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Value engineering research papers

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Beat the Robots: How to engineering papers Get Your Resume Past the elbert hubbard System Into Human Hands. Engineering Research. Mark Slack and Erik Bowitz. Landing an interview for a position in a giant organization can feel impossible if you don’t have any personal connections. People often blame the sheer volume of resumes that are submitted—HR simply can’t review them all with enough detail to see what a perfect candidate you are! And this is partially true—one study suggests that recruiters spend only hubbard essays, six seconds looking at each resume. However, many resumes are trashed before they’re even seen by human eyes. How is that possible? Here’s how: Many large organizations rely on value engineering, applicant tracking systems (ATS) to philippines help pre-filter resumes. The systems work by scanning resumes for contextual keywords and key phrases, mathematically scoring them for relevance, and sending only the value engineering papers most qualified ones through for human review.

Essentially, they’re the 21st century version of the troll under the bridge. Thinking Exercises For Nurses. Undoubtedly, this saves HR managers the time and trouble of sorting through irrelevant, underprepared, and weak resumes to find the papers golden candidates. But it also means that your application could slip through the essays cracks if you don’t format your resume just right or include the exact keywords the hiring manager is searching for. Value Engineering Papers. To make sure you get past the troll and into the door for an interview, check out these tips for essays on competition in sports, writing a resume that an ATS will approve—and a hiring manager will love. While you might want to papers highlight your creativity or individuality to a hiring manager, ATS require cold conformity and simplicity. Therefore, you’ll need to delete any extra touches you’ve added to your resume, like logos, pictures, symbols, and shadings. Also, stick to standard resume formatting in a normal font like Arial, Courier, or Times New Roman—the ATS can’t read fancy fonts and will reject your resume out of confusion. Furthermore, only include the usual sections of essay, a resume: Qualifications, Professional Experience, Education, Skills, and the like.

Adding unfamiliar headings like Affiliations, Publications, or Memberships can choke up an ATS. Finally, send your resume as a Word doc or in rich text format instead of a PDF. Though ATS software is research papers becoming better at reading PDFs, it can still miss important things when trying to process them. For any profession, there’s always lingo, software, responsibilities, basic skills, and licenses or certificates associated with performing the job well—and an ATS will be looking for key phrases and contextual information related to those qualifications. To make sure the software recognizes that you’re a good fit for of power essay, the job, use these tips to value papers successfully keyword optimize your resume: Include verb phrases and skills written in elbert essays, the job description on engineering, your own resume. These are very likely to be the same keywords and macbeth corruption of power phrases the hiring manager has programmed the ATS to pick up—“project manager,” “Final Cut Pro,” or “social media marketing,” for example. Try services like Wordle and TagCrowd to help you figure out which keywords to focus on. Input the job descriptions into these tools to papers create a word cloud that visually highlights the most frequently used words, and make sure they’re sprinkled throughout your resume. Use both the acronym and the spelled-out form of any given title, certification, or organization, so you’re set regardless of exercises for nurses, which format the ATS is looking for. For example: Certified Public Accountant (CPA). An important note here: Don’t go overboard.

In the past, people thought that they could exploit the system by overstuffing their resumes with keywords, thus ranking them higher in value papers, the eyes of the ATS. This is a very bad idea: Not only is the software sophisticated enough to michelle graduation thesis see this kind of keyword stuffing, if your resume does make it into human hands, no one will be impressed by a nonsensical resume dressed to the nines in value papers, keywords. Aim for repeating important skills-related keywords two or three times (and no more). How can you do that without repeating job responsibilities or sounding obnoxious? Try this: WANT TO GIVE YOURSELF AN EXTRA BOOST? Are there people who would say no to that?

3. Ditch the Career Objective Section. Career objective sections are kind of a waste of space. That boring boilerplate “I am a hard working person who wants to work in (blank) industry” is a bit obvious: Why else would you be submitting your resume? Furthermore, it’s not about how you want to apply your skills, it’s about how the company needs you to apply them. Instead, try replacing this with a qualifications summary—a six-sentence (or bullet pointed) section filled with ATS-friendly keywords. Even better, use those six sentences to concisely present the creme of the crop of in sports, your achievements, major skills, and important experiences.

By doing this, you’re killing two birds with one stone: You’re appeasing the ATS with keywords, and you’re also giving the hiring manager the juicy, important bits right at the top where he or she can quickly scan and understand the engineering value you would bring the company. Seriously, spelling mistakes are the corruption essay death of your resume. While a human being can at value engineering least figure out what you mean (before tossing your resume into thinking, the trash in engineering research papers, disapproval), an ATS will terminate you immediately because it will simply have no idea what you’re talking about. So double, triple, and quadruple check your resume before sending it in. Have someone else do the essay same.

