Organ donation essay introduction

assomoire resume Gervaise Macquart, fille d’Antoine Macquart, a quitte Plassans et la Provence, avec son amant Auguste Lantier et ses deux batards, Claude et Etienne, pour tenter sa chance a Paris. Essay. Mais Lantier abandonne la jeune femme pour Adele, une brunisseuse* en chambre. In An Essay. Apres un combat homerique qui l’oppose a Virginie, la soeur d’Adele, au beau milieu du lavoir, Gervaise se retrouve seule a l’hotel Boncoeur, un garni sordide de Montmartre. Organ Donation. Cependant, pressee par son voisin Coupeau, un ouvrier zingueur, d’accepter la vie commune, elle consent au mariage. Album Essay. Mais Mme Lorilleux, la s?ur de Coupeau, reprouve cette union et fait un accueil glace a Gervaise. Organ Essay. La noce se deroule sous de funestes auspices : il pleut. Coursework. Pour tromper l’ennui, on introduction, se refugie au Louvre, sous la conduite de M. Essay Duurzaam. Madinier, un ancien ouvrier devenu patron. Donation Introduction. Deplaces au milieu des ors et des chefs-d’?uvre qu’ils ne comprennent pas, les forgerons, les blanchisseuses et les concierges errent lamentablement dans le labyrinthe des salles, ponctuant leur visite de commentaires naifs ou egrillards qui offusquent jusqu’ aux gardiens. Apres un repas minable au Moulin d’Argent, les noceurs se separent, furieux d’avoir du payer des supplements et ce mariage bacle laisse a Gervaise le gout amer de l’echec. How To In An Essay. Cependant le menage est uni.

Travailleurs, les deux jeunes gens gagnent une petite aisance et peuvent s’installer dans leurs meubles, rue Neuve-de-la-Goutte-d’Or, tout pres de chez Goujet, un jeune forgeron qui vit avec sa mere. Donation Essay Introduction. Bientot nait une petite fille, Nana. Satanism. Mais Cou- peau, jusqu’alors bon mari et bon pere, tombe d’un toit et voila l’ouvrier zingueur gate par l’oisivete forcee a laquelle le contraint son accident. Organ Introduction. Gervaise, qui a depense toutes ses economies pour eviter l’hopital a son homme, desespere de jamais ouvrir la boutique de blanchisseuse de fin* a laquelle elle revait. Mais le forgeron Goujet, secretement amoureux d’elle, lui prete cinq cents francs qui lui permettent de s’installer au rez-de-chaussee de la grande maison de la rue de la Goutte-d’or, avec trois ouvrieres. The White Album Essay. Voulant prendre sa revanche sur ses pauvres noces ou les Lorilleux l’ont humiliee, elle s’endette pour les regaler d’un formidable gueuleton. Essay Introduction. Mais la fete qui consacre son triomphe marque le debut de sa chute. Essay Duurzaam. Depuis des semaines en effet, Virginie, qui a fait mine de se reconcilier avec elle, l’entretient de Lantier. Organ Donation Essay Introduction. Quand le chapelier fait irruption dans la boutique ou l’on a dresse la table, Gervaise est deja prete a ceder a ses anciennes amours.

Bientot Coupeau, aveugle ou complaisant, installe Lantier dans la blanchisserie et Gervaise, ec?uree par l’ivrognerie de son mari, redevient la maitresse du chapelier. French. De plus en plus gourmande et paresseuse, ruinee par ses deux hommes oisifs qui lui mangent sa boutique, elle doit ceder son bail a Virginie et rejoint le coin des pouilleux, au sixieme etage. Rejetee de tous, elle sombre a son tour dans la boisson tandis que Nana, d’abord apprentie fleuriste, quitte le bouge familial et devient fille de joie. Donation Essay. Gervaise tombe alors dans l’hebetude epouvantable de l’absinthe : apres avoir assiste a la mort de Coupeau, victime d’une crise de delirium tremens, elle sombre peu a peu dans la folie et meurt de faim et de misere. How To Write Essay. « Le premier roman sur le peuple qui ne mente pas » Accuse par Hugo de montrer « comme a plaisir les hideuses plaies de la misere et de l’abjection a laquelle le pauvre se trouve reduit », l’auteur s’en defend dans la Preface du volume : « L’Assommoir est le premier roman sur le peuple qui ne mente pas et qui ait l’odeur du peuple », affirme-t-il. Organ Donation. Vigoureusement oppose a l’idealisme de Hugo , chez qui l’ancien forcat Jean Valjean devient tout a la fois un saint laic et un chef d’entreprise riche a millions, Zola entreprend une ?uvre de verite sans complaisance. A Movie In An Essay. La pauvrete, il la connait pour avoir habite les mansardes du Quartier latin au temps de sa jeunesse, il connait la danse devant le buffet vide et les vetements portes au mont-de-piete ; il connait aussi les m?urs populaires par sa famille maternelle et par sa femme, Gabrielle-Alexandrine Meley, qui fut peut-etre lingere ou fleuriste ; il connait surtout la vie ouvriere par une abondante documentation et, en particulier, par le livre d’un ancien ouvrier devenu fabricant boulonnier, Denis Poulot, auteur du Sublime ou l’Ouvrier tel qu’il est en 1870 dont on organ donation essay, retrouve ici bien des echos. Didion The White Essay. Mais, au-dela du realisme documentaire, on donation introduction, trouve dans L ‘Assommoir une illustration de la theorie du roman experimental : prenons des ouvriers ni pires ni meilleurs que d’autres, plongeons-les dans le milieu deletere des faubourgs, soumettons-les a une epreuve (l’accident qui condamne Coupeau a l’oisivete, le retour de Lantier qui reveille les fantomes du passe), et voyons comment ils reagissent en fonction de leur heredite et de leur temperament. II - LE MILIEU, L’HEREDITE ET LE TEMPERAMENT DANS L'ASSOMMOIR. Master Thesis. Le Paris de L’Assommoir, c’est celui des barrieres, des murs d’octroi qui entourent la ville d’une bande de desert propice a tous les trafics du plaisir et du crime : le bal du Grand Balcon et les « cris d’assassines » qu’on y entend parfois en temoignent. Organ Donation Introduction. Ce faubourg pestilentiel ou souffle la puanteur des abattoirs, ou l’on construit l’hopital Lariboisiere, installe au debut du roman un sombre horizon d’attente : abandonnee par Lantier dans le trou sordide de l’hotel Boncoeur, Gervaise a le pressentiment de son destin, « comme si sa vie, desormais, allait tenir la, entre un abattoir et un hopital ». Coursework Translation French. Et Gervaise a vu juste. Organ Essay. Comme les betes qu’on assomme dans les abattoirs, elle va etre assommee par le milieu putride du faubourg.

L’Assommoir du pere Colombe resume a lui seul les influences malefiques qui vont s’acharner contre elle. Coombs Thesis. Avec sa « mine sombre » et ses « serpentins descendant sous terre », avec ce ronflement sourd, ce « souffle interieur » qu’aucune fumee ne denonce, l’alambic est l’embleme demoniaque des causalites souterraines du milieu. Organ Donation Introduction. D’emblee, Gervaise est prise d’un frisson devant « la cuisine du diable» de la machine a souler. Duurzaam. «Travailleur morne, puissant et muet », infatigable, l’alambic capture la force de travail de ceux qui se laissent prendre a son air bonhomme, a « ce gros bedon de cuivre » qui fait l’orgueil de la maison. Introduction. Mais l’Assommoir, ce n’est pas seulement le cafe du pere Colombe ou l’on s’assomme a coups d’absinthe, c’est aussi le lavoir, ou Gervaise et Virginie s’assomment a coups de battoir, c’est encore la grande maison insalubre de la Goutte-d’or, c’est enfin la boutique surchauffee ou s’entasse le linge sale avec ses puanteurs et ses malpropretes morales. Didion. Un sou jete en l’air, retombant pile ou face. Organ. Au determinisme du milieu, Gervaise et Coupeau opposent d’abord un beau courage, mais, victimes d’une heredite gatee, ils abdiqueront bientot. Fille de l’ivrogne Macquart, Gervaise boite d’avoir ete concue dans l’ivresse brutale de son pere mais c’est surtout la volonte, en elle, qui est boiteuse : « elle se comparait a un sou lance en l’air, retombant pile ou face, selon les hasards du pave », ecrit Zola. Toerisme. Quant a Coupeau, avec sa face de « chien joyeux et bon enfant », avec « son adresse et son effronterie de singe », il garde quelque chose de l’animalite primitive. Organ Donation Essay. Or, pour Zola, lecteur de Darwin, seuls les etres les plus evolues sont capables de volonte. Didion The White. III - DU PEUPLE LABORIEUX AU PROLETARIAT CORROMPU. Essay Introduction. De leur ascension sociale a leur decheance, les Coupeau vont donc parcourir tous les degres qui vont du peuple laborieux au proletariat corrompu : l’installation du couple rue Neuve-de-la Goutte-d’or, aupres des Goujet, s’accompagne d’une longue periode de temperance.

La temperance, c’est le refus de tous les exces, c’est aussi un usage moral du temps. Coombs Master. Le culte religieux que Gervaise voue a sa pendule, « comme si le marbre de sa commode [s’etait] transforme en chapelle », symbolise les vertus proletariennes du temps de travail accumule, capitalise sur le livret de caisse d’epargne cache sous le globe de verre. Essay Introduction. Lorsque la blanchisseuse, retombee aux bras de Lantier, aura fait son deuil de la dignite, la pendule sera portee au mont-de-piete dans le minuscule cercueil d’une caisse a chapeau. La fete de l’oie est le premier pas vers l’intemperance : c’est dans la boutique que l’on dresse la table et deja les taches de graisse et de vin souillent l’etabli. Essay Toerisme. Voulant ecraser les Lorilleux de ses largesses, la blanchisseuse n’hesite pas a envoyer Maman Coupeau au clou pour emprunter sur son alliance ; et, dans ces ripailles rabelaisiennes ou le vin coule comme « un vrai ruisseau, lorsqu’il a plu et que la terre a soif », ou l’on voit les bedons se gonfler a mesure, tout s’inverse brusquement: leurs « faces pareilles a des derrieres », les convives, deshumanises, devorent a belles dents l’animal du sacrifice, Gervaise elle-meme, dont chacun semble emporter un morceau.

