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Australia cricket: 'Homework failure' sparks debate. Share this with Facebook. Share this with Twitter. Share this with Messenger. Things To Write Yourself Essay. Share this with Messenger. Share this with. Censorship In Mass Media Essay. These are external links and will open in a new window. Share this with Facebook. Things About In An Essay. Share this with Messenger. Share this with Messenger. Share this with Twitter.

Share this with Pinterest. Cover Letter. Share this with WhatsApp. To Write About Essay. Share this with LinkedIn. Essays Rights. These are external links and will open in a new window. Things. Close share panel. Were one to gcse pe coursework, build a prototype of an Australian international cricketer, it would surely resemble Shane Watson. Australia's vice-captain is blonde, broad-shouldered, lantern-jawed and often gelled. It is easy to imagine him performing surf-life saving duties at Bondi, or in younger years, playing the high school heartthrob on yourself, an afternoon soap. When he strides to the crease at the start of his innings, it looks not only as if he has emerged from the pavilion but also stepped straight out of central casting. On Human And Terrorism. In the space of things yourself essay a dramatic few days however a talented, if injury-prone, all-rounder who should truly be the poster boy of Australian cricket has become persona non grata in the national set-up.

After Australia's humiliating defeat to India in the second test at Hyderabad - where they became the first side in test history to declare in the first innings but then lose by an innings - players were asked to identify three areas of possible improvement. Watson's failure to hand in his homework, along with the bowlers Mitchell Johnson, James Pattinson and batsman Usman Khawaja, was met by a fourth-form style punishment: suspension from the test team to face India in censorship essay, the third test match. To some it was a ridiculous over-reaction and a case of sporting micro-managerialism gone mad. To others, it was just punishment for failing to yourself essay, perform a routine task over cover letter follow up a couple of rest days when there were few other demands on the highly remunerated players' time. To those who observe player politics closely, it was also another indication of a divided dressing room. Watson delivered his own verdict by leaving the team hotel and catching a plane home. Not for him the five-star naughty corner. Things In An Essay. Besides, his wife Lee is business case study login, heavily pregnant, and understandably he wants to attend the birth of their first child. To Write In An. Returning home to Sydney, he called his suspension extremely harsh. He also aimed some stout words at Cricket Australia's high-performance manager, Pat Howard, a former international rugby player, who told reporters that Watson was only media essay sometimes a team player. He has come from a rugby background, Watson told the press pack, which awaited him in the arrivals hall, and he hasn't been in and around cricket very long.

The team management however has no regrets. Michael Clarke said that players had to uphere to certain standards (with a 100-plus batting average over the past 12 months, fans will surely forgive him the invention of the word uphere). His coach, the South African Mickey Arthur, has called this a line in the sand, and to write, likened it to the England coach Andy Flower standing up to the former captain Kevin Pietersen. Doubtless there is alliterative allure in the headline, Cricket in Crisis, but it also offers a neat summation of the travails on the India tour, where Australia has already lost the first two tests of a four match series. With only 12 players from which to choose, it will struggle to field a balanced and match-winning side. The cricket world is laughing at Australia's embarrassment, writes the veteran ABC commentator, Jim Maxwell, the voice of the southern summer. Former senior players, many of whom believe that the role of a team coach is solely for transportation, have been critical of what they see as the management's heavy-handedness. Witheringly so. I've never heard anything so stupid in all my life, protested the former batsman, Mark Waugh. It's not under 6s - this is Test cricket. Darren Lehmann, the former all-rounder who now coaches Queensland, was also damning.

Adults we are, he tweeted, not schoolboys. Nor have former England stars missed the opportunity for a good sledge. Bowl better, bat better, catch better, communicate better… just bloody play better, was the former England captain Michael Vaughan's mocking appraisal. Didn't realise you had to do an essay to get a selection these days? Others however have backed Cricket Australia's tough line. Daniel Zammit, who has acted as Usman Khawaja's agent, believes the cover letter follow up players only have themselves to blame. Cricketers are not special, he said, and should abide by standards that have long been the norm in rugby league, rugby union and other professional codes. On Monday in things to write yourself in an essay, India, Mickey Arthur treated his players no different to other team sports players, he said. For this we should be thankful that our national head coach has the 'stones' to stand up and be a leader with big decisions meant to fix a team attitude problem. By Sandra. Certainly, the managerial culture of Australian cricket is nothing new.

John Buchanan, who coached the national side during its period of dominance in the Naughties, was famed for his Power Point team briefings and for things to write in an essay, pushing books under the hotel doors of censorship in mass media essay his players that he thought would improve them as men and players. In preparation for the 2006 Ashes, he even took the team on to write about yourself in an essay, a boot camp in harvard school study, outback Queensland - much to the displeasure of Shane Warne. The main difference between then and now is the quality of the cricketing personnel. Buchanan had charge of a team of legends - Warne, Glenn McGrath, Adam Gilchrist, Ricky Ponting, Matthew Hayden, The present outfit is short on talent, experience and to write yourself essay, arguably aptitude. Team spirit also seems to essay, be a problem. There is a backstory to to write about in an essay, the present dispute, which involves a disagreement from the censorship media essay night that the retiring test great Mike Hussey played his final match in Sydney. Things To Write About Essay. In celebration, he wanted to kick back with a few cold beers in the dressing room and at censorship media essay, the team hotel. Clarke insisted that the team go on a cruise of things to write essay Sydney harbour onboard the billionaire businessman James Packer's boat.

On that disputed night, Watson stayed onshore with Hussey. With an cover, Ashes tour only a few months away, all is to write in an essay, not well within the Australian camp, where team morale has suffered too from the absence of the influential former captain Ricky Ponting. Only six years ago, cricket was a unipolar world in coursework, which Australia was the sole superpower. Understandably, the Baggy Greens have not yet recovered from the loss of to write about yourself in an its generation of greats. They played for cover follow up, an Ashes and things essay, World Cup-winning team, for which the essays on human rights post-match rituals mainly involved beer rather than bullet points.

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How to Write a Bibliography – Examples in MLA Style. Please note, all entries should be typed double-spaced. In order to keep this Web page short,single rather than double space is used here. See Bibliography Sample Page for things to write about yourself essay, a properly double-spaced Bibliography or Works Cited sample page. Examples cited on this page are based on the authoritative publication from MLA.

If the example you want is not included here, please consult the MLA Handbook, or ask the writer to look it up for you. Format for entries: A single space is used after any punctuation mark. When dividing a long word or URL onto two lines, put hyphen, slash, or period at the end of the line. Do not add a hyphen to a URL that was not originally there. Never begin a new line with a punctuation mark. Double-space all lines in in mass media essay, a bibliography entry. Do not indent the first line of a bibliography entry, indent second and subsequent lines 5 spaces, or 1/2? (1.25 cm) from the left margin.

Please see Chapter 11. Guidelines on How to Write a Bibliography for details. When writing a bibliography, remember that the purpose is to communicate to the reader, in a standardized manner, the sources that you have used in sufficient detail to be identified. If you are unable to things to write yourself essay, find all the necessary information, just cite what you can find. Click here to eleven by sandra cisneros, see a selection of Common Abbreviations used in documentation. For a complete list of Common Scholarly Abbreviations used in parentheses, tables, and documentation, please go to Section 7.4 of the 6th edition of the MLA Handbook. Bell, Stewart. The Martyr’s Oath: The Apprenticeship of a Homegrown Terrorist . Mississauga, ON: Wiley, 2005. Biale, David, ed.

Cultures of the Jews: A New History . To Write About Yourself In An. New York: Schocken, 2002. Bowker, Michael. Essays Rights And Terrorism. Fatal Deception: The Untold Story of Asbestos: Why It Is Still Legal. and Still Killing Us . Things To Write In An Essay. N.p.: Rodale, 2003. N.p. = No place of publication indicated. Capodiferro, Alessandra, ed. Wonders of the World: Masterpieces of Architecture from. 4000 BC to the Present . Case Study. Vercelli: White Star, 2004. Cross, Charles R. Room Full of things about in an essay Mirrors: A Biography of on human rights Jimi Hendrix . New York: Maltin, Leonard, ed. Movie Video Guide 2002 Edition . New York: New American, 2001.

Meidenbauer, Jorg, ed. Discoveries and Inventions: From Prehistoric to Modern Times . Lisse: Rebo, 2004. Puzo, Mario. The Family: A Novel . Completed by things about yourself in an Carol Gino. New York: Harper, 2001. Rowling, J.K. Essays On Human And Terrorism. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets . New York: Scholastic, 1999. —. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban . Thorndike, ME: Thorndike, 2000. Suskind, Ron.

The Price of Loyalty: George W. Bush, the White House, and the Education of. Paul O’Neill . New York: Simon, 2004. If your citation is from one volume of a multivolume work and each volume has its own title, you need cite only the actual volume you have used without reference to about essay, other volumes in the work. Example: The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud comes in 5 volumes, written by Peter Gay. (Title of Vol. 1: Education of the Senses ) Gay, Peter. Education of the Senses . New York: Norton, 1999. (Title of Vol.

2: The Tender Passion) Gay, Peter. The Tender Passion . Ireland. New York: Oxford UP, 1986. (Title of yourself in an Vol. 3: The Cultivation of Hatred ) Gay, Peter. The Cultivation of by sandra cisneros Hatred . London: Harper, 1994. (Title of Vol. 4: The Naked Heart ) Gay, Peter.

The Naked Heart . New York: Norton, 1995. (Title of Vol. 5: Pleasure Wars ) Gay, Peter. Pleasure Wars . New York: Norton, 1998. 2. Book with two authors or editors: Bohlman, Herbert M., and Mary Jane Dundas. The Legal, Ethical and International. Environment of Business . 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH: West, 2002. Bolman, Lee G., and Terrence E. To Write Yourself. Deal.

Leading with Soul: An Uncommon Journey. of Spirit . Rev. ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2001. Calvesi, Maurizio, and Lorenzo Canova, eds. Rejoice! 700 Years of Art for harvard business school, the Papal. Jubilee . New York: Rizzoli, 1999. Cohen, Andrew, and J.L. Granatstein, eds.

Trudeau’s Shadow: The Life and Legacy. of Pierre Elliott Trudeau . Toronto: Random, 1998. Heath, Joseph, and Andrew Potter. The Rebel Sell: Why the Culture Can’t Be Jammed . 2nd ed. Toronto: Harper, 2005. Llewellyn, Marc, and to write yourself Lee Mylne. Frommer’s Australia 2005 . Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2005. Summers, Anthony, and pe coursework circuit Robbyn Swan. Sinatra: The Life . New York: Knopf, 2005. Book prepared for publication by two editors: Shakespeare, William.

The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark . Ed. Barbara A. Mowat and things to write about yourself in an essay Paul Werstine. New York: Washington. 3. Book with three authors or editors: Clancy, Tom, Carl Stiner, and Tony Koltz. Shadow Warriors: Inside the Special. Forces . New York: Putnam, 2002. Hewitt, Les, Andrew Hewitt, and Luc d’Abadie. The Power of Focus for College. Students . Ireland. Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications, 2005.

Larsson, Mans O., Alexander Z. Speier, and Jennifer R. Weiss, eds. Let’s Go: Germany 1998 . New York: St. Martin’s, 1998. Palmer, R.R., Joel Colton, and Lloyd Kramer.

A History of the Modern World: To 1815 . 9th ed. New York: Knopf, 2002. Suzuki, David, Amanda McConnell, and Maria DeCambra. The Sacred Balance: A Visual Celebration of things to write about yourself in an essay Our Place in Nature . Vancouver: Greystone, 2002. 4. Book with more than three authors or editors:

You have a choice of listing all of the cover follow authors or editors in the order as they appear on the title page of the book, or use “et al.” from the Latin et alii, or et aliae , meaning “and others” after the about yourself in an first author or editor named. Nelson, Miriam E., Kristin R. Baker, Ronenn Roubenoff, and Lawrence Lindner. Strong Women and Men Beat Arthritis . New York: Perigee, 2003. Nelson, Miriam E., et al. Strong Women and Men Beat Arthritis . New York: Hogan, David J., et al., eds.

The Holocaust Chronicle: A History in Words and Pictures . Lincolnwood, IL: International, 2000. Pound, Richard W., Richard Dionne, Jay Myers, and James Musson, eds. Canadian. Facts and ireland Dates . 3rd ed. Markham, ON: Fitzhenry, 2005. Pound, Richard W., et al., eds. Canadian Facts and Dates . 3rd ed. Markham, ON:

Rogerson, Holly Deemer, et al. Things To Write. Words for Students of English: A Vocabulary. Series for ESL . Vol. 6. Advanced Level ESL. Pittsburgh, PA: U of Pittsburgh P, 1989.

5. Book with compilers, or compilers and ireland editors: McClay, John B., and Wendy L. Matthews, comps. and eds. Corpus Juris Humorous: A Compilation of Outrageous, Unusual, Infamous and Witty Judicial Opinions. from 1256 A.D. to the Present . New York: Barnes, 1994. O’Reilly, James, Larry Habegger, and Sean O’Reilly, comps. and eds. Danger: True Stories of Trouble and things about yourself in an essay Survival . San Francisco: Travellers’ Tales, 1999. Teresa, Mother. The Joy in Loving: A Guide to Daily Living with Mother Teresa . Comp.

Jaya Chaliha and Edward Le Joly. New York: Viking, 1997. Note abbreviation: comp. = compiler or compiled by. 6. Book with no author or editor stated: Maclean’s Canada’s Century: An Illustrated History of the People and gcse pe coursework circuit Events. That Shaped Our Identity . Toronto: Key, 1999.

Microsoft PowerPoint Version 2002 Step by Step . Things Yourself In An Essay. Redmond, WA: Perspection, 2001. The Movie Book . London: Phaidon, 1999. With Scott to the Pole: The Terra Nova Expedition 1910-1913 . Harvard Business Case Study. Photographs of. Herbert Ponting. New York: BCL, 2004. 7. Book with one author, translated by another: Muller, Melissa. Anne Frank: The Biography . Trans. Rita and Robert Kimber.

New York: Metropolitan, 1998. 8. Work in an anthology, a collection by several authors, with one or more editors and/or compilers: Fox, Charles James. “Liberty Is Order, Liberty Is Strength.” What Is a Man? 3,000 Years of Wisdom on the Art of Manly Virtue. Ed. About In An. Waller R. Newell. New York: Harper, 2001.

306-7. Wilcox, Robert K. “Flying Blind.” Danger: True Stories of Trouble and Survival . Comp. and ed. James O’Reilly, Larry Habegger, and essays rights Sean O’Reilly. San Francisco: Travellers’ Tales, 1999. 211-22.

9. Things About In An Essay. Article in an encyclopedia with no author stated: “Nazi Party.” New Encyclopaedia Britannica . 1997 ed. “Tajikistan.” World Book Encyclopedia of People and Places . 2000 ed. 10. Article in an encyclopedia with an author: If the encyclopedia is well known and articles are arranged alphabetically, it is not necessary to indicate the volume and page numbers. Censorship. If the encyclopedia is things in an, not well known, you must give full publication information including author, title of ireland coursework article, title of encyclopedia, name of editor or edition, number of volumes in the set, place of publication, publisher and year of publication. Kibby, Michael W. “Dyslexia.” World Book Encyclopedia . 2000 ed. Midge, T. Things To Write About Yourself In An Essay. “Powwows.” Encyclopedia of North American Indians . Ed. D.L.

Birchfield. 11 vols. New York: Cavendish, 1997. 11. Article in a magazine, journal, periodical, newsletter, or newspaper with no author stated: “100 Years of coursework Dust and Glory.” Popular Mechanics Sept. To Write Yourself In An Essay. 2001: 70-75. “Celestica to Repair Palm Handhelds.” Globe and Mail [Toronto] 29 Oct.

2002: B6. “E-Money Slips Quietly into Oblivion.” Nikkei Weekly [Tokyo] 22 Jan. Censorship In Mass Media. 2001: 4. “McDonald’s Declines to things yourself, Fund Obesity Education on Danger of Eating Its Food.” National Post [Toronto] 18 Apr. 2006: FP18. “Pot Use Doubled in Decade, Study Says: 14% Smoked Up in the Past Year.” Toronto Star. 25 Nov. Letter Up. 2004: A18. “Secondhand Smoke Reduces Kids’ IQs.” Buffalo News 23 Jan. 2005: I6. 12.

Article in a magazine, journal, periodical, newsletter, or newspaper with one or more authors: Use “+” for pages that are not consecutive. Example: When numbering pages, use “38-45” if page numbers are consecutive. Use “A1+” if article begins on to write essay page A1, contains more than one page, but paging is not consecutive. For page numbers consisting of gcse training more than 3 digits, use short version if it is clear to the reader, e.g. 220-268 may be written as 220-68, but 349-560 must be written in full. Note also that there is about in an essay, no period after the in mass month.

The period in “Mar.” is for the abbreviation of things to write about yourself essay March. Harvard Case Login. If there are 4 or less letters in the month, e.g. May, June, and July, the months are not abbreviated. If the publication date is July 18, 2005, citation will be 18 July 2005. Where a journal or magazine is a weekly publication, “date, month, year” are required. Where a journal or magazine is a monthly publication, only “month, year” are needed. Where a newspaper title does not indicate the location of publication, add the city of publication between square brackets, e.g. Daily Telegraph [London]. Square brackets are used to enclose a word (or words) not found in the original but has been added by you. An article in a scholarly journal is about, treated somewhat differently:

Nielsen, Laura Beth. “Subtle, Pervasive, Harmful: Racist and Sexist Remarks in. Public as Hate Speech.” Journal of coursework Social Issues 58.2 (2002): 265. The above citation shows: Author’s name, Article title, Name of scholarly journal (underlined), Volume number, Issue number, Year of publication (in parentheses), and essay Page number. Essays On Human Rights. If the article is accessed online, add Access date and URL at the end, see 23. Internet citations, or citing electronic sources (e). Bogomolny, Laura. “Boss Your Career.” Canadian Business 13-16 Mar. Things About Yourself In An. 2006: 47-49. Cave, Andrew. “Microsoft and Sun Settle Java Battle.” Daily Telegraph [London] Cohen, Stephen S., and J. Bradford DeLong. “Shaken and Stirred.” Atlantic Monthly.

Jan.-Feb. 2005: 112+. Coleman, Isobel. “Women, Islam, and the New Iraq.” Foreign Affairs Jan.-Feb. 2006: 24+. Daly, Rita. “Bird Flu Targeting the Young.” Toronto Star 11 Mar. 2006: A1+. Dareini, Ali Akbar. “Iranian President Defends Country’s Nuclear Ambitions.” Buffalo News. Hewitt, Ben. “Quick Fixes for Everyday Disasters.” Popular Mechanics Nov. 2004: 83-88.

Johnson, Linda A. Essays. “Fight Flu with Good, Old Advice from Mom.” Buffalo News. 10 Oct. 2004: A1-2. Mather, Victoria. “In Tiger Country.” Photos by James Merrell. Town Country Travel.

Fall 2004: 102-111. Mohanty, Subhanjoy, and Ray Jayawardhana. “The Mystery of Brown Dwarf Origins.” Scientific American Jan. About Essay. 2006: 38-45. Petroski, Henry. “Framing Hypothesis: A Cautionary Tale.” American Scientist Jan.-Feb. Plungis, Jeff, Ed Garsten, and Mark Truby. Eleven By Sandra Essays. “Caremakers’ Challenge: Green, Mean. Machines.” Detroit News and Free Press Metro ed. 12 Jan. To Write About In An. 2003: 1A+.

Sachs, Jeffrey D. “A Practical Plan to End Extreme Poverty.” Buffalo News 23 Jan. Essays Rights And Terrorism. 2005: I2. Saletan, William. “Junk-Food Jihad.” National Post [Toronto] 18 Apr. 2006: A18. Thomas, Cathy Booth, and Tim Padgett. “Life Among the things about in an essay Ruins.” Time 19 Sept. Ireland. 2005: 28+. Wolanski, Eric, Robert Richmond, Laurence McCook, and Hugh Sweatman. “Mud, Marine Snow and Coral Reefs.” American Scientist Jan.-Feb.

2003: 44-51. Wolanski, Eric, et al. “Mud, Marine Snow and Coral Reefs.” American Scientist. Jan.-Feb. 2003: 44-51. 13. Article from things about yourself SIRS (Social Issues Resources Series): Suggested citation example from SIRS: Bluestone, Barry, and Irving Bluestone. “Workers (and Managers) of the World Unite.” Technology Review Nov.-Dec. 1992: 30-40. Reprinted in WORK . (Boca Raton, FL:

Social Issues Resource Series, 1992), Article No. 20. Bluestone, Barry, and Irving Bluestone. “Workers (and Managers) of the World Unite.” Technology Review Nov.-Dec. Business Case. 1992: 30-40. Work . Ed. Eleanor Goldstein. Vol. 5. Boca Raton: SIRS, 1992.

Art. 20. Put in things essay, square brackets [ ] important information you have added that is not found in essay, the source cited. Build-a-Bear. Advertisement. 7 Feb. 2005 http://www.buildabear.com/shop/default.aspx.

GEICO. Advertisement. Newsweek 16 Jan. 2006: 92. IBM. Advertisement. Globe and Mail [Toronto] . 29 Oct. In An Essay. 2002: B7. Toyota. Advertisement. Essays On Human Rights. Atlantic Monthly . Jan.-Feb. Things Yourself In An Essay. 2005: 27-30. 15.

Booklet, pamphlet, or brochure with no author stated: Diabetes Care: Blood Glucose Monitoring . Burnaby, BC: LifeScan Canada, 1997. 16. Booklet, pamphlet, or brochure with an author: Zimmer, Henry B. Canplan: Your Canadian Financial Planning Software . And Terrorism. Calgary, AB: May use short forms: Rev. (Review), Ed. (Edition, Editor, or Edited), Comp. (Compiled, Compiler).

Creager, Angela N.H. “Crystallizing a Life in Science.” Rev. of Rosalind Franklin: The. Dark Lady of DNA , by Brenda Maddox. To Write Yourself. American Scientist Jan.-Feb. 2003: 64-66. Dillon, Brenda. “Hana’s Suitcase.” Rev. of Hana’s Suitcase , by Karen Levine.

Professionally Speaking June 2003: 36. Foley, Margaret. “Measured Deception.” Rev. of The Measure of All Things: The. Seven-Year Odyssey and Hidden Error That Transformed the World, by Ken Alder. Discover Nov. 2002: 77. Groskop, Viv. “Chinese Torture – at Five.” Rev. of The Binding Chair, by Kathryn. Harrison. Censorship Media. International Express 6 June 2000, Canadian ed.: 37. Hoffman, Michael J. “Huck’s Ironic Circle.” Rev. of The Adventures of Huckleberry.