Spelling mistakes can be easily avoided if you’re careful. Research. So take the time to follow these tips, and you’ll have a resume that will make it onto a hiring manager’s desk—and ultimately snag you the elbert essays interview. Feeling on a roll with your resume? Why not check out value engineering papers how to optimize your contact information or beef up your skills section? Photo of essays, person on research, laptop courtesy of michelle thesis, Sawitree Pamee/EyeEm/Getty Images#46; Mark Slack and Erik Bowitz are Senior Resume Consultants and content managers of the Resume Companion Blog.

Resume Companion is a leading online resume building company with over 650,000 registered users, and over 8 million resumes created to date. Hmmm, seems you#39;ve already signed up for this class. Engineering Papers. While you#39;re here, you may as well check out all the amazing companies that are hiring like crazy right now.

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How to Make a Resume: A Step-by-Step Guide (+30 Examples) For most people, writing a good resume is tough, and it takes time. And the worst part comes when you finally think that you have a great resume, but you're still not getting interviews. Wouldn't it be wonderful if you could figure out value, how to make a resume that would get you an for nurses, interview almost EVERY time you applied for a job? It is if you follow the process that I am about to share with you step-by-step. And BEST of all, this resume writing process is quick, and it's proven to land you interviews. That's true even if you want to write your first resume and have no experience, or if you're a professional who wants to research papers know how to write a resume that stands out.

Here's what you're going to elbert hubbard essays find: How to write a resume for a job with examples for every section. Quick but little-known tips to engineering follow to get up to 10x MORE INTERVIEWS. Answers to all of transfer paper your questions about how to value make the in sports best resume for a job. How to create a resume online that you can track and value engineering research, send to elbert get more interviews. A checklist that will help you make sure you know how to prepare a great resume.

Here's an engineering research papers, example of how to make a good resume for work versus a great resume. What's the difference? Is it the way it looks? Not only. We've optimized the sample resume on narrative essay, the right to follow the advice that I will share with you in this article. So how do you make a resume? Let me show you step-by-step:

Resume vs. CV. What's the value engineering research difference? Hello, blank page. Now, what? A resume is paper philippines a document that showcases your work experience, education, and skills so that you can apply for a job. What's the research difference between a resume and a CV? Curriculum Vitae (CV) is a Latin phrase meaning course of life and is a document that entails much more than a resume. Not only is a CV longer than a resume, but it showcases accomplishments and experience in much greater detail. It's the ideal document for academics. So, knowing how to write an academic resume is knowing how to hubbard write a CV.

If you need to research know more, read our guide: CV vs. Macbeth. Resume: What is the Difference? When to engineering Use Which (Examples) Once you know if you should write a CV or resume, it's time to choose the right format. How to Choose a Professional Resume Format. What does a resume look like? There are three types of professional resume formats: Most job seekers choose the reverse-chronological resume format. Here's what a sample resume looks like written in michelle obama graduation the reverse-chronological format:

Traditional Familiar to Recruiters. Experienced professionals can highlight skills. Career changers can emphasize transferrable skills. Uncommon and value engineering, not as familiar to recruiters. Not suggested for entry-level job seekers. Entry-level job seekers can emphasize skills instead of michelle obama graduation thesis experience. Recruiters may think you're hiding something. Still not sure which professional resume format is best for you? Need to see examples of resumes with different layouts?

Read our guide: 3 Resume Formats: How To Choose The Best One [Examples] Contact Information Is Not as Basic as It Seems. Despite the value research papers professional resume format you choose, your contact information goes at the top. Here is for sale philippines how to write a resume contact section: Adding your address is value engineering papers optional. It is no longer necessary to add it to a modern resume. Plus, it might be better to exclude it if you are applying for a job that isn’t local. Your email address should be professional which means: Choosing a sophisticated email provider. Not using your current work email.

Instead, create a professional, private email address. Avoiding email addresses from when you were in high school. It won’t amuse recruiters to see johnlikesgoats@hotmail.com or sexysara@gmail.com . Okay, maybe it will amuse them a little bit, but they won’t call you for an interview. Adding URLs to philippines your personal website or blog directs recruiters to your portfolio or extra work that you want to show without cluttering up your perfect resume. Pro Tip: Make sure you review your social media accounts to check for unprofessional content.

When you add a link to engineering your social media profiles, make sure they're optimized to give recruiters the best impression. Not sure how to optimize your LinkedIn profile to attract employers? Read our guide: How to help Optimize Your LinkedIn Profile To Get More Jobs Here’s How the value engineering Best Candidates Start Their Resumes. Again, what does a resume look like? Well, you know that contact information comes first. But what comes next? Education? Experience?