Car, avec sa belle « peau de blonde », l’oie n’est qu’une metaphore de la blanchisseuse: les Lorilleux « auraient englouti le plat, la table et la boutique afin de ruiner la Banban d’un coup et, toute la nuit, un chat, croquant les os, acheva d’enterrer la bete avec le petit bruit de ses dents fines. Organ Donation Essay. ». Writing. Reintroduit dans la boutique a la fete de Gervaise, Lantier va y apporter le ferment de la corruption de l’espace et du temps. Donation. Prenant la chambre d’Etienne, il oblige d’abord la blanchisseuse a « fourrer le linge sale », entasse dans la chambre du petit, sous son propre lit: des lors, accoutumee a l’odeur du vice, Gervaise se laisse aussi aller a la paresse, a l’adultere et a la dette. Duurzaam. La puanteur du linge, metonymique* de toutes celles du faubourg, la penetre par tous les pores de la peau. Donation Essay. Desormais, son plaisir est de «rester en tas , ses outils filent au mont-de- piete, tandis que Lantier, sous pretexte de refuser l’exploitation, entraine Coupeau dans d’interminables bordees de cafe en cafe. Anti Cosmic. Peu a peu, la flane devient l’obsession du couple : fetant « la Saint Lundi » des semaines entieres, « invent[ant] des saints au calendrier », ils descendent au dernier degre de l’abjection. Organ Introduction. Les Coupeau se transforment alors en types de carnaval pathetiques pris dans l’hallucination de la fete. Fascinee par son ombre qui danse un chahut de tous les diables sur le boulevard (ch. Coombs Master. XII), Gervaise retrouve Coupeau, « deguise en un qui va mourir », agonisant a l’hopital Sainte-Anne (ch. Donation Introduction. XIII).

Elle le voit en « vrai chienlit de la Courtille » danser « en cavalier seul » dans une « engueulade continue de carnaval ». Assignments. La perception de Gervaise est ainsi remarquablement accordee au delire de Coupeau car lui aussi revit cette mascarade de barriere «Tiens [. Essay Introduction. j c’est la bande de la chaussee Clignancourt, deguisee en ours V1a la cavalcade. How To A Movie In An Essay. » Tous les loisirs populaires, le cirque, la menagerie, les bals de barriere, le guignol, la foire sont convoques : Coupeau, s’approchant du mur, y voit son double grimacant, une tete de singe pret a le devorer comme dans un miroir deformant tournant le dos a Gervaise, il la voit aussi se « ficher de lui en public» avec le chapelier comme dans un miroir magique. Donation. Et bientot Gervaise va reprendre elle-meme, en miroir, la gesticulation frenetique de son homme, tremblant des pieds et des mains, faisant Coupeau pour les voisins. IV - LA CULTURE POPULAIRE ET LE TRAVAIL DU STYLE DANS L'ASSOMMOIR. Duurzaam Toerisme. Cette derniere fete acheve l’exploration de la culture populaire qu’a tentee Zola dans un roman de l’alcoolisme qui est aussi une etude ethnographique : on donation essay, y apprend comment on master, se marie, comment on donation, vit et comment on satanism, meurt dans le petit peuple des faubourgs. Donation Essay. On y apprend aussi comment on jobs, parle. Organ Donation Essay Introduction. Certes, l’argot est un fait litteraire massif au XIX siecle : Hugo prete a Gavroche « cet idiome abject qui ruisselle de fange » (Les Miserables) et Balzac analyse « la langue des grecs, des filous, des voleurs et des assassins » (Splendeurs et Miseres des courtisanes). Essay Toerisme. Pourquoi donc s’etre fache contre les mots de L’Assommoir ? Le coup de gosier de Paris et le style indirect libre. Essay. C’est que Zola n’a pas la prudence de distinguer comme eux la voix du personnage et celle du narrateur. Coombs Master. Bafouant toutes les conventions, il ose « couler dans un moule tres travaille la langue du peuple ». Introduction. En effacant les marques de subordination, le style indirect libre donne a la troisieme personne une valeur flottante qui confond toutes les voix : « Elle en arrivait, les matins de fringale, a roder avec les chiens [.1 », lit-on au chapitre XII ; « ca repugne les delicats, cette idee mais si les delicats n’avaient rien tortille de trois jours, nous verrions un peu s’ils bouderaient contre leur ventre ; ils se mettraient a quatre pattes et mangeraient aux ordures comme les camarades. Writing Jobs. » Qui parle ? Est-ce Gervaise, est-ce Zola ? La lecon n’a pas ete du gout des nantis.

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No Silver Bullet: Essence and Accidents of Software Engineering. Of all the monsters that fill the nightmares of our folklore, none terrify more than werewolves, because they transform unexpectedly from the familiar into organ donation, horrors. Toerisme? For these, one seeks bullets of silver that can magically lay them to rest. The familiar software project, at least as seen by organ donation introduction the nontechnical manager, has something of this character; it is usually innocent and straightforward, but is capable of becoming a monster of missed schedules, blown budgets, and flawed products. So we hear desperate cries for a silver bullet--something to make software costs drop as rapidly as computer hardware costs do. But, as we look to the horizon of a decade hence, we see no silver bullet. There is no single development, in either technology or in management technique, that by itself promises even one order-of-magnitude improvement in productivity, in reliability, in writing, simplicity. Organ Donation? In this article, I shall try to show why, by examining both the nature of the software problem and the properties of the bullets proposed. Skepticism is not pessimism, however.

Although we see no startling breakthroughs--and indeed, I believe such to be inconsistent with the nature of software--many encouraging innovations are under way. A disciplined, consistent effort to develop, propagate, and duurzaam, exploit these innovations should indeed yield an donation essay introduction order-of-magnitude improvement. There is no royal road, but there is a road. The first step toward the management of disease was replacement of demon theories and didion the white essay, humours theories by the germ theory. That very step, the beginning of essay hope, in itself dashed all hopes of assignments writing jobs magical solutions. It told workers that progress would be made stepwise, at great effort, and that a persistent, unremitting care would have to be paid to a discipline of cleanliness. So it is with software engineering today. Does It Have to Be Hard?--Essential Difficulties. First, one must observe that the donation essay anomaly is not that software progress is so slow, but that computer hardware progress is so fast.

No other technology since civilization began has seen six orders of magnitude in performance price gain in 30 years. In no other technology can one choose to take the gain in either improved performance or in reduced costs. Anti Satanism? These gains flow from the transformation of computer manufacture from an assembly industry into a process industry. Second, to see what rate of donation essay introduction progress one can expect in software technology, let us examine the difficulties of that technology. Following Aristotle, I divide them into translation, essence , the difficulties inherent in donation, the nature of software, and anti cosmic, accidents , those difficulties that today attend its production but are not inherent. The essence of a software entity is a construct of interlocking concepts: data sets, relationships among data items, algorithms, and invocations of organ donation introduction functions. This essence is abstract in essay, that such a conceptual construct is the same under many different representations. It is donation nonetheless highly precise and richly detailed.

I believe the hard part of building software to be the coombs master specification, design, and testing of this conceptual construct, not the labor of representing it and testing the fidelity of the representation . Essay? We still make syntax errors, to be sure; but they are fuzz compared with the conceptual errors in most systems. If this is true, building software will always be hard. There is inherently no silver bullet. Let us consider the inherent properties of this irreducible essence of thesis modern software systems: complexity, conformity, changeability, and organ essay, invisibility. Complexity. Software entities are more complex for their size than perhaps any other human construct because no two parts are alike (at least above the statement level). If they are, we make the french two similar parts into donation essay introduction, a subroutine--open or closed. In this respect, software systems differ profoundly from computers, buildings, or automobiles, where repeated elements abound. Digital computers are themselves more complex than most things people build: They have very large numbers of states.

This makes conceiving, describing, and testing them hard. Software systems have orders-of-magnitude more states than computers do. Likewise, a scaling-up of a software entity is not merely a repetition of the same elements in larger sizes, it is necessarily an a movie essay increase in the number of different elements. In most cases, the elements interact with each other in donation essay, some nonlinear fashion, and the complexity of the whole increases much more than linearly. The complexity of software is an essential property, not an writing jobs accidental one. Essay? Hence, descriptions of a software entity that abstract away its complexity often abstract away its essence. For three centuries, mathematics and the physical sciences made great strides by write a movie in an essay constructing simplified models of complex phenomena, deriving properties from the models, and verifying those properties by experiment.

This paradigm worked because the donation complexities ignored in essay, the models were not the essential properties of the phenomena. Organ Introduction? It does not work when the complexities are the essence. Many of the classic problems of developing software products derive from this essential complexity and its nonlinear increases with size. From the complexity comes the difficulty of communication among team members, which leads to product flaws, cost overruns, schedule delays. From the complexity comes the difficulty of enumerating, much less understanding, all the possible states of the program, and from that comes the unreliability. Didion? From complexity of function comes the donation introduction difficulty of invoking function, which makes programs hard to use.

From complexity of structure comes the difficulty of extending programs to new functions without creating side effects. From complexity of structure come the unvisualized states that constitute security trapdoors. Not only technical problems, but management problems as well come from the complexity. It makes overview hard, thus impeding conceptual integrity. Jobs? It makes it hard to find and control all the loose ends. It creates the tremendous learning and understanding burden that makes personnel turnover a disaster.

Conformity. Software people are not alone in facing complexity. Physics deals with terribly complex objects even at the fundamental particle level. The physicist labors on, however, in organ donation introduction, a firm faith that there are unifying principles to be found, whether in quarks or in unifiedfield theories. Einstein argued that there must be simplified explanations of nature, because God is not capricious or arbitrary. No such faith comforts the software engineer. Much of the complexity that he must master is arbitrary complexity, forced without rhyme or reason by the many human institutions and systems to which his interfaces must conform. These differ from interface to the white album essay, interface, and from time to time, not because of necessity but only organ introduction because they were designed by different people, rather than by God. In many cases, the software must conform because it is the most recent arrival on coursework translation french the scene.

In others, it must conform because it is perceived as the donation introduction most conformable. But in all cases, much complexity comes from conformation to other interfaces; this complexity cannot be simplified out by any redesign of the software alone. Changeability. The software entity is constantly subject to pressures for change. Of course, so are buildings, cars, computers. But manufactured things are infrequently changed after manufacture; they are superseded by later models, or essential changes are incorporated into later-serial-number copies of the how to write same basic design. Organ Donation? Call-backs of automobiles are really quite infrequent; field changes of computers somewhat less so.

Both are much less frequent than modifications to fielded software. In part, this is so because the software of a system embodies its function, and duurzaam, the function is the part that most feels the introduction pressures of change. In part it is because software can be changed more easily--it is pure thought-stuff, infinitely malleable. Buildings do in fact get changed, but the high costs of change, understood by in an essay all, serve to dampen the whims of the changers. All successful software gets changed. Two processes are at work.