Finn , by yourself in an Mark Twain. Pe Coursework. Modern Critical Interpretations of Mark Twain’s. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea, Iragui, Vicente. Things About In An. Rev. of media Injured Brains of Medical Minds: Views from Within , comp. and ed. Narinder Kapur. New England Journal of Medicine 26 Feb.

1998: Neier, Aryeh. “Hero.” Rev. of Defending Human Rights in Russia: Sergei Kovalyov, Dissident and Human Rights Commissioner, 1969-2003 , by Emma Gilligan. New York Review of Books 13 Jan. Things To Write About Yourself In An. 2005: 30-33.

Onstad, Katrina. “A Life of Pain and Paint.” Rev. of Frida , dir. Julie Taymor. National. Post [Toronto] 1 Nov. 2002: PM1+. Redekop, Magdalene. “The Importance of Being Mennonite.” Rev. of school study login A Complicated.

Kindness, by Miriam Toews. Literary Review of to write about yourself Canada Oct. 2004: 19-20. Simic, Charles. “The Image Hunter.” Rev. of Joseph Cornell: Master of Dreams , by. Diane Waldman. New York Review 24 Oct.

2002: 14+. 18. CD-ROM, DVD: See also 35. Tape Recording: Cassette, Movie/Film on VHS or DVD (Digital Videodisc), Videocassette, Filmstrip. A Place in the Sun . Dir. George Stevens. Coursework. 1951. DVD. Paramount, 2001 . Encarta 2004 Reference Library . CD-ROM.

Microsoft, 2003 . Encarta 2004 Reference Library Win32 . Educ. ed. DVD. Microsoft, 2003. LeBlanc, Susan, and Cameron MacKeen. “Racism and the Landfill.” Chronicle-Herald. 7 Mar. 1992: B1.

CD-ROM. SIRS 1993 Ethnic Groups. Vol. 4. Art. 42. Links 2003: Championship Courses . CD-ROM. Microsoft Game Studios, 2002. YellowPages.city: Toronto-Central West Edition , 1998. CD-ROM. Montreal: 19.

Computer service – e.g. BRS, DIALOG, MEAD, etc.: Landler, Mark. “Can U.S. Companies Even Get a Bonjour?” New York Times , Late Ed. – Final Ed., 1. To Write In An Essay. 2 Oct. 1995. DIALOG File 472, item 03072065.

When citing a definition from a dictionary, add the abbreviation Def. after the word. If the word has several different definitions, state the number and/or letter as indicated in the dictionary. “Mug.” Def. 2. The New Lexicon Webster’s Encyclopedic Dictionary of eleven the. English Language . Things To Write Yourself. Canadian ed. 1988. Short forms may be used, e.g. dir. (directed by), narr. (narrated by), perf. (performers), prod. (produced by), writ. Harvard Business School Study. (written by). A minimal entry should include title, director, distributor, and year of release.

May add other information as deemed pertinent between the title and things to write about yourself in an the distributor. Pe Coursework Training. If citing a particular person involved in the film or movie, begin with name of that person. Charlie and things to write in an essay the Chocolate Factory . Rights. Dir. Tim Burton. Things About Yourself In An. Based on book by Roald Dahl. Perf. Johnny Depp. Warner, 2005. Depp, Johnny, perf. Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . Dir. Tim Burton.

Based on book. by Roald Dahl. Warner, 2005. Burton, Tim, dir. Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . Based on book by Roald Dahl. Perf. Johnny Depp. Warner, 2005. Monster-in-Law . Dir.

Robert Luketic. Writ. Anya Kochoff. Prod. Paula Weinstein, Chris Bender, and J.C. Spink. Perf. Login. Jennifer Lopez and Jane Fonda. New Line, 2005. Nanny McPhee . Dir. Kirk Jones. Based on Nurse Matilda Books Writ.

Christianna. Brand. Prod. Lindsay Doran, Tim Bevan, and to write about in an Eric Fellner. Business Study. Perf. Yourself. Emma Thompson, Colin Firth, and Angela Lansbury. Essays Rights And Terrorism. Universal, 2005. One Hour Photo . Writ. and dir. Mark Romanek. About. Prod.

Christine Vachon, Pam Koffler, and Stan Wlodkowski. Perf. Robin Williams. Harvard School Study Login. Fox Searchlight, 2002. Titanic . Dir., writ., prod., ed. James Cameron. Prod. Jon Landau. Twentieth. Century Fox and Paramount, 1997.

The Tuxedo . Dir. Kevin Donovan. Prod. John H. Williams, and Adam Schroeder. Perf. Jackie Chan and Jennifer Love Hewitt. DreamWorks, 2002.

Cite government document in things to write about essay, the following order if no author is stated: 1) Government, 2) Agency, 3) Title of publication , underlined, 4) Place of ireland coursework publication, 5) Publisher, 6) Date. Canada. Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. Gathering Strength: Canada’s Aboriginal Action Plan . Yourself In An. Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and. Government Services Canada, 2000. United States. National Council on Disability. Carrying on the Good Fight – Summary Paper from by sandra cisneros essays Think Tank 2000 – Advancing the Civil and to write about in an Human. Rights of People with Disabilities from Diverse Cultures . Washington: Note: GPO = Government Printing Office in Washington, DC which publishes most of the censorship media U.S. federal government documents.

In citing a Congressional Record, abbreviate and underline the to write yourself in an essay term, skip all the coursework details and in an essay indicate only the date and page numbers. Example – for the following record: United States. Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 . PL 104-193. Congressional Record. Washington: GPO, July 31, 1996. Cong. Rec . 31 July 1996: 104-193.

For examples on how to cite more complicated government documents, please see Section 5.6.21 in MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th ed. 23. Internet citations, or citing electronic sources: Basic components of an Internet citation: 2) “Title of Article, Web page or site” in quotation marks. 3) Title of cover follow up Magazine, Journal, Newspaper, Newsletter, Book, Encyclopedia, or Project , underlined. 5) Indicate type of material, e.g. Things To Write About In An Essay. advertisement, cartoon, clipart, electronic card, interview, map, online posting, photograph, working paper, etc. Harvard Business School. if not obvious.

6) Date of article, of Web page or site creation, revision, posting, last update, or date last modified. 7) Group, association, name of forum, sponsor responsible for Web page or Web site. 8) Access date (the date you accessed the Web page or site). 9) Complete Uniform Resource Locator (URL) or network address in angle brackets. Note: An exception is made in referencing a personal e-mail message where an individual’s e-mail address is omitted for privacy reasons. Skip any information that you cannot find anywhere on the Web page or in to write in an essay, the Web site, and carry on, e.g. if your Internet reference has no author stated, leave out the pe coursework training author and begin your citation with the title.

Always put your access date just before the URL which is placed between angle brackets or “less than” and “greater than” signs at the end of the citation. Generally, a minimum of three items are required for an Internet citation: Title, Access Date, and to write yourself in an URL. If the URL is too long for media essay, a line, divide the address where it creates the things about in an least ambiguity and confusion, e.g. do not divide a domain name and end with a period such as geocities . Do not divide a term in the URL that is made up of combined words e.g. Censorship In Mass. SchoolHouseRock . To Write Yourself. Never add a hyphen at harvard school case study the end of the line to indicate syllabical word division unless the hyphen is actually found in the original URL. Copy capital letters exactly as they appear, do not change them to lower case letters as they may be case sensitive and be treated differently by some browsers. Remember that the purpose of indicating the URL is for readers to be able to access the Web page. Accuracy and clarity are essential. a. Internet citation for an advertisement: IBM. Advertisement. 23 Mar.

2003 http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/2000Olympics/ TheraTears. Advertisement. 2003. 8 May 2004 http://www.theratears.com/dryeye.htm. b. Internet citation for things about yourself essay, an article from an online database (e.g. Ireland. SIRS, eLibrary), study guide, magazine, journal, periodical, newsletter, newspaper, online library subscription database service, or an article in PDF with one or more authors stated:

Bezlova, Antoaneta. “China to Formalize One-Child Policy.” Asia Times Online . 24 May 2001. 10 Oct. 2005 http://www.atimes.com/china/CE24Ad02.html. Clifford, Erin. “Review of Neuropsychology.” SparkNotes . 10 Oct. 2005. Machado, Victoria, and George Kourakos. IT Offshore Outsourcing Practices in Canada . Ottawa: Public Policy Forum, 2004. 10 Oct. 2005 http://www.ppforum.com/ow/it_outsourcing.pdf. Marshall, Leon. “Mandela in Retirement: Peacemaker without Rest.” 9 Feb.

2001. National Geographic 10 Oct. 2005 http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/ Thomason, Larisa. Things To Write About. “HTML Tip: Why Valid Code Matters.” Webmaster Tips. Newsletter . Dec. 2003. NetMechanic. 10 Oct. 2005 http://www.netmechanic.com/ If using an online library subscription database service, add the name of the service, the name of the library or library system, plus the location of the library where the database is accessed, e.g.: Gearan, Anne. “Justice Dept: Gun Rights Protected.” Washington Post . 8 May 2002.

SIRS. Iona Catholic Secondary School, Mississauga, ON. 23 Apr. 2004. Note: 8 May 2002 = date of publication, 23 Apr. 2004 = date of access. Indicate page numbers after publication date if available, e.g. 8 May 2002: 12-14. Leave out page numbers if not indicated in in mass media, source. Pahl, Greg. About Yourself In An Essay. “Heat Your Home with Biodiesel”.

Mother Earth News . 12 Jan. 2003. eLibrary Canada. Cover Letter Follow. Twin Lakes Secondary School, Orillia, ON. 10 Apr. 2006.

Note: If citing the above source but information is obtained from accessing eLibrary at home, leave out the location of the to write about in an school. Pahl, Greg. Gcse Circuit Training. “Heat Your Home with Biodiesel”. Mother Earth News . 12 Jan. 2003. eLibrary Canada. Things About Yourself Essay. 10 Apr. 2006. http://www.proquestk12.com. c. Internet citation for an article from an online encyclopedia: Duiker, William J. “Ho Chi Minh.” Encarta Online Encyclopedia . 2005. Microsoft. Censorship In Mass Essay. 10 Oct.

2005. “Ho Chi Minh.” Encyclop?dia Britannica . Things To Write About Yourself In An. 2005. Encyclop?dia Britannica Premium Service. 9 Oct. 2005 http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9040629. “Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC).” Britannica Concise Encyclopedia . Essays. 2005. Encyclop?dia Britannica. 8 Oct. 2005 http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article?eu=402567.

d. To Write Yourself. Internet citation for an article from an online magazine, journal, periodical, newsletter, or newspaper with no author stated: “Childcare Industry ‘Should Welcome Men’.” BBC News Online: Education .7 June 2003. 10 Oct. 2005 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/education/2971310.stm. “Taiwan: A Dragon Economy and the Abacus.” BrookesNews.Com . 8 Dec. 2003.

10 Oct. 2005 http://www.brookesnews.com/030812taiwan.html. e. Internet citation for an article in a scholarly journal: Nielsen, Laura Beth. “Subtle, Pervasive, Harmful: Racist and Sexist Remarks in. Public as Hate Speech.” Journal of Social Issues 58.2 (2002), 265-280. 7 June 2003. f. Internet citation for a cartoon, chart, clipart, comics, interview, map, painting, photo, sculpture, sound clip, etc.: “Islamic State of on human Afghanistan: Political Map.” Map. Atlapedia Online . 1993-2003.

Latimer Clarke. 7 June 2003 http://www.atlapedia.com/online/maps/ Kersten, Rick, and to write about yourself in an essay Pete Kersten. “Congratulations!” Electronic card. Blue Mountain Arts . 2000. 7 June 2003 http://www.bluemountain.com/ Lee , Lawrence. Interview.

JournalismJobs.com . Feb. Media Essay. 2003. 10 Oct. 2005. Schulz, Charles. “Peanuts Collection – Snoopy Cuddling Woodstock.” Cartoon. Art.com . 25 Apr.

2004 http://www.art.com/asp/sp.asp?PD=10037710RFID=814547. “Woodhull, Victoria C.” American History 102 Photo Gallery. 1997. State. Historical Society of Wisconsin. 10 Oct. 2005 http://us.history.wisc.edu/ g. Internet citation for an e-mail (email) from an individual, a listserve, an organization, or citation for an article forwarded from an to write about essay online database by e-mail: Barr, Susan I. “The Creatine Quandry.” Bicycling Nov. 1998. EBSCOhost Mailer. E-mail to E. Interior.

11 May 2003. Kenrick, John. “Re: Link to Musicals101.com.” E-mail to I. Lee. Gcse Circuit Training. 10 May 2003. “NEW THIS WEEK for September 8, 2005.” E-mail to author. 8 Sept. 2005. PicoSearch. “Your PicoSearch Account is Reindexed.” E-mail to John Smith. h. Things To Write About Yourself In An Essay. Internet citation for an online government publication: Canada. Follow. Office of the Auditor General of things Canada and training the Treasury Board. Secretariat.

Modernizing Accountability Practices in the Public Sector . 6 Jan. 1998. 10 Oct. 2005 http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/rma/account/ United States. National Archives and Records Administration. The Bill of Rights . 29 Jan. 1998. 10 Oct. 2005 http://www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/ i. Internet citation for an online posting, forum, letter to the editor:

Kao, Ivy. “Keep Spreading the things about yourself Word.” Online posting. 4 June 2003. Reader Responses, Opinion Journal, Wall Street Journal Editorial Page . 10 Oct. Harvard Business Case Login. 2005. Seaside Harry . “My Friend Drove My Car with the Parking Brake On!” Online.

posting. 10 Oct. 2005. PriusOnline.com Forum Index – Prius – Technical . 10 Oct. 2005 http://www.priusonline.com/viewtopic.php?t=6298highlight=. j. Internet citation for an online project, an information database, a personal or professional Web site: The MAD Scientist Network . To Write. 1995-2001 or 30 Feb. Eleven Cisneros Essays. 1906. Washington U. School of Medicine.

10 Oct. Things To Write About In An. 2005. http://www.madsci.org. O’Connor, J.J., and pe coursework training E.F. Robertson. “John Wilkins.” Feb. 2002. U of essay St. Essays. Andrews, Scotland. 10 Oct. 2005 http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/

Officer, Lawrence H. “Exchange Rate between the United States Dollar and Forty. Other Countries, 1913 -1999.” Economic History Services, EH.Net, 2002. 13 Apr. 2006 http://www.eh.net/hmit/exchangerates/. Savill, R. Richard. “Jazz Age Biographies.” The Jazz Age Page . 23 Oct.

2000. 12 Apr. Things To Write About. 2006 http://www.btinternet.com/ Sullivan, Danny. “Search Engine Math.” 26 Oct. 2001. Search Engine Watch . 10 Apr. 2006 http://www.searchenginewatch.com/facts/math.html. Wurmser, Meyrav, and Yotam Feldner. “Is Israel Negotiating with the Hamas?” Inquiry and Analysis No. 16. 23 Mar.

1999. The Middle East Media and. Research Institute. 10 Oct. 2005 http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi? k. Internet citation for a software download: It is not essential to include the file size. Do so if preferred by censorship essay your instructor. RAMeSize . Vers. 1.04.

15K. 24 Sept. To Write Yourself Essay. 2000. Blue Dice Software. 12 Oct. 2004. l. Internet citation for a speech taken from a published work with an editor: Lincoln, Abraham. “The Gettysburg Address.” 19 Nov. Follow. 1863.

The Collected Works of. Abraham Lincoln . Ed. Roy P. Basler. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers UP, 1955. Abraham Lincoln Online. 10 Oct.

2005 http://showcase.netins.net/ m. Internet citation for a work translated and edited by another: Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo. Confessions Enchiridion . Trans. and ed. Albert C. Outler. 1955. Dallas, TX: Southern Methodist U. Digitized 1993. 10 Oct. 2005 http://www.ccel.org/a/augustine/confessions/ Blair, Tony.

Interview. Prime Minister’s Office. 31 May 2003. 13 Apr. 2006. Chirac, Jacques. Interview. Time 16 Feb. 2003. 10 Oct. 2005. Longin, Hellmut. Telephone interview. 3 May 2006. Neilsen, Jerry. About Yourself. E-mail interview. Media Essay. 28 Apr. Yourself In An Essay. 2006. Wyse, Randall. Personal interview. Censorship In Mass. 24 July 2005.

State name of speaker, title of lecture in quotes, conference, convention or sponsoring organization if known, location, date. Bradley, Vicki. “Marriage.” Agnes Arnold Hall, U of in an Houston. 15 Mar. 2003. Wilson-Smith, Anthony. “Hello, He Must Be Going.” Editorial.

Maclean’s 26 Aug. 2002: 4. Lange, Rick. “U.N. Study. Has Become Ineffective and Ought to Be Disbanded.” Letter. About Essay. Buffalo. News 23 Jan. 2005: I5. Woods, Brede M. Letter. On Human Rights. Newsweek 23 Sept. 2002: 16.

Kolbert, Elizabeth. “Six Billion Short: How Will the Mayor Make Ends Meet?” Letter. New Yorker 13 Jan. 2003: 33-37. Geens, Jennifer. Reply to letter of things to write about essay Bill Clark. Toronto Star 29 Sept. 2002: A1. A letter you received from John Smith: Smith, John.

Letter to the author. 15 June 2005. Twain, Mark. Censorship. “Banned in Concord.” Letter to Charles L. Webster. 18 Mar. 1885. Letter 850318 of Mark Twain . Ed. Jim Zwick. 2005. 10 Oct. 2005.

Treat citation as if it is a book with no author stated. Indicate if the citation is for a chart or a map. 2004 Andex Chart . Chart. Windsor, ON: Andex, 2004. Canada . Map. Ottawa: Canadian Geographic, 2003. “Dallas TX.” Map. 2005 Road Atlas: USA, Canada, Mexico . Greenville, SC: Michelin, 2005.

Components: 1) Name of composer. 2) Title of ballet, music or opera, underlined, 3) Form, number and key not underlined. Beethoven, Ludwig van. Fur Elise. Strauss, Richard. Traumerei , op. 9, no. 4. Components for a published score, similar to a book citation: 1) Name of composer.

2) Underline title of ballet, music, opera, as well as no. and op., important words capitalized, prepositions and conjunctions in lower case. 3) Date composition written. 4) Place of to write essay publication: 5) Publisher, 6) Date of essays on human publication. Chopin, Frederic. Mazurka Op. 7, No. 1 . New York: Fischer, 1918.

Ledbetter, Huddie, and John Lomax. Goodnight, Irene . To Write Yourself. 1936. New York: Spencer, 1950. Stier, Walter C. Sweet Bye and Bye . London: Paxton, 1953. Weber, Carl Maria von. Invitation to the Dance Op. 65 . 1819.

London: Harris, 1933. 29. Painting, photograph, sculpture, architecture, or other art form. Components for citing original artwork: 1) Name of artist. 2) Title of artwork, underlined. 3) Date artwork created. 4) Museum, gallery, or collection where artwork is housed; indicate name of ireland owner if private collection, 5) City where museum, gallery, or collection is things to write yourself in an, located.

Ashoona, Kiawak. Smiling Family . 1966. Coursework. McMichael Canadian Art Collection, Brancusi, Constantin. To Write In An. The Kiss . 1909. Tomb of T. Rachevskaia, Montparnasse. The Great Sphinx . [c. Circuit. 2500 BC]. Giza. Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique. Odalisque . 1814.

Louvre Museum, Paris. Raphael. Things Yourself. The School of Athens . 1510-11. Ireland Coursework. Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican Palace, Rude, Francois. To Write About Yourself In An Essay. La Marseillaise . 1833-36. Arc de Triomphe, Paris. Components for artwork cited from a book: 1) Name of eleven by sandra essays artist. Things In An Essay. 2) Underline title of artwork. 3) Date artwork created (if date is uncertain use [c.

1503] meaning [circa 1503] or around the year 1503). 4) Museum, art gallery, or collection where artwork is cover letter follow up, house, 5) City where museum, gallery, or collection is located. 6) Title of book used. Things About Essay. 7) Author or editor of book. 8) Place of publication: 9) Publisher, 10) Date of publication. Ireland. 11) Other relevant information, e.g. figure, page, plate, or slide number. Abell, Sam. Japan . 1984.

National Geographic Photographs: The Milestones . By Leah Bendavid-Val, et al. Washington, DC: National Geographic, 1999. Carr, Emily. A Haida Village . [c. Things In An. 1929]. McMichael Canadian Art Collection,

Kleinburg, ON. The McMichael Canadian Art Collection . Censorship Media Essay. By Jean Blodgett, et al. Toronto: McGraw, 1989. 134. Kasebier, Gertrude. The Magic Crystal . [c. 1904]. Things To Write About Yourself In An Essay. Royal Photographic Society, Bath.

A Basic History of on human and terrorism Art . About. By H.W. Janson and in mass Anthony F. Janson. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice, 1991. 412. Leonardo, da Vinci. Mona Lisa (La Gioconda) . [c. 1503-5]. Louvre Museum, Paris.

Favorite Old Master Paintings from the Louvre Museum . Things To Write Yourself In An. New York: Abbeville, 1979. 31. Michelangelo. David . 1501-04. Cover Letter Follow Up. Accademia di Belle Arti, Florence. The Great. Masters . By Giorgio Vasari. Trans.

Gaston Du C. de Vere. New York: Park Lane, 1986. 226. Sullivan, Louis. Things To Write In An. Wainright Building . 1890-91. St. Louis, MO. A Basic History of Art . By H.W. Janson and Anthony F. Janson. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice,

Tohaku, Deme. Censorship In Mass Media Essay. Ko-omote Female Mask . Edo period [1603-1867], Japan. Naprstek. Museum, Prague. Things About Yourself Essay. The World of Masks . By Erich Herold, et al. Trans. Dusan. Zbavitel. And Terrorism. London: Hamlyn, 1992. 207. Vanvitelli, Luigi, and Nicola Salvi.

Chapel of about in an St. John the Baptist . 1742-51. Sao Roque, Lisbon. By Rolf Toman, ed. Baroque: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting . Cologne: Konemann, 1998. 118. Components for a personal photograph: 1) Subject (not underlined or put in quotes). 2) Name of person who took the photograph. Case Study Login. 3) Date photograph taken.

War in Iraq: Operation Iraq Freedom on CNN. Personal photograph by author. Great Wall of China, Beijing, China. Personal photograph by Cassy Wyse. 28 July 2005.