Does it matter where you put things when you're deciding how to make a resume? The short answer is yes, it does matter. That's because your best stuff should go in the top third of your resume. And the best way to narrative start any killer resume is with an introduction to yourself. Think of value engineering papers it like this: The top of your resume is the penthouse - the most important piece of real estate on the document.

But why? The average recruiter spends six seconds scanning your resume in between reading Facebook messages from grandma, drinking coffee, and narrative essay help, deciding what's for lunch. She is looking for very specific information, and she is only going to look for it in the top third of your resume. If you do not grab her attention - game over. That's why a creative resume summary or objective can save the day. Here's a sample resume: What is a resume summary statement? A resume summary is a short, snappy introduction that highlights your career progress and skill set. It should also demonstrate why you'll be a valuable hire. Boyfriend Material experienced at laying coats over mud puddles, opening doors, and pulling out chairs. Charming, funny, and a great conversationalist seeking to leverage 10+ years of experience delivering anecdotes to value engineering research papers entertain you through boring social events.

Has an MA in obama thesis hand holding and engineering research papers, a license to cook romantic dinners. What is macbeth corruption a resume objective statement? A resume objective achieves the same thing as a resume summary. The difference is value how you write one and who should use it. Experienced Chef interested in becoming a Zoo Keeper. Tons of experience with picky clients who need to be fed with the essays right food at the right time. Want to apply my patience and understanding of value research complicated clients to taking care of angry lions at the Zoo. This candidate chose an effective resume objective over a summary because he is transfer for sale changing his career from engineering research chef to essays in sports zookeeper. Either way, the point is to research papers focus on the employer's needs and not your own. Who should use an transfer paper philippines, objective for a resume?

Entry-level Applicants and value engineering research, Students Career Changers Professionals Targeting Specific Positions. You can also choose to write something called a professional profile . When considering how to write a resume profile, think of it as a hybrid that crosses elements of the objective and the summary. A good resume profile lists your qualifications, experience, and essays on competition in sports, education regarding the company’s needs and value research papers, values. It can be formatted as a paragraph or as a list with resume bullet points. Wouldn't it be nice to have some resume examples of summaries tailored specifically to your profession?

Read our guide: A Resume Summary That Will Get You The Job [7 Secret Steps] How to hubbard Write a Resume Experience Section That's More Than a List. The first section that should appear in value engineering the body of an excellent resume is the section that will best show off your skills and accomplishments. For most of you, that will probably be the experience section. Let's say you're learning how to make a student resume, or have little or no work experience. Fun Critical Exercises. In that case, lead with your education or skills section.

But do you know how to write a resume employment history? When you start writing a resume experience section you will want to keep a few things in mind: Write your job history in value engineering research papers reverse-chronological order - start with your current position. Michelle Thesis. Include around six bullet points describing the scope of your responsibilities. Tailor each of these bullets points to reflect the value research papers skills listed in the job description. Michelle Graduation. Follow the value papers bullet point format (see below), and include facts and transfer for sale philippines, figures. You should try to include achievements that show your professional impact. Tell a career story that reinforces your professinal persona. Sample Resume Experience Entry: Spearhead a global brand strategy for value, our top performing product.

Analyze market trends and recommend solutions resulting in a 10% upswing in sales annually. Essays On Competition In Sports. Prepare Portfolio Deployment Plans. Head up a team of 10+ marketing specialists. Organize marketing materials. Research Papers. Responsible for brand strategy. Michelle Obama Graduation. Responsible for engineering papers, analyzing market trends. Responsible for essays in sports, a team of marketing specialists.

Now, what if you have career gaps in your job history or a habit of value research papers job hopping? Let’s face it. Not all of us have a pristine job history. And it's difficult to know how to create a resume that addresses career gaps without cheating. One approach is to include a brief explanation next to each job. By briefly stating that your stay became short lived due to corruption of power downsizing or relocation, you will reassure the engineering recruiter that you're not a risky candidate. Chronic career hoppers may be tempted to thinking exercises for nurses tamper with dates, leaving only the years in their experience section: Excluding the months makes it look like you worked a year instead of three months.

But it's a dirty trick that employers know well, which makes it a big no, no. Pro Tip: Feel free to list “non-traditional” work in your experience section - like volunteer jobs or freelance work. Is Your Education Section Underperforming? It Might Be. You should also write your education section of your resume in reverse-chronological order, with your most recent degree appearing first. Usually, you will want to include the type of degree, your major, your university, and any honors or awards you received. You can skip your GPA. Engineering Research Papers. But if you're a recent college graduate who's making a student resume, it's okay to add your GPA if it's 3.5 or higher.

You can also include a coursework narrative. Macbeth. For professionals, the inclusion of a coursework narrative is another way to papers reinforce a professional persona. Do you know how to help make a resume when you have a GED or didn't graduate? Not sure how to write a degree on a resume? We can help with that.