First, as a software product is found to be useful, people try it in new cases at the edge of organ essay introduction or beyond the original domain. The pressures for extended function come chiefly from users who like the basic function and didion, invent new uses for it. Second, successful software survives beyond the normal life of the machine vehicle for which it is first written. If not new computers, then at least new disks, new displays, new printers come along; and organ donation essay introduction, the software must be conformed to toerisme, its new vehicles of opportunity. In short, the software product is organ essay embedded in a cultural matrix of applications, users, laws, and machine vehicles. Essay Duurzaam? These all change continually, and organ donation essay introduction, their changes inexorably force change upon the software product. Invisibility. Software is invisible and unvisualizable. Geometric abstractions are powerful tools.

The floor plan of a building helps both architect and client evaluate spaces, traffic flows, views. Contradictions and a movie, omissions become obvious. Scale drawings of mechanical parts and stick-figure models of molecules, although abstractions, serve the same purpose. A geometric reality is organ donation essay introduction captured in the white album essay, a geometric abstraction. The reality of software is organ donation not inherently embedded in coursework, space. Hence, it has no ready geometric representation in organ essay, the way that land has maps, silicon chips have diagrams, computers have connectivity schematics. As soon as we attempt to writing jobs, diagram software structure, we find it to constitute not one, but several, general directed graphs superimposed one upon another. The several graphs may represent the flow of control, the flow of data, patterns of donation dependency, time sequence, name-space relationships.

These graphs are usually not even planar, much less hierarchical. Indeed, one of the coombs ways of establishing conceptual control over such structure is to enforce link cutting until one or more of the graphs becomes hierarchical. [1] In spite of progress in restricting and simplifying the structures of software, they remain inherently unvisualizable, and thus do not permit the mind to use some of its most powerful conceptual tools. This lack not only impedes the organ donation process of design within one mind, it severely hinders communication among minds. Past Breakthroughs Solved Accidental Difficulties. High-level languages. Coombs Master Thesis? Surely the most powerful stroke for software productivity, reliability, and simplicity has been the progressive use of organ essay introduction high-level languages for programming. Most observers credit that development with at least a factor of five in thesis, productivity, and with concomitant gains in reliability, simplicity, and comprehensibility. What does a high-level language accomplish? It frees a program from much of its accidental complexity.

An abstract program consists of conceptual constructs: operations, data types, sequences, and communication. The concrete machine program is concerned with bits, registers, conditions, branches, channels, disks, and such. Organ Donation Introduction? To the extent that the high-level language embodies the constructs one wants in the abstract program and avoids all lower ones, it eliminates a whole level of complexity that was never inherent in the program at all. The most a high-level language can do is to furnish all the constructs that the coursework translation french programmer imagines in the abstract program. To be sure, the level of organ donation essay our thinking about data structures, data types, and operations is steadily rising, but at writing jobs, an ever decreasing rate. And language development approaches closer and closer to the sophistication of users.

Moreover, at some point the elaboration of a high-level language creates a tool-mastery burden that increases, not reduces, the intellectual task of the user who rarely uses the essay esoteric constructs. Time-sharing . Time-sharing brought a major improvement in the productivity of programmers and in the quality of their product, although not so large as that brought by high-level languages. Time-sharing attacks a quite different difficulty. Time-sharing preserves immediacy, and hence enables one to maintain an overview of complexity. The slow turnaround of coombs master thesis batch programming means that one inevitably forgets the minutiae, if not the very thrust, of organ essay introduction what one was thinking when he stopped programming and called for compilation and execution. This interruption is costly in time, for one must refresh one's memory. The most serious effect may well be the decay of the grasp of all that is going on in a complex system. Slow turnaround, like machine-language complexities, is an accidental rather than an assignments writing jobs essential difficulty of the donation introduction software process.

The limits of the potential contribution of time-sharing derive directly. Coursework Translation French? The principal effect of organ timesharing is to shorten system response time. As this response time goes to zero, at some point it passes the human threshold of translation french noticeability, about 100 milliseconds. Organ Donation Introduction? Beyond that threshold, no benefits are to be expected. Unified programming environments. Unix and satanism essay, Interlisp, the first integrated programming environments to come into widespread use, seem to have improved productivity by organ essay introduction integral factors. Why? They attack the accidental difficulties that result from using individual programs together, by coursework providing integrated libraries, unified file formats, and pipes and filters. As a result, conceptual structures that in principle could always call, feed, and essay, use one another can indeed easily do so in practice. This breakthrough in turn stimulated the development of album essay whole toolbenches, since each new tool could be applied to any programs that used the standard formats.

Because of these successes, environments are the subject of much of today's software-engineering research. We look at their promise and organ donation introduction, limitations in the next section. Ada and other high-level language advances. One of the most touted recent developments is Ada, a general-purpose high-level language of the 1980's. Cosmic Satanism Essay? Ada not only reflects evolutionary improvements in language concepts, but indeed embodies features to encourage modern design and modularization. Perhaps the Ada philosophy is more of an organ essay advance than the Ada language, for it is the philosophy of modularization, of coursework french abstract data types, of hierarchical structuring. Ada is over-rich, a natural result of the process by which requirements were laid on its design. That is not fatal, for subsetted working vocabularies can solve the learning problem, and hardware advances will give us the cheap MIPS to pay for the compiling costs. Advancing the structuring of software systems is indeed a very good use for the increased MIPS our dollars will buy. Operating systems, loudly decried in the 1960's for organ their memory and translation french, cycle costs, have proved to organ donation essay introduction, be an excellent form in which to use some of the MIPS and cheap memory bytes of the past hardware surge. Nevertheless, Ada will not prove to be the silver bullet that slays the software productivity monster.

It is, after all, just another high-level language, and coursework translation, the biggest payoff from such languages came from the first transition -- the transition up from the accidental complexities of the machine into organ donation essay introduction, the more abstract statement of step-by-step solutions. Once those accidents have been removed, the remaining ones will be smaller, and the payoff from their removal will surely be less. I predict that a decade from now, when the effectiveness of Ada is assignments writing jobs assessed, it will be seen to have made a substantial difference, but not because of any particular language feature, nor indeed because of all of them combined. Neither will the new Ada environments prove to be the cause of the organ introduction improvements. Ada's greatest contribution will be that switching to writing jobs, it occasioned training programmers in modern software-design techniques. Object-oriented programming. Organ Donation? Many students of the art hold out more hope for object-oriented programming than for any of the other technical fads of the day. [2] I am among them. Mark Sherman of Dartmouth notes on CSnet News that one must be careful to distinguish two separate ideas that go under that name: abstract data types and anti cosmic satanism, hierarchical types . Organ Donation? The concept of the writing abstract data type is essay introduction that an object's type should be defined by a name, a set of proper values, and a set of proper operations rather than by duurzaam its storage structure, which should be hidden. Organ Essay? Examples are Ada packages (with private types) and Modula's modules. Hierarchical types, such as Simula-67's classes, allow one to define general interfaces that can be further refined by providing subordinate types.

The two concepts are orthogonal_one may have hierarchies without hiding and hiding without hierarchies. Essay? Both concepts represent real advances in the art of donation essay building software. Each removes yet another accidental difficulty from the a movie process, allowing the designer to express the essence of the design without having to express large amounts of syntactic material that add no information content. For both abstract types and hierarchical types, the donation introduction result is to remove a higher-order kind of accidental difficulty and allow a higher-order expression of design. Nevertheless, such advances can do no more than to remove all the anti cosmic satanism accidental difficulties from the expression of the design. The complexity of the design itself is essential, and such attacks make no change whatever in that. An order-of-magnitude gain can be made by object-oriented programming only if the unnecessary type-specification underbrush still in our programming language is itself nine-tenths of the work involved in designing a program product. I doubt it. Artificial intelligence. Many people expect advances in artificial intelligence to provide the revolutionary breakthrough that will give order-of-magnitude gains in software productivity and quality. [3] I do not.

To see why, we must dissect what is essay meant by writing artificial intelligence. D.L. Parnas has clarified the essay terminological chaos: [4] Two quite different definitions of AI are in common use today. AI-1: The use of computers to solve problems that previously could only be solved by applying human intelligence.

Al-2: The use of a specific set of programming techniques known as heuristic or rule-based programming. In this approach human experts are studied to determine what heuristics or rules of thumb they use in solving problems. Write A Movie Essay? The program is designed to solve a problem the way that humans seem to organ donation introduction, solve it. The first definition has a sliding meaning. How To A Movie In An Essay? Something can fit the definition of organ introduction Al-1 today but, once we see how the program works and understand the problem, we will not think of how to write a movie essay it as Al any more. Unfortunately I cannot identify a body of technology that is unique to this field. Most of the work is problem-specific, and some abstraction or creativity is required to see how to essay introduction, transfer it. I agree completely with this critique. The techniques used for speech recognition seem to have little in common with those used for image recognition, and both are different from those used in expert systems. I have a hard time seeing how image recognition, for example, will make any appreciable difference in programming practice. The same problem is true of speech recognition.

The hard thing about building software is deciding what one wants to say, not saying it. No facilitation of the white album essay expression can give more than marginal gains. Expert-systems technology, AI-2, deserves a section of its own. Expert systems. The most advanced part of the artificial intelligence art, and the most widely applied, is the technology for building expert systems. Many software scientists are hard at work applying this technology to organ donation essay introduction, the software-building environment. [3, 5] What is the concept, and what are the prospects? An expert system is a program that contains a generalized inference engine and a rule base, takes input data and assumptions, explores the inferences derivable from the rule base, yields conclusions and advice, and offers to explain its results by retracing its reasoning for the user. Coombs Master Thesis? The inference engines typically can deal with fuzzy or probabilistic data and rules, in addition to purely deterministic logic. Such systems offer some clear advantages over programmed algorithms designed for arriving at the same solutions to the same problems: Inference-engine technology is developed in an application-independent way, and then applied to many uses. One can justify much effort on the inference engines.

Indeed, that technology is well advanced. The changeable parts of the application-peculiar materials are encoded in the rule base in a uniform fashion, and donation essay, tools are provided for developing, changing, testing, and documenting the rule base. This regularizes much of the complexity of the application itself. The power of such systems does not come from ever-fancier inference mechanisms but rather from ever-richer knowledge bases that reflect the real world more accurately. I believe that the most important advance offered by the technology is the album separation of the application complexity from the program itself.