Components: 1) Patent inventor(s) or owner(s). 2) Title of patent. To Write About In An. 3) Issuing country and patent number. 4) Date patent was issued. Arbter, Klaus, and Guo-Qing Wei. “Verfahren zur Nachfuhrung eines Stereo-Laparoskope. in der minimal invasiven Chirurgie.” German Patent 3943917. July 1996. “Conversion of Calcium Compounds into Solid and Gaseous Compounds.” US Patent 5078813. Kamen, Dean L., et al. “Transportation Vehicles and Methods.” US Patent 5971091. 31. Performance: (ballet, concert, musical, opera, play, theatrical performance)

Disney’s The Lion King . By Roger Allers and essays rights and terrorism Irene Mecchi. Dir. Julie Taymor. Music and lyrics by Elton John and Tim Rice. Princess of Wales Theatre, Toronto. 9 June 2002. The Hobbit . By J.R.R.

Tolkien. Dir. Kim Selody. To Write About Yourself In An. Perf. Herbie Barnes, Michael. Simpson, and Chris Heyerdahl. Living Arts Centre, Mississauga, ON. The Nutcracker . By Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Chor. and eleven essays Libretto by James. Kudelka.

Cond. Ormsby Wilkins and in an Uri Mayer. National Ballet of. Canada. Hummingbird Centre, Toronto. 30 Dec. 1999. Phantom of the Opera . By Andrew Lloyd Webber. Lyrics by Charles Hart. Dir.

Harold Prince. Based on novel by Gaston Leroux. Pantages Theatre, Toronto. 20 Sept. 1998. The Shanghai Acrobats . By Incredible! Acrobats of China. Living Arts Centre, Mississauga, ON. Cover Letter Follow Up. 4 Mar.

2005. Components: 1) Title of episode, underlined; or in quotes if appropriate. 2) Title of program, underlined. 3) Title of series. 4) Name of things to write yourself in an network. 5) Radio station or TV channel call letters, 6) City of local station or channel. Coursework. 6) Broadcast date. The CFRB Morning Show . By Ted Woloshyn.

CFRB Radio, Toronto. 12 Sept. 2003. Law and Order . Prod. Wolf Film, Universal Television. NBC Television Network. WHEC, Rochester, NY. 16 Oct. 2002. “New Threat from Osama?” By Jim Stewart.

CBS News . WBEN, Buffalo. “New York Museum Celebrates Life of to write in an essay Einstein.” By Martha Graybow. Essays On Human And Terrorism. Reuters, New York. WBFO, Buffalo. 13 Nov. 2002. “The Nightmare Drug.” By Bob McKeown, Linden MacIntyre, and Hana Gartner. The Fifth Estate . CBC, Toronto.

16 Oct. 2002. “U.S.: Tape Sounds Like Bin Laden.” AP, Washington, DC. On Your Side . WGRZ-TV, Buffalo. 13 Nov. 2002. 33. Recording – Music CD, LP, magnetic tape:

1) Name of author, composer, singer, or editor. 2) Title of song (in quotation marks). 3) Title of recording (underlined). 4) Publication medium (LP, CD, magnetic tape, etc.). 5) Edition, release, or version. 6) Place of publication: Publisher, Date of publication. If citing from Internet, see Item 23. Backstreet Boys. Larger than Life . Millennium. CD. To Write About Essay. Exclusive Management by.

The Firm, Los Angeles, CA. Mastered by Tom Coyne, Sterling Sound, NYC. Burch, Marilyn Reesor. Mosaic . CD. Writ., dir. and prod. Marilyn Reesor. Burch. Choirs dir. Don and Catherine Robertson. Barrie, ON: Power.

Plant Recording Studio, n.d. Burch, Marilyn Reesor. Mosaic . CD. Writ., dir. and prod. Marilyn Reesor. Burch. Choirs dir. Don and Catherine Robertson. Barrie, ON: Power. Plant Recording Studio, [c. Follow Up. 1997].

Note: “n.d.” means “no date” available. [c. 1997] means “circa 1997.” McDonald, Michael. No Lookin’ Back . LP. Prod. Michael McDonald and. Ted Templeman. Engineered and mixed by R. ThinkPad ACP Patch for ThinkPad 600, 770, and 770E . Diskette.

Vers. 1.0. Tape Recording: Cassette, DVD (Digital Videodisc), Filmstrip, Videocassette. Covey, Stephen R. Living the 7 Habits: Applications and Insights . Cassette. tape recording read by author.

New York: Simon, Audio Div., 1995. Ginger . Solid Ground. Cassette tape recording from album Far Out . Vancouver: Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban . Dir. Alfonso Cuar o n. Based on things novel. by J.K. Rowling.

Perf. Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint, and Emma Watson. DVD. Warner, 2004. Jane Austen’s Emma . Videocassette. Circuit. Meridian Broadcasting. New York: New Video Group, 1996. Kicking Screaming . Dir. Jesse Dylan.

Writ. Leo Benvenuti and Steve Rudnick. Perf. Will Ferrell and Robert Duvall. DVD. Universal, 2005. The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants . Things About In An. Dir. Ken Kwapis. Based on novel by. Ann Brashares.Perf.

Amber Tamblyn, America Ferrera, Blake Lively, and Alexis Bledel. DVD. Warner, Dungaree, 2005. Super Searching the eleven essays Web . Videocassette. Lancaster, PA: Classroom Connect, The Wizard of Oz . Dir. Victor Fleming. Things Yourself In An Essay. Based on book by ireland coursework Lyman Frank Baum.

Perf. Judy Garland, Frank Morgan, Ray Bolger, Bert Lahr, Jack Haley, Billie Burke, Margaret Hamilton, Charley Grapewin, and the Munchkins. MGM, 1939. VHS. Warner, 1999. State author, title of unpublished dissertation or thesis in quotes, label Diss. or MA thesis, name of university, and year. Elmendorf, James. “The Military and the Mall: Society and Culture in Long Beach, California.” BA. thesis.

Hampshire College, 1995. Jackson, Marjorie. “The Oboe: A Study of Its Development and Use.” Diss. Columbia U, 1962.

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Analysis of Gender Representations in the Movie Shrek. Clearly displaying its difference, Shrek was the first film to win an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature in 2001. Looking at all the three movies that have been produced so far, on can see that the characters of things Shrek, who is an ogre and his love Fiona, who is originally a beautiful princess but then becomes an ogre herself, as well as other characters of the movie, go against the expectations of society regarding gender and its representation on screen. Censorship Essay. We will write a custom essay sample. on things to write yourself in an essay Analysis of harvard case Gender Representations in things in an the Movie Shrek or any similar. topic specifically for you. In this essay, I would like to discuss some aspects of this alienation in describing gender dimensions, and by showing that this alienation is gcse, not necessarily negative, I also would like to display how I believe Shrek really had a deep impact on society, as well as it encouraged reflection on what it really means to be a certain gender in today’s world. Shrek is a movie about this ogre called Shrek who lives by to write about in an essay himself in school case study login a swamp and does everything that is basically not considered decent by society when it comes to proper behavior, including being dirty and to write about, picking his earwax to ireland use it as a candle for the dinner table. One day, his swamp becomes invaded by fairly tale characters that have nowhere to go, so Shrek decides to look for Lord Farquaad who can nullify his choice to exile the characters of things in an Shrek finds Fiona, the beautiful princess and rescues her and brings her back to Lord Farquaad. Of course, as fairytales go, Shrek rescues Fiona and falls in love with her but this love seems to be impossible until we find out that Fiona herself is an ogre who changes her appearance every night due to gcse pe coursework a curse.

On their way back to the palace, they both behave rather differently from what one could get used to in other fairytales as far as the rescuer and the princess goes, which difference then brings them together and they end up getting married in things to write about yourself essay forms of ogres. In the further parts of the movie, they continue to meet obstacles because of censorship in mass media essay their. Page 2 Analysis of Gender Representations in to write in an the Movie Shrek Essay. appearance, such as expectations of Fiona’s parents and the whole kingdom, as well as they go through difficult times fighting against the stereotyping of people and others around them. Cover Letter Follow. At the en, however, their ove and essay, devotion and their way of being who they are, no matter whether that is an ogre or a human, they become the viewer’s favorites, gaining respect both from them and the rest of their fairytale world for cover follow up, simply who they are, and for how they look or behave. In fact, the gender representations in to write about yourself Shrek are what make the audience and the rest of the characters fall in love with the main characters, such as Shrek, Fiona and Donkey. The text itself is gendered around the business, stereotypes of what is viewed acceptable in our world, as far as gender goes. Yourself Essay. What is does, however, it turns around those stereotypes and applies them in ways that allows one to eleven by sandra essays reflect on their meaning, realizing that sometimes what is normal in society, what is to write about yourself essay, masculine and feminine, might not always be true.

Looking at Shrek, he is represented as a huge, very unattractive ogre who has a very dirty look, and inappropriate way of behaving. Though this is gcse circuit, so, he has a great heart, and some very masculine characteristics, such as pride, and competition when it comes to trying to win back his swamp and Fiona at the end. About In An Essay. His non-verbal communication tells a lot about his character, mainly when it comes to his attire and his way of acting towards others. When he first meets Donkey, for instance, he takes more space, and has less physical contact with contact with him then he does with Fiona, which clearly displays that he as a man displays masculine gender characteristics. These, however, because of his attire and behavior, including his rescue of Fiona as an exact opposite of what one would call Prince Charming, go against some expectations of society of what masculinity should be like or should behave. Essay. Fiona, starting out as a beautiful princess and turning into an ogre herself, gives the about in an essay, same example of gender representation as Shrek. On Human Rights. One very interesting thing about her character in addition to her perfect behavior as a princess and things to write in an, expecting Prince Charming to rescue her, which represents her feminine character as typical, is her masculine characteristics that are much unexpected, such as burping and fighting like men when she gets attacked by Robin Hood and his men in the first movie. Also, the eleven cisneros essays, way in which she is scared that that Shrek would not like her as an ogre, is something that is to write yourself in an, unusual, however, shows some feminine aspects of circuit training society, such as being afraid for not being accepted or liked based on appearance. Things About. Her support towards Shrek in the second movie when she rather walks away and cry by gcse herself, also underlines her femininity, through the scene of her Feminine speech where she is trying to encourage the about yourself, good relationship between Shrek and her family, inviting everyone into conversation. Hence, her character displays the idea of a shift from masculine to feminine characteristics which clearly demonstrates that sometimes gender characteristics might shift according to personalities, and people should not really stereotype gender because it is relative to the individual.

As far as the characters of Shrek and Fiona, one can see this shift of masculine and feminine characteristics many times throughout the movie. Sometimes one can see Shrek being the emotional one, for login, instance when he does not know how to tell Fiona he loves her, that is more like a feminine characteristic. On the other hand, one can also see Fiona being more masculine –like when she becomes stubborn and says yes to things Lord Farqaad from pride. Based on ireland coursework this, their characters seem to be a criticism of society’s expectations towards masculine and things to write in an essay, feminine, showing that sometimes what is different might still be something positive, and worth loving. Furthermore, this criticism can very much be seen in the second movie where the producers actually twist the story by making Shrek take the potion that makes all of them human. Ireland. This transformation clearly displays that their human form is what society would expect them to yourself be, and when they are human they think they can be happy, however this happiness is not real. They do not feel themselves, thus they do not feel complete.

When they realize this, through their way of realizing, also the audience realizes that who we are goes beyond just appearance and perfection. This goes back to one’s perception of Standpoint theory and Queer Theory because it lets one see that where we are positioned can affect one’s view of the world, and it also allows one to see that there is diversity of ireland how we perceive ourselves. In fact, there are a lot of things possibilities out on human rights and terrorism, there, and appearance or a difference in behavior or orientation should not be something that makes us prejudice on such difference. No matter what people look like, or how they are perceived by society, important is that they are respected for being real and themselves, and this is how they will be able live happily every after. Furthermore, Donkey, as well as Dragon and their love are also something unusual in the movie, representing gender from a dissimilar perspective. Although Dragon is to write about yourself, very feminine in her way of longing for love and Donkey almost is symbol of gcse pe coursework circuit a man who is not ready for a serious relationship like many men today, their characters are based on a different type of feminine and masculine than those of Shrek and Fiona. Donkey is the type of guy that does not like to things be alone, and he follows Shrek everywhere, showing a kind of collaboration which is coursework, clearly a feminine characteristic in contrast to things about yourself Shrek’s masculine way of trying to solve things fast and effectively. Also his way of not wanting to be committed first, and trying to circuit rescue himself by complementing Dragon’s beauty, reflects typical masculine characteristics of a player. His way of talking frequently for longer times and less concrete, demonstrates Masculine speech characteristics of gender.

Dragon, on the other hand in addition to her feminine personality also holds some masculine values by providing immediate solutions like men while flying into the party to rescue, and also by to write yourself in an essay guarding the tower all by herself. Ireland Coursework. As one can see, all the characters in Shrek shift when it comes to their analysis of gender representations. Yourself. Some, more than others, but they all represent typical masculine and feminine gender expectations, as well as they go against censorship media essay, them in the same, through a sarcastic criticism achieved by drastic contrasts to society’s picture of the subject. Looking at the character of things to write essay Lord Farquaad, for instance, one can observe the way how he displays masculine characteristic of competition, by being dominating and direct and authoritative, but his personality and attire and way of acting is contrast to what a good leader should be or should look like. His character is cover up, probably the one that is mostly masculine in his verbal interactions, however when it comes to physical ideas about the things about yourself in an, strength and protectiveness of men, he is almost ridiculed by the creators of the movie in cover letter up order to about in an highlight again that what society believes as being the typical masculine leader, is not always the way they really are. Moreover, the harvard, personality of the Fairy Godmother, many feminine characteristics are underlined, including the Masculine Deficit Model, according to things to write about yourself in an which females are the relationship experts, and censorship in mass, men like Shrek have no idea what to do to things about yourself essay save their relationships. The fairy Godmother plays exactly this role through helping people by just “dropping a tear away”. She acts almost as a figure of feminine evil, who stereotypes women as being interested in gossip, and always trying to get into other people’s relationships, just as she is trying to end Shrek’s and coursework, Fiona’s marriage. She is represented as a nice looking, good, elderly woman, almost a nice grandmother figure, but then her acts bring her to other side, displaying her as the typical female that is about yourself essay, great interpreting non-verbals, pretends to show empathy and comfort and support for others.

The again, her character, just as the one of Lord Farquaad, shows that what we imagine people to be like based on in mass media gender, is not always the way they are. Things About Essay. The last character, I would like to touch on from the eleven cisneros essays, movie is Prince Charming whose name already tells many things about his character, and again is ridiculed and criticized in a way. He is handsome however, is not the Prince Charming that women would want for themselves, and clearly representing that even in today’s world the Prince Charming on a white horse is things to write about in an essay, just an idealistic vision of many women. I would say that his persona might be taken as a representation of the GLBT community through his gay-like speech and language, and through his obsession with his looks. Also, his character leads to the idea of the transgender representation of society by the funny relationship he has with the Ugly Stepsister, who is clearly a man in woman clothes. The movie through their characters explores and gives space to existence of other forms of gender, leading one back to the Queer Theory, according to which one can step out of the heterosexual bobble and business study, experience other views as well. The persona of the Ugly Stepsister is for instance a loveable being, and the audience can almost cross fingers for about in an, her that she can achieve her love with Prince Charming. In addition to them, I also felt that the character of the King who transforms into a frog creates the idea of transformation, thus implying the idea of transgender, and by allowing one see that although one may transform physically, that person still be the pe coursework, same inside and should be able to love and live the same as before.

It is very interesting that although I have seen all three movies many times, now that I look at them through a gendered lens for things about, analysis, I can realize things which I have not realized before. All the characters which I have examined, as well as the coursework, others, such as Pinocchio and Puss, they all somehow represent gender in many different ways, giving the audience a clear picture of both how society perceives gender and how sometimes it should be perceived instead. In fact, the character of Puss also, just as Shrek and Fiona, consists of both masculine and feminine characteristics. Starting from feminine emotions that he uses to things in an essay manipulate his enemy, and the idea of same-sex friendships in which he, Shrek and Donkey support each other and do things together. Eleven By Sandra Cisneros Essays. Similarly, to all their characters, also we in society shift our gender characteristics, and therefore, we should not prejudice or stereotype. In conclusion, I would say that Shrek is a movie that incorporates many gender representations, and it does a very great job to criticize those sarcastically, creating a funny feeling in the viewers, in the same time making them reflect on the meanings of masculinity and femininity, as well as on things in an concepts such as gay, lesbian, and transgender. These images matter because what is displayed in business case the media shapes the way in to write essay which people view those issues and concepts. The only things that I would have recommended to do differently, is the way in which the harvard school case study, Ugly Stepsister and Prince Charming were portrayed because I felt that by portraying them in a funny way, it might have created a funny feeling in people, which reflects the way people might view transgender people and gays in society. Prince Charming was also shown to to write yourself in an be a mommy’s boy, which is not necessarily true for gay people, creating a false perception of that segment of gcse pe coursework circuit society, and to write about essay, showing that the media is seen as gay keeper, deciding exactly what to let in and what to let out. Lastly, it is my opinion that the movie Shrek is cover follow up, a great one because it targets both adults and children in different ways, encouraging reflection on certain issues, such as gender dimensions and the way in which they are viewed by society.

It is a movie that definitely challenges the gender representations to which we have been used to, raising awareness of our false perception of gender, and the fact that we tend to stereotype and about yourself essay, categorize people based on behavior, appearance and language. I believe, therefore, that Shrek breaks the ice of certain gender stereotypes, and by doing this in a funny way, it also teaches us to be open-minded to learn about ourselves and gcse circuit training, others around us because although we might not want to recognize but there is a diversity among people in our world that needs to be respected in order to make the world a better place for everyone to live in. Bibliography: Julia T. Wood, Gendered Lives: Communication, Gender and yourself essay, Culture, 8th Edition, Wadsworth, 2008.

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Fair Trade - In or Against the Market ? “Before you’ve finished your breakfast this morning, you’ll have relied on half the world.” Martin Luther King. Fair Trade is the most important and fastest growing market-based mechanism to improve the lives of yourself in an producers in developing countries. It does so by offering small-scale producers in the global south fairer trade relations, including a guaranteed minimum price above world price and developmental support. Global Fair Trade sales have reached € 1.1 billion (US$1.4 billion), increasing at rates of around 50 percent per year and are projected to continue to grow. Fair Trade bananas have a market share of 56 percent in Switzerland and the U.S.

Fair Trade coffee market has been growing nearly 90 percent per year since Fair Trade coffee was launched in 1998 (Max Havelaar, 2006; TransFair USA, 2005). The success of eleven by sandra cisneros Fair Trade is reiterated time over time by a variety of personalities and institutions, ranging from advocates of Fair Trade in the North and producers in the South to to write in an essay such prominent promoters of trade liberalization as the rights G 8 and the European Commission. Things To Write Yourself In An Essay? 1 The general feeling of euphoria is harvard business login captured by one of the pioneers of the Fair Trade movement, Carol Wills, on a conference in the European Parliament in things yourself, June 2005: “Fair Trade works! It works for poor people; it works for consumers. It works as a business model; it works as sustainable development; it works to protect the environment; it works as an idea!” (Fair Trade Advocacy Newsletter, 2005). However, one could wonder what this is all about. After all, Fair Trade started as an alternative to free trade, explicitly focusing on solidarity and the well-being of producers and rejecting classical economic notions of competition, the self-regulation of the market and sometimes even employing anti-capitalist rhetoric. How should one asses that at the G8 summit 2005 in Gleneagles leaders of those economically dominant countries that are continually held responsible for global trade injustices (often by actors and organizations in the Fair Trade movement) formally acknowledged the circuit training growing success of global Fair Trade and to write about said in their final statement that they “welcome the growing market for Fair Trade goods and their positive effect in supporting livelihoods and increasing public awareness of the positive role of cisneros essays trade in development”? (Fair Trade Advocacy Newsletter, 2005: 4). To Write About In An Essay? Or, even more disturbing, how should one think about the fact that Nestlé, famously 2005’s “least responsible company” worldwide and as one of the four big roasters responsible for the coffee crisis that impoverishes millions of essays producers, prides itself of launching a Fair Trade brand in Britain (Nestlé, 2005)? The sentiments and reactions of many people working in the field are nicely summarized by John Hilary, policy director at War on Want: “The Fair Trade movement was set up to challenge the practices of companies like Nestlé. How can such a company deserve the things to write about essay Fair Trade mark?” (Vidal, 2005).

In this paper I will try to on human asses if Fair Trade really works for to write about in an all and even more importantly how it works for the different participants of Fair Trade, mainly consumers and producers and what the wider effects of Fair Trade are. As a framework of reference I will employ a tension between two visions of Fair Trade that underlie contemporary debates in the Fair Trade movement as well as in the growing literature about Fair Trade. At the one extreme a pragmatic position interprets Fair Trade as a developmental tool to rights increase the standard of living for disadvantaged producers in developing countries by making neoliberal free trade work the yourself essay way it is supposed to work. At the other extreme a more idealistic vision sees Fair Trade as a practical critique of the neoliberal free trade model that aims at case login transforming the capitalist market through alternative trading practices. Since these visions are at least in tension with each other, if not inherently contradictory, the to write essay question is: what is Fair Trade really?

Is Fair Trade a neoliberal solution to current market failures for small scale producers in the global south that works within and thus perpetuates the free trade and free market regime? Or is Fair Trade a practical tool of cover letter social change that challenges neoliberal trading practices and more generally aims at transforming free market and about yourself essay free trade? This paper will argue that these dichotomous visions are useful in terms of conceptualizing different possible trajectories but that they are both two one sided and extreme. Fair Trade is neither a purely neoliberal and ireland coursework free market solution to certain market failure nor a tool to entirely transform capitalist free market relations. About Yourself In An? Rather, I will argue with Polanyi, Fair Trade can be analyzed as a complex and multilayered process of social defence against business case login destructive effects of unrestricted market forces that tries to re-embed the economy. As such it is a site of contestation, conflict and negotiation between different actors that brings about multiple and about in an partly contradictory effects on different levels. I will first describe what Fair Trade is how it is defined, how it works, how big it is today and what problem it tries to address. I will then analyze the two vision of pe coursework circuit training Fair Trade in more detail to specify and contextualize the things to write yourself essay question this paper tries to harvard case study login answer. The central part of the paper tries then to assess the impact Fair Trade has, first on the level of yourself in an essay producers and producer communities and secondly the socio-cultural, political and pe coursework economic impact on the free trade market in general. And in the end I will propose a theoretical framework of things to write in an Fair Trade that tries to avoid the strict dichotomy of the two visions. 2. 1. Definition, Functioning and Scope of Fair Trade.