Check out our article: How To Put Your Education On A Resume [Tips Examples] Why You Need to Focus on Your Skills Section. When you consider how to engineering make a good resume that stands out , it has everything to do with sprinkling your skills throughout your resume. But, it also makes sense to have a big section labeled “ SKILLS .” Use the key skills listed in obama graduation thesis the job description. This will also help you create a modern resume for value research papers, a job that will pass through Applicant Tracking System (ATS) software. More about for sale, that later.

Recruiters should be able to see two things when they look at your skills for a resume: You have the skill set they want and engineering, requested in the job post. You have extra skills that prove you are a valuable worker. Do you want to know how to corruption essay make a great resume for a job that showcases the best resume skills? I thought so. Value Engineering Research. Read our guide: What Skills To Put On a Resume [Examples + 6 Proven Tips] How to Add Other Resume Sections While Making an Effective Resume. Here are some additional resume sections you can consider adding if you don't feel the essays on competition in sports traditional resume sections are doing it for you. Students and fresh graduates - you may want to consider adding a separate section for awards or honors, or a section for extracurricular activities.

If you've got a technical background - you might want to consider an extra section for research papers, certificates, licenses, or software. Some professionals who have opted for elbert hubbard essays, making a resume for work over an academic CV might still want to add a section for research, publications or conferences. Corruption Of Power Essay. Others may want to add a section that shows off their command of languages or other achievements and projects. Whatever you decide to engineering add, just make sure that your additions don't overwhelm your resume. Of Power. You still want everything to fit onto value engineering research one page if possible. No One Adds a Hobbies Section, But It Works So Well.

The hobbies section of a resume is essays on competition in sports optional. But, I recommend adding one if you have space. Adding your interests shows off extra skills for a resume, makes your resume stand out, and gives the value research hiring manager a fuller image of essays you. Your interests are also a way to engineering make yourself more attractive and memorable to your potential employer. You can always cut this section later if your resume is too long. Not convinced?

Well, it's true. Adding a hobbies and interests section can boost a contemporary resume. Find out how: Best Examples Of Hobbies Interests To Put On A Resume (5 Tips) How to Write a Perfect Resume Tailored to the Job Description. Did you know that R2D2 might run a scan on obama thesis, your resume before a human does? On average, a corporate job offer attracts up to 250 resumes . Of those, 4 to value papers 6 candidates will get invited for an interview. And only one person will get the job. With that many resumes to sift through, recruiters are using something called Applicant Tracking System (ATS) software. The software compares your resume to elbert hubbard essays the job description based on keywords. How to engineering prepare a resume that will make it through ATS? You need to thinking exercises tailor your resume.

Tailoring a resume to research the job description is adding keywords and information from the elbert hubbard job offer. For starters, you're going to want to make a master resume. A master resume is an value engineering, updated version of all your work experience, skills, and accomplishments. When you sit down to write a tailored version of your resume, you will pick and elbert hubbard, choose material from your master resume to engineering research papers match the specific job for which you are applying. To further tailor the content to the job description, you're going to add keywords that you find in the offer. Let's say you want to apply for a job as a copywriter. The job description says: Able to work on essays, several campaigns at once, sometimes under pressure and often to tight deadlines. To tailor your basic resume, you will want to add some of the phrases verbatim to your experience section.

For example: Work on several campaigns at once. To make it more powerful, you can add details such as the value research papers number of campaigns you can juggle at once. Here is an elbert hubbard, example of research a resume job description with all of the keywords highlighted along with a resume sample that we've tailored to fun critical match. Need more in-depth information about how to make a resume that's tailored to the job description? Need more resume samples? Read our guide: 6 Proven Tips On How To Tailor Your Resume To The Job Description How to Prepare a Resume That Will Attract ANY Recruiter. If you're struggling with how to make a good resume stand out, all you need to do is make things quantifiable. Value Engineering Research Papers. Wherever possible.

Everywhere. Because using numbers gives the corruption of power recruiter some tangible proof of an achievement. Here are some basic resume examples of achievements: The hiring manager now sees quantifiable, specific proof of engineering research your achievements. Using numbers also improves the readability of the obama text, and draws the value engineering papers eye of the recruiter. No One Adds Achievements, But It Works So Well. Adding achievements to your resume is an extremely effective way of selling your skills and obama thesis, experience. All you have to do is engineering research add your achievements as resume bullet points in your experience section.

You will want to use the PAR ( Problem Action Result ) Approach to writing your achievements: Here're a few right and wrong resume examples of how to write achievements: Problem : My previous employer wanted to increase revenue. Action : I created a new marketing campaign on Facebook. Result : We saw an increase in sales by 15% and an increase in michelle thesis revenue by 10%. Not sure how to quantify your achievements? Want more examples of accomplishments to put on value engineering research papers, a contemporary resume?

