist to the title of this essay. He goes on to point out the alleged central weakness in the argument of the book, namely, the failure to perceive that a serious attempt on our part to pursue the possibilities for a diplomatic settlement would have been interpreted by our adversaries as a sign of weakness. [2] At other times, Schlesinger does indeed display admirable scholarly caution. For example, in his Introduction to freelance, The Politics of Escalation he admits that there may have been “flickers of interest in negotiations” on the part of Hanoi. As to phd thesis, the Administration’s lies about writers websites, negotiations and essay on alienation its repeated actions undercutting tentative initiatives towards negotiations, he comments only websites, that the authors may have underestimated military necessity and that future historians may prove them wrong.

This caution and detachment must be compared with Schlesinger’s attitude toward renewed study of the origins of the cold war: in a letter to the New York Review of Books , October 20, 1966, he remarks that it is time to “blow the whistle” on revisionist attempts to show that the cold war may have been the consequence of essay something more than mere Communist belligerence. Writers? We are to believe, then, that the relatively straight-forward matter of the origins of the cold war is pathway enzyme settled beyond discussion, whereas the much more complex issue of why the best freelance, United States shies away from a negotiated settlement in Vietnam must be left to future historians to ponder. It is useful to bear in mind that the United States Government itself is on occasion much less diffident in explaining why it refuses to institute of new, contemplate a meaningful negotiated settlement. As is freely admitted, this solution would leave it without power to control the best freelance, situation. See, for health example note 26 . [3] Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., A Thousand Days; John F. Kennedy in the White House , 1965, p. 421. [4] The View from the Seventh Floor , Harper and Row, 1964, p. 149. See also his United States in the World Arena , Harper and Row, 1960, p. 244: “Stalin, exploiting the disruption and weakness of the postwar world, pressed out from the writers, expanded base he had won during the second World War in an effort to gain the balance of power in Eurasia…turning to the East, to back Mao and to enflame the North Korean and Indochinese Communists…” [5] For example, the article by cia analyst George Carver placed in Foreign Affairs , April, 1966. See also note 22 . [6] Cf.

Jean Lacouture, Vietnam between Two Truces , Random House, 1966, p. 21. Diem’s analysis of the situation was shared by Western observers at the time. Apa Citation? See, for example, the comments of William Henderson, Far Eastern specialist and executive, Council on Foreign Relations, in R. W. Lindholm, ed., Vietnam: The First Five Years , Michigan State, 1959. He notes “the growing alienation of the intelligentsia,” “the renewal of freelance websites armed dissidence in the South,” the fact that “security has noticeably deteriorated in sythesis pathway enzyme, the last two years,” all as a result of best freelance websites Diem’s “grim dictatorship,” and care predicts “a steady worsening of the political climate in free Vietnam, culminating in unforeseen disasters.” [7] See Bernard Fall, “Vietnam in the Balance,” Foreign Affairs , October, 1966. [8] Stalin was neither pleased by the Titoist tendencies inside the Greek Communist party, nor by the possibility that a Balkan federation might develop under Titoist leadership. It is, nevertheless, conceivable that Stalin supported the Greek guerrillas at some stage of the rebellion, in spite of the best writers, difficulty of against essay obtaining firm documentary evidence. Needless to say, no elaborate study is necessary to best freelance websites, document the British or American role in this civil conflict, from late 1944. See D. G. Kousoulas, The Price of after anthesis Freedom , Syracuse, 1953; Revolution and Defeat , Oxford, 1965, for serious study of these events from best freelance websites, a strongly anti-Communist point of view.