During its long history there have been many different definitions of ireland coursework Fair Trade, but in an attempt to come up with an understanding that can be widely accepted, an informal network of the most important Fair Trade organizations called FINE produced the following definition in 2001: 2 “Fair Trade is a trading partnership, based on dialogue, transparency and respect, that seeks greater equity in international trade. Things Essay? It contributes to sustainable development by cover letter offering better trading conditions to, and securing the things about yourself essay rights of, marginalized producers and workers - especially in the South. Fair Trade organisations (backed by consumers) are engaged actively in supporting producers, awareness raising and in campaigning for changes in gcse pe coursework circuit, the rules and practice of conventional international trade” (FINE, 2001). The goals of Fair Trade that are implicit in this definition have been laid out by Redfern and Snedker in a 2002 report of the International Labour Organization (ILO) as being: To improve the livelihoods and about yourself essay well-being of training producers by improving market access, strengthening producer organizations, paying a better price and providing continuity in the trading relationship.

To promote development opportunities for disadvantaged producers, especially women and indigenous people, and to protect children from things about yourself, exploitation in the production process. To raise awareness among consumers of the negative effects on producers of international trade so that they exercise their purchasing power positively. To set an example of essays and terrorism partnership in trade through dialogue, transparency and respect. To campaign for things to write about essay changes in the rules and practice of conventional international trade. To protect human rights by promoting social justice, sound environmental practices and economic security” (Redfern Snedker, 2002: 11). Historically Fair Trade evolved out of a range of faith-based and secular alternative trading organizations (ATOs) that can be traced back to relief efforts after World War II. Charities in censorship essay, Western Europe like Oxfam began importing handicrafts from producers in Eastern Europe and in the United States the Mennonites started to buy products from Puerto Rico in things yourself, what would become Ten Thousand Villages (Redfern Snedker, 2002; Low Davenport, 2005, Kocken, 2003). Ireland? The Fair Trade movement developed from these charities that understood themselves as radically opposed to the market over several stages into the mainstream.

Fair Trade has thereby changed in a variety of ways, the most import shift being that “Fair Trade has moved from being purely an activist-led advocacy and empowerment model towards being a market-led commercial success story” (Nichols Opal, 2005: 13). This shift was mirrored in the change of name and discourse from “alternative” to things about yourself essay “fair” trade (Low Davenport, 2005: 147). Especially after the establishment and international harmonization of labelling organizations in case login, the 1990s Fair Trade has experienced enormous growth rates and since the 2000s, Fair Trade is to write yourself in an essay entering a new stage of becoming a serious option for many mainstream retailers (Krier 2005, 5). The most important labelling organizations are organized under the umbrella of the eleven Fairtrade Labelling Organization International (FLO). FLO was formed in 1997 out of 14 national labelling organizations with the aim of collaborating on defining international Fair Trade standards, certifying and auditing Fair Trade producers organizations and traders and on providing support to producer organizations that need external help (FLO, 2005a: 23). Things In An Essay? Today 20 national labelling organizations joined FLO-International (FLO, 2006). These marks in the U.S. and Germany for example called TransFair and in by sandra essays, the Netherlands and to write about in an essay Switzerland called Max Havelaar guarantees independent third party auditing of Fair Trade products. However, due to the complex and expensive process of in mass getting the mark, not all Fair Trade products are sold under these labels Tradecraft for example, the largest Fair Trade company in things about yourself essay, the UK, offers most of its products without it (Nichols Opal, 2005: 11). 3. In operational terms Fair Trade is characterized by several key practices that are practiced by gcse training the labelling organizations as well as by things to write about yourself the alternative trading organizations that do not participate in certification (Nichols Opal, 2005: 6-7): agreed minimum prices, usually above or independent of harvard case login world market prices, that allow for a living wage for things to write about yourself producers; an emphasis on development and essays on human and terrorism technical support through the payment of a social premium; direct purchasing from producers to shorten the global supply chains and reduce the margins of middle men; transparent and things in an long-term partnerships; provision of eleven cisneros credit when requested and pre-financing of up to 60 per cent of the things to write about in an total purchase value; producers are democratically organized, often in a cooperative; sustainable and increasingly organic production is practiced; there are no labour abuses and unionization must me allowed. Since most products are certified through the national labelling organizations this paper will focus on the standards established by the FLO.

These standards, which must be met by producer groups, traders, processors, wholesalers and retailers, can be divided into three parts (FLO, 2006; Nicholls Opal, 2005: 131): First there are two sets of generic organizational producer standards, one for co-operatives of small-scale producers and family farmers and pe coursework another one for plantations. Independent small-scale farmers must be organized into democratically organized cooperatives that transparently account for and distribute the Fair Trade income, especially the social premium. Fair Trade plantations must have a democratically elected worker body or a union that is able to things decide on coursework, and distribute the Fair Trade social premium (FLO, 2006). About Yourself In An? Secondly there are several sustainable production requirements. These environmental standards vary by products but in general prohibit the use of pesticides and require protection of drinking water and endangered resources (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 131). And thirdly there are, as the core of Fair Trade, certain trade requirements that govern the cover letter up relations between producers and importers. Traders have to pay a price to producers that covers the costs of yourself in an essay sustainable production and living; they must pay an additional social premium that has to be invest in development; they must pay up to 60 percent in advance, when producers ask for it; and the trading contracts have to censorship in mass allow for long-term planning and sustainable production practices. And producers have to things about yourself in an meet the above requirements, have to accord with the labour standards of the International Labour Organization and have to meet certain quality requirements (FLO, 2006).

These trade standards vary by product and are determined by the labelling organizations and the quality standards can be extremely specific and rigid. 4 . The minimum price for washed arabica coffee for example is set by the FLO at US$1.21 per training, pound (455 gram) in Central America, Mexico, Africa and Asia (and at US$1.19 for South America and the Carribean). In addition to this minimum price producers get US$0.15 per pound for certified organic coffee and in an a social premium of US$0.05 per pound for all coffee. And if the market price is higher than the Fair Trade minimum price, the market price applies but the social premium is still paid on top of the market price (FLO, 2005b). Ireland? This means that while the coffee price in 2004 on the conventional market averaged at US$0.76 per pound, Fair Trade cooperatives were paid a guaranteed price of US$1.26 for conventional and US$ 1.41 for coffee that is also certified organic (TransFair USA, 2005). 5 For other products the standards are very specific and complex. Things About Yourself? For bananas for ireland example the minimum price varies depending on the country from US$5.50 in to write about in an, Colombia and Ecuador to US$7 in the Dominican Republic for a box (18.14 kg) of conventional bananas at the farm gate, with an additional premium of US$1 per box.

Organic bananas from Costa Rica, for example, are measured entirely different and priced at US$0.15 plus a 3 cent premium per case, kg (FLO, 2005c). With market prices in Ecuador currently under the about essay official minimum price of US$3 per box this translates into a substantial benefit for Fair Trade producers. 6. In order to provide a sense of the scope of essays on human rights and terrorism Fair Trade it is useful to look at things to write yourself some facts and figures that describe the ‘success story’ of censorship in mass Fair Trade: World wide sales of labelled Fair Trade products are estimated at €1.1 billion for 2005 (Max Havelaar, 2006: 28). At the to write in an end of 2005 there were 510 producer organizations from business school, more than 50 countries that represent over one million producers and together with their families over 5 million people are integrated into the Fair Trade system and things about in an essay profit from it (Max Havelaar, 2006: 28). This makes up a considerable amount of all small scale growers world wide. 7 Between 2003 and 2004 the sales of labelled Fair Trade products grew by 56 percent, exceeding the ireland coursework annual growth of 42 percent between 2002 and 2003 (FLO, 2006). The growth of Fair Trade sales since 1999 is illustrated in table 1. These growth rates are projected to continue (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 190). The market share of Fair Trade products, on average only amounting to below 3 percent is partly substantial. In Switzerland for example more 56 percent of bananas are Fair Trade and the market share of Fair Trade ground and roast coffee in the UK is 20 percent (Max Havelaar, 2006: 22; Krier, 2005: 30).

The market share of Fair Trade bananas has been estimated by the European Commission Director General for Agriculture to about yourself in an reach at follow least 10 percent in Europe. Table 1: Sales volume in comparison in yourself, million Euro (Source: Max Havelaar, 2006/FLO). (TransFair USA, 2006c). The largest national Fair Trade market is currently the U.S. market, amounting in essays on human rights and terrorism, 2004 to things to write yourself in an €215 million, followed by the U.K. with a market of €206 million and Switzerland with €135 million (FLO, 2005a: 4). Table 2 illustrates how small the amount of eleven cisneros essays Fair Trade products is that consumers buy on average in large economies like the U.S. and Germany compared to Switzerland, thus revealing the immense potential for yourself essay future growth. While consumers in Germany for example only spent €0.70 on average on Fair Trade products, in business school login, the U.K. About Yourself Essay? consumers spent €3.46 and in Switzerland an impressive €18.47 per year (Krier, 2005: 29). Table 2: Average consumption of Fair Trade products per capita in business case, different countries in Euro (Source: Max Havelaar, 2006 / FLO)

The most comprehensive study of the exact facts and figures about Fair Trade organizations is things yourself in an a 2005 study “Fair Trade in censorship in mass media, Europe” published by the four largest Fair Trade organizations(Krier, 2005). It shows that in Europe alone sales of to write yourself in an essay Fair Trade products amount to a minimum of on human €660 million in 2005, including €60 million of non-labelled products. Fair Trade sales increased in Europe by 154 percent in the last 5 years or on average 20 percent per to write yourself essay, year and these increases are mostly due to the participation of supermarket chains in Fair Trade. Business School Login? Fair Trade products are available at 79,000 points of to write about essay sale in Europe, including 55.000 supermarkets. In Europe more than 100,000 volunteers are involved in cover, the 2.800 world shops and the 200 Fair Trade importing organization (Krier, 2005).

In the U.S. the about yourself in an essay Fair Trade coffee market is growing at astounding rates, since 1998 increasing at an average rate of training nearly 90 percent per year. Fair Trade coffee is currently available in 35,000 retail outlets in the U.S. alone (TransFair USA, 2005; 2006d). There is considerable overlap between certified organic coffee and certified Fair Trade coffee. While in Europe only an to write yourself in an, estimated 25-45 percent of Fair Trade coffee is also organic, in the U.S. On Human And Terrorism? this share is 75-85 percent (Zehner, 2002). 8 There are 5000 to 7000 different Fair Trade products available, 250 of which are currently certifiable. Most of the uncertified products are handicrafts, but the bulk of all Fair Trade products sold worldwide are agricultural products, mostly coffee, bananas, other fruits, tea and cacao. According to Leatherhead Food International the most important Fair Trade products globally are in bananas (in terms of essay volume) and coffee (value) (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 191, see also FLO, 2005a). 2. 2. The Problem: The “Un”-Fairness of the pe coursework Neoliberal Free Trade Regime. It is important to understand the reasons why we need Fair Trade in the first place. Classical free trade theory, which originates from Adam Smith’s and David Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage, claims that countries specialize in about yourself essay, and export what they are relatively good at producing and they import what they cannot produce sufficiently. Ireland? Since for about in an example the climate in Germany does not allow for the production of coffee and since the infrastructure and the technological advancement for the manufacturing of cars is not developed in Bolivia, both countries benefit from opening their markets for mutual trade.

In theory, free trade is letter up a win-win situation in which everyone benefits. But social reality proves the opposite: international trade (among other things) has contributed immensely to the present situation of devastating poverty for the majority of about yourself in an humanity (McMichael, 2004). And instead of increasing the wealth of pe coursework training both trading parties, the things to write in an relations between producers and consumers in commodity markets like coffee or bananas can be described as a “perverse transfer of wealth, by some of the supermarkets, from farmers and farm workers of censorship developing countries to to write about yourself in an essay the consumers of developed countries” (Tallontire Vorley, 2005: 5). The aggressive liberalization of international trade through international institutions such as the on human World Bank and the International Monetary Fund has led to an enormous increase in the volume of trade global trade in 2000 was 22 times the level of to write in an 1950 (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 17) and world exports have almost doubled over the last decade (HDR, 2005: 114). But global inequality has grown simultaneously so drastically, that many question the basic assumption that trade benefits all. On Human Rights And Terrorism? The United Nations Human Development Report 2005, for example, introduces its section on international trade with a telling quote by Eduardo Galeano: “The division of things in an essay labour among nations is that some specialize in winning and pe coursework others in losing.” And to give a flavour of things in an essay what the outcome of neoliberal trade is according to this report the “world’s richest 500 individuals have a combined income greater than that of the eleven by sandra cisneros essays poorest 416 million. Beyond these extremes, the 2.5 billion people living on less than $2 a day 40% of the world’s population account for 5% of global income. Things In An? The richest 10%, almost all of whom live in high-income countries, account for 54%.” (HDR, 2005: 4)

There has also been much scholarly attention to a series of cisneros commodity crises of falling prices and to changes in about essay, the structure of the supply chains that further concentrate power and cover letter follow up benefits within a few supermarkets based in about, the Global North. Letter? The price index of commodities for example declined by 47 percent between 1982 and 2001, and things to write in an essay the present the real prices for key agricultural commodities are near a 30-year low (Vorley, 2003). And the globalization of sourcing, shifting the distribution of power along the global supply chain, gave increased leverage to a small group of oligopolistic supermarket chains, the “new gatekeepers” (HDR, 2005: 139). „These companies have tremendous power in their negotiations with producers and they use that power to push the costs and risks of business down the supply chain. Their business model, focused on training, maximising returns for shareholders and keeping costs competitively low for consumers, demands increasing flexibility through ‘just-in-time’ delivery, but tighter control over inputs and standards, and ever-lower prices“ (Brown, 2005: 3). The squeezing of prices (which are paid on average 45-60 days after delivery; Brown, 2005: 10) and the increased pressures of tightly governed product standards and stringent criteria for make it impossible for many small-scale producers to compete on the market (Reardon et al., 2003). Both the things about yourself commodity crisis of falling prices for agricultural products and the concentration of power by a few supermarket chains are general patterns in the agricultural industry that are exacerbated in the coffee sector (Lang, 2003). Media? According to a study of the International Coffee Organization (Osorio, 2004) the things about essay general price decreases in agricultural products were greatest in eleven by sandra cisneros essays, coffee. While exporters received US$10-12 billion per about yourself essay, year in the 1980s this has dropped to business school study login less then half in 2003 US$5.5 billion. This immense loss in income in developing countries is contrasted with the opposite development in high income countries retail sales in consuming countries increased from US$30 billion in the 1990 to around US$80 billion at present (Osorio, 2004: 2).

Low world prices have reduced costs and at the same time boosted profit margins for those five coffee roasters (Philip Morris, Nestlé, Sara Lee, Proctor Gamble and Tchibo) that in 1998 controlled 69% of the world market (the level of concentration seems to be even higher according to more recent studies; Gibbons, 2005). Exporting countries, meanwhile, have seen their share of final consumer expenditure fall from one-third to one-thirteenth (Ponte, 2002). Studies on the impact of falling commodity prices show that especially for to write about essay small-scale producers the effects are disastrous, directly translating into diminished opportunities for human development and increasing poverty (Gibbons, 2005). Small-scale producers of follow agricultural products in rural societies in many developing countries are confronted with the absence of several key conditions on which classical and neo-liberal trade theory is based (Nichols Opal, 2005: 132-54): Many small scale producers face a lack of yourself essay market access, in terms of transportation, language, education and market information, making it easy for middlemen or big corporations to exploit this uncompetitive situation of ‘monopsony’ (a market situation with only one buyer) and create a race to the bottom. Most producers are excluded from financial markets or insurances and especially the lack of access to credit and the inability to coursework switch to to write essay other sources of income in response to price changes make it extremely hard for small-scale producers to survive under the global free trade regime. Gcse Pe Coursework Training? These market situations reveal important power asymmetries in global commodity markets.

Fair Trade tries to address these difficulties by to write about essay trading directly with producers, promoting long-term trading relationships and by case paying a floor price and a social premium. About Yourself In An Essay? But what is Fair Trade, conceptually, and school login what are its effects? Before I will assess the impact and functioning of Fair Trade closer I will in the next section systematize the different theories about Fair Trade, particularly distinguishing two different visions. The variety of objectives and characteristics of Fair Trade and the theories about Fair Trade have in the literature been conceptualized in terms of two visions of about essay Fair Trade (Renard, 2003: 91; Moore, 2005: 74; Goodman Goodman, 2001). While the first and pragmatic position sees Fair Trade as a way to increase the standard of living for some of the rights and terrorism disadvantaged producers in things about yourself essay, the South through fairer trade relations, the second and more idealistic positions sees Fair Trade as a means or a tool to modify the letter follow up neoliberal economic model and to transform the entire economy into one in to write about yourself essay, which Fair Trade abandons free trade. 9 And, putting it in a similar dichotomy, whereas some argue that Fair Trade is compatible with the free market claims of contemporary dominant neoliberal discourse (Nichols Opal, 2005) others claim that Fair Trade promotes “social change” (Taylor, 2005), challenges “abstract capitalist market principles” (Raynolds, 2000: 306) and operates “in and against” the same global capitalist market that it wants to transform (Brown, 1993: 156). The main dividing line centres around the on human and terrorism question if Fair Trade is an attempt to bring neoclassical economic theory “closer to reality” (Nichols Opal 2005: 19), or if Fair Trade is a practical critique and departure from free trade theory and practice that opens up an alternative way of trading. Before I will criticize these two conceptions of things to write yourself in an essay Fair Trade as both being too extreme and missing the real impact of Fair Trade I will take a closer look at the specific claims these theories make. The moderate view of Fair Trade as perfect neoliberalism argues that the harvard business school case login aim of Fair Trade is to things yourself create trading conditions that are beneficial rather than exploitative to the most disadvantaged producers in the Global South.

Nicholls and Opal (2005) argue in gcse pe coursework training, their comprehensive account that Fair Trade as “market-driven ethical consumption” (so the subtitle), “by correcting market failures to make the trading system work for everyone [is], in fact, a neo-liberal solution to the problems with trade” (p. 13). Instead of construing Fair Trade, like many others, as opposed to things yourself in an essay free trade, they argue that Fair Trade “makes the free trade system work the way it is supposed to.” (p. 31). It does so by in mass media correcting those market imperfections that characterize agricultural markets for small-scale producers in developing countries.

And this “market-led commercial success story”, so the authors conclusion along the same lines, “works within a capitalist system, rather than abandoning the liberal trade model entirely” (p. 13). Interestingly Paul Rice, president of the U.S. labelling organization TransFair USA seems to about yourself essay share this view. In the 2004 annual report of TransFair he writes: “Fair Trade makes globalization and ‘free trade’ work for the poor” (TransFair USA, 2005). On the ireland coursework other hand, so the more idealistic and radical vision, Fair Trade challenges both theory and practice of neoliberal free trade. Things Essay? It does so by criticizing conventional competitive trade relations as “unfair”, as socially and ecologically destructive and by campaigning for broad change in the way trade between the case login powerful industrialized countries and the countries of the Third World works. Fair Trade thus recognizes the discrepancy in power between the developing and the developed world and it is a practical model of things to write about yourself in an essay pursuing international trade beyond competition and liberalization. This type of argument often refers to socio-cultural changes in harvard, terms of the consciousness of market participants.

Raynolds (2002a) for example analyses Fair Trade in to write in an essay, terms of new kinds of ‘consumer/producer links’ that shorten and humanize the supply chain and introduce values such as fairness, equality and global responsibility into the market. And Tallontire (2000) sees this cooperation as a new ‘partnership’. And Raynolds (2000: 306) even argues that the importance of the Fair Trade movement (similar to the global movement for organic agriculture) lies primarily in its ability to challenges the “abstract capitalist market principles that devalue natural and human resources, particularly in countries of the harvard business case study login South”. Essay? The idea of this line of argument is essays that consumers as well as producers through participation in Fair Trade change their attitudes towards markets and trade in general and that this change of about yourself mentality has further implications for the free market in general. Follow Up? Some claims even go as far as Goodman and Goodman (2001: 99) who would prefer to in an have Fair Trade result in a “fundamental transformation of capitalist society and rights and terrorism its distinctive rationality.” It has been argued that this is an things to write yourself in an, “inherent contradiction of the [Fair Trade] model” (Renard, 2003: 91). This is certainly the case, if one constructs Fair Trade as constituting either one of these visions. But as will become clear from the following evaluation of how Fair Trade works in practice, these visions are both too extreme and one sided. The reality of Fair Trade lies somewhere in between: Fair Trade incorporates some elements of the free market and abandons others; with some of its multiple activities Fair Trade stabilizes free trade and with others it challenges free trade. The possible impact of essays on human rights and terrorism Fair Trade, as has been illustrated by the two visions about Fair Trade, lies in two different areas: First, Fair Trade is supposed to benefit producers and the producer communities. This is more or less straightforward and things about in an essay uncontroversial and the results of different case studies will be summarized and systematized in the following section.

The second type of impact Fair Trade allegedly has that it influences free market and free trade in general is more controversial. In order to analyse this claim I will divide it up in three areas. I will assess the socio-cultural impact of Fair Trade on producers, consumers and on actors not participating in the Fair Trade market, analyse the economic impact on the conventional market and see in how far Fair Trade politically challenges the rules of free trade. 4. 1. Impact on Fair Trade Producers. Measuring the impact of Fair Trade on the lives of producers is extremely important. Business School Case Study? Fair Trade claims to things about essay be an follow up, effective way of improving the living standard of producers in the global south, and consumers buy Fair Trade products in to write yourself in an essay, the belief that their purchase is having this developmental effect. In the end all the money that NGOs, government agencies and private donators give in support of Fair Trade and all the money that consumers of Fair Trade products spend on the higher prices of these products could be spent on other development projects that might be more effective. In recent years a variety of case studies and survey studies on the impact of Fair Trade have been published, both by academic research groups (at the University of Greenwich, UK and the Colorado State University, USA) and by NGO’s and ATO’s. These studies, most of which are qualitative non-systematic analysis, converge on several general points: Fair Trade has a positive impact on the lives of producers; Fair Trade benefits the producers in a variety of ways beyond increasing income; and the most pervasive problem is on human that Fair Trade products make up only a part of the things to write yourself in an essay sales of coursework producers. There are some limitations to these impact studies, the things to write about in an most important being that most studies do not compare the changes in incomes and essays rights and terrorism livelihoods of the Fair Trade producers to non-Fair Trade producers and communities (an exception is Bechetti Constatini, 2005) and that it is analytically hard to separate the unique contribution of Fair Trade from other influences, especially since Fair Trade projects are often supported in various ways by development agencies (Raynolds 2002b).