Read our guide: Examples of Professional Achievements To Put On A Resume [3 Tips] Turn Boring Words Into Action Words - Here’s How. How many times have you used the phrase responsible for in your experience section? More than once? You may want to consider mixing up your vocabulary. Overusing words and elbert, phrases like “responsible for” or “manage” is boring. Now, while you should avoid jargon and empty words, action verbs can spice up your resume and research, make it stand out. Also, be sure to use the present tense when describing your current role. Here're a few before and after resume examples: Pro Tip: Don't overdo it. You don't want to on competition in sports sound like a freshman English major flexing a large vocabulary.

And avoid resume buzzwords like synergy. Trust me. The Best Candidates Know How to Show Their Career Progression. What makes a good resume? CEO, Director, Manager - all you need is a big, impressive title, right?

At this point, you probably figured out that knowing how to build a resume goes far beyond listing fancy titles. What really matters, is whether those titles are backed up by a story of value engineering career progression. For example, describing yourself as a social media manager won’t be credible if all you did was the marketing for your parent’s pizza place. You have to show a steady progression into a management position. Each former role should reinforce your place in the next one. Rather than repeating duties when you describe previous roles, write about the new tasks you took on when you advanced. Responsible for the creation of a global brand strategy for a major category. Elbert Hubbard. Prepare Category and Portfolio Deployment Plans.

Analyze market trends and recommend solutions. Team Management (10 marketing specialists). Marketing Specialist / Senior Marketing Specialist: Planned and implemented promotional campaigns. Cooperated with interactive agencies. Managed project budgets and engineering, timeline control. Researched information. Assisted during promotional campaigns. See how these responsibilities evolve? What if you're a student and need to know how to fun critical for nurses make a resume with no experience. Read our dedicated guide on how to write a resume for students: The Complete Guide To Writing A Student Resume [13 Tips, Examples] How to value research papers Create a Resume That Draws Attention to Promotions.

Highlighting your promotions shows potential employers that your previous supervisors valued your work performance. Even lateral moves suggest that you were able to handle diverse responsibilities. Here are a few ways to describe your promotions while writing a resume: Repeatedly recognized for top performance through fast-track promotions and selection for essay, high-priority initiatives. Earned promotion following a superior performance, and value papers, demonstrated ability to quickly learn and master complex concepts. What if you moved up within the michelle thesis same organization? You don’t have to mention the name of the same company more than once.

It will make even the best resume look messy. Here’s what to do instead: COMPANY NAME City, State, 2001 to Present. Describe responsibilities and value papers, achievements. Describe responsibilities and achievements. Describe responsibilities and achievements. Here's a Quick Tip on essays in sports, How Make Your Resume Easy to Read. Need to know how to make a resume easy for value engineering, a recruiter to thinking for nurses read? It's as simple as aligning your text to the left. To make your text even more skimmable use the same resume font and font size, and make strategic use of bold, italics, and caps. The bulk of your resume will consist of bullet points.

Here's how to value engineering research papers construct them: Spearheaded a targeted email campaign that resulted in a 15% upswing in on competition in sports newsletter registration. You might also want to consider how to value research papers create a resume using templates. Michelle Thesis. Professional resume templates can make your documents cleaner and easier to read. They also save you time and energy. Engineering Research. Let's face it. No one likes trying to macbeth corruption of power control one-inch margins in Word.

Is a Font Ruining Your Awesome Resume? While choosing a basic resume font may seem like a silly chore - it's not. A good font will ensure that your resume is readable. What is the best font for engineering research, a resume? The best font for narrative essay, a resume is one that a recruiter can read with no effort. Stick with fonts that sound like hipster baby names - Arial, Helvetica, Calibri, and engineering research papers, Verdana. What is the best resume font size?

The Goldilocks font size is 10-12 points - not too big and not too small. Keep it uniform. The bottom line is making sure you don't sacrifice resume margins, white space, or font size in an attempt to cram everything onto one page. Still not sure about what font to choose while writing a resume? Read our guide about the best resume fonts: What Is The Best Font For A Resume (+10 Examples Tips) Here Is the michelle obama graduation Best Way to Save Your Resume. When you're done writing your perfect resume, it's time to value research consider how to essay make a resume file. And that's not as obvious as it sounds. The best advice is to value engineering papers save your resume as a PDF and give it your name. When you save your resume as a PDF, there is thinking exercises for nurses no chance that the formatting will glitch and get messed up when a recruiter opens the file. Do keep in mind that if your resume has to value engineering research papers pass ATS software, Cylons don't like special formatting or graphics. Read the instructions explaining how to send your resume, because you may need to send something other than a PDF.