[9] For a detailed account, see James Warburg, Germany: Key to Peace , Harvard, 1953, p. 189f. Warburg concludes that apparently “the Kremlin was now prepared to essay care reform, accept the creation of an All-German democracy in the Western sense of that word,” whereas the Western powers, in their response, “frankly admitted their plan ‘to secure the participation of Germany in a purely defensive European community’ ” (i.e., nato). [10] United States and the World Arena , pp. 344-45. Incidentally, those who quite rightly deplore the brutal suppression of the East German and Hungarian revolutions would do well to remember that these scandalous events might have been avoided had the United States been willing to consider proposals for neutralization of Central Europe. Some of George Kennan’s recent statements provide interesting commentary on this matter, for example, his comments on best writers, the falsity. from the outset, of the assumption that the USSR intended to attack or intimidate by force the Western half of the continent and that it was deterred by American force, and his remarks on the sterility and general absurdity of the demand for unilateral Soviet withdrawal from Eastern Germany together with “the inclusion of on alienation a united Germany as as a major component in best freelance writers websites, a Western defense system based primarily on animal, nuclear weaponry” ( Pacem in Terris , E. Reed, ed., Pocket Books, 1965). It is freelance websites worth noting that historical fantasy of the sort illustrated in Rostow’s remarks has become a regular State Department specially. Thus we have Thomas Mann justifying our Dominican intervention as a response to actions of the “Sino-Soviet military bloc.” Or, to take a more considered statement, we have William Bundy’s analysis of stages of development of Communist ideology in after anthesis, his Pomona College address, February 12, 1966, in which he characterizes the Soviet Union in best writers websites, the 1920s and early 1930s as “in a highly militant and reform aggressive phase.” What is frightening about fantasy, as distinct from outright falsification, is the possibility that it may be sincere and may actually serve as the basis for formation of best freelance writers policy.

[11] United States Policy Toward Asia , Hearings before the subcommittee on the Far East and the Pacific of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, US Government Printing Office, 1966. [12] New York Times Book Review , November 20, 1966. Such comments call to mind the after anthesis, remarkable spectacle of freelance websites President Kennedy counseling Cheddi Jagan on the dangers of entering into a trading relationship “which brought a country into a condition of psychosynthesis institute of new economic dependence.” The reference, of course, is to the dangers in commercial relations with the Soviet Union. See Schlesinger, A Thousand Days , p. 776. [14] Though this too is imprecise. One must recall the websites, real character of the Trujillo regime to appreciate the full cynicism of Kennedy’s “realistic” analysis.

[15] W. Essay On Alienation? W. Rostow and R. Best Writers Websites? W. Hatch, An American Policy in Asia , Technology Press and John Wiley, 1955. [16] American private enterprise, of course, has its own ideas as to how India’s problems are to be met. The Monitor reports the insistence of American entrepeneurs “on importing all equipment and machinery when India has a tested capacity to meet some of their requirements. They have insisted on importing liquid ammonia, a basic raw material, rather than using indigenous naptha which is abundantly available. They have laid down restrictions about essay reform, pricing, distribution, profits, and management control.” A major post-war scandal is developing in India, as the United States, cynically capitalizing on India’s current torture, applies its economic power to implement what The New York Times calls India’s “drift from best websites, socialism towards pragmatism” (April 28, 1965).

[17] Although, to maintain perspective, we should recall that in his wildest moments, Alfred Rosenberg spoke of the elimination of thirty million Slavs, not the animal, imposition of mass starvation on a quarter of the best websites, human race. Incidentally, the analogy drawn here is highly “irresponsible,” in the technical sense of this neologism discussed earlier. That is, it is based on sythesis enzyme, the assumption that statements and actions of Americans are subject to the same standards and open to the same interpretations as those of anyone else. [18] The New York Times , February 6, 1966. Goldberg continues, the United States is not certain that all of these are voluntary adherents. This is not the first such demonstration of Communist duplicity. Best Freelance Writers Websites? Another example was seen in the year 1962, when according to US Government sources 15,000 guerrillas suffered 30,000 casualties. See Arthur Schlesinger, A Thousand Days , p. 982. [19] Reprinted in a collection of essays, The End of Ideology: on the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties , Free Press, 1960. I have no intention here of entering into the full range of issues that have been raised in the discussion of “end of ideology” for the past dozen years.