10 As has been convincingly argued by a survey study of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the benefits from developmental aid and from participating in Fair Trade are highly mutually supportive and interlinked (Dankers, 2003: 64). Complicating the evaluation further, some studies and especially surveys seem to overemphasize the things to write in an essay positive instances and to leave out some of the more problematic findings. 11. There are a variety of essays different impacts on producers. The direct impacts include an increase in income due to the Fair Trade minimum price and the social premium; access to about essay credit; improved education; psychological and organizational effects such as producer empowerment and its effect on eleven essays, civic participation (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 204). I will first analyze the benefits from the in an price premium and other directly financial benefits, I will then assess the non-monetary benefits and the organizational and political impacts of Fair Trade on producers and finally I will try to give a picture of how effective Fair Trade is in transferring money from consumers to producers. 4. Letter Follow Up? 1. 1. Benefits from the price premium. Fair Trade producers receive for their products a floor price, which is, depending on the fluctuations of the things to write in an world market prices, significantly higher then what conventional buyers pay and an additional social premium.

This price difference is sometimes substantial: due to cover up extremely low world prices, coffee producer organizations for example get at present around twice the money conventional producers are paid. On an aggregate level the direct benefits of this extra income for producers are impressive: This extra income calculated from the difference of Fair Trade floor prices and world prices for all the certified global retail sales (estimated at essay US$ 1 billion for 2004) and the social premium amounted in 2004 to US$100 million, so the 2004-2005 annual report of the FLO (FLO, 2005a: 4, 21). Coursework? And similarly, the extra benefits for to write about in an essay coffee farmers during 2003 amount to ireland coursework over US$22 million, if one calculates the difference between the world market price as defined for Arabica by the New York and for Robusta by the London stock exchange with the Fair Trade minimum price and about in an premium (FLO, 2006). Cover Follow? 12 All these benefits are distributed among the 531 producer organizations that are certified by the FLO, representing over to write yourself one million farmers and workers and, including their families, five million people are affected by the extra income earned through Fair Trade sales above world prices (FLO, 2006). Just looking at these aggregate numbers this means that in 2004 out of US$100 billion consumers spent on Fair Trade products an extra income of almost US$100 on average was transferred to harvard case login more than one million farmers. On the micro level the picture is, however, more complex. The benefits for individual producers range from doubling their income to just securing their employment without immediate direct benefits.

All studies and to write about in an surveys conclude that Fair Trade has a positive influence on the income of cooperatives and individual producers, significantly improving their standard of rights living (Riedel et al, 2005; Mayoux, 2001; Ronchi, 2002; Nicholls Opal, 2005; Taylor, 2002; Dankers, 2003). 13 Different studies demonstrate however highly differing results even in terms of the basic financial benefits. This reflects the different particular circumstances of producers and their environment as well as the uneven distribution of Fair Trade benefits among the producers organizations. Let’s look, at some examples: In a cooperative of 1500 small coffee producers in Chiapas, Mexico, the individual members received up to 200 percent of the conventional price for their coffee - and since coffee incomes made up some 80 percent of yourself family incomes, this made a huge difference (Perezgrovas and Cervantes, 2002: 16, 19). In a coffee cooperative in Costa Rica the individual members earned 25-60 percent more than the media essay local middle men would have paid them and on average 39 percent more then farmers that did not sell on the Fair Trade market (Ronchi, 2002: 10). In a coffee cooperative in Bolivia the prices in 2000, compared with the conventional market, ranged from 106 percent to 123 percent for Fair Trade, and from 109 percent to yourself essay 195 percent for organic Fair Trade (Dankers, 2003: 59). Gcse Training? In one of the only economistic studies on a Fair Trade farm in Kenya Bechetti Constatini (2005) conclude that Fair Trade improved the social and economic well-being and to write about essay the nutritional life quality and that participation in Fair Trade resulted in a higher perceived income, which they attribute mainly to lower expectations among Fair Trade farmers who had access to complementary welfare services. Several studies emphasize the training importance the Fair Trade premium plays in improving the overall economic conditions of a cooperative, such as stabilizing loans, buying new infrastructure or improving the working conditions (Lyon, 2002; Mendez, 2002; Dankers, 2003). The wages at a Fair Trade banana plantation in Ghana, however, were only in an insignificantly higher than the wages of casual labour in the region (Dankers, 2003: 57, 59).

And in a cooperative in El Salvador the financial benefits of participating in Fair Trade were only enough for outstanding debt servicing, in both cases mainly because only a small percentage of products could be sold on gcse circuit training, the Fair Trade market (Mendez, 2002). Mutersbaugh (2002) evaluates Oaxacan coffee producers’ participation in alternative trading networks very critically, arguing that what producers find most relevant about these networks and dislike most are the expansive and technically demanding aspects of things in an organic certification. As Raynolds (2002b: 14) correctly analyses, Mutersbaugh does however not analytically distinguish between Fair Trade and organic labelling, and assumes incorrectly that costs for certification are paid for follow up by producers. Since most Fair Trade coffee is also certified as organic, it is worth noting that sometimes the prices paid for organic coffee on the conventional market are as high or higher as the Fair Trade premium for organic coffee (VanderHoff Boersma, 2002: 11). In addition to the direct monetary benefits from the Fair Trade price premium another important benefit is the provision of things to write yourself in an essay credit at reasonable rates and the pre-financing of up to essays on human rights and terrorism 60 percent of the price of the purchases, if the cooperative demands that. Yourself? The provision of credit and prepayment is immensely important and ireland is mentioned in most studies as very positive (Taylor, 2002: 21). A problem that has been reported however is to write essay that contrary to the rules of the different Fair Trade labelling organizations and ATOs the actual payment comes very late, creating immense financial pressures for producers (Lyon, 2002: 32). In a cooperative in El Salvador farmers complained that the payments were usually delayed by more than 3 months, as opposed to payments after 30 days on media essay, the conventional market (Mendez, 2002: 19).

The most pervasive problem and at the same time the major explanation for the difference in the direct benefits for individual producers and cooperatives is that many Fair Trade producer organizations are only able to to write about in an essay sell a small portion of on human rights their products on the Fair Trade market. The supply by far outstretches the demand. On a world-wide average Fair Trade producers are only able to things yourself in an essay sell around 42 percent of their product on censorship in mass essay, the Fair Trade market (Bechetti Constatini, 2005: 3), while Fair Trade coffee cooperatives are selling half of their crops at Fair Trade prices (Levi Linton, 2003). How this plays out at an individual level is things about yourself in an illustrated by a recent study of Nicaraguan coffee farmers (Bacon, 2005). This study shows that although the price paid for eleven Fair Trade coffee at the farm gate is more then two times higher then for things yourself conventional coffee (US$0.84/lb as opposed to US$0.39/lb to an agro export company or US$0.37/lb to a local middleman), the average price for all the coffee that Fair Trade farmers get is still very low, only slightly higher then conventional prices and sometimes lower then the monetary production costs (US$0.56/lb as opposed to the conventional average of US$0.40/lb, while the eleven by sandra cisneros essays monetary production costs average US$0.49 to 0.79/lb, see p. 505).

Other factors that play into the difference in income revealed by the case studies are different local price levels for conventionally grown products and the fact that depending on to write about yourself essay, the internal organization and the social context of the coursework different cooperatives differing proportions of the extra income are absorbed by administrative activities and communal projects. Some producer groups decide to return most of the extra income to their members, but many decide democratically to retain part of the extra income and things to write about in an use it communally for cover health, education, community projects, debt repayment, infrastructure, organic conversion and technical training (Nicholls Opal, 2005, table 9.2 on p. 206). In evaluating Fair Trade projects it is furthermore crucially important to take the larger social and geographical of a specific cooperative into account. Bacon’s study on Nicaraguan coffee farmers emphasizes correctly, that although the vulnerability of farmers in the Fair Trade cooperatives to loose their land titles due to low coffee prices is four times lower then for farmers selling for the conventional market, the more important finding is that a vast majority of surveyed farmers, both those selling to Fair Trade and to essay conventional markets, reported a decline in the standard of living during the harvard case study login last years (Bacon, 2005: 506). And Lewis (2005) points out in his study of the relation between Fair Trade and about migration that in the Mexican village he researched the coursework positive effect of Fair Trade organic coffee was outweighed by the negative impact of increased migration patterns. The higher price Fair Trade retailers pay to about yourself producer communities has a significant impact on the lives of thousands of small-scale producers. A closer look at different Fair Trade farms and cooperatives shows however that the impact is very different depending on a variety of factors. There has not been a systematic comparative account that describes the general patterns of these differences. But all studies point out that the biggest problem for producer communities is that they cannot sell all their products on the Fair Trade market.

The fact that most producer groups in different studies emphasize the need to increase the Fair Trade market furthermore reveals the importance participation in letter up, and benefits of Fair Trade has for small-scale producers (Murray et al, 2003: 5). Producers not only things in an directly benefits from the extra income or Fair Trade, but also from long-term relationships, improved organization and market information, all of censorship in mass media which may affect their non-Fair Trade relations (Nichols Opal, 2005: 202). In several studies psychological benefits like improved self esteem and pride in the higher level of control over the value chain are evaluated as very beneficial and important. Murray et al (2003: 8) for example reports from seven case studies with coffee farmers in Latin America that “in case after case, farmers reported that the increased attention to their farming including the visits of Fair Trade and organic inspectors, buyers and even visiting Northern consumers () promoted renewed pride in to write about in an, coffee farming.” (see also Mayoux, 2001; Ronchi, 2002: 17). Taylor (2002: 19) found that this increased self esteem “was often manifested in producers’ behavior relative to others in their community, such as increased participation in public assemblies.” In other studies these more subtle improvements were only acknowledged by a small minority (e.g. of only 14 % in a case study in El Salvador; Mendez, 2002: 21).

Other indirect benefits of participation in essays rights and terrorism, Fair Trade reported in case studies are increased spending on things to write about in an essay, education of children (Lyon, 2002: 9; Ronchi, 2002: 8; Murray et al, 2003: 9) and censorship essay the preservation of indigenous cultures (Murray et al, 2003: 4; Lyon, 2002: 32). It must however be noted that the evidence for the claim that high proportions of the extra income through Fair Trade is spent on education and that Fair Trade supports the survival of indigenous cultures is yourself essay more anecdotal than systematic and that other factors like low success rates in schools or powerful trends like urbanization and migration may neutralize these impacts (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 209). An important issue in coursework, Fair Trade is the apparent gender bias. A variety of studies has shown, that since the to write about income generated from Fair Trade crops is generally controlled by male household members, and since less woman are employed in Fair Trade cooperatives, there is no or little female empowerment or improvement of the livelihoods of woman through Fair Trade (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 208; Tallontire, 2000: 170; Redfern Snedker, 2002: 39). Sometimes more women are employed but men still get the income (Mayoux, 2001). Often specific woman empowerment programs are required by the certifiers but the implementation seems hard (Taylor, 2002: 4). And as Mayoux (2001) has pointed out, if females are employed in Fair Trade their workload often increases since they are not exempt from household work.

There are however also positive examples: In a producer organization in India in the increased participation of females in gcse pe coursework training, the production process had broader impacts like “increase in self-confidence, economic independence, better access to to write about yourself health, and essays on human participation in decision-making in the family, community, and local council” (Redfern Snedker, 2002: 39; see also Paul, 2005: 148). Many studies emphasize the importance of organizational development through Fair Trade (Ronchi, 2002; Mayoux, 2001; Murray et al, 2003; Nicholls Opal, 2005; Paul, 2005). A report by things about in an essay the FAO that is based on ireland coursework, seven case studies concludes for example: “In all the cases involving farmer cooperatives, it is clear that the things about in an essay fair-trade price premium is coursework only part, and often only to write about essay a small part, of the benefits derived from the fair-trade system. The success in self-organization seems to be far more important, resulting in better bargaining positions, better credit worthiness and economies of scale” (Dankers, 2003: 64). Fair Trade certification requires small farmers to coursework be organized in cooperatives and to write about yourself in an essay workers to establish democratically elected bodies to decide on cover up, the use of the social premium. It is important to things to write about yourself note the cover follow mutually supportive effects of Fair Trade and cooperatives. Cooperatives enhance producer power in local markets, increase income for both members and non-members by creating competition to to write about yourself essay private intermediaries and democratically empower its members to express their voices collectively. Milford (2004) has shown in gcse pe coursework circuit training, a study on cooperatives in Chiapas, Mexico, that cooperatives often failed if they were not involved in selling for the Fair Trade market.

If cooperatives are engaged in Fair Trade, they cannot only compete better in the conventional market but Fair Trade also works better in generating cooperative and organizational benefits then other financial and developmental support by NGOs or governments (Milford, 2004). Other studies raise doubts about the accountability and yourself efficiency of ireland cooperatives. Things In An? A study from a coffee cooperative in circuit, Nicaragua argues that the cooperative as a organizational structure “involves an expensive, top-heavy entrepreneurial hierarchy, including a large administrative staff and substantial representation costs for its leaders” (Mendoza Bastiaensen, 2003: 42). Several studies revealed a lack of “effective democracy” in large cooperatives and even the emergence of a new “management class” (Dankers, 2003: 64) and there have even been reports of corruption (Lyon, 2002: 35). Other organizational benefits that have been highlighted in several studies are access to market information and things to write yourself essay the increased credibility of producer organizations that participate in Fair Trade. All these aspects have helped many producer cooperatives their performance in the non-Fair Trade market, often enabling small farmer coffee organizations to establish direct links with foreign companies, sometimes under conditions similar to Fair Trade (Taylor, 2002: 10, 21). The organizational strength of letter follow Fair Trade cooperatives has helped several producer organizations to in an take innovational routes of opening up new market possibilities. La Selva, a coffee cooperative in Chiapas, Mexico, for example started to sell their coffee in a Mexican chain of on human cafeterias, the first of which opened in San Cristóbal de Las Casas in 1994 (Cabanas, 2002: 30). In an things to write about yourself in an, interesting article titled Bringing the moral charge home Jaffe et al. (2004) have investigated several Fair Trade initiatives within the South. Realizing that conventional Fair Trade is only able to benefit a small fraction of cooperatives, civil society organizations and producer groups in Mexico launched their own label called Commercio Justo México in in mass media, 1999 (Jaffe et al, 2004: 184). In 2001 the first coffee was sold under this Mexican domestic label, thus addressing the problems of small producers that sell to essay the domestic market and changing a situation in which the best coffee products had to be imported (Comercio Justo, 2006).

14 A similar initiative is the network ANEC (National Association of Peasant Marketing Enterprises) that started to sell domestically labelled Tortillas to counter recent trends of deteriorating quality of corn which were caused by cisneros essays cheap U.S. imports after NAFTA (Jaffe et al, 2004: 186). To Write About In An? These initiatives seem very promising and, as Jaffe et al (2004) argue, together with similar attempts in pe coursework, the North they could broaden our understanding of Fair Trade in positive ways. Another interesting aspect of Fair Trade one that is extremely hard to measure and that only few studies take into things yourself, account are the possible spill-over effects to non-Fair Trade producers and the entire community stemming from the by sandra essays organizational power of Fair Trade cooperatives. There are obvious benefits to the families of producers through the extra income and on things about yourself in an, the producer communities through the impact of the developmental projects (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 213; Taylor, 2002: 24). In a coffee cooperative in Mexico the members became politicized through their participation in the assemblies. One member reports: “We know that even if La Selva decided to stop selling coffee, the organization would go on.

We know this because in the assemblies we discuss the sale of in mass media coffee and management of the farms, but also the people are concerned about more wide reaching problems about our relationship with the rest of the yourself in an essay world. For example: how the government projects are run, the problems in the Registro Civil (office for births, marriages, and ireland coursework deaths), land tenancy questions, and religious festivals.” (Cabañas, 2002: 30). And a Guatemalan cooperative helped the government in setting up a trash collection program and supported community events and the local school with supplies and furniture (Lyon, 2002: 30). In general Fair Trade seems to things yourself in an essay increase what Putnam (2000) called the social capital of communities by ireland coursework thickening organizational structures and strengthening civil society (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 215). Besides the financial benefits Fair Trade thus provides a variety of other benefits, all of which are important to the improvement of the lives of producers. Especially the in an essay organizational and cooperative benefits of Fair Trade, even if sometimes not perfectly effective, are crucial in increasing the market power of up producers, in providing new sources of income and in things yourself in an essay, strengthening the pe coursework political struggle of yourself essay farmers. The gender bias observed in several studies is an issue that must be addressed in the future. There is still a lack of consistent research on the impact and the effectiveness of Fair Trade (Paul, 2005). Especially the attempts to come up with quantifiable methods of calculating if the money spent on censorship in mass essay, Fair Trade products or donated to Fair Trade organizations is well spent, is things to write about in an only in its preliminary stages. Since all the impact studies conclude that the cover follow up most important benefits of Fair Trade are non-monetary, quantitative assessments can only capture one part of the entire impact that Fair Trade has on producers (Paul, 2005).

The non-monetary impact on the life of producers is hard to about quantify, but the cover follow up qualitative research summarized above should give some insight. Nicholls Opal (2005: 225) attempted to use a quantitative and highly sophisticated account to measure the social return on investment for a South African wine cooperative and found with this somewhat contingent and problematic method that “for every £1 spent on Fair Trade wine (at the import level), a value of £6.89 was returned to the community.” Since the higher price of Fair Trade products is divided up by to write yourself essay several margins (retailer, distributor, coffee roaster, importer, producer) it would seem far less efficient then giving the essays rights money directly to the producers. There has not been a systematic account yet. While some studies suggest that a reasonable percentage of the extra price for Fair Trade actually reaches producers, other reports seem to imply that sometimes Fair Trade is a pretty inefficient way to about transfer money to producers in the South. In a critical article in the Wall Street Journal Stecklow White (2004) have reported some examples that show how Northern retailers benefit far more then the producers from Fair Trade: At Sainsbury's, a British supermarket chain, the price of Fair Trade bananas (which was four times that of eleven by sandra cisneros essays conventional bananas) was US$2.74 per pound. The producers receive only yourself 16 cents per essays, pound, 55 cent go to all the to write yourself middlemen and importers and the rest to the supermarket, which earns approximately US$2 with every pound of organic Fair Trade bananas.

15 At a Cafe Borders in in mass media, New York City, producers paid nearly US$12 a pound for bags of Fair Trade coffee while farmers received only US$1.41. A comparative study of the about coffee supply chain of censorship in mass media essay Nestlé and yourself the Fair Trade supplier Cafédirect found that out of the 34 percent Fair Trade mark-up for ireland the consumer price only 4 percent ended up with the producers, mainly due to higher costs of advertisement and marketing licence (Mendoza Bastiaensen, 2003: 40). About Yourself In An? Zehner (2002) compared Fair Trade coffee and conventional coffee and found that 43 percent of the higher price of US$1.50 is passed on to producers while 39 percent went into the increased margin of Starbucks itself. And there are more similar examples (Stecklow White, 2004; Nicholls Opal, 2005: 51). This is however not the general rule. Censorship Media? Other retailers, by selling Fair Trade products at the same price as conventional products, have shown the things about yourself in an way to increase the market share of Fair Trade and to by sandra essays decrease exclusion on things to write about yourself essay, the side of consumers. At the cover letter follow supermarket chain Migros in Switzerland for to write yourself essay example Fair Trade bananas have almost the same price as non-Fair Trade bananas (which made it possible to gcse circuit increase the to write yourself essay market share of Fair Trade banana to 56 percent) and rights Wild Oats Natural Marketplace in the U.S. sells Fair Trade bananas and bulk coffee at the same price as their conventional counterparts (Stecklow White, 2004). To change this situation, in which consumers pay very high prices with the intention of helping producers, but end up mostly increasing the to write about yourself margin of the retailer, it would be interesting to investigate the possibility of establishing a further criterion for Fair Trade certification, ruling that the margins of retailers cannot be higher for coursework Fair Trade products than for conventional products. A related criterion could be to make all retailers of Fair Trade products disclose their margins, something many retailers refuse to things about yourself in an do (Stecklow White, 2004). 16 Another problem is the inefficiency of many Fair Trade supply chains.

In order to increase the market share of Fair Trade products and to benefit more producers this problem has to be addressed as well. (Mendoza Bastiaensen, 2003). Another important ratio is the return on investment in coursework, the labelling organizations. Things Yourself Essay? If one just takes into account all the money the essays on human rights and terrorism FLO and its member organizations spent in to write about yourself, 2002 and calculates the return on investment of this money by dividing it with the cisneros essays total benefits for things to write yourself farmers, the ration is 2.8 : 1, meaning that every dollar spent by cover letter follow up the labelling organizations increases farmer income by US$2.8 (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 216). And TransFair USA claims that since 1999 “each dollar of things to write yourself in an essay TransFair USA's budgets has been translated into more than $7 in supplemental income for farmers and farm workers.” 17 These measures, however, do only include one part of the extra money consumers spent on the higher prices for Fair Trade products. These examples show that due to very high margins in the North or to inefficient management of the trade partly only a small portion of the extra money consumers pay goes directly to the producers. This is particularly appalling because the high prices of harvard business school case login Fair Trade products prevent the demand from increasing. And, as we have seen, one of the main problems of Fair Trade producers was the insufficient demand and producers could immediately double their supply. 4. In An? 2. Impact on essays and terrorism, the Free Trade Market. Fair Trade does not only benefit the producers it sources its products from, but as an attempt to about create alternative or at least different trading practices it has a wider impact on the free market in pe coursework training, general. This means, Fair Trade influences not only the producers, but as well consumers, other actors on the market like competing companies and political decision makers. Most authors who write about the broader impact of Fair Trade emphasize socio-cultural changes and neglect the political and economic pressures Fair Trade exerts on the market.

But all are important and I will address them separately. 4. About Yourself Essay? 2. 1. Socio-Cultural Impact of Fair Trade. There has been no systematic research on how participation in letter follow up, Fair Trade brings about to write in an socio-cultural changes. I will in ireland coursework, this section lay out the general idea of what the socio-cultural impact of Fair Trade might be. In the next section I will then raise some general doubts and problems that might limit or neutralize the socio-cultural impact of Fair Trade. What is this socio-cultural impact, the “quiet revolution” 18 Fair Trade is supposed to bring about in the values and things yourself in an practices of its participants and even among those who don’t participate?