How should you name your files? The recruiter won’t have to on competition in sports search for that crazy space smuggler’s resume when they want to papers refer to thinking for nurses it. Not sold on saving your file as a PDF document? Need to engineering research see some pros and cons about different file formats? Read our guide: Word VS PDF Resume: What Is The Best Resume Format? Here Is an fun critical thinking exercises, Easy Way to Keep a Resume Short.

How long should an ideal resume be? One page or two? Most contemporary resume guidelines will tell you that while making a resume, you should do your best to keep it to one page. But you don’t want to force it, and that isn't true for everyone. The best thing to do is to go through at the end and trim as much fat as possible without losing the value. Here are three tips on engineering papers, how to fun critical thinking for nurses make a resume for a job shorter:

If you aren't sure how long your resume should be or need more advice on engineering, how to make a resume shorter, read our guide: How Long Should a Resume Be? Everything You Need To Know Little Known Tools That Will Proofread Your Resume for You. One of the worst things you can do is send out a basic resume that is full of grammar and spelling mistakes. You need to proofread your resume. It doesn’t matter if you already know how to write a resume that stands out. Even the best resumes need to be proofread by a second person. Whoever you chose can also give you an objective opinion about how you’ve presented yourself. Start by transfer paper, proofreading your resume with the help of apps like Grammarly, Language Tool, or other language tools. Next, ask your mom, your partner, your best friend, your neighbor - whoever - to engineering read over your resume for you. How to Clean Up Your Online Image.

Before sending your resume, you will want to check your online presence. That's because 59% of recruiters research candidates online after reading their resumes. Let's say you're sure you know how to write a resume and you follow all of our advice. Essays. That won't matter if you skip this step. Start by value engineering papers, entering your name into Google to corruption of power see what comes up in the results. Most of you will find links to research your social media profiles. Transfer Philippines. As long as you cleared your profiles of unprofessional content, you should be good to go. If you have a more common name like Jane Smith, for example, you may not find much about research papers, yourself at all.

Some of thinking you might be disturbed to find extremely personal content such as your bank account number, an image of your signature, or sexually explicit images that have been posted without your consent. If this happens, you can ask Google to remove the information from the Internet for you. If you find some embarrassing content on a web page, Google suggests that it is best to engineering papers contact the webmaster (owner) to have the image or content removed. Here’s the Most Common Myth About Cover Letters. A cover letter is still needed when you send a resume to a potential employer. Up to elbert hubbard 45% of recruiters will reject resumes without cover letters. So, even if you know how to write a resume, you can forget about value engineering research, landing the job if you don't send a cover letter. Your cover letter or application letter is where you can expand upon things that you need to keep brief on your resume. It also needs to be tailored to essays on competition the job for which you are applying. As for resume references, they're the one thing you truly don't need anymore.

So, lose the phrase references upon value engineering request. Okay, so you need a cover letter. Macbeth Of Power. But do you know how to write an research papers, application letter? And better yet, how do you write a convincing one? Read our guide: How To Write A Cover Letter [Complete Guide With Examples] Why Sending a Personal Message Can Be a Big Win.

When you send your resume to a general email address like jobs@company.com , your resume is entering a swamp of identical messages from other candidates. One thing you can do to differentiate your message is to try to find out the michelle graduation thesis name of the papers person who will be reading your resume and elbert hubbard, send them a personal email. This is not the value engineering research papers best solution in essays on competition in sports every case. You will need to decide if a hiring manager will see the value engineering research papers gesture as clever or creepy. Pro Tip : If you use our resume builder, ( create your resume here ) you have the option to publish your resume and send a link to employers.

Sending a link will allow you to narrative essay help track views and downloads so that you know how well your resume is performing. Want to send a personal message but can't find the hiring manager's email address? Need to know how to write a resume email? We've got you covered: How To Email Your Resume To Get More Replies From Employers Once you've sent your resume, it's a good idea to papers track it. You can install a free sales tool like Mixmax or YesWare to help you. Knowing if recruiters have opened and in sports, read your email will enable you to follow-up promptly or find different email addresses. Your resume is your passport to job interviews. And knowing how to engineering research papers make a resume for macbeth of power, a job is the value research first step on any career path. So, take the time and energy to think about how to write a resume well and how to tailor it to the job description.

If you can do that, you're well on your way to the next level - the help interview. Bonus: Check out our ultimate checklist of 56 things you need to do before you send your resume. How many have you missed? Download: “Resume 101 Checklist.” Are there any great resume writing tips we need to include in the article? Do you have any questions about how to make a resume for your position? Add a comment. Engineering Papers. I’ll be happy to answer. Natalie is a writer at Uptowork.

She loves writing about resumes and eating tacos more than life itself. She spends her free time reading complicated novels and binge watching TV series.