It is difficult to apa citation phd thesis, see how a rational person could quarrel with many of the theses that have been put forth, e.g., that at a certain historical moment the “politics of freelance websites civility” is appropriate and, perhaps, efficacious; that one who advocates action (or inaction) has a responsibility to assess its social cost; that dogmatic fanaticism and “secular religions” should be combated (or if possible, ignored); that technical solutions to problems should be implemented, where possible; that “ le dogmatisme ideologique devait disparaitre pour que les idees reprissent vie ” (Aron), and so on. Since this is arginine sythesis sometimes taken to writers, be an expression of an “anti-Marxist” position, it is worth keeping in mind that such sentiments as these have no bearing on non-Bolshevik Marxism, as represented, for psychosynthesis institute example, by such figures as Luxemburg, Pannekoek, Korsch, Arthur Rosenberg, and others. [20] The extent to which this “technology” is value-free is hardly very important, given the clear commitments of those who apply it. The problems with which research is freelance concerned are those posed by the Pentagon or the great corporations, not, say, by the revolutionaries of Northeast Brazil or by SNCC. Nor am I aware of a research project devoted to the problem of how poorly armed guerrillas might more effectively resist a brutal and devastating military technology—surely the kind of problem that would have interested the phd thesis, free-floating intellectual who is now hopelessly out of date. [21] In view of the unremitting propaganda barrage on “Chinese expansion,” perhaps a word of best freelance writers comment is in order. Typical of American propaganda on this subject is argumentative essay care reform Adlai Stevenson’s assessment, shortly before his death (cf. The New York Times Magazine , March 13, 1966): “So far, the new Communist ‘dynasty’ has been very aggressive. Tibet was swallowed, India attacked, the Malays had to freelance, fight 12 years to resist a ‘national liberation’ they could receive from the of new york, British by writers websites, a more peaceful route. Today, the apparatus of infiltration and aggression is already at essay on alienation, work in North Thailand.”

As to Malaya, Stevenson is probably confusing ethnic Chinese with the best freelance, government of China. Apa Citation Phd Thesis? Those concerned with the actual events would agree with Harry Miller (in Communist Menace in Malaya , Praeger, 1954) that “Communist China continues to show little interest in the Malayan affair beyond its usual fulminations via Peking Radio…” There are various harsh things that one might say about Chinese behavior in what the Sino-Indian Treaty of 1954 refers to as “the Tibet region of China,” but it is no more proof of a tendency towards expansionism than is the best writers websites, behavior of the Indian Government with regard to the Naga and apa citation phd thesis Mizo tribesmen. As to North Thailand, “the apparatus of infiltration” may well be at work, though there is little reason to suppose it to be Chinese—and it is surely not unrelated to the American use of Thailand as a base of its attack on Vietnam. This reference is the sheerest hypocrisy. The “attack on India” grew out of a border dispute that began several years after the Chinese had completed a road from freelance writers websites, Tibet to Sinkiang in animal rights, an area so remote from Indian control that the Indians learned about this operation only from the Chinese Press. According to American Air Force maps, the disputed area is in Chinese territory. Cf. Alastair Lamb, China Quarterly , July-September, 1965. To this distinguished authority, “it seems unlikely that the Chinese have been working out some master plan…to take over the Indian sub-continent lock, stock and overpopulated barrel.” Rather, he thinks it likely that the Chinese were probably unaware that India even claimed the territory through which the road passed. After the best websites, Chinese military victory, Chinese troops were, in most areas, withdrawn beyond the McMahon line, a border which the of new, British had attempted to impose on China in 1914 but which has never been recognized by China (Nationalist or Communist), the United States, or any other government. It is remarkable that a person in a responsible position could describe all of best freelance writers websites this as Chinese expansionism.

In fact, it is absurd to debate the hypothetical aggressiveness of a China surrounded by American missiles and a still expanding network of military bases backed by an enormous American expeditionary force in Southeast Asia. It is conceivable that at some future time a powerful China may be expansionist. Pathway Enzyme? We may speculate about such possibilities if we wish, but it is American aggressiveness that is the central fact of writers websites current politics. [22] Douglas Pike, op. cit ., p. 110. This book, written by argumentative essay care reform, a foreign service officer working at the Center for best freelance writers websites International Studies, M.I.T., poses a contrast between our side, which sympathizes with “the usual revolutionary stirrings…around the world because they reflect inadequate living standards or oppressive and corrupt governments,” and the backers of “revolutionary guerrilla warfare,” which “opposes the aspirations of people while apparently furthering them, manipulates the individual by persuading him to manipulate himself.” Revolutionary guerrilla warefare is “an imported product, revolution from the outside”. (other examples, besides the Vietcong, are “Stalin’s exportation of institute armed revolution,” the Haganah in Palestine, and the Irish Republican army—see pp. Best Writers? 32-33). The Vietcong could not be an indigenous movement since it had “a social construction program of such scope and ambition that of necessity it must have been created in Hanoi” (p. After Anthesis? 76—but on pp. 77-79 we read that “organizational activity had gone on intensively and systematically for several years” before the Lao Dong party in Hanoi had made its decision “to begin building an organization”).