How can this technology be applied to the software-engineering task? In many ways: Such systems can suggest interface rules, advise on introduction testing strategies, remember bug-type frequencies, and offer optimization hints. Consider an imaginary testing advisor, for example. In its most rudimentary form, the diagnostic expert system is very like a pilot's checklist, just enumerating suggestions as to possible causes of difficulty. As more and more system structure is embodied in the rule base, and as the rule base takes more sophisticated account of the trouble symptoms reported, the testing advisor becomes more and more particular in the hypotheses it generates and the tests it recommends. Such an expert system may depart most radically from the conventional ones in translation, that its rule base should probably be hierarchically modularized in the same way the corresponding software product is, so that as the product is modularly modified, the diagnostic rule base can be modularly modified as well. The work required to generate the diagnostic rules is work that would have to be done anyway in generating the set of test cases for the modules and for the system. If it is done in a suitably general manner, with both a uniform structure for rules and a good inference engine available, it may actually reduce the total labor of generating bring-up test cases, and help as well with lifelong maintenance and modification testing. In the same way, one can postulate other advisors, probably many and organ essay, probably simple, for the other parts of the software-construction task.

Many difficulties stand in the way of the early realization of useful expert-system advisors to the program developer. A crucial part of our imaginary scenario is the development of coombs master easy ways to organ donation, get from how to in an, program-structure specification to the automatic or semiautomatic generation of diagnostic rules. Even more difficult and important is the twofold ,task of knowledge acquisition: finding articulate, self-analytical experts who know why they do things, and developing efficient techniques for extracting what they know and organ donation essay, distilling it into rule bases. The essential prerequisite for building an expert system is to have an expert. The most powerful contribution by expert systems will surely be to put at the service of the inexperienced programmer the experience and accumulated wisdom of the best programmers.

This is no small contribution. The gap between the best software engineering practice and the average practice is very wide_perhaps wider than in writing, any other engineering discipline. A tool that disseminates good practice would be important. Automatic programming. For almost 40 years, people have been anticipating and writing about automatic programming, or the generation of a program for solving a problem from a statement of the problem specifications. Donation Essay Introduction? Some today write as if they expect this technology to provide the next breakthrough. [5] Parnas [4] implies that the term is used for glamour, not for semantic content, asserting, In short, automatic programming always has been a euphemism for programming with a higher-level language than was presently available to assignments jobs, the programmer. He argues, in organ donation, essence, that in most cases it is the solution method, not the problem, whose specification has to be given. One can find exceptions. The technique of essay building generators is very powerful, and organ essay introduction, it is routinely used to writing, good advantage in programs for sorting.

Some systems for integrating differential equations have also permitted direct specification of the problem, and the systems have assessed the parameters, chosen from a library of methods of solution, and generated the programs. These applications have very favorable properties: The problems are readily characterized by relatively few parameters. Introduction? There are many known methods of solution to album, provide a library of alternatives. Extensive analysis has led to explicit rules for selecting solution techniques, given problem parameters. It is hard to see how such techniques generalize to the wider world of the ordinary software system, where cases with such neat properties are the exception. It is hard even to imagine how this breakthrough in generalization could occur. Graphical programming. A favorite subject for PhD dissertations in software engineering is graphical, or visual, programming--the application of computer graphics to software design. [6, 7] Sometimes the promise held out by such an organ introduction approach is postulated by analogy with VLSI chip design, in which computer graphics plays so fruitful a role. Sometimes the theorist justifies the write essay approach by considering flowcharts as the ideal program-design medium and by providing powerful facilities for organ donation introduction constructing them.

Nothing even convincing, much less exciting, has yet emerged from cosmic satanism, such efforts. I am persuaded that nothing will. In the first place, as I have argued elsewhere [8], the flowchart is a very poor abstraction of software structure. Indeed, it is best viewed as Burks, von Neumann, and Goldstine's attempt to provide a desperately needed high-level control language for their proposed computer. In the pitiful, multipage, connection-boxed form to which the flowchart has today been elaborated, it has proved to donation introduction, be useless as a design tool--programmers draw flowcharts after, not before, writing the programs they describe. Second, the screens of today are too small, in pixels, to show both the scope and the resolution of any seriously detailed software diagram. The so-called desktop metaphor of today's workstation is instead an airplane-seat metaphor. Anyone who has shuffled a lap full of papers while seated between two portly passengers will recognize the difference--one can see only a very few things at once. The true desktop provides overview of, and random access to, a score of writing pages. Moreover, when fits of creativity run strong, more than one programmer or writer has been known to essay, abandon the desktop for the more spacious floor. The hardware technology will have to toerisme, advance quite substantially before the essay scope of our scopes is sufficient for coombs the software-design task.

More fundamentally, as I have argued above, software is very difficult to essay introduction, visualize. Whether one diagrams control flow, variable-scope nesting, variable cross references, dataflow, hierarchical data structures, or whatever, one feels only one dimension of the coursework translation intricately interlocked software elephant. If one superimposes all the diagrams generated by the many relevant views, it is difficult to extract any global overview. Donation Essay? The VLSI analogy is fundamentally misleading--a chip design is a layered two-dimensional description whose geometry reflects its realization in 3-space. A software system is not. Program verification. Much of the effort in modern programming goes into testing and the repair of bugs. Is there perhaps a silver bullet to be found by eliminating the errors at the source, in coursework translation, the system-design phase?

Can both productivity and product reliability be radically enhanced by following the profoundly different strategy of organ essay introduction proving designs correct before the immense effort is poured into implementing and testing them? I do not believe we will find productivity magic here. Program verification is a very powerful concept, and it will be very important for such things as secure operating-system kernels. The technology does not promise, however, to save labor. Didion The White Album? Verifications are so much work that only a few substantial programs have ever been verified.

Program verification does not mean error-proof programs. There is no magic here, either. Mathematical proofs also can be faulty. So whereas verification might reduce the program-testing load, it cannot eliminate it. More seriously, even perfect program verification can only establish that a program meets its specification. The hardest part of the software task is organ donation introduction arriving at a complete and consistent specification, and coursework, much of the essence of building a program is in fact the essay introduction debugging of the specification. Environments and tools. How much more gain can be expected from the exploding researches into better programming environments?

One's instinctive reaction is that the big-payoff problems-- hierarchical file systems, uniform file formats to make possible uniform program interfaces, and generalized tools--were the first attacked, and have been solved. Language-specific smart editors are developments not yet widely used in practice, but the most they promise is freedom from syntactic errors and simple semantic errors. Perhaps the biggest gain yet to coombs master thesis, be realized from donation, programming environments is the use of jobs integrated database systems to keep track of the myriad details that must be recalled accurately by organ donation essay the individual programmer and kept current for a group of collaborators on a single system. Surely this work is worthwhile, and duurzaam, surely it will bear some fruit in both productivity and reliability. But by its very nature, the return from now on must be marginal.

Workstations. What gains are to be expected for organ essay the software art from the certain and rapid increase in the power and memory capacity of the individual workstation? Well, how many MIPS can one use fruitfully? The composition and editing of programs and essay, documents is fully supported by today's speeds. Compiling could stand a boost, but a factor of donation introduction 10 in machine speed would surely leave thinktime the dominant activity in the programmer's day. Indeed, it appears to essay, be so now. More powerful workstations we surely welcome. Magical enhancements from them we cannot expect. Promising Attacks on the Conceptual Essence. All of the technological attacks on the accidents of the software process are fundamentally limited by the productivity equation:

If, as I believe, the conceptual components of the task are now taking most of the time, then no amount of activity on the task components that are merely the expression of the concepts can give large productivity gains. Hence we must consider those attacks that address the essence of the software problem, the formulation of these complex conceptual structures. Fortunately, some of these attacks are very promising. Buy versus build. The most radical possible solution for constructing software is not to construct it at all. Every day this becomes easier, as more and more vendors offer more and better software products for a dizzying variety of applications. While we software engineers have labored on production methodology, the personal-computer revolution has created not one, but many, mass markets for software. Every newsstand carries monthly magazines, which sorted by machine type, advertise and review dozens of organ donation products at prices from a few dollars to a few hundred dollars. More specialized sources offer very powerful products for the workstation and other Unix markets.

Even software tools and environments can be bought off-the-shelf. I have elsewhere proposed a marketplace for individual modules. [9] Any such product is cheaper to buy than to build afresh. Even at a cost of one hundred thousand dollars, a purchased piece of software is costing only didion the white album essay about as much as one programmeryear. Organ Donation Essay Introduction? And delivery is immediate! Immediate at least for products that really exist, products whose developer can refer products to a happy user. Moreover, such products tend to be much better documented and somewhat better maintained than home-grown software. The development of the mass market is, I believe, the most profound long-run trend in software engineering.

The cost of software has always been development cost, not replication cost. Sharing that cost among even a few users radically cuts the per-user cost. Another way of looking at it is that the use of album essay n copies of a software system effectively multiplies the productivity of its developers by n . That is an enhancement of the productivity of the essay discipline and of the nation. The key issue, of course, is applicability. Can I use an translation french available off-the-shelf package to perform my task? A surprising thing has happened here. Donation Essay Introduction? During the 1950's and 1960's, study after study showed that users would not use off-the-shelf packages for payroll, inventory control, accounts receivable, and master, so on. Essay Introduction? The requirements were too specialized, the case-to-case variation too high. During the 1980's, we find such packages in high demand and essay, widespread use.

What has changed? Not the packages, really. They may be somewhat more generalized and essay introduction, somewhat more customizable than formerly, but not much. Coombs Master Thesis? Not the applications, either. If anything, the business and scientific needs of today are more diverse and organ donation introduction, complicated than those of 20 years ago. The big change has been in the hardware/software cost ratio. In 1960, the buyer of assignments writing a two-million dollar machine felt that he could afford $250,000 more for a customized payroll program, one that slipped easily and nondisruptively into the computer-hostile social environment. Today, the buyer of organ donation a $50,000 office machine cannot conceivably afford a customized payroll program, so he adapts the payroll procedure to the packages available. Master Thesis? Computers are now so commonplace, if not yet so beloved, that the adaptations are accepted as a matter of course. There are dramatic exceptions to donation introduction, my argument that the generalization of essay software packages has changed little over the years: electronic spreadsheets and simple database systems. These powerful tools, so obvious in retrospect and yet so late in essay, appearing, lend themselves to myriad uses, some quite unorthodox.

Articles and even books now abound on how to coombs thesis, tackle unexpected tasks with the spreadsheet. Large numbers of applications that would formerly have been written as custom programs in Cobol or Report Program Generator are now routinely done with these tools. Many users now operate their own computers day in and day out on various applications without ever writing a program. Indeed, many of these users cannot write new programs for their machines, but they are nevertheless adept at solving new problems with them. I believe the single most powerful software-productivity strategy for many organizations today is to equip the computer-naive intellectual workers who are on the firing line with personal computers and good generalized writing, drawing, file, and spreadsheet programs and organ essay introduction, then to turn them loose.

The same strategy, carried out with generalized mathematical and write a movie in an, statistical packages and some simple programming capabilities, will also work for organ hundreds of laboratory scientists. Requirements refinement and rapid prototyping. The hardest single part of building a software system is deciding precisely what to build. No other part of the conceptual work is as difficult as establishing the detailed technical requirements, including all the interfaces to people, to machines, and to other software systems. No other part of the work so cripples the resulting system if done wrong.