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The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) Essay Sample. There had been debates on what should be the universal definition of terrorism, and until now, arguments and discussions on this term are going on. Academic wise, there was a consensus on what should be the definition of terrorism. If an engineering papers act is done with repeated violence, the method used inspires anxiety, performed by fun critical thinking exercises, state actors, group or (semi-) clandestine individuals, and for the purpose of political, criminal or idiosyncratic reasons, then it is terrorism (Schmid, 1988). Origins of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was formed in value engineering papers, response to the postwar scenario in the South. During those times, there were efforts to end the transfer lawlessness. One of the efforts was the declaration of marshal law on the five military district divisions of the South.

Moreover, the Black Militias and the Union League were formed which comprised freed Negroes across the South. These two formations were then tasked to enforce marshal law in most of the areas. On the contrary, violence and murders thrived because of the Union League whose officers were corrupt and whose politicians are self serving. Ku Klux Klan came from Greek words “kuklos” and “clan”. Kuklos means band, circle or wheel while clan means family. This unusual name was invented so that an aura of mystery would be created. Originally formed as a social club with the purpose of having mutual entertainment, the KKK was formed during the Christmas Eve of 1865 in a law office in Pulaski, Tennessee. Value Papers. The personalities behind or responsible for this were James Crowe, John Lester, Calvin Jones, John Kennedy, Frank McCord and Richard Reed.

During those times, college fraternities were in fashion, and elbert essays, the organization adopted this style. On unsuspecting people, they would play practical jokes while dressed up in research papers, costumes that are weird. During the year 1866, KKK became popular not only in the whole Tennessee but also in fun critical thinking exercises for nurses, other states. The KKK pranksters operate by night and because of this they discovered that the Negroes who are superstitious are startled on research their high jinks and hubbard essays, costumes. Engineering Research. They thought that the KKK pranksters were ghost roaming at night. Help. The Klan discovered their new ghostly image and they used it in controlling unruly Negroes. Engineering Papers. At first, the KKK was unarmed because they did not intend to harm anyone.

The frightening image of the Klan made the renegade Negroes to behave. Transfer. In addition, in areas where there were established Den of Klan, a drastic decrease in value engineering research papers, crime was realized. The Scalawag and Carpetbagger politicians, who boost their political powers and fortune by taking advantage of the fear of the people during the macbeth of power post Civil War, noticed the effect of the Klan on the people. The Loyal League hated the Klan whose members were ex-Confederates. The Loyal League was formed by vengeful Unionist primarily to engineering, maintain order, suppress crime, and keep the Negro population disciplined.

Moreover, intimidating ex-Confederates and political opponents was how the Loyal League behaved. Because of the effect of the Klan on the people, patrols every night were initiated by the Union League and the Loyal League. The two leagues did this in the guise of macbeth corruption protecting the engineering research papers Negroes who according to them were terrified by the Klan. In the said patrols, there was no hesitation in firing the Klansmen who were doing nothing but Halloween tricks. The Klansmen did not allow the two leagues to fun critical thinking for nurses, intimidate them. They responded and every time they encounter a battle occurs. In the first quarter of the year 1867, the value papers Den of Klan established grew in the South particularly in paper philippines, its large sections. During those times, the Klan was not yet organized and structured.

Because of the value engineering papers oppression and chaos brought about by the reconstruction, the Klan decided to organize itself to confront these situations. The disorder was brought about by the rule of the transfer paper for sale freed Negroes in the most part of the South. Value. The Negroes were the ones who ruled because full rights were given to them while the in sports White South did not have any legal or constitutional rights. In the course of organizing the Klan, Robert E. Lee, a former general, were asked by value papers, the spokesmen to head the organization. Due to poor health and age, Lee declined but he suggested them to ask Nathan Bedford Forrest, a younger general. Even though Lee declined the Klan still asked for his support.

Lee agreed with the condition that his support for the empire which was growing should be absolutely invisible. This agreement was the reason why the Klan adopted the nickname “Invisible Empire”. The offer of the Klan was accepted by for sale, Forrest. He became the first Grand Wizard of the Order of the Ku Klux Klan during their convention in April of 1867 in Nashville, Tennessee. John B. Gordon, a former general and value engineering, the state leader or Grand Dragon of the KKK in Georgia, wrote the Prescripts – rules and regulations of the essays in sports order. Albert Pike, a former general and a major figure in value engineering research, Scottish Rite Masonry in narrative essay, America, became the Klan’s chief judicial officer. Dens of Klan were formed out of the disbanded units of Confederate who were reunited.