On page 80 we find “such an effort had to be the child of the best freelance writers, North,” even though elsewhere we read of the prominent role of the Cao Dai (p. 74), “the first major social group to begin actively opposing the Diem government” (p. 222), and of the Hoa Hao sect, “another early and phd thesis major participant in best writers websites, the NLF” (p. 69). After Anthesis? He takes it as proof of Communist duplicity that in the South, the party insisted it was “Marxist-Leninist,” thus “indicating philosophic but not political allegiance,” whereas in the North it described itself as a “Marxist-Leninist organization,” thus “indicating that it was int he mainstream of the world-wide Communist movement” (p. 150). And so on. Writers Websites? Also revealing is the contempt for “Cinderella and all the other fools [who] could still believe there was magic in the mature world if one mumbled the secret incantation: solidarity, union, concord”; for the “gullible, misled people” who were “turning the countryside into a bedlam toppling one Saigon government after another, confounding the Americans”; for the “mighty force of people” who in their mindless innocence thought that “the meek, at last, were to inherit the earth,” that “riches would be theirs and all in the name of justice and virtue.” One can appreciate the chagrin with which a sophisticated Western political scientist must view this “sad and awesome spectacle.”

[23] Lacouture, op. cit ., p. 188. Of New York? The same military spokesman goes on, ominously, to say that this is the problem confronting us throughout Asia, Africa, and Latin America, and best writers websites that we must find the “proper response” to it. [24] William Bundy, in A. Buchan, ed., China and the Peace of against rights Asia , Praeger, 1965.

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Also, the best freelance writers websites third person point of view can let the reader invade the arginine sythesis pathway characters minds by telling them their thoughts, beliefs, and opinions. Websites? For example, if a complex situation has risen, this point of view can give the reader various options on which the after anthesis situation can be handled. Another advantage of third person is that the author can give details and information that other point of views cannot, causing the reader to have a futuristic thought of what might happen next. Best Freelance Writers Websites? 4.) The protagonist of Angels: Messengers of God Essay examples. believe that there are angels, demons, djinni, or genies. Angels and demons play their typical roles however the djinni and the genies can either be on the side of the sythesis pathway angels or the side of the demons. There are a lot of times people believe they see angels. They have such interesting experiences as near death experiences, crossing over, and revelations from God that sometimes appear as dreams and other subconscious things. There are many people who claim to have seen angels.

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So God and the angels have a big part to argumentative essay care do with the best freelance writers websites bible and argumentative essay reform our everyday lives with keeping us safer than we think we might be. Therefore angels played 2 very

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Psychiatric Disorders, Diseases, and Drugs. in which the individual is experiencing bouts of both mania and argumentative essay health depression in an alternating cycle (Morris, 2010). Best Freelance Writers? There can be bursts of . normal feelings interspersed between these bouts of pathway enzyme mania and depression. Studies have shown that bipolar disorder affects both men and women equally unlike depression which favors the women. Studies have also shown that bipolar disorder is not as common as depression (Morris, 2010).

While depression and best mania on their own can be linked to outside factors, bipolar. Antidepressant , Antipsychotic , Bipolar disorder 1416 Words | 5 Pages. you act in social situations. People with the disorder manic depression deal with symptoms such as the ones above and many more. Phd Thesis? Manic depression is also . known as bipolar disorder, and by best freelance, definition is a mental disorder characterized by episodes of mania and depression; in layman's terms it’s a disorder that affects a persons emotions, which leads to of new, extreme mood swings. Best Freelance Websites? Most researchers agree that manic depression is a genetic disorder, which means if one of your parents has it there is a possibility. Bipolar disorder , Lamotrigine , Lithium pharmacology 1900 Words | 5 Pages. ‘problems or disorders’ are hard to define and assign to a single medical condition or ‘syndrome’ Bipolar disorder is a condition in which people go back . and forth between periods of a very good or irritable mood and depression. The mood swings between mania and depression can be very quick.

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