No other part is how to in an essay more difficult to rectify later. Therefore, the most important function that the organ essay introduction software builder performs for cosmic satanism the client is the essay introduction iterative extraction and refinement of the essay duurzaam toerisme product requirements. For the truth is, the donation introduction client does not know what he wants. The client usually does not know what questions must be answered, and he has almost never thought of the problem in the detail necessary for specification. Even the coursework simple answer_Make the new software system work like our old manual information-processing system_is in fact too simple. Organ Essay? One never wants exactly that. Complex software systems are, moreover, things that act, that move, that work. The dynamics of that action are hard to imagine. So in coombs thesis, planning any software-design activity, it is essay introduction necessary to write a movie in an, allow for an extensive iteration between the donation client and the designer as part of the coursework french system definition. I would go a step further and assert that it is really impossible for a client, even working with a software engineer, to specify completely, precisely, and correctly the organ donation exact requirements of a modern software product before trying some versions of the album product.

Therefore, one of the most promising of the organ donation current technological efforts, and one that attacks the essence, not the accidents, of the software problem, is the development of approaches and tools for thesis rapid prototyping of systems as prototyping is part of the iterative specification of donation introduction requirements. A prototype software system is one that simulates the important interfaces and performs the main functions of the intended system, while not necessarily being bound by the same hardware speed, size, or cost constraints. Prototypes typically perform the mainline tasks of the application, but make no attempt to handle the exceptional tasks, respond correctly to invalid inputs, or abort cleanly. The purpose of the prototype is to make real the conceptual structure specified, so that the in an essay client can test it for consistency and organ essay introduction, usability. Much of present-day software-acquisition procedure rests upon the assumption that one can specify a satisfactory system in advance, get bids for its construction, have it built, and how to a movie essay, install it. I think this assumption is fundamentally wrong, and that many software-acquisition problems spring from organ, that fallacy.

Hence, they cannot be fixed without fundamental revision--revision that provides for iterative development and specification of prototypes and products. Incremental development--grow, don't build, software. I still remember the jolt I felt in 1958 when I first heard a friend talk about building a program, as opposed to writing one. In a flash he broadened my whole view of the software process. The metaphor shift was powerful, and accurate. Today we understand how like other building processes the construction of software is, and we freely use other elements of the anti cosmic essay metaphor, such as specifications , assembly of organ essay components , and scaffolding . The building metaphor has outlived its usefulness. It is time to change again. If, as I believe, the coombs conceptual structures we construct today are too complicated to be specified accurately in advance, and too complex to be built faultlessly, then we must take a radically different approach.

Let us turn nature and study complexity in living things, instead of just the dead works of man. Here we find constructs whose complexities thrill us with awe. Donation Introduction? The brain alone is didion the white essay intricate beyond mapping, powerful beyond imitation, rich in diversity, self-protecting, and selfrenewing. The secret is that it is grown, not built. So it must be with our software-systems.

Some years ago Harlan Mills proposed that any software system should be grown by incremental development. Organ Essay Introduction? [10] That is, the system should first be made to run, even if it does nothing useful except call the cosmic proper set of dummy subprograms. Then, bit by bit, it should be fleshed out, with the organ donation subprograms in turn being developed--into actions or calls to empty stubs in anti cosmic satanism, the level below. I have seen most dramatic results since I began urging this technique on donation introduction the project builders in my Software Engineering Laboratory class. Nothing in the past decade has so radically changed my own practice, or its effectiveness. Coombs? The approach necessitates top-down design, for it is a top-down growing of the organ software. It allows easy backtracking.

It lends itself to early prototypes. Each added function and essay duurzaam toerisme, new provision for more complex data or circumstances grows organically out of what is already there. The morale effects are startling. Enthusiasm jumps when there is a running system, even a simple one. Efforts redouble when the donation introduction first picture from cosmic, a new graphics software system appears on the screen, even if it is only a rectangle. One always has, at every stage in the process, a working system. I find that teams can grow much more complex entities in four months than they can build . The same benefits can be realized on large projects as on my small ones. [11] Great designers. Essay? The central question in how to improve the software art centers, as it always has, on people.

We can get good designs by following good practices instead of poor ones. Assignments Jobs? Good design practices can be taught. Programmers are among the most intelligent part of the organ essay introduction population, so they can learn good practice. Hence, a major thrust in the United States is to promulgate good modern practice. New curricula, new literature, new organizations such as the Software Engineering Institute, all have come into being in order to raise the level of our practice from poor to thesis, good. This is entirely proper. Nevertheless, I do not believe we can make the next step upward in the same way.

Whereas the difference between poor conceptual designs and organ donation, good ones may lie in the soundness of design method, the difference between good designs and great ones surely does not. Great designs come from great designers. Software construction is a creative process. Anti Cosmic Satanism Essay? Sound methodology can empower and organ donation essay introduction, liberate the creative mind; it cannot inflame or inspire the drudge. The differences are not minor--they are rather like the differences between Salieri and Mozart. Study after study shows that the very best designers produce structures that are faster, smaller, simpler, cleaner, and produced with less effort. French? [12] The differences between the great and the average approach an organ introduction order of magnitude. A little retrospection shows that although many fine, useful software systems have been designed by the white essay committees and built as part of multipart projects, those software systems that have excited passionate fans are those that are the products of donation introduction one or a few designing minds, great designers. Consider Unix, APL, Pascal, Modula, the Smalltalk interface, even Fortran; and contrast them with Cobol, PL/I, Algol, MVS/370, and MS-DOS. (See Table 1.) Hence, although I strongly support the technology-transfer and curriculumdevelopment efforts now under way, I think the most important single effort we can mount is to develop ways to grow great designers. No software organization can ignore this challenge. Good managers, scarce though they be, are no scarcer than good designers.

Great designers and great managers are both very rare. Most organizations spend considerable effort in finding and cultivating the management prospects; I know of none that spends equal effort in finding and developing the great designers upon whom the technical excellence of the essay products will ultimately depend. My first proposal is that each software organization must determine and proclaim that great designers are as important to donation essay introduction, its success as great managers are, and that they can be expected to be similarly nurtured and rewarded. Not only the white essay salary, but the perquisites of recognition--office size, furnishings, personal technical equipment, travel funds, staff support--must be fully equivalent. How to essay, grow great designers? Space does not permit a lengthy discussion, but some steps are obvious: Systematically identify top designers as early as possible. Write In An Essay? The best are often not the most experienced. Assign a career mentor to be responsible for the development of the prospect, and carefully keep a career file. Devise and maintain a careerdevelopment plan for each prospect, including carefully selected apprenticeships with top designers, episodes of advanced formal education, and short courses, all interspersed with solo-design and technicalleadership assignments. Provide opportunities for growing designers to interact with and stimulate each other.

[2] G. Booch, Object-Oriented Design, Software Engineering with Ada , 1983, Menlo Park, Calif.: Benjamin/ Cummings. [3] lEEE Transactions on Software Engineering (special issue on artificial intelligence and software engineering), l. Mostow, guest ed., Vol. 11, No. 11, November 1985. [4] D.L. Parnas, Software Aspects of Strategic Defense Systems: American Scientist , November 1985. [5] R. Organ Essay? Balzer, A 15-year Perspective on Automatic Programming, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering (special issue on artificial intelligence and didion essay, software engineering), J. Mostow, guest ed., Vol. 11, No.

11 (November 1985), pp. Organ Donation Essay? 1257-67. [6] Computer (special issue on visual programrning), R.B. Graphton and T. Ichikawa, guest eds., Vol. 18, No. 8, August 1985. [7] G. Raeder, A Survey of writing jobs Current Graphical Programming Techniques, Computer (special issue on visual programming), R.B. Graphton and T. Ichikawa, guest eds., Vol. 18, No. 8, August 1985, pp. 11-25.

[8] F.P. Brooks, The Mythical Man Month , Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1975, Chapter 14. [9] Defense Science Board, Report of the Task Force on Military Software in press. [10] H.D. Mills, Top-Down Programming in Large Systems, in Debugging Techniques in Large Systems , R. Ruskin, ed., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1971.

[11] B.W. Boehm, A Spiral Model of Software Development and Enhancement, 1985, TRW Technical Report 21-371-85, TRW, Inc., 1 Space Park, Redondo Beach, Calif. 90278. [12] H. Sackman, W.J. Erikson, and E.E. Grant, Exploratory Experimental Studies Comparing Online and Offline Programming Performance, Communications of the ACM , Vol.

11, No. 1 (January 1968), pp. Donation Essay Introduction? 3-11. Brooks, Frederick P., No Silver Bullet: Essence and Accidents of Software Engineering, Computer , Vol. Coombs Master? 20, No. 4 (April 1987) pp. 10-19.

Planning and conducting a dissertation research project. This guide addresses the task of organ donation introduction, planning and conducting a small research project, such as for an undergraduate or masters’ level dissertation. It aims to help you develop a clear sense of direction early on duurzaam, in the project, and to support you in organising, planning, and monitoring your project. The companion guide Writing a dissertation focuses on the preparation of the written report or thesis. A dissertation is a particular kind of academic task. Organ! You will usually be asked to generate a topic for yourself; to plan and how to in an, execute a project investigating that topic; and to organ essay introduction, write-up what you did and what your findings were.

Important stages in the dissertation process include: choosing a topic; developing a research question; effective planning of the research; being organised and didion the white album essay, methodical while conducting your research; and reporting the research. While some students come to their research project with a clear research question to address, many others arrive at this point with several ideas, but with no specific research question. In view of the pressure to get started fairly quickly, this can cause anxiety and donation, even panic. It is, however, a common situation to be in. There are several ways forward: Remember that a research study can:

This list is not exhaustive, and you need to check whether your department has a preference for particular kinds of research study. Discuss your proposed topic with a member of academic staff who you think might be appropriate to supervise the essay duurzaam project. Provided they feel that they know enough about the donation subject to supervise it, and provided that it can be interpreted as falling within the broad fields of your degree subject, academic staff are generally open to suggestions. You should think realistically about the practical implications of coursework translation french, your choice, in terms of: For example, a project on essay, coal mining in the North East of England may require you to visit Newcastle’s Record Office, or to interview coal miners from the region. Is this something that you are prepared and able to do? If the practical considerations associated with your research ideas are unrealistic, you need to consider whether you are willing to modify or reconsider your project. Once your topic has been accepted by your department, you need to a movie in an, begin the organ donation essay process of refining the topic and coursework translation french, turning it into something that is organ essay focused enough to writing, guide your project. Organ Donation Essay! Try describing it as a research problem that sets out: It is important that you establish a research problem at, or close to jobs, the start of, your project. It is one of the key tools you have, to ensure that your project keeps going in the right direction.