Fair Trade links consumers and producers together in ways that are fundamentally different from the conventional market, so a claim held by many activists and researchers (Raynolds, 2002a). Gcse Circuit Training? It ‘humanizes’ the trade process (so ETFA, the European Fair Trade Association, Raynolds, 2002a: 404) by shortening the consumer-producers chain and by introducing values like solidarity, cooperation and equality into the market. While in conventional markets the interests of producers and consumers are inherently contradictory and gains for the one are losses for the other Fair Trade re-personalizes trade by introduces real deliberative decisions and values into the otherwise automatic and anonymous price mechanism. The Fair Trade movement recognizes that economic activity is social activity. Fair Trade, just by functioning the way it does, “destabilizes neo-liberal knowledge claims” (Raynolds, 2002a: 398). Whereas the to write yourself in an essay quality of conventional products just consists of the physical features and essays rights the image attached to it by the brand (Klein, 2002), thus excluding the things to write conditions of gcse pe coursework training production from the value or the quality, Fair Trade includes these into the quality of the product. Producer and consumer links that make the things in an essay conditions and lives of producers visible to the consumers are created, maintained and “performed” through the discursive and cover narrative tactics of images and label texts about corporate policies, personalities and lives in the producer community (Goodman Goodman, 2001: 109). This competition for the “hearts and minds” of the to write yourself essay consumers through disclosing facts about the production process, which are absent from other, changes the on human rights geography of production: The power of who defines what is “quality” in about in an, a product is to some degree shared by producers and consumers as partners (Goodman Goodman, 2001: 112). Fair Trade furthermore uncovers that conventional markets are dominated by the most powerful actors that create the market and shape its rules in their own interests, thus contributing to ireland coursework counter the neoliberal view of the economy as a level playing field (Taylor, 2005: 139).

Fair Trade frames conventional products as ‘un-fair’ and yourself in an essay thus challenges consumers that do not buy Fair Trade products to think about the social and environmental costs that might not be included into the cheap price of the product. Fair Trade has thereby contributed to the impressive rise of ethical or “green” consumerism (Cowe Williams, 2000; Nicholls Opal, 2005: 186). Various studies reveal that a growing portion of gcse pe coursework circuit consumers sees itself as “ethical” or “green” consumers that are taking social and things to write yourself in an environmental values into account in their market behaviour and are partly willing to pay more. Different studies estimate the percentage of censorship in mass ethical consumers differently, but there is increasing evidence that 50 to 80 percent of things essay all consumers fall under this category and that the market for ethical goods and services is growing at rates of 20 percent per year and already amounts to U.S.$8 billion (Nicholls Opal, 2005; Cooperative Group, 2004). 19 From these surveys it is gcse circuit obvious that the market for ethical products is huge and growing and that many consumers care about the social and things to write essay ecological externalities of the production process. This is a clear signal that self interested utility maximisation is not the essays only driver of economic action certain values associated with the dislike of global inequalities are becoming additional determinants of individual choices. 20 It is important to notice however the “ethical gap” between the preferences consumers state in yourself in an essay, surveys and their actual behaviour on the market (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 187). Letter? Although most surveys reveal that around 30 percent of the population is particularly motivated to buy ethical products these products make up only fewer than 3 percent of their individual markets. This phenomenon has been termed the “30:3 syndrome” and it is about yourself one of the most important challenges Fair Trade faces for the future to close this gap (Cowe Williams, 2000: 5). Fair Trade also represents a model that provides orientation for cover up change (Roozen Boersma, 2002).

Fair Trade establishes, in contrast to the competitive trade relations, a partnership approach to trade that aims at incorporating ethics into trade by focusing on values such as equality of exchange, cooperation and fairness and by essay trying to increase the terms of trade in favour of the producer (Tallontire, 2000). 21 Fair Trade is however not only a practical model of in mass essay alternative trading practices but a variety of companies in the Fair Trade movement embody also a model for alternative business practices. Instead of being characterized by external shareholders and things to write yourself essay profits like conventional companies, many of the pe coursework alternative trading organizations involved in Fair Trade are cooperatively run, owned by the workers and some do not work for profit (Nichols Opal, 2005: 96). One example is The Day Chocolate Company that directly connects small-scale cocoa farmers into things yourself in an, global markets by making the farmers shareholders in the company (Doherty Tranchel, 2005). The social impact of Fair Trade is multilayered and complex. Fair Trade humanizes trade relations through consumer-producer links, it undermines conventional the legitimacy of conventional production and it epitomizes functioning alternatives. Fair Trade can be understood as a model for politicians as well as for private corporations. A model of alternative trading practices that restricts competition, includes social externalities into the price and is fairer in its outcomes; and an example of an alternative company model that does not only aim at increasing profits, but at serving both producers and consumers. The section on the political impact of Fair Trade will discuss deliberate attempts by Fair Trade actors to lobby for political change of the rules of international trade by invoking the Fair Trade system as a model of cooperation in trade that works.

And the section on economic impacts of Fair Trade will see in training, how far Fair Trade influences competing corporations to to write about in an essay improve their practices, both through market pressures by conscious consumers and by essays and terrorism representing a functioning alternative. Although and most researchers agree on this point participation in Fair Trade has important socio-cultural impacts on consumers along the lines laid out above, some concerns can be raised about to write essay these claims. Especially in how far producers really are part of the “consumer/producer links” in Fair Trade networks is questionable. Many studies reveal the ireland coursework limited sense of understanding and identification producers have towards Fair Trade for most it is things yourself essay just another market that demands higher quality and pays higher prices (Mendez, 2002; Perezgrovas and Cervantes, 2002; Lyon, 2002; Dankers, 2003). One researcher at a Guatemalan coffee cooperative observed: “The vast majority of interviewed members stared at me blankly when asked if they knew what Fair Trade was. Some came up with creative responses that exhibited a minimum level of comprehension such as ‘Fair Trade is the good price that they pay us for our coffee’” (Lyon, 2002: 24). 22 The understanding many producers have of Fair Trade is mostly based on by sandra cisneros essays, quality and price. Taylor (2002) reports in his summary of seven case studies that it was easier for producers to understand the impacts of organic production since it was more related to yourself their farming activity and they got a higher price for improved quality. And one producer claimed: “In Fair Trade there are higher quality products, and in the conventional market the produce is contaminated and at the same time sold at circuit lower prices.” (VanderHoff Boersma, 2002: 18). Other cooperatives have an understanding that is closer to the theories about consumer/producer links.

Isaías Martínez, a farmer in Mexico, for example says: “The most important contribution of the Fairtrade Labelling system is in my eyes that our ‘dignity as a human being’ is recovered. We are no longer a plaything of the anonymous economic power that keeps us down” (FLO, 2006). This gap in understanding Fair Trade is, according to several studies, a new development that is commonly attributed to the increased activity of big national labelling organizations and large retailers that see Fair Trade more as business than the alternative trading organizations. 23. On the to write yourself essay consumer side there is letter another set of worries. Especially the mainstreaming of Fair Trade has led to a diffusion of its message that changed from participation in to write yourself in an essay, an international project of trade reform to one in which consumers are “shopping for coursework a better world” (Low Davenport, 2005b). It is things about in an important to be conscious of who is getting what out of a Fair Trade deal: The consumer on the one hand receives, in cover up, addition to things to write yourself essay the product, the “good feel factor”.

A reason to perceive herself as an pe coursework circuit, “ethical” and “responsible” consumer is given by things in an the message on the Nestlé coffee: “Partners’ Blend: Coffee that helps farmers, their communities and the environment”. 24 The producer on cover follow, the other hand gets a couple of cents more than on the conventional market, but will never be able to consume in a similar way. In light of the asymmetry in wealth between consumers and producers one could ask if the standards in Fair Trade are an “adequate representation of to write about ‘equal exchange’ or ‘fairness’ in relation to the rich consuming North?” (Goodman Goodman, 2001: 115). Although this is a legitimate question it is not important in a practical or pragmatic sense since not buying regular coffee or not buying coffee at all are both detrimental to the producer. Follow? It is however important to not let the experience of consuming a cup of fairly traded coffee become an “absolution” (Howley, 2006) and a justification to source all the other products through conventional markets. There are some further general concerns that can be raised about the power relations in Fair Trade, in particular about the commodification of the lives of producers in to write in an, advertising for Fair Trade and exclusive standards and prices, but both are necessary mechanisms to make Fair Trade effective and ireland successful on the market. 25. 4. 2. 2. Economic Impact of Fair Trade.

Besides the socio-cultural impact of Fair Trade described above and its attempts to influence the politically established rules of the market explained in the following section the most recognized impact Fair Trade has on the market is economic. The argument has two parts. The first part is concerned with the amount to which international trade gets transformed just by the fact that more and more products are traded through Fair Trade organizations. And since that is limited somewhat, the other part analyses the indirect impact Fair Trade has on competing companies in forcing them to change their trading policies by raising awareness about the social and to write about in an essay environmental externalities of the production process. Fair Trade only rights and terrorism amounts to a small portion of all international trade, currently to far less than one percent. But Fair Trade has potential to grow especially since Fair Trade has shifted from about in an, being an alternative to increasingly penetrating the mainstream, and in some markets Fair Trade already accounts for large portions of all trade (Krier, 2005; Taylor, 2005). There is an harvard business study login, extremely controversial discussion about the recent development of Fair Trade into the mainstream which gives practical importance to the debate between the two visions of Fair Trade described above. The positive sides of selling Fair Trade products through mainstream channels and yourself in an commercial supermarkets such as Starbucks in censorship essay, the USA or Tesco in the UK are fairly uncontroversial: immense increases in things to write essay, the volume of Fair Trade products, which thus benefit more producers, an business case study, increase in the availability and things to write yourself in an range of products and opening up the message of Fair Trade to a much wider audience then through ‘alternative’ trade (Low Davenport, 2005a: 150). The downside of mainstreaming Fair Trade, on the other hand, is more controversial. There are several concerns about mainstreaming Fair Trade.

A general critique comes from conservative free market advocates. Philip Booth (2005) from the London based Institute of Economic Affairs argues that by censorship in mass media paying a minimum price Fair Trade is disturbing the automatic market mechanisms of Adam Smith’s invisible hand. While it might help the things to write about yourself producers that sell on the Fair Trade market it is detrimental to all other producers in that market. Guaranteeing a minimum price, so the argument continues, also creates oversupply. 26 While this critique overestimates the harvard business case power of Fair Trade to disturb the market and to create oversupply and although it suppresses the far more important market disturbances described above (market power of TNCs, monopsony, imperfect access to about yourself essay credit and information etc.), it raises the important issue of how Fair Trade influences non-Fair Trade producers. The argument against Fair Trade is however flawed. In order to avoid negative impacts on other producers and to decrease the by sandra cisneros dependency of Fair Trade producers the labelling organizations encourage producers to diversify their production and help them to things yourself in an essay access new markets. Furthermore, as I will discuss in gcse training, the next section, contrary to harming other producers, Fair Trade has contributed to a broader trend of social standards and certifications that might bring about things to write about yourself positive change for all producers.

Most of the criticism of the mainstreaming of Fair Trade comes however from supporters of the general idea of alternative trade. One worry is that big mainstream corporations that take part in Fair Trade undermine the essays on human rights and terrorism message of things to write about yourself in an Fair Trade. Whereas the Fair Trade movement started as a movement of alternative trading organizations that practiced trade not along cooperative lines and challenged conventional competitive and school study exploitative trading practices the mainstreaming of Fair Trade introduces new actors with different interests and practices into Fair Trade. Whereas ATOs are interested in increasing the benefits for the producers in the South, the motives of mainstream corporations like Starbucks or Tesco are by no means the principles of Fair Trade but to increase their profits (Ransom, 2005). Mainstream supermarket chains this is confirmed by most studies see Fair Trade as a “useful marketing tool which differentiates them in the market [and as] one of the tools in the CSR [Corporate Social Responsibility] armament rather than a basis for doing business” (Young, 2003: 10). To Write In An Essay? This difference in interest becomes manifest for example in the overpricing of Fair Trade products by many supermarket chains, that has been discussed above. By Sandra? 27. Another concern is that this “clean-washing” (Low Davenport, 2005b) or “fairwashing” (Nichols Opal, 2005: 138) helps mainstream corporations to things about in an essay justify and perpetuate their exploitative trading practices (Raynolds, 2002a). By selling a small percentage of their products under the ireland coursework Fair Trade certification, mainstream companies can use the strategy of to write yourself “parallel production” (Mutersbaugh, 2005b: 398) to improve their image as socially conscious without fundamentally changing their sourcing practices.

Some of the business school case study login smaller alternative trading organizations that sell 100 percent of their coffee Fair Trade dropped out of third party certification altogether as a response to these practices. Just Coffee, one of them, explains the strategy of fairwashing or parallel production: “the conventional roasters are lining up to access the Fair Trade label. Things About In An Essay? The problem is pe coursework training that they want to do this without changing their business practices (), still buying the about essay bulk of their coffee paying low market prices while they use the Fair Trade label on the miniscule amount of letter up ‘Fair Trade’ coffee they purchase. They want to things to write about essay capitalize on the symbol without committing to what it stands for.” (quoted in Nicholls Opal, 2005: 138). Some examples: Starbucks, which adopted Fair Trade coffee under severe consumer pressure in 2000, purchased in cover follow, 2005 only 3.7 percent (5.21 million kg) of its coffee under the Fair Trade label (Benjamin, 2006; Renard, 2003). And, as mentioned in the introduction, Nestlé is in an using the Fair Trade label to make up for being labelled 2005s “least responsible company” worldwide by selling some of their products with the Fair Trade label the actual amount is harvard business school study login not laid open but are estimated to be less than 1 percent (Nestlé, 2005). As Booth (2005) has noted, the biggest retail promoter of Fair Trade in Britain, the Coop, is at things about essay the same time the biggest recipient of subsidies from the EU common agricultural policy in the country. “There is no doubt whatsoever that the subsidies do more damage to gcse circuit the developing world than the sale of Fair Trade products does good” (Booth 2005: 8).

Bill Vorley (2003: 77) gives another interesting and telling example: The Asda Wal-Mart excused its shift away from sourcing most of its bananas from small farms in the Caribbean by things to write about in an essay pointing to harvard case study its Fair Trade bananas, highlighting the fact that it is still possible to buy Caribbean bananas. It did however suppress the things to write about yourself essay fact that the Fair Trade bananas only made up an extremely small percentage of all the bananas it sold. A related problem with mainstreaming Fair Trade is the asymmetry in power that is created by the fact that mainstream corporations only sell a small portion of their products under the label (Renard, 2005). Since this portion makes up a huge percentage of all the Fair Trade sales, the labelling organizations become dependent on these sales, while corporations like Starbucks could easily change their buying policies. In the U.S. for example, where Fair Trade coffee is by sandra essays growing at impressive rates of things about in an essay almost 90 percent per year, huge parts of these increases are due to eleven by sandra cisneros essays the participation of things mainstream actors like Peet's Coffee Tea, Starbucks, Dunkin’ Donuts, McDonalds and Tully's (TransFair USA, 2006a; 2006b). If Starbucks would decide to coursework trade its 3.7 percent of Fair Trade coffee under its own label C.A.F.E. (Coffee And Farmers Equity) a move that would not much affect Starbuck this would have devastating affects on Fair Trade in the U.S., decreasing world coffee sales by more than 10 percent and decreasing Fair Trade coffee sales in the U.S. by 21 percent (Starbucks, 2006; TransFair USA, 2006). Renard (2005: 30) mentions a similar dilemma: “Would TransFair USA be capable, at this point, of stripping Starbucks of its seal if in fact Starbucks practices were shown not to comply with Fair Trade norms or generally unethical, despite the importance of Starbucks Fair Trade sales in the US?” Another threat is the strategy of “standards dilution” (Mutersbaugh, 2005b: 398) employed by TNCs to about yourself alter the standards set by an NGO like the FLO, using their immense power and share of sales (Renard, 2005).

The growth of Fair Trade into the mainstream bears immense possibilities; but at the same time it creates some new dangers, mainly the undermining of the message of Fair Trade, the fairwashing of socially and environmentally destructive corporations and censorship in mass media increasing dependency of the labelling organizations on large retailers. To Write About Essay? The question is thus one of finding the right balance between these, or as one scholar has put it: “At what point do increased sales and economies of cover up scale cross the fuzzy line between more income and benefits for producers to dependency on mainstream markets and potential loss of the cutting edge in challenging unjust world trade relations?” 28. The other side of the economic impact Fair Trade has on the market is its indirect power to influence competing corporations to change their trading practices outside of Fair Trade. This power of Fair Trade is mainly its ability to indirectly influence and change the preferences of consumers by pointing attention on the producers and the conditions of production and by providing a viable alternative. The socio-cultural changes associated with this argument have been laid out above. Various studies reveal that a growing portion of consumers sees itself as “ethical” or “green” consumers that are taking social and environmental values into account in their market behaviour and are partly willing to pay more.

Fair Trade plays an important role in this increase of the segment of conscious consumers, especially by showing that alternatives are possible (Roozen Boersma, 2002b). Transnational corporations have often responded to consumer demands and pressure for better social and environmental production by arguing that it is impossible to control the entire supply chain. The new division of labour, involving the establishment of export processing zones (EPZs), global subcontracting and lean production are used by TNCs to justify exploitation and environmental destruction as inevitable and impossible to control (McMichael, 2004). Fair Trade shows in practice that social and ecological exploitation are not natural and that corporations can take responsibility, thus proving the standard apologetic reactions of corporations wrong. It is a well established fact that more and more corporations react to these market pressures and shifting consumer preferences by establishing CRS (corporate social responsibility) standards and by creating guidelines and standards for internal monitoring (Mutersbaugh, 2005a; 2005b; Renard, 2005). This has been described as a “paradox of globalization” (Barrientos, 2000: 556; Tallontire Vorley, 2005): On the one hand there are strong trends to deregulation and market liberalization in the context of the rise of neoliberalism and on the other hand there are more and more attempts to privately re-regulate the market; while transnational corporations abuse their increasing market power to further lower the price of production and externalize social and environmental costs these same corporations take part in the rise of different and mostly private measures that claim to improve social and environmental sustainability of production. I will not go into the developments of this general process of the increase of labels and just mention one example (see Muradian Pelupessy, 2005). About In An? Starbucks, which sells 3.7 percent (5.21 million kg) of its coffee with a Fair Trade label, has established its own self monitored first party label “C.A.F.E” (Coffee and Farmers Equity) practices that amounts to another 24.6 percent (34.84 million kg) of total sales.

This label is supposed to “ensure the sustainable production of high-quality coffee by addressing social, environmental and economic responsibility throughout the coffee supply chain” (Starbucks, 2006a: 20). Eleven By Sandra Cisneros Essays? Starbucks goal is, as illustrated in table 3, to double the amount of coffee traded under the C.A.F.E. practices to around 70 million kg in 2006 and further increase it to 102 million kg in 2007, which would mean that almost three fourths of all the coffee Starbucks buys is monitored under its own label (Starbucks, 2006a: 4; Benjamin, 2006). Table 3: Projected increase of Starbucks coffee bought under its own label C.A.F.E. practices (Source: Starbucks, 2006a: 19). In assessing these developments one first has to take into things about in an essay, account the extremely high price Starbucks pays to its producers. Starbucks has paid an average price of $2.84 per kg for all the in mass media 142 million kg of unroasted coffee it bought, both for labelled and unlabelled coffee. This average price is 23 percent higher than the average commodity market price, and even more than the minimum price of Fair Trade ($2.80 per essay, kg) (Starbucks, 2006a: 17; Benjamin, 2006).

This is an extremely promising and extremely effective development. The entire sales of Starbucks, sold at an average price higher than Fair Trade, amount to 2 percent of global coffee sales and are more than four times the cover letter up amount of Fair Trade coffee certified globally in 2003 (30 million kg) (TransFair USA, 2005: 2). It is however also important to take a close look at the supply chain, to dig into the reasons why Starbucks does not substantially increase its participation in Fair Trade and to see in how far these high prices are outweighed by the high costs of standard compliance to to write yourself essay the high quality requirements. The high price Starbucks pays for its coffee can partly be explained by the fact that Starbucks only buys gourmet coffee with extremely high intrinsic qualities. And the C.A.F.E label is ireland coursework only a “code of about conduct-lite” (Renard, 2005: 429), focusing first and foremost on the intrinsic quality and the taste of the coffee and adding ecological and social standards as secondary. Further important differences to the Fair Trade label are among others (Starbucks, 2006b): the cover up payment of higher premium prices increases with better performance instead of things about in an a guaranteeing a minimum price; the infrastructure of pe coursework circuit training certification remains internal to Starbucks, making it impossible for producers to influence the standards (Mutersbaugh, 2005a); there is no substantial third party monitoring; verifiers are not autonomous, making it a “fully private” as opposed to the “semi-public” space in Fair Trade certification (Mutersbaugh, 2005b); and things yourself there is less organizational and developmental support. Since the high price is cover only one of the benefits of participation in Fair Trade, and as shown in the case studies above not even the most important benefit, all the non-monetary benefits of Fair Trade do only partially apply to those producers selling to Starbucks through its C.A.F.E. scheme. Besides these trends to undermine the Fair Trade label there are reports of problems at the producer level that forced several cooperatives to break up their trading relations with Starbucks. 29.

There are some important dangers in this general trend towards voluntary certification that are important to fully assess the economic impact Fair Trade has on to write yourself in an, the market. These are mainly the way power relations in the production process change and a curious convergence between the follow rhetoric of Fair Trade and contemporary discourse in dominant institutions. While voluntary standards are often praised as the positive influence of consumer power on to write in an, corporations and the increasing social and cover up environmental accountability and awareness of those corporations, studies like the Human Development Report conclude that “the growth of private standards is acting as a barrier to market entry for smallholder farmers” (Brown, 2005: 5; Vorley, 2003: 70). It has been argued that this “just in space production” of certified products transforms rent relations, shifting the costs of standard compliance to the producers, increasing rents for retailers and giving the retailers more power and to write essay governance over the supply chain (Mutersbaugh, 2005a; 2005b; 2005c). Gcse Pe Coursework? 30 This line of argument, seeing certifications as a place of in an essay conflict and power rather than cooperation, criticizes the broad trend towards the establishment of semi-public spaces through NGO-third party certification.

Fair Trade, so the argument, by promoting the privatisation of standards, facilitates the in mass media already existing tendency of the demise of the state in market regulations. Fair Trade, without intending to do so, thus stabilizes neoliberal globalization and supports the further decline of state power to regulate markets and to about yourself in an essay restrict exploitation and environmental destruction. A similar argument can be made on the level of contemporary development that converges with the discourse of Fair Trade in an interesting way. 31 Faced with the controversial debate about the East Asian miracle in the early 1990s, the ireland coursework destructive Asian economic crisis in 1997 and the emergence of powerful NGOs and social movements, the dominant paradigm in the major development institutions like the World Bank and the IMF shifted in the late 1990s from neoliberalism towards a more “inclusive liberalism” (Porter Craig, 2004; Gore, 2000; Hart, 2001; Wade, 1997). Revisionist or inclusive neoliberalism, while using a slightly different, more inclusive and empowering discourse, shares with orthodox neoliberalism the preference of the market over the state, has enabled processes of immense social and environmental destruction and is in similar ways interpreted as yet another discourse of to write about yourself in an domination and control (Porter Craig, 2004; McMichael, 2004). And the rhetoric of the Fair Trade movement conforms to censorship media essay an astounding degree with this discourse of revisionist neoliberalism. To Write Yourself In An Essay? Central parts of both discourses converge albeit with different connotations on circuit training, notions like market ‘opportunity’, ‘empowerment’, social and economic ‘inclusion’, ‘social capital’, ‘civil society’ and ‘partnership’. What should one think about the to write about in an fact that these concepts are employed both by institutions from the centre right like the World Economic Forum and by the Fair Trade movement?

This convergence of eleven cisneros revisionist neoliberal discourse and Fair Trade discourse helps explain why this small movement of alternative trading organizations could move into things to write, the mainstream; why several studies interpret Fair Trade as part of neoliberalism or social capitalism; and why such prominent supporters of free trade as the European Commission and the G 8 summit are celebrating the success of Fair Trade. In both cases by using private certifications and by employing a certain discourse of market empowerment Fair Trade converges with contemporary reactionary tendencies. While this certainly carries the eleven dangers of supporting (as an unintended consequence) the privatisation of market regulations and the justification and naturalization of things yourself essay neoliberal discourse, there is also the coursework potential for things to write about yourself in an change. Private standards are not inherently opposed to state regulations and through its political efforts Fair Trade actively tries to lobby for change in eleven cisneros essays, the political market rules. And discourses are contradictory, unstable and contested and political and to write social pressures can, alongside with Fair Trade, transform a discourse of domination and oppression into a discourse of entitlements and rights, taking serious the ‘inclusive’ and ‘empowering’ part and turning it against the inhumane consequences of neoliberal hegemony. The discussion and analysis of the possibilities for censorship in mass media essay Fair Trade to economically influence the conventional market has revealed opportunities as well as dangers. There is first impressive potential for Fair Trade to grow into the mainstream and to directly change trading practices. But these possibilities depend on the participation of big mainstream corporations that only use Fair Trade to their advantage without sharing its message and things about in an taking the training responsibilities. This brings along the dangers of things in an undermining the message of Fair Trade and ireland of becoming dependent on these mainstream companies. Things To Write About In An Essay? Secondly by showing that ecologically and socially responsible trading practices are possible Fair Trade is part of a more general push by consumers that brought about the rise of private standards and certifications. Gcse Circuit? This development in things yourself essay, a similar way opens up new possibilities to introduce social and environmental standards on a broad basis into the mainstream economy but at gcse circuit the same time bears the danger of getting down-washed into intransparent and unenforceable standards-lite that are (mis)used by big mainstream corporations to control and exploit the supply chain in new ways.

Fair Trade certification and the general trend towards private standards are not intrinsically good or bad. Things About Yourself? Both are social institutions that are sites of conflict and power where contesting interests get negotiated and fought out between different actors. Future developments depend among many other social forces on the evolution of Fair Trade. 4. Eleven Cisneros? 2. Things To Write Yourself In An? 3. The Political Impact of Fair Trade. Contrary to dominant discourses and essays on human public opinions on about essay, trade issues, the current trade injustices are not “natural” or the outcome of in mass different levels of knowledge, technology and to write yourself in an education. These factors surely play their part, but the unjust system of international trade is politically established and harvard study login maintained by countries with very different levels of things yourself in an power. The rules that enable the free market and free trade to function are not “neutral” or “natural” but serve certain interests and not others. Without going into detail this can be illustrated by looking at by sandra the unjust tax system and the immense amounts of subsidies in the global north, which both make trade with agricultural products very difficult for developing countries. According the United Nations Human Development Report 2005 the average tariffs low-income countries, which are exporting to high-income countries, face are three to four times higher than the barriers applied in trade between high-income countries (HDR, 2005: 126). In An Essay? 32 Since primary products like cacao beans are taxed less then processed products like chocolate, this perverse tax structure also makes it impossible for many developing countries to do the high value-added processing and retailing parts of the production process in their country, ensuring that most profits in the value chain are added in the Global North. In the European Union, for example, tariffs rise from 0 to 9 percent on cocoa paste and to 30 percent on the final product, which explains why 90 percent of censorship cacao beans are produced in developing countries while only 44 percent of cocoa liquor and 29 percent of things to write yourself essay cocoa powder exports originate in those countries, making Germany the media worlds largest exporter of cacao products (HDR, 2005: 127).

The unbelievably high levels of agricultural subsidies, especially in Europe and the U.S. furthermore undercut any comparative advantage of things about in an developing countries and the UNDP calculates that the gcse real costs for developing countries of rich country agricultural subsidies is as high as all official aid flows in 2003 - US$72 billion a year (HDR, 2005: 130). The global legal framework for trade justifies exploitation and the externalization of things to write about yourself essay social and censorship in mass media essay environmental costs of production. This can be illustrated by the fact that the things to write about yourself in an WTO under the PPM clause (Production and Processing Methods) does not allow discriminating against products that are produced through social and ecological exploitation. On Human? 33 There is considerable discussion in the Fair Trade movement if the PPM clause, created for things yourself in an essay governments, does also apply to labelling organizations like the harvard business school case study login FLO, but it is yourself in an generally assumed that voluntary discrimination does not violate the WTO rules, even if they include non-physical characteristics such as the real social or environmental costs. 34. Whenever those institutions that currently determine how the markets function mainly the World Trade Organization and its sisters World Bank and International Monetary Fund there are powerful attempts by NGOs and social movements to harvard business study protest and lobby for market and trading rules that are fairer to the most disadvantaged producers. This Trade Justice Movement is to write about yourself in an essay “campaigning for trade justice - not free trade - with the censorship in mass media essay rules weighted to benefit poor people and the environment” (Trade Justice Movement, 2006).

Fair Trade is part of this push for fair market rules. Things To Write About In An? And it is the deliberate goal of Fair Trade, stated by the four major Fair Trade organizations as one of three strategic intents, to “play a wider role in the global arena to achieve greater equity in international trade” (FINE, 2001: 1). Harvard Business Study Login? Also the above mentioned widely recognized definition of Fair Trade states: “Fair Trade organisations (backed by consumers) are engaged actively in supporting producers, awareness raising and in campaigning for changes in the rules and practice of conventional international trade” (FINE, 2001). Just one example: At the WTO meeting in Hong Kong in 2005 FINE, the informal network of things about yourself in an Fair Trade organizations, organized a “Fair Trade Fair” that featured producers from Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Latin America which were displaying and selling their products, including coffee, chocolate, spices, crafts, textiles and censorship in mass many others. Things In An? At a symposium producers shared their stories the impact Fair Trade had on their communities and experts discussed the login development of Fair Trade and the implications of the WTO rules for its functioning. 35 Besides this eventful critique of to write about in an free trade FINE also lobbied the WTO with a position paper stating what the censorship media essay Fair Trade movement thinks “is wrong with the things in an essay WTO” (FINE 2005a). By Sandra? The style of this document is captured in its beginning statement: “We, members of the yourself essay international Fair Trade movement, know from experience that trade can reduce poverty and contribute to sustainable development. However, if not carried out in a fair and responsible manner, trade can exacerbate poverty and inequality.” FINE, acting as the advocate of small scale producers around the world, demands the end of subsidies and pe coursework training tariff escalation mechanisms, argues against deregulation and liberalization and promotes the expansion of things about in an Fair Trade principles of regulating and managing the global supply chain (FINE, 2005a). After the ireland meeting, another publication described the outcome of the WTO summit as serving “the interests of companies operating globally” instead of promoting an agenda that is in any way favourable to the developing countries (FINE, 2005b). The political impact of Fair Trade operates as well on the micro level. To Write? Besides contributing to a necessary change in consciousness that has been described above Fair Trade politicizes people and strengthens the ireland coursework Global Justice Movement through the thousands of world and solidarity shops that are important centres of this movement.

Although some activists might see this as the most crucial part of Fair Trade, arguing that the structural change promoted by the Global Justice and to write yourself Third World Movements is necessary for real improvement in the producers lives, the political side of Fair Trade should not be used as an excuse for the economic and social problems described above (Mendoza Bastiaensen, 2003: 41). Organizations working with Fair Trade are thus using the practical example of Fair Trade to lobby for a change in the international trading rules away from free trade and towards cooperative trade, essentially seeing Fair Trade as a practical prefiguration of a more desirable trade. 5. Conclusion: Fair Trade as a Re-embedding Countermovement. So what is Fair Trade: A neoliberal solution to current market failures that works within the free market regime or a practical tool of social change that aims at transforming the free market? The discussion of the impact of Fair Trade on eleven cisneros essays, the level of essay producers as well as on the level of the free market in harvard business school case study login, general has shown that there is no easy and clear-cut answer to this question. The social reality of Fair Trade entails both, free market mechanisms and about yourself non-markets restrictions and Fair Trade seems to both undermine free trade and to be used and interpreted as supporting neoliberalism. To better understand this rather puzzling result I will propose a theoretical framework to cover letter up understand Fair Trade that is things about yourself heavily influenced by Polanyi’s work. Eleven? In order to better understand the effects of Fair I will situate Fair Trade historically using Polanyi’s theory of the things to write essay double movement. And I will then use Polanyi’s concept of embeddedness to argue that Fair Trade is neither a free market solution nor a transformation of free trade.

In order to situate the emergence of Fair Trade in a broader context the work of Karl Polanyi (1944), especially his understanding of capitalism as progressing in form of a ‘double movement’ concerning the relations between the gcse circuit training market and society has been increasingly used and seems very instructive (Barham, 2002: 350-352; Murray Raynolds, 2000; Mutersbaugh, 2005a). Polanyi argued that the unleashing of about yourself markets for cover letter up the three ‘fictitious commodities’ land, labour and money causes intense social and environmental destruction and generates counter-tendencies that demand regulation, intervention and social protection from about yourself in an essay, these destructive market forces. This protective countermovement is, however, not an external intervention into a structurally determined process but these opposing forces are contained within capitalism (Hart, 2002: 304). Polanyi’s historical analysis of the double movement has its contemporary parallels (Silver Arrighi, 2003): 36 The neoliberal revolution of the 1980s on the one hand destroyed societal regulations protecting labour, money and land/nature by promoting free market economies as the only model, liberating financial transactions and privatising and destroying natural resources. The growing importance of civil society in the 1990s and the rise of transnational social movements that push for “counter-hegemonic globalization” (Evans, 2005) on censorship, the other hand represent efforts to re-embed the destructive market forces into societal norms and regulations. These actors promote political regulations for financial markets, fight against the commercialization and privatization of natural resources and counter the dismantling of labour regulations that restrict exploitation. 37 It is about essay important to note that these attempts to re-embed the coursework market have also been incorporated into things to write in an, conservative discourses and practices where they represent efforts to cover letter follow up contain dissent and to enable the neoliberal project to continue. They are employed by personalities in neoliberal institutions like the world bank and the IMF (Wade, 1997; 2001; Sachs, 1998; Stiglitz, 2000) and have shaped the paradigm shift from orthodox neoliberalism to ‘revisionist’ or ‘inclusive’ neoliberalism (Hart, 2001; Porter Craig, 2004).

And exactly here is where Fair Trade comes into the picture: Fair Trade, so I will argue, is part of the protective countermovement. Things? I will come back to harvard login this point, but first I want to employ Polanyi to argue that Fair Trade is things to write essay neither a neoliberal free market approach nor an attempt to transform free trade. Fair Trade is concerned with the unleashing of markets for the fictitious commodities labour, and, to a lesser degree, land/nature. Coursework? While markets might be useful and efficient mechanisms to things yourself essay produce and distribute products, if labour and nature are included into the market as free and essays unrestricted commodities the results are destructive. Things To Write About Essay? Free trade theory rests on the notion that free competition results in the lowest possible price, and that because the producers with the lowest price outcompetes other producers competition stimulates efficiencies and improved technologies. Free trade theory does, however, falsely assume that competition does only take place regarding technological innovation, productivity and marketing. Pe Coursework Circuit? 38 In reality, and especially in trading relations between large retailers and small-scale producers in the global south, business companies use the externalization of costs onto other parties as one of the main strategies of about essay competition. If Chiquita cannot outcompete another retailer in the banana market with improved technology or better marketing strategies it can do so by externalizing the social and environmental cost of production.

This means that the rights social cost of production is passed on to the producer and the environmental cost of production is passed on to future generations. This is possible if labour and nature are not socially embedded through political legislations like minimum wages and environmental restrictions or social forces like unions or NGOs. And Fair Trade is things yourself exactly this, an attempt to circuit training re-embed the market within society by internalizing both the real social and environmental cost of things to write about essay production into cover, the price. The real price of a product and about essay the price Fair Trade tries to pay thus consists of the real social cost of the work (human wages, dignified working conditions etc.) plus the real environmental cost of production. Roozen and VanderHoff Boersma (2002), two founders of the first labelling organization Max Havelaar, argue convincingly: “The costs of a socially responsible production are included in the price of the product in gcse circuit training, the Fair Trade market. Competitiveness does not depend on to write yourself in an, the level of exploitation that goes into the production of the product.” Fair Trade is censorship media essay thus not abandoning the market, but it also does not provide a free market solution.

Fair Trade rather re-embeds the market by internalizing the social and environmental cost of production into the price. Things About Yourself Essay? By paying a guaranteed minimum wage that reflects the real social and environmental costs of production it restricts market competition from coursework, exploiting labour and nature, but at the same time uses competition in the production process to function in the market. The essence of Fair Trade is according to Brown (1993: 158) “that the things to write about essay consumer should be told the truth, not only about what is in the product but also the truth about the producer, her or his conditions of life and work, what they get for essays on human and terrorism their work and what it does to things to write about in an essay the environment.” Far from pure competition or state-led planning, Fair Trade combines the power of producers and consumers to create links between them that both limit and on human rights engage competition and that consist of information: 39 “Connections between consumers and Fair Trade organizations [and producers] are rooted largely in flows of information. Fair Trade networks socially re-embed commodities, so that items arrive at the point of consumption replete with information regarding the social and things about yourself in an essay environmental conditions under which they were produced and traded” (Raynolds, 2002a: 415). Fair Trade challenges the idea that the eleven cisneros setting of prices on the market as an automatic and depersonalized process is the only instrument for valuing commodities (Raynolds, 2002a: p. 409). Instead of competition as the main driver of the market, Fair Trade introduces an interesting type of “contract economy” into the market, in which the things to write about essay price is negotiated between consumers, producers and salesmen and their contradictory interests are resolved in cooperation.

As one scholar has put it: “Fair Trade is primarily about reasserting human control over a mechanism that claims to be in the best interests of by sandra cisneros essays everyone but no longer even bothers to prove it” (Ransom, 2001: 9). The fact that Fair Trade does not challenge the existence of the market as such does not mean that it is things to write about essay not a radical vision, since, as the domestic Mexican Label Comercio Justo insists, Fair Trade is about transforming the very purpose of markets; by reorganizing markets in a way that can benefit the more disadvantaged members of society Fair Trade creates un mercado donde todos quepamos “a market where we all fit” (quoted in Jaffe et al, 2004: 192). Fair Trade, as an attempt to re-embed the market in the sense described here, is part of the protective countermovement. But back to the question do the broader effects of harvard business case Fair Trade stabilize or transform free trade? The dichotomous and somewhat mutually exclusive conceptualizations of Fair Trade in the two visions that underlie the question this paper tried to things to write about essay answer both turn out to be present and future tendencies and trajectories of the Fair Trade movement rather than descriptions of Fair Trade. As such the two visions both describe somewhat idealized versions of different simultaneous and contradictory effects of Fair Trade. A definite answer to this ‘either, or’ question is impossible since the impact study shows that Fair Trade as a multilayered social phenomenon works both in and against the market, partly stabilizing neoliberal free trade and pe coursework circuit training partly challenging it. Instead of the question what Fair Trade is in terms of things to write yourself its broader effects the impact study forces one to ask more specific questions about how Fair Trade works and what exactly its effects and essays rights outcomes are in the multiple arenas it works in. Rather than being either “in or against” the market Fair Trade can be analyzed as a complex and multilayered process of things to write about social defence against destructive effects of unrestricted market. But this process, since it is part of capitalist development, is a site of contestation, conflict and negotiation between different actors with different and partly opposing interests. Because the protective countermovement as a whole is on human and terrorism fundamentally threatening those power structures that rely on the exploitation of land, money and labour, these power structures, Polanyi’s “liberal creed”, engage in containing, controlling and weakening the to write about movement.

These opposing interests, as has been demonstrated in many examples in this study, bring about multiple and essays on human and terrorism partly contradictory effects on different levels. Anticapitalist activists support and about yourself propagate Fair Trade as a practical alternative to capitalist trading relations while revisionist neoliberals see Fair Trade as useful mechanism to privately regulate a small part of the market without fundamentally changing the political market rules. Both support Fair Trade for different reasons, they thus understand Fair Trade differently and eleven by sandra these contradictory understandings in turn shape and change what they try to explain, the Fair Trade movement. To Write About In An? Similarly, what small-scale coffee growers in essays rights and terrorism, Ecuador think about Fair Trade and what they want Fair Trade to do differs dramatically from the understandings and interests of large retailers like Nestlé. To Write Yourself? How these different, partly contradictory and partly mutually supportive interests play out depends on the power relations between the different stakeholders. Particularly since Fair Trade entered the mainstream market in the late 1990s and actors with opposing interests became stakeholders, Fair Trade is at a crossroads: On the one hand the mainstreaming of Fair Trade opens up immense possibilities to increase the impact of cisneros essays Fair Trade in transforming neoliberal trade relations, in benefiting more disadvantaged producers and in things yourself in an, further re-embedding the market. But on the other hand the mainstreaming of Fair Trade bears a variety of dangers, mainly due to the power of the mainstream companies to undermine the meaning and practice of Fair Trade and, instead of using Fair Trade to the advantage of producers, to misuse it for the interests of their shareholders.

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Vorley, Bill. 2003. Food, Inc. Corporate concentration from farm to consumer. London: UK Food Group. Wade, Robert. Yourself? 1997. “Greening the Bank: The Struggle over the Environment, 1997-1995”, in D. Kapur (ed.) The World Bank: It’s first Half Century.

Washington: Brookings Institution Press. Williamson, John. 1990. “What Washington Means by Policy Reform”, in cover follow up, John Williamson (ed.) Latin American Adjustment: How Much Has Happened? Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics. -. 1993. “Democracy and the ‘Washington Consensus” World Development 21 (8):1329-1336. -. 2000. “What Should the World Bank Think about the Washington Consensus?” in The World Bank Research Observer 15 (2): 25164. Young, Graham. 2003. To Write Yourself In An Essay? “Fair trade's influential past and the challenges of its future”, paper presented at ireland coursework Fair Trade, An Asset for Development, An international dialogue, Conference organised by the King Badouin Foundation, Brussels, 28-05-03, www.kbs-frb.be/files/db/en/PUB%5F1337%5FFair%5FTrade.pdf (April 2006).

Zehner, David. 2002. “An Economic Assessment of ‘Fair Trade’ in Coffee” Columbia Business School’s Chazen Web Journal of International Business, Fall 2002. 1 Peter Mandelson, EU commissioner for trade, said in 2005, after having emphasized the success of the Fair Trade movement: “Fair Trade has shown that those working in difficult conditions in commodity-dependent and poor developing countries can aspire to a better life for themselves and their families” Mandelson (2005). 2 FINE involves the Fairtrade Labeling Organizations International (FLO), the Network of European Shops (NEWS!), the International Federation for Alternative Trade (IFAT), and the European Fair Trade Association (EFTA). The aim of FINE is to enable these networks and their members to cooperate on strategic levels on crucial issues affecting the things to write yourself in an future of the Fair Trade movement, such as advocacy and campaigning, standards and monitoring. Up? See http://www.worldshops.org/fairtrade/netw.html (April 2006). 3 This paper will focus mostly on those products that are certified by the Fairtrade Labelling Organization International (FLO), since most data are only available for certified products and since certified products make up the huge bulk of all Fair Trade products sold worldwide. 4 All standards are publicly available under http://www.fairtrade.net/sites/standards/sp.html (Mai 2006).

Quality requirements for Fair Trade bananas for things to write in an essay example include among others: “Size of bananas. Minimum length 16 cm (baby bananas 14 cm), minimum thickness 27 mm. On Human? Tolerance: 10% of the bananas. Packing. slippage and “high pack” are not permitted. About Yourself In An Essay? There must be reasonable uniformity among the bananas in a carton. Tolerance: 5% of packing cartons. On Human? () Residue and to write about yourself in an essay foreign matter. No residue or foreign matter may be encountered in the cartons. Tolerance: 1% of the training cartons.” FLO (2005c: 10). 5 The coffee market price is fluctuating highly. The current prices are summarized by the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations): “Coffee prices reached 101.44 US cents per pound in March 2005, a 67 percent increase compared to the level of 60.80 US cents per pound the corresponding month last year.

In April 2005, the average daily price fell to things to write about in an 98.2 US cents per pound, following some profit taking by eleven investment funds”. See http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/008/J5667e/j5667e04.htm (Mai 2006). 6 According to the FAO “Industry sources report that farm-gate prices in Ecuador decreased below the official minimum price of US$3 per box, and in some cases, fell to things about yourself in an essay less than US$1 per box.” See http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/008/J5667e/j5667e04.htm (Mai 2006). 7 In 2001 the FLO had registered over 300 coffee grower associations that represent 500,000 small-scale growers. This amounts, according to one estimate, to 30 percent of the world’s small-scale coffee growers most of which however could only sell a small portion of their harvest on the Fair Trade market. (Murray et al, 2003: 6). 8 The scope of the organic world market is considerably larger than the Fair Trade market.

In 2003 organic sales amounted to US $ 31,3 billion while Fair Trade only on human rights reached one billion in 2005 (Nichols Opal, 2005: 182). 9 “Though blurred by the uniform term “Fair Trade” tension remains between two visions: one, a more radical conception that sees ‘‘fair’’ trade as a tool for about modifying the dominant economic model, and the other, more pragmatic, that emphasizes the ireland coursework insertion of products from the South under fair conditions in things yourself essay, the markets of the gcse North.” Renard, 2003: 91. 10 For a further discussion of these difficulties see Mayoux (2001) and to write in an Nicholls Opal (2005: 201). 11 A report of the Fair Trade coffee market in Latin America that is based on seven case studies concludes, for circuit training example, by exclusively citing the most positive study (Perezgrovas and Cervantes, 2002), concluding (and thereby implying this as the general finding) that the direct financial “revenues for Fair Trade coffee [are] twice the yourself street price for conventional coffee, even after deductions were made for business school study cooperative management and other expenses.” (Murray et al, 2003: 7). Other studies by the same research team (which are only cited at things to write essay other instances), however, sound less promising. Cover Letter Up? In a cooperative in El Salvador for example, the financial benefits were only enough for outstanding debt servicing (Mendez, 2002). 12 But to put this into perspective it is interesting to note that more or less the about yourself same amount (€ 18.3 million) is ireland spent annually only in to write about yourself in an, Europe by Fair Trade organizations for education and awareness-raising campaigns (Krier, 2005: 31). 13 And even the most studies point at ireland coursework several advantages of Fair Trade.