Every task you undertake should begin with you checking your research problem and asking “will this help me address this problem?”. You should be willing to revise your research problem as you find out more about your topic. You may, for organ essay introduction, example, discover that the essay data you were hoping to organ essay, analyse is not available, or you may encounter a new piece of information or a new concept while undertaking a literature search, that makes you rethink the basis of your research problem. You should always talk to your supervisor before you make any substantial revision to your plans, and toerisme, explain why you think you need to donation, make the change. Effective planning of the research.

A research proposal is a more detailed description of the project you are going to thesis, undertake. Some departments require you to submit a research proposal as part of the assessment of your dissertation, but it is organ essay introduction worth preparing one even if it is not a formal requirement of your course. Satanism! It should build on the thinking that you have done in organ donation essay introduction defining your research problem; on the discussions that you have had with your supervisor; and on early reading that you have done on the topic. A comprehensive research proposal will make you think through exactly what it is that you are going to do, and in an essay, will help you when you start to write up the project. You could try outlining your project under the following headings (Booth, Williams, Colomb, 2003.

The craft of essay introduction, research. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.): You may find that some of these headings are difficult to fill in right at the start of your project. Coursework French! However, you can use the gaps to help identify where you need to organ donation essay introduction, begin work. If, for example, you are unsure about the limitations of your methodology you should talk to french, your supervisor and read a bit more about that methodology before you start. A dissertation is an extended project that asks you to manage your time and undertake a variety of tasks. Some courses schedule the dissertation at the end, while others have it running along concurrently with other modules. Whichever way your course is organised, it is essential that you create a plan that helps you allocate enough time to each task you have to complete. It is useful to work out how many weeks you have until you need to submit your completed dissertation, and draw a chart showing these weeks.

Block out the organ essay weeks when you know you will be unable to work, and mark in how to write a movie in an other main commitments you have that will take time during this period. Then allocate research tasks to the remaining time. It is very important to organ introduction, be realistic about how long each task is likely to take. Essay! Some focused thought at the beginning, then at the planning stage of each phase, could save hours later on. Write down the resources needed for organ donation essay introduction, each stage. It could be time in the library; the resource of your working hours; or the use of equipment or room space that needs to be booked in advance. Some people find that they procrastinate more than they would like. This is a common problem, so it is probably best to be well-prepared to essay duurzaam, identify it and deal with it if it does start to organ, happen. People procrastinate for various reasons for example: poor time management dauted by the scale of the task negative beliefs loss of motivation perfectionism difficulty concentrating need to feel under pressure personal problems.

Early identification of the signs of procrastination will give you the best chance of minimising any negative effects. How To Write In An Essay! Once you suspect that you are procrastinating, it can be helpful to review what you are expecting of organ donation essay, yourself, and check that those expectations are realistic. This is coursework translation where planning is vital. To improve the prospect of completing on time, and avoiding procrastination, you need to: Your research plan should also include information about what equipment you will need to complete your project, and any travel costs or other expenses that you are likely to incur through the essay pursuit of your research. Assignments Jobs! You should also think about whether you are dependent on any one else to complete your project, and think about what you are going to do if they are unable to help you. Once you have created your plan it is a good idea to show it to someone else. Ideally you will be able to show it to a member of essay, academic staff or bring it to the Learning Development, but talking it over with a friend may also help you to spot anything that you have forgotten or anywhere that you have been unrealistic in your planning. Being organised and methodical while conducting your research.

Although a dissertation is an opportunity for you to work independently, you will usually be allocated a member of academic staff as a supervisor. Supervisors are there to help you shape your ideas and give you advice on didion essay, how to organ donation essay introduction, conduct the write a movie in an essay research for your dissertation. They are not there to organ, teach you the topic you have chosen to investigate: this is your project. They are, however, one of the resources that you can call on essay, during your research. Academics are busy people, so to get the most out of your supervisor you will need to donation, be organised and to take responsibility for the relationship.

It is not your supervisor’s job to chase you into completing your dissertation, or to tell you how to manage the different stages of the project. To ensure that you get the most out of your supervisor you need to: If you are not happy with the way you are being supervised, explain why to your supervisor or discuss the issue with your personal tutor. Regardless of whether you have been given a dissertation topic or you have developed your own ideas, you will need to be able to demonstrate the rationale for your research, and to didion the white essay, describe how it fits within the wider research context in your area. To support you in doing this you will need to donation introduction, undertake a literature review, which is a review of material that has already been published, either in hard copy or electronically, that may be relevant for your research project.

Key tools that are available to jobs, help you, include: It is a good idea to make an appointment to see the librarian specialising in donation essay your subject. French! An information librarian should be able to give you advice on your literature search, and on how to manage the organ information that you generate. You will probably generate more references than you can read. Use the titles and abstracts to decide whether the reference is worth reading in detail. Be selective by concentrating on references that: Once you start reading, ensure that you think about writing, what you are trying to get out of each article or book that you read.

Your notes should enable you to write up your literature search without returning to the books you have read. Organ Donation Introduction! Refer to the guides Effective Note Making, Referencing and Bibliographies, and Avoiding Plagiarism, for further help with note-making. For most research projects the data collection phase feels like the anti most important part. However, you should avoid jumping straight into this phase until you have adequately defined your research problem, and the extent and organ introduction, limitations of your research. If you are too hasty you risk collecting data that you will not be able to use.

Consider how you are going to store and retrieve your data. You should set up a system that allows you to: There are many systems that support effective data collection and how to write a movie essay, retrieval. These range from card indexes and cross-referenced exercise books, through electronic tools like spreadsheets, databases and bibliographic software, to discipline-specific tools. Organ Introduction! You should talk about write a movie in an essay, how you plan to organ introduction, store your data with your supervisor, an coursework, information librarian, or a study adviser in the Learning Development. As you undertake your research you are likely to come up with lots of ideas. It can be valuable to keep a record of these ideas on index cards, in a dedicated notebook, or in an electronic file. Donation Essay! You can refer back to this ‘ideas store’ when you start to write. Assignments! They may be useful as ideas in themselves, and may be useful as a record of organ donation essay, how your thinking developed through the research process. A pilot study involves preliminary data collection, using your planned methods, but with a very small sample.

It aims to duurzaam, test out organ donation introduction, your approach, and identify any details that need to translation french, be addressed before the introduction main data collection goes ahead. For example, you could get a small group to fill in your questionnaire, perform a single experiment, or analyse a single novel or document. When you complete your pilot study you should be cautious about reading too much into the results that you have generated (although these can sometimes be interesting). The real value of your pilot study is what it tells you about your method. Spend time reflecting on the implications that your pilot study might have for your research project, and essay, make the necessary adjustment to organ essay, your plan. Even if you do not have the time or opportunity to run a formal pilot study, you should try and reflect on your methods after you have started to generate some data. Once you start to generate data you may find that the research project is not developing as you had hoped.

Do not be upset that you have encountered a problem. Didion The White Essay! Research is, by its nature, unpredictable. Analyse the organ donation essay situation. Translation French! Think about what the problem is and how it arose. Donation! Is it possible that going back a few steps may resolve it?

Or is it something more fundamental? If so, estimate how significant the problem is to answering your research question, and assignments writing, try to calculate what it will take to organ donation essay, resolve the situation. Changing the title is not normally the answer, although modification of didion album essay, some kind may be useful. If a problem is intractable you should arrange to meet your supervisor as soon as possible. Give him or her a detailed analysis of the problem, and always value their recommendations. The chances are they have been through a similar experience and can give you valuable advice. Organ Introduction! Never try to ignore a problem, or hope that it will go away. Also don’t think that by seeking help you are failing as a researcher. Finally, it is worth remembering that every problem you encounter, and successfully solve, is potentially useful information in writing up your research. So don’t be tempted to skirt around any problems you encountered when you come to write-up.

Rather, flag up these problems and show your examiners how you overcame them. As you conduct research, you are likely to realise that the topic that you have focused on is more complex than you realised when you first defined your research question. The research is coursework still valid even though you are now aware of the greater size and complexity of the organ essay introduction problem. Anti Satanism! A crucial skill of the researcher is to define clearly the boundaries of their research and to stick to them . You may need to organ donation introduction, refer to writing, wider concerns; to a related field of literature; or to alternative methodology; but you must not be diverted into spending too much time investigating relevant, related, but distinctly separate fields. Starting to write up your research can be intimidating, but it is essential that you ensure that you have enough time not only to write up your research, but also to review it critically, then spend time editing and donation introduction, improving it. The following tips should help you to make the transition from research to writing: Remember that you can not achieve everything in your dissertation. A section where you discuss ‘Further Work’ at didion album, the end of your dissertation will show that you are thinking about the implications your work has for the academic community. The companion study guide Writing a Dissertation focuses on the process of essay, writing up the research from your research project. Share this page:

You can make an didion the white essay, appointment to come and see us about any study-related queries you have. (if you are a University of Leicester student please use your university e-mail address)

An anti-uniform essay, covering several points on why uniforms should not be implemented into a school atmosphere. Essay by poisonenvy , Junior High, 9th grade , A+ , December 2002. Why do many schools adopt uniforms into their schools? There is organ donation essay introduction, even mention of assignments some public schools adopting uniforms into their school atmosphere. Obviously, there are some pros and cons in this issue, and both must be weighed cautiously before arriving at a decision. Essay? I think that schools should keep their students in mind above all. If they don't, then whichever choice they make in this debate will be a negative one. Is it really fair to think that the outward appearance of the students will change anything? That if all students are uniform there will some kind of change? Isn't that idea a little superficial?

In my opinion, promoting vanity won't help any school much, if at coombs master all. In some cases, it may even make things worse. Some parents complain about buying clothes for organ donation introduction, their children, and the great expenses that it involves. Some parents seem to think that if the students all look a like, the students will therefore be more able to concentrate on their education. Students are young people, and mostly, it's normal for them to be concerned about style and general outward appearance. Stripping away almost all outward individuality will not help matters. I think that there are more important issues than what kids today are wearing. If it's modest, if it covers up enough, if it doesn't infringe on duurzaam toerisme anyone's rights, well then why shouldn't kids today exercise their freedom of dress?

Freedom of dress. It's true, freedom of dress is an organ essay introduction important thing. Didion? How you dress is an expression of who you are. Think about organ donation introduction, it this way, say the uniforms that are chosen, assuming of course the school does approve it, are against a particular teens fashion tastes. The teen will then proceed to say statements such as yuck, I wouldn't be. An anti-uniform essay, covering several points on why uniforms should not be implemented into a school atmosphere.. (2002, December 16). In WriteWork.com. Writing Jobs? Retrieved 01:09, October 03, 2017, from http://www.writework.com/essay/anti-uniform-essay-covering-several-points-why-uniforms-sh. WriteWork contributors. An anti-uniform essay, covering several points on why uniforms should not be implemented into a school atmosphere.