Robbert Maseland and Albert de Vaal (2002) at the University of to write yourself in an essay Nijmegen in Holland for example compared Fair Trade with free trade and gcse pe coursework circuit protectionism and concluded that it was “obvious” that Fair Trade is the only way to guarantee the fulfilment of minimum requirements such as stopping child labour or environmentally harmful effects. Things About? They however argued also that concerning the reduction of inequality it is not clear that Fair Trade is always fairer than other options. 14 “The low prices paid to small producers on the national market mean that the gcse circuit training best Mexican products are exported. Fair Trade makes it possible for small producers to also receive dignified prices in the national market and to not depend exclusively on export.” Comercio Justo México on its webpage in 2001, quoted in Nicholls Opal (2005). 15 “Sainsbury's, which says it sells more fair-trade bananas than any other British supermarket, sells the fruit in bagged bunches of six, not by weight. A bag of fair-trade Dominican Republic bananas, weighing about a pound, recently cost around $2.74 in London. That's more than four times the price of a pound of unbagged regular bananas, also from the to write yourself in an essay Dominican Republic.

According to FLO, Dominican Republic fair-trade banana growers receive about 16 cents a pound from middlemen. Sainsbury's won't disclose its banana margins, but industry executives estimate British supermarkets pay their suppliers about 71 cents a pound for fair-trade bananas from the Dominican Republic. If that's the case, Sainsbury's is earning almost $2 a pound.” 16 This claim totally goes against what Paul Rice, chief executive of ireland Transfair USA argues: “As a core philosophy, Fair Traders believe in as little market intervention as possible [and: regulating retail prices goes against the idea of] using the market as a vehicle for to write in an creating a win-win scenario for farmers and for industry.” The growth of fair-trade sales in the U.S. suggests “millions of U.S. Pe Coursework Circuit Training? consumers are willing to pay a bit more to feel that they are making a difference.” (Stecklow White, 2004) 17 “In the past six years, TransFair has leveraged limited resources to certify 74.2 million pounds of Fair Trade coffee. This has provided coffee farmers in things to write about yourself, some of the poorest communities in Latin America, Africa, and Asia with over $60 million more than they would have earned selling their harvests to local intermediaries. On Human? This means that each dollar of TransFair USA's budgets has been translated into to write about, more than $7 in supplemental income for circuit farmers and farm workers since 1999.” TransFair USA (2006). 18 Harriet Lamb, Fairtrade's executive director in the UK, in Jones (2004).

19 Nicholls Opal (2005: 181-190) have collected a variety of research and to write surveys. A survey of 30.000 consumers in Britain by the Cooperative Group and MORI in ireland, 2005 for things to write yourself essay example showed that 84 percent of consumers are willing to pay a little extra to help producers in developing countries and 6 out of 10 are willing to boycott for their ethics. Producers especially emphasized the importance of cover letter follow up complete product information on food labels, which was important to 96 percent of the to write about yourself in an sample (Cooperative Group, 2004). Another study argues: “The most in-depth research into ethical consumerism to date reveals that just over eleven by sandra cisneros half the population have bought a product and recommended a supplier, because of its responsible reputation, at things to write about yourself essay some time in the last year. A third of consumers are seriously concerned with ethical issues when shopping and a quarter have investigated a company’s social responsibility at least once. Roughly one in six shoppers say they frequently buy or boycott products because of the manufacturer’s reputations” (Cowe Williams, 2000). 20 In a recent survey the “ 2003 Corporate social responsibility monitor ” finds that the harvard amount of consumers looking at social responsibility in their choices jumped from 36 percent in yourself essay, 1999 to cover letter follow up 62 percent in things essay, 2001 in in mass media, Europe. 21 “The approach to about essay Fair Trade becoming dominant among ATOs can be termed `partnership’, where partnership is defined as a trading relationship between stakeholders that has both market-based and ethical elements and that aims to be sustainable in the long term.

For Fair Trade, the key stakeholders are the censorship media essay producers, the producer group, the things to write in an ATO, and the consumer; and the partnership between these stakeholders is based on a combination of pe coursework circuit market and ethical elements.” (Tallontire, 2000: 167). Partnership in an economic relationship like Fair Trade can be understood with Tallontire (2000: 172) as requiring the following necessary conditions: a shared understanding of the problem or issue and its context, shared objectives, mutual commitment to the partnership, a distinct or unique contribution, and mutual trust. Things To Write? Besides that some related structural condition can be identified that will determine the success of the relationship, such as a shared timeframe, equal participation, a balance of responsibilities, autonomy of the partners, accountability and transparency (Tallontire, 2000: 173-176). 22 This lack of understanding that is prevalent in most case studies applies even to eleven essays leading positions. An example given by Lyon (2002: 24): A member of the Junta Directiva in about yourself, this cooperative told a researcher that the FLO had visited their plantations and, asked whether the pe coursework circuit FLO had certified the cooperative, answered: “no she [the FLO person] is things yourself just here to see how everything is going with us.” 23 “Many Mexican interviewees concurred in calling for a renewed commitment to developing and maintaining direct ties between Northern consumers and in mass media Southern producers. These visits help producers better understand the nature of the Fair Trade market, and create positive impacts on producer self-esteem and coffee quality.” Taylor (2002: 10). 25 It has been argued that Fair Trade by including the livelihood, culture, indigeneity and difference of the producer communities into their advertising strategies “deepen rather than subvert the processes of commodification by objectifying and commoditising the very things they are trying to save“ (Goodman Goodman, 2001: 114). Another concern points at the contradiction between Fair Trade’s message of inclusion and cooperation and its exclusive elements. In An? Since it is a label that relies on quality standards and higher prices, Fair Trade is exclusive both on the producer side with its “dictates of quality” (Goodman and Goodman, 2001; Mutersbaugh, 2005c) and on harvard school case study, the consumer side with its higher and sometimes extraordinarily high prices (see Jaffe et al, 2004: 183). 26 “What happens if there is adjustment to world supply or demand and prices in one part of the market are fixed?

Prices in other parts of the to write about essay market must fall by more other growers suffer more. What happens to those employees of large producers when Fair Trade consumption shifts away from them towards small producers who frequently offer poorer working conditions than the multi-national corporations?” Booth (2005: 7). 27 A further example: In 2003 several supermarkets in harvard business school login, Britain were accused of things yourself in an essay charging too much for Fair Trade products Tesco among them overcharging one US dollar per ireland, kilogram bananas, more then double the premium for things to write about essay producers. The Sunday Times, 29 June 2003, quoted in Ransom (2005). 28 Thomson (2003), quoted by Low Davenport (2005a: 151); see similar comments in Tiffen (2000) 29 Renard (2005: 430) reports: “Furthermore, Starbucks obligates producers to sell their coffee through Starbucks-affiliated importers which, in this case, turns out to be the largest Mexican coffee marketing corporation, AMSA (of the Omnicafe-Atlantic Coffee group), which engages in decidedly non-equitable commercial practices.

A few cooperatives have broken off from harvard case login, Starbucks, denouncing the AMSA practice of misusing the registry of certified-organic producers for AMSA’s benefit.” 30 While this is an important critique for international trade with organic products and might apply to first party certifications of things yourself essay some TNCs like Starbucks it does not apply to Fair Trade. Contrary to Mutersbaugh (2005a) the cost for compliance with the standards are in the Fair Trade system paid for by the rights and terrorism consumers, not by the producers (Raynolds, 2002b). 31 The contemporary discourse and practice regarding development in to write about, the dominant institutions and in academia has been characterized by several observers as constituting an important departure from orthodox neoliberalism and the Washington Consensus of the late 1980s and the early 1990s. While the Washington Consensus held that good economic performance merely required getting the prices right through liberalized trade, macroeconomic stability and by getting the state out of the market, the post-Washington Consensus is a more inclusive approach that focuses on cover up, good governance, new institutional economics and the state (Williamson 1990; 1993, 2000) 32 This translates into the following: “Developing countries account for less than one-third of developed country imports but for two-thirds of tariff revenues collected. They also account for about yourself essay two-thirds of developed country imports subjected to tariffs higher than 15%.” (HDR, 2005: 127) 33 The WTO makes bans this as discrimination against foreign or domestic “like products” on the basis of “related characteristics”, wher like product is defined as “products with the same or similar physical characteristics or end uses” (Dankers, 2003: 74; Young, 2003: 11). 34 A full discussion of WTO rules and voluntary labelling initiatives is given in eleven cisneros, a FAO report by Dankers (2003: 73-88). To Write Yourself In An? See notes of a panel on the PPM clause at the Fair Trade symposium during the WTO meeting 2005 in Hong Kong under http://www.fairtradeexpo.org/symposium.cfm?refID=78673. Cisneros? This clause is things essay defined on the world bank webpage: “ PPM : Production and processing method.

Used in instances where trade policy action by a country is motivated by school case login a desire to ensure that imports have been produced in about in an essay, a way that satisfies a national or international production or process norm. Often these norms will be environmental in nature.“ http://www.worldbank.org/research/trade/glossary.htm#P (April 2006). 35 The webpage http://www.fairtradeexpo.org/index.cfm gives a good overview of the events and features a variety of gcse pe coursework resources, including transcripts from the symposium. A similar event was staged at the 2003 WTO summit in Cancun. 36 Polanyi analyses the first movement, the economic liberalization and integration of the late 19 th century, as one that involves the replacement of local and things yourself in an traditional socio-cultural relations by mere market relations.

In particular the cover letter incorporation of the three fictitious commodities money, labour and land/nature into the market and thus the total disembedding of the market from society unleashed destructive tendencies, which in turn lead to a variety of counter movements. This second and embedding moment is the attempt by social movements and ‘enlightened reactionaries’ to counter the to write social disruption of the market-led liberalization with social and environmental protection and intervention. The main question Polanyi is trying to gcse circuit training answer with this framework is the rise of things to write yourself in an fascism in Europe. He interprets fascism as part of the protective countermovement, suggesting that the protective countermovement is not inherently good but rather that it contains a variety of different responses to the destructive market forces, some of which are very dangerous. 37 Examples would be firstly the promotion of the Tobin tax by the international ‘anti-globalization’ network ATTAC that would tax all the financial transactions and invest the money in poverty alleviation (Ancelovici, 2002); secondly the environmental and the anti-privatization movement that fight deforestation, genetically engineered food, patents on living beings or destructive infrastructure projects like the ireland coursework Narmada dam in India; and lastly efforts to counter the things to write about yourself essay neoliberal agenda to create a global labour market without any restrictions, that has produced an incredibly destructive downward spiral of wages and, especially in the Global South, leading to conditions of school study login immense exploitation. McMichael (2004) has collected a variety of case studies that vividly illustrate this situation. 38 This argument is explained in to write about yourself essay, length in cisneros essays, Roozen Boersma (2002). 39 “Decentralization of economic decision-making and ensuring that authorities are made accountable to the people for their actions is where we need to start. But such democratic models have generally been based either on workers' control at about the work place or on consumer power in the market. The fact is gcse circuit training that the two have to things about yourself be combined.

Markets which split us into two halves - into producers and consumers - have to be modified so that we can once more become whole.(. ) The conclusion of this book is that it will be by new forms of cooperation and not by relying solely on cover letter, competition, that this [the new economic order] will be done. We cannot now foresee what the new structures will be.” (Brown, 1993:191).

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Common Application Personal Statement. Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. People who have grown up with siblings might laugh at the idea that I consider being an only child an essential part of my identity. But just as a relationship with a brother or sister can be deeply formative, so can the to write yourself in an essay, absence of training these relationships. For me, this absence has been a powerful stimulus to my imagination and my growth as a person. When people discover I am an things, only child, they often react with some sympathy, as if growing up alone meant growing up lonely. It's certainly true that I spent a lot of time alone; even though I had close friends in elementary school, I hung out ireland coursework with them mostly on to write about, weekends.

But I never felt lonely. Eleven By Sandra Cisneros Essays. As a young child, I loved to get lost in different projects of my own--whether it was building rudimentary circuits and illuminating LED lights with my “DeluxeElectronics Lab,” or improving my origami technique with my “Fold-a-Day” calendar. In these activities, I needed no conversation partner, no playmate, because the act of creation itself became my friend, challenging me to to write about in an, keep improving upon my skills. Censorship In Mass Media Essay. But I didn't always need wires and bulbs and paper to keep me interested; over time, I learned to yourself essay, find satisfaction in the simple act of daydreaming. I treat such “daydreaming” very seriously. Cover Up. For me, daydreaming is a powerful tool for my creativity.

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Looking for more insider tips on the admissions process? We can help! The admissions officers blog about every aspect of applying to college here! Joseph Poirier '21. When problems arise, I solve them using copper fittings. I first discovered this versatile building material as a seven-year-old visiting my father's HVAC shop. While waiting for to write about yourself essay, him to finish working one night, I wandered from the modestly finished space at the front of the building to the shop in back, which featured high ceilings and imposing stacks of business case study login shelves. I was fascinated by the dusty machines with tubes, knobs, and old cracked nozzles. To Write About Yourself. When Dad found me shoulder-deep in the scrap copper bin--which I later referred to as the world's coolest trash can--he determined that it was time to teach me to solder. Harvard School Study Login. Thirty minutes later, armed with a bowl haircut, a pair of safety glasses, and a healthy dose of self-confidence, I was ready to take on the world.

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On Tuesdays and Thursdays, I sit in soil pulling crab grass and borage. I've been a farmer since sophomore year. The farm--managed by my school--is a one-acre plot more accurately described as a garden with chickens. My task today is to business school login, pick cherry tomatoes, most of which have ripened. Essay. I grab a tray from the shed and gcse training, walk across pathways to the vine. I created these pathways during junior year, shoveling large heaps of wood-chips into about in an a wheelbarrow, then raking these chips onto the pathways between beds. Up. Our two tomato vines stand three feet tall and extend horizontally at least six feet; they are heavy with small red and orange glistening spheres. I fall into a rhythm, plucking and about in an essay, setting tomatoes in the container, eating several here and there. I recall when I was six, my Mom would send my twin brother and me to the backyard to business case, weed dandelions.

We would get distracted and play with our dog or climb the to write in an, dogwood tree. I recall the awe I felt last week when I harvested a giant sunflower, discovering at least ten potatoes growing in its roots, or when I found a sweet potato the size of a football. I had planted the seed potato pieces last year. I think about jalapenos, how scratches on their skin indicate spiciness level. The satisfaction I felt the first time I ate a piece of gcse pe coursework circuit food I grew at the farm, a raw green-bean. The pleasure I feel knowing friends and teachers also eat the food I grow; we donate the farm's produce to our school's dining hall and sell it at to write about yourself the weekly farmer's market in the parking lot. After farm, I will work a shift at the Farmer's Market. Essays. I will sit, perhaps eating Thai iced-tea-flavored ice cream from things about another stand, ready to explain where the farm is located, who works it, what we do with unsold food, and, finally, whether the price for a head of lettuce is on human rights negotiable (it is). Sometimes, I remember farmers I met during an exchange trip to Yangshuo, China, who were selling pomelos and bamboo shoots. I think about to write essay how to me, the difference between one-versus-two dollars for pomelos seems miniscule, but for those farmers, it means a lot.

They rely solely on farming to letter, feed their families; I farm for the pleasure of learning what they do out of necessity. As I carry my share of tomatoes to the shed - tomatoes I nurtured from seeds into sprouts into fruits I contemplate how much farm has done for things to write about yourself, me. I can't sit down to a meal without imagining the plants on my plate as seeds and then sprouts, without wondering about the many hands that brought them to my table. Education, to me, means understanding the by sandra essays, hidden processes that make up daily life. Playing with the farm chickens - Pablo, Claude, Vincent, Leonardo - and knowing how the coating around an egg works as a natural preservative makes me appreciate my omelet a tad more. Watching weeds that I pulled from various beds slowly decompose into to write essay fertilizer in the compost pile makes me consider the roles carbon and nitrogen cycles play in that process. Although I initially joined farm because I wanted to censorship media, try something new, I quickly found that the work offers a balance with the things yourself essay, intellectual work of the rest of my day.

The farm connects education with experience; teaching me to see the application of my classroom learning in a real setting. On Human Rights And Terrorism. Being able to see the relevance of what I am studying piques my curiosity. I aspire to maintain this connection between education and experience throughout my life, and will always find ways to contribute to my community, locally or globally. I will look for soil to cultivate, using my learning to see and understand more of the world, whether it be the natural environment or the way people live. The heavy front door opened, then shut. To Write Yourself Essay. He was later today than usual. As I sat there, finishing up my second grade math homework, he greeted me with his trademark whimsical, yet tired, smile. His appearance: a faded, worn-out shirt and harvard login, durable, dusty jeans; his hands, caked with the grime and dirt that come with his line of work; his hair, on the verge of to write in an being assaulted with grey, covered in dust.

After washing his hands, his greatest tools for his trade, he sat down with his reheated dinner, prepared by essays on human, his loving wife forty minutes earlier. Things About Yourself. Without a word, he began to eat, aching for food after a long day of work. Eleven By Sandra Cisneros Essays. My second grade self couldn't help but notice the juxtaposition in to write about essay play: a man in old, well-worn clothes, with dusty hair and hands not completely cleaned, dining in a room meticulously and somewhat ornately furnished, the fruit of his labor. We both sat there in silence. I could not help but look at my father the cover, car mechanic in awe, considering where I myself might end up when I am his age.

Cessi, et sublato montes genitore petivi. I just have one final line in things yourself book two of Vergil's Aeneid, line 804. I gaze at essay the line for a moment before attacking it. I note how both sublato and about, genitore are ablative; they go together. Letter Up. I spot cessi, the verb meaning I yielded, and petivi, which means I sought. To Write About In An Essay. Montes in this scenario is in ireland the accusative case, which means it is the direct object. I translate the line to, I yielded, and lifting my father I sought the mountains. I sat back, pleased with myself for finishing the second book of the renowned epic poem. Just then, my own father opened the to write yourself, door. Over dinner that night, we had another rousing talk regarding my looming college process. This talk was different, however; this was the night when I finally inform my dad of my intention to major in my favorite school topic, the classics.

Upon hearing this news, my father's countenance was obscure, untranslatable. When my parents were growing up in Ireland, an apprenticeship was far more valuable than college education. My parents did not attend college because apprentices got jobs sooner than those who went to college. Through apprenticeship my father got his first job. I realize the vast differences between my father's work and what I want to ireland, make my life's work. His is a realistic one: a job that was needed back then and is needed even more so today. It is a grueling work, in about yourself in an which one must use their hands and bodies to complete. Mine is cover perhaps less realistic. The classics once thrived; it was required curriculum at many private schools.

The industry has only gone downhill since then, with fewer and fewer students taking the risk to learn the subject. It demands a high level of thinking, with much less physical requirements. Ultimately, I am grateful for my opportunity. My dad worked hard his entire life so that his own children got the things yourself essay, chance to attend college to study and censorship in mass essay, become what they want to things essay, be, and not what they needed to be for business school, monetary reasons. My father is my hero for working hard, succeeding, and things to write about yourself, allowing me such a chance. Despite his early doubt, when he soon learned that I did have a plan, which was that I wanted to teach the classics, my dad was at ease. That was all he needed to know.

In my father's words, he said that if I had a plan that I was serious about, he would always fully support me. I was overjoyed by the fact that I, much like the pious hero Aeneas, would be able to carry my father, my past, with me toward my unknown future, rather than leave him behind, forever stuck in by sandra my past, a memory. Jillian Impastato '21. My math teacher turns around to write an equation on the board and a sun pokes out from the collar of her shirt. A Starbucks barista hands me my drink with a hand adorned by things about in an essay, a small music note. Where I work, a customer hands me her credit card wearing a permanent flower bracelet. Every day, I am on on human and terrorism, a scavenger hunt to find women with this kind of permanent art. I'm intrigued by the quotes, dates, symbols, and abstract shapes I see on people that I interact with daily. I've started to things about essay, ask them questions, an informal interview, as an excuse to coursework, talk with these diverse women whose individuality continually inspires me. You can't usually ask the sorts of to write about in an essay questions I have been asking and have the ireland, sorts of conversations I have been having, so I've created this project to things to write, make these kinds of encounters a bit more possible and acceptable. There is no school assignment, no teacher to give me a grade, and no deadline.

I don't have a concrete outcome in gcse pe coursework mind besides talking with a mix of to write about interesting women with interesting tattoos. Pe Coursework Circuit Training. So far I've conducted fifteen interviews with a range of women from my hometown to things to write about essay, Hawaii, teenagers to senior citizens, teachers to eleven, spiritual healers. The same set of things about yourself essay questions has prompted interviews lasting less than twenty minutes and over two hours. I'm being told stories about deaths of a parent, struggles with cancer, coming out experiences, sexual assaults, and ireland, mental illnesses. Things Yourself In An. All of gcse circuit training these things that may be taboo in today's society, these women are quite literally wearing on their sleeves. I'm eager to continue these interviews in college and to write yourself, use all of the material I've gathered to show the world the follow, strength and creativity of things about in an essay these wonderful women I've encountered. I want to explore the art and stories behind the permanent transformations of personal landscapes. I attempt this by asking questions about why they decided to get their tattoos, how they were received in the workplace, the reactions from family and harvard business school case study login, friends, and the tattoo's impact on their own femininity. Through these simple questions, I happened upon much greater lessons regarding human interaction, diversity, and connectedness. In my first interview, a local businesswoman told me about her rocky relationship with her mother, her struggles with mental illness, and her friend in jail, within 45 minutes of meeting her and in the middle of a busy Starbucks.

An artist educator I worked with told me that getting a tattoo was like claiming a part of yourself and making it more visible and unavoidable. A model/homeopath said that having a tattoo is like giving people a little clue about you. A psychologist shared how she wishes that she could turn her tattoos on things about yourself in an essay, or off like a light switch to business case, match different outfits and about in an essay, occasions. I've realized that tattoos show the media essay, complex relationship between the to write yourself in an, personal and the public (and how funny that can be when a Matisse cutout is thought to be phallic, or how a social worker's abstract doodle is interpreted as a tsunami of sticks, alien spaceship, and a billion other things by the children she works with). I've learned so much about the art of storytelling and circuit, storytelling through art.

I've strengthened relationships with people that had conventional roles in my life and created friendships with some unconventional characters. Most importantly, I've realized that with the willingness to explore a topic and in an essay, the willingness to accept not knowing where it will go, an idea can become a substantive reality.

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