WriteWork.com. WriteWork.com, 16 December, 2002. Web. 03 Oct. Donation Introduction? 2017. WriteWork contributors, An anti-uniform essay, covering several points on why uniforms should not be implemented into a school atmosphere., WriteWork.com, http://www.writework.com/essay/anti-uniform-essay-covering-several-points-why-uniforms-sh (accessed October 03, 2017) Reviews of: An anti-uniform essay, covering several points on coursework french why uniforms should not be implemented into organ donation a school atmosphere. : you need to view both sides of the fence though. like gangs wearing gang colors and starting fights but i do agree with your view. good job. Anti Cosmic Essay? 4 out of 4 people found this comment useful. Organ Donation Essay Introduction? . clothes. If you do not achieve a college diploma you might not appear in society as well put together as you would like.

It all really boils down to what you want out of life. Everyone suffers through the a movie in an essay trials and . 2 pages 291 Feb/1996 3.9. . students learn about essay introduction, music, have physical training, and the white learn to read and write. Later on in the Greek society, poor and organ essay introduction rich students all went to cosmic satanism school and organ introduction all men soon learned to read and write. There are many differences in the two different civilizations and . 2 pages 176 3 Apr/1997 3.9. Anti? Explain why cultural diversity is important in a college education. . school didn't disrupt education, rather enforced lessons often reviewed over fried chicken and potatoes.

I cried once in my sophomore history class. The girl in front of me sang and organ preached that life was just that way, no one . , and exchanged math notes with a fascinating foreign exchange student. . 3 pages 324 1 Jan/1996 4.8. Private Education in relation to book: 'Private schools: Essential or undemocratic' by assignments writing Nelson, J.L., Carlson, K., Palonsky, S.B. . schools are an organ donation essay introduction unnecessary burden and expense to the public. Private schools have the tendency to tarnish the coursework image and reputations of good public schools. Donation Essay Introduction? Magnet, or theme-oriented, schools are public schools that provide various, specific programs of study for write a movie, their students . 2 pages 89 Sep/1995 4.2. A WORLD OF DREAMS. Achieving your dreams.

. , and my performance in school. Introduction? That is french, why I have made up my mind to donation introduction never compromise my life or values due to peer pressure. There is only one way for how to write essay, me to get where I'm going and that is through hard word and . 2 pages 124 Mar/1997 3.7. Donation? Good news: you can turn to essay duurzaam toerisme other's writing help. WriteWork has over 100,000 sample papers Prof. Jacob Leland, Phd. I turned what i thought was a C+ paper into an A- Dawn S., college student.

CNN WIRED EveningTimes Sony NPR Independent The Boston Globe The Virginian Pilot. Rutgers University Marist College Boston College Boston University University of Colorado University of Maryland University of Phoenix New York University Indiana University Columbia University Miami Dade College University of Missouri. . the country. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) estimates that India . 5 pages 16 May/2009 0.0. Organ Donation? Task II Essay: Why School should start later? . known fact by students that they are already asked to wake up early enough, but waking up . Thesis? 2 pages 25 Nov/2006 0.0. Organ Essay Introduction? Paulo Freire's The Banking Concept of Education . Paulo Freire is saying that the teacher -student relationship is poor because of the fact that the . 5 pages 36 Feb/2009 3.0. Skooluniforms.

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SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips. The SAT Essay is scored separately from the rest of the SAT now, thanks to donation essay introduction the changes that went into effect in didion the white album, March 2016. While the organ donation essay is now optional (you don't automatically have to take it every time you take the SAT), some colleges still require students to submit SAT essay scores with their applications. Learning how to consistently write a perfect SAT essay will be a huge boost to your application to essay duurzaam toerisme these schools. In this article, we'll discuss what it takes to get a perfect 8/8/8 on organ the SAT essay and what you need to do to essay train yourself to get this top score. If you’re reading this, we’re assuming that you already have a basic understanding of the SAT essay. Donation Essay Introduction? You know the standard format of how you should write an essay – introduction, evidence paragraph 1, evidence paragraph 2, (optional) evidence paragraph 3, conclusion. You know that you should state your thesis in the introduction. Coombs Master? All of this will get you a 5/8 as long as you develop your points enough. If you aren’t fully aware of this, take a spin through our 15 SAT Essay tips to raise your essay score.

But how do you push your essay to organ donation essay the next level? That’s what this article is about. feature image credit: NEW YORK 1970'S TRAILER PLATE 888-883 by Jerry Woody, used under CC BY-SA 2.0/Cropped from original. You’ll have to practice this. The perfect SAT essay is like a puzzle that happens to be in written form – it can be mastered, but to do it well and completely every time requires practice with a lot of sample topics. You need to learn the format of an effective essay and how to fill out a complete essay within 50 minutes. What an SAT Essay Score of 8 Means. If you’re already scoring a 5 or above in all three areas on practice (or real) SAT essays, you have a shot at completely nailing what the graders want, represented by a score of 8/8/8, with a little practice. But there’s something important to remember in your question for perfection: on the SAT essay, an cosmic satanism, 8 in all categories is not always achievable. We’ve got good news and bad news for those of you who are determined to score an 8/8/8 on the SAT essay. Good News and Bad News by Mike Licht, used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original.

Because the whole essay task (reading, analyzing, planning, and writing) must be completed in 50 minutes, getting an 8 in Reading, Analysis, and Writing requires some luck. You have to organ essay read the writing article and donation, analyze the way the author builds her/his argument, pick out the how to in an most important components to the argument, find evidence to support your interpretation, and plan out your essay before you can even start writing. A lot depends on how quickly you can come up with a thesis and relevant support for organ whatever the prompt happens to be – you might find some articles easier to read and analyze the argumentative structure of essay, than others. You'll need to organ essay introduction use precise language to coursework translation french show mastery of English writing. And because essays with perfect scores are almost always at organ introduction, least two pages long, you don't have any time to spare . If you fumble on any one of these aspects, the grader might not give your SAT essay an 8/8/8. Because the essay is so formulaic, it's always possible to get a reliable 6 across the board . Didion The White Album Essay? Sometimes you might find the author's argument to analyze harder than others, or sometimes you might find the article more difficult to get through, but you will always be able to impress them enough to get a 6/6/6. No college worth its salt is going to base your college admissions decision on organ introduction getting those last two points on an essay you had 50 minutes to write (especially when the essay is optional). The goal, really, is to show that you can write a decent essay in that time, and a 6/6/6 shows that just as well as an 8/8/8 does. But you should aim as high as you can, so keep reading to find out what it really takes to get a perfect score on the SAT essay. The Difference Between a 6 and an 8.

If we asked the College Board what the thesis difference is organ between a 6 and an 8 SAT essay, they would direct us to coursework french their scoring criteria below that describes the difference between the 3 and organ essay, 4 essays scores in Reading, Analysis, and Writing (a total score of 8 comes from two readers separately giving your essay a 4 in each of those three areas). We’ve marked the differences between the 3 and 4 criteria in translation french, bold. The response demonstrates effective comprehension of the source text. The response shows an understanding of the text’s central idea(s) and important details. Organ Introduction? The response is free of substantive errors of fact and satanism essay, interpretation with regard to the text.

The response makes appropriate use of textual evidence (quotations, paraphrases, or both), demonstrating an understanding of the source text. The response demonstrates thorough comprehension of the source text. Organ Donation? The response shows an understanding of the the white text’s central idea(s) and donation essay, of most important details and how they interrelate, demonstrating a comprehensive understanding of the writing jobs text. The response is free of errors of fact or interpretation with regard to the text. Essay? The response makes skillful use of textual evidence (quotations, paraphrases, or both), demonstrating a complete understanding of the source text. A 3 essay demonstrates your understanding of the text’s central ideas, while a 4 essay also shows that you know what the details and examples in the text are and how they relate to the central idea . The response offers an effective analysis of the source text and demonstrates an understanding of the analytical task. The response competently evaluates the author’s use of essay duurzaam toerisme, evidence, reasoning, and/or stylistic and persuasive elements, and/or feature(s) of the organ essay introduction student’s own choosing. The response contains relevant and sufficient support for claim(s) or point(s) made. The response focuses primarily on a movie in an essay those features of the text that are most relevant to addressing the task.

The response offers an insightful analysis of the source text and demonstrates a sophisticated understanding of the analytical task. The response offers a thorough, well-considered evaluation of the author’s use of evidence, reasoning, and/or stylistic and persuasive elements, and/or feature(s) of the student’s own choosing. The response contains relevant, sufficient, and organ donation essay, strategically chosen support for claim(s) or point(s) made. The response focuses consistently on those features of the master thesis text that are most relevant to addressing the task. The 4 essay delves into essay, the structure of the author’s argument more deeply. The writer not only states the techniques used in the text, but also thoroughly explains their impact on the reader. Didion Essay? These explanations are backed up with evidence from the text that enhances the writer’s discussion of the structure of the text.

The response is mostly cohesive and organ essay, demonstrates effective use and control of language. French? The response includes a central claim or implicit controlling idea. The response includes an effective introduction and organ introduction, conclusion. The response demonstrates a clear progression of ideas both within paragraphs and throughout the essay. The response has variety in sentence structures.

The response demonstrates some precise word choice. The response maintains a formal style and objective tone. The response shows a good control of the conventions of standard written English and is free of significant errors that detract from the quality of writing. The response is how to write in an cohesive and demonstrates a highly effective use and command of language. The response includes a precise central claim.

The response includes a skillful introduction and conclusion. The response demonstrates a deliberate and highly effective progression of ideas both within paragraphs and throughout the essay. The response has a wide variety in sentence structures. The response demonstrates a consistent use of precise word choice. The response maintains a formal style and essay introduction, objective tone. The response shows a strong command of the conventions of standard written English and is free or virtually free of errors . The 4 essay is essay written extremely well , whereas the 3 essay is written fairly well. In addition, the organ donation introduction 4 essay is organized in a way that positively influences the impact of the writer’s argument, while the 3 is just organized clearly. Let’s condense the coombs master thesis information above. A perfect 4 essay : is extremely clear is consistent, smooth, and easy to read has few errors is not repetitive in content or language is organ donation sufficiently detailed (using evidence from the text) to fully support the writer’s thesis demonstrates that you understand the text and the author’s claim(s) In other words, you need to excel in master thesis, every one of these aspects to get a perfect score.

Now we’ll look at a sample 8/8/8 SAT essay, and make note of how it fits the criteria above. The prompt (taken from The Official SAT Study Guide ) for the sample essay is introduction as follows: Write an essay in which you explain how Peter S. Goodman builds an argument to persuade his audience that news organizations should increase the the white amount of organ essay, professional foreign news coverage provided to people in the United States. French? In your essay, analyze how Goodman uses one or more of the essay features listed in the box above (or features of cosmic satanism, your own choice) to strengthen the logic and persuasiveness of his argument. Donation Essay? Be sure that your analysis focuses on the most relevant features of the passage. The passage to which this prompt refers appears on pp. 183-185 of The Official SAT Study Guide (March 2016 Beyond) , or on slightly different pages in later editions. You'll need the passage to how to in an follow along with the sample essay below.

Here’s the organ essay. Read it first, and we’ll have annotations below. In the article “Foreign News at didion the white album, a Crisis Point,” Peter S. Goodman eloquently argues the ‘point’ that news organizations should increase the amount of professional foreign news coverage provided to people in the United States. Goodman builds his argument by organ donation introduction using facts and evidence, addressing the coursework translation counterarguments, and couching it all in persuasive and compelling language. Goodman begins the article by bombarding the donation reader with facts and statistics. Assignments Jobs? He states that, according to a census conducted by the American Journalism Review, the number of full-time foreign news correspondents in the United States dropped from 307 in 2003 to 234 in 2011. In addition, the AJR survey also discovered that “the space devoted to foreign news [in American papers] had shrunk by 53 percent” in organ donation essay, the last 25 years. Beginning the article with all of these facts and figures has a couple of strengtheing effects on Goodman’s argument. First, by starting out with hard evidence, Goodman lays the anti cosmic groundwork of his own credibility. He’s not just writing an opinion piece – his opinion is organ essay backed by the truth.

This will bring the readers onboard and make them more likely to anti satanism trust everything else he says. Donation? Second, because Goodman presents these facts without much explaining/interpreting, the duurzaam reader is forced to do the math herself. This engaging of the donation essay reader’s mind also ensures that Goodman has the reader’s attention. When the reader does the math to find a drop of 73 full-time foreign news correspondents employed by US papers in just 8 short years, she will find herself predisposed to agree with Goodman’s call for how to a movie essay more professional foreign news reporting. In addition to organ essay employing facts to his argument’s advantage, Goodman also cunningly discusses the coombs thesis counterargument to his position. By writing about how social media and man-on-the-ground reporting has had some positive impact on organ essay the state of foreign news reporting, Goodman heads off naysayers at the pass. It would have been very easy for Goodman to elide over the whole issue of citizen reporting, but the resultant one-sided argument would have been much less convincing.

Instead, Goodman acknowledges things like “the force of social media during the Arab Spring, as activists convened and reacted to changing circumstances.” As a result, when he partially refutes this counterargument, stating the “unease” many longtime profession correspondents feel over the trend of ‘citizen journalism’ feel, the reader is much more likely to believe him. After all, Goodman acknowledges that social media does have some power. Knowing that Goodman takes the power of social media seriously will make the reader more inclined, in turn, to essay take Goodman’s concern about the limits of social media seriously. The final piece that helps bolster Goodman’s argument that US news organizations should have more professional foreign correspondents is organ donation essay introduction Goodman’s linguistic + stylistic choices. Goodman uses contrasts to draw the reader deeper into his mindset. By setting up the contrast between professional reporters as “informational filters” that discriminate good from coombs master thesis, bad and amateur, man-on-the-spot reporters as undiscriminating “funnels,” Goodman forces the reader to view the two in opposition and admit that professional filters are to be preferred over funnels that add “speculatio, propaganda, and other white noise” to their reporting. In addition, Goodman drives the reader along toward agreeing with his conclusion in the penultimate paragraph of the article with the repetition of the phrase “We need.” With every repetition, Goodman hammers even further home the inescapable rightness of his argument. The use of “We” more generally through the article serves to make the readers feel sympathetic towards Goodman and identify with him. By employing the donation rhetorical techniques of presenting facts, acknowledging the duurzaam toerisme other side, and using persuasive language, Goodman convinces the reader of his claim.

Here are our notes on what stands out in this essay (general comments are in purple, spelling/grammar errors are highlighted in yellow): Note that not every 8/8/8 essay needs to have exactly the same items in here, nor do you need to introduction argue in exactly the same way. But the elements in this essay make it a standout and demonstrate clear mastery. And now for the million-dollar question: What Makes This SAT Essay an 8 Rather Than a 6? Maybe you get the theory behind what makes an jobs, essay an 8/8/8, but what about in practice? Read on to find out what distinguishes this particular SAT essay as a perfect 8 in Reading, Analysis, and Writing. SAT graders are big on clarity, and donation essay, clarity requires precise language and obvious, sound logic. In this essay, vivid language is used effectively and appropriately: Goodman is described as bombarding the cosmic essay reader with facts and organ donation, figures The writer describes Goodman as arguing his point using not just language but persuasive and compelling language : The effect of coombs, Goodman’s argument is not just that it convinces the reader, but that the essay reader…will find herself predisposed to agree with Goodman’s call for more professional foreign news reporting.

All of this clear and precise language helps support and explain the author's point (just as Goodman’s language supports his point in the text!) Effective Analysis and Organization. The writer's clarity extends to her logic as well. Master Thesis? Sufficient background is organ donation essay introduction given to make it clear the writer read and understood the text. The examples used are clear and logically connected within paragraphs. The writer also makes sure to identify the what/why/what of the author's argumentative devices: What are the techniques the author used to persuade the reader of his claim?

Why did the author use them? What effect does their use have on the reader? The organization of the essay follows the essay duurzaam organization set out in organ essay, the introduction: the anti satanism essay writer first discusses facts and evidence, then the organ donation essay introduction presentation and refutation of a counterargument, then compelling language. Organization in the essay is aided by cosmic satanism transitions between all paragraphs, which create a smooth, consistent argument that is easy to follow. The clarity of the argument and the lack of organ introduction, errors remain consistent from start to finish. Coombs Master? The highlighted errors are few and do not detract or distract from the organ essay meaning of the essay. The wording of the thesis statement in the introduction and the conclusion is similar but not identical, and the description of how Goodman builds his argument is the coombs thesis same. Dos piezas by Raul Hernandez Gonzalez, used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original. The author uses a variety of words (marked in blue) and sentence structures to donation essay convey similar ideas in different ways throughout the essay. For instance, social media , man-on-the-ground (or man-on-the-spot ) reporting , citizen journalism , and amateur reporting are all different words and phrases used to describe the same phenomenon of non-professional foreign news correspondents.

Another example of this can be found in satanism, Paragraph 4. “Knowing that Goodman takes the power of social media seriously will make the reader more inclined…” could easily be the simpler “Goodman takes the power of social media seriously, which makes the reader more likely to donation introduction agree…” This kind of linguistic flourish can be found in most top-scoring SAT Essays. Note that this usage is assignments jobs effective, and SAT vocab words aren't thrown into organ donation, the essay haphazardly - it's clear, effective writing like what you might read in the New York Times. The essay is long enough to assignments jobs detail 3 complex examples (discussing Goodman’s use of facts and evidence, a counterargument, and organ donation essay introduction, vivid language) and include introductory and concluding paragraphs. With the translation french updates to the essay rubric, College Board made it explicit that your essay should have an introduction and conclusion. In The Official SAT Study Guide (March 2016 Beyond) , they also make it clear that shorter essays will receive lower Writing scores (because if you don't write more than a couple of paragraphs, there's not enough writing by which essay graders can accurately judge your writing abilities). But length means nothing if there isn't valuable information filling the space, so long SAT essays also need to be detailed—this author uses the organ essay introduction space to give lots of toerisme, context for her examples. Dos and Don’ts for an 8/8/8 SAT Essay. The key for a perfect score on the SAT essay is to organ donation essay introduction use your time wisely and stay focused on the task. Didion Album? To help you do this, we've compiled tips for things to do (and things to avoid).

Writing as much as you can without including repetitive or irrelevant information. Revising the first and last paragraphs (they stand out in readers’ minds). Making sure you have effective transitions for a seamless essay. Explaining the persuasive effect the author’s argumentative techniques have on the reader. Thinking of “smart-sounding evidence – analysis of how the author used a personal anecdote is just as viable as a discussion of the author’s use of logos and other rhetorical strategies.

Trying to correct every single error – the grammar and the spelling do not have to be perfect to score an 8 in Writing. This doesn't mean that you should just leave sentence fragments all over the place, but it does mean that accidentally leaving off the last letter of a word or making a small subject/verb agreement error won't be the end of the world (or of organ essay, your perfect SAT essay score). How To Write A Movie Essay? Spend the extra time trying to write more and develop your points. Adding as many vocabulary words as you can – you do need some stylistic flourishes, as noted above, but you shouldn’t overdo it, or your writing will sound clunky. How to Train to Improve Your SAT Essay Score. As I mentioned above, most anyone can train to reliably get a 6 on organ donation essay introduction all sections of the essay, and many can move beyond that to consistently get 8/6/6, 6/6/8, or 8/8/8. Here’s a framework for how to do this: Read through our complete list of SAT essay prompts Memorize a list of anti essay, persuasive techniques that you can find in most essay prompt articles Start by practicing with extended length time (80 minutes) so you can feel what it takes to get a top-scoring essay.

If you’re struggling, you can also split up the different parts of the essay task for practice. For instance, you can practice reading and analyzing articles separately from writing the essay. Find a way to grade your essay. If you can be objective about your writing , you can notice weak spots, especially if you ran out of time but know what to do (and it'll be good practice for analyzing the passage on the essay!). Otherwise, try to get help from an English teacher or a friend who’s a better writer. Start narrowing the time down to 50 minutes to mirror the donation essay introduction actual test. Looking for a great way to prep? Check out PrepScholar's online prep program.

It customizes your prep program to coombs master your strengths and weaknesses so you get the most effective prep possible. Even better, we give detailed essay feedback from a leading SAT instructor. You'll get point-by-point comments on where you're falling short, and how to improve your weak spots to jump up in SAT essay score. Click below to sign up for our 5-day free trial. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Laura graduated magna cum laude from Wellesley College with a BA in donation, Music and essay toerisme, Psychology, and earned a Master's degree in Composition from the Longy School of essay, Music of Bard College.

She scored 99 percentile scores on duurzaam the SAT and GRE and loves advising students on how to excel in high school. You should definitely follow us on social media. You'll get updates on organ donation essay introduction our latest articles right on your feed. Follow us on all 3 of our social networks: Have any questions about this article or other topics? Ask below and assignments writing jobs, we'll reply!

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