The Grand Titans, Giants and Dragons were the value research papers ex-Confederate officers. Help. The Ghouls, a term for the rank and file of the engineering Klan, were made up of common soldiers who are also ex-Confederates. Resistance groups particularly the KKK were declared by the Reconstruction authorities as outlaws. Anyone seen believed to be a Klansman was ordered to kill. Macbeth Corruption Essay. This was due to the fact that there were many atrocities that happened then which were to the KKK. But the KKK’s Report to Congress, which is forty seven volumes, proved that they did not commit most of the atrocities attributed to them. Those atrocities were committed by other organizations which are anti-reconstruction and by outlaws who were impersonating the value engineering papers KKK. In spite of this, the Klansmen remained to its intentions on a high level.

The Klan only hubbard, “Ku Kluxed” someone after they have given the victims a trial, allowing someone to defend them. Large amounts of money were also given by the Klan to orphans and war widows. People, White or Black, who were proven guilty of committing serious crimes such as theft, barn burnings, murder or rape, were the victims of the Klan. They also Ku Kluxed Scalawags, Carpetbaggers and politicians who were corrupt. In case of minor offenders, cryptic messages were usually left by engineering research, the Klan.

Klansmen did it to warn the minor offenders. Macbeth Corruption. If the minors ignored the warning, they, too, were Ku Kluxed. The Klan did not seek to destroy the law, rather to restore order and law. In fact, there was no law during those times. Force was used by the Klan only when no other choices were given by the forces of the Radical Republicans. In 1869, the KKK was disbanded. Papers. Although there was an paper order to disband, not all of the Dens disbanded. Value Engineering Papers. In 1915, the narrative help organization was revived (www.kkklan.com). The organization’s stated political goals. Evidence showed that in states like Alabama, social and political reforms were the genuine desire of the KKK. Expanded road construction, effective prohibition enforcement and better public schools were some of the KKK’s progressive political advocacies.

These advocacies by the organization benefited the white people of the state which are ordinary and lower class. These benefits were materialized because the people installed the value research papers KKK’s political champions (en.allexperts.com). The first Ku Klux Klan which was organized by ex-Confederates has the macbeth political goal of opposing the radical Republican Congress’ Reconstruction policies. Value Research Papers. Another goal of the Klan was to maintain white supremacy (www.infoplease.com). The original Ku Klux Klan never had any stated political goals because they never became a political party or a military party. The KKK is a protective organization.

They are for law, order and peace. Furthermore, they are against molesting people, white or black (www.kkklan.com). Operation of the organization. The KKK existed in three periods – Reconstruction Era, World War I Era and Civil Rights Era. During the Reconstruction era, the organization operated in most of the rural areas all throughout the South. Hubbard. Not all whites of the South did not enter or made themselves member of the Klan. Nonmembers did not try stopping the actions of the value engineering research papers Klan. They even sympathized or supported the Klan’s objectives. As the World War I was underway, the KKK was revived by the year 1915. Michelle Obama Graduation Thesis. This time, the organization was operating all throughout South, Midwest and North. In states such as Maine, Oregon, Oklahoma and Indiana, political power was garnered by the Klan through the engineering research papers election of Congressmen and other officials who were also elected.

By the 1920s, the elbert membership of the Klan reached more than 3 million. It was in the late 1920s when the numbers of the Klan’s membership started to decline due to the setting of depression. Another reason was that laws prohibiting the wearing of mask and the secrecy of the organization were enacted by the government. During the Civil Rights era, particularly by the late 1940s, the Klan was again revived through Samuel Green. This time, states started banning the Klan’s formation that’s why troubles were encountered by research, the organization. As the emergence of the civil rights movement was taking place during the 1960s, the membership of the Klan became almost twenty thousand (afroamhistory.about.com). It was during the 1910s and the 1920s when the macbeth corruption essay organization was particularly strong in the Ohio.

The largest chapter of the Klan in research, the United States was in the Summit County. Elbert Essays. The organization’s members reached fifty thousand as they claimed it. Most of the research papers members of the school of Akron, county commissioners, several judges, the Akron mayor, the sheriff and other officials of the county were members of the Klan. Violence utilized by the organization. Historians were saying that KKK was formed so that African Americans would be denied of their opportunities and rights which were the same as those of the whites. Obtaining superior economic, political and social power over the African Americans was the goal of the organization. To materialize this, the members of the Klan made used of violence. Hubbard. They also utilized the use of threats of violence.

There were times that the value African Americans who were trying to educate themselves, befriend whites, trying to vote, seeking jobs with better pay and seeking to leave south were murdered by the members of the Klan. Because of the organization, the reestablishment of the dominance of the racist whites of the for nurses South in the Southern society was made possible. In the 1870s and 1880s, racist organizations such as the value engineering research KKK declined slowly. The KKK of the 1800s, 1910s and essays, 1920s differed from each other in two major ways. In the early twentieth century the value papers organization did not only hate the African Americans. The organization also disliked non-Protestants, non-white racial groups and foreigners. This was the first major difference. The location of the Klan was the second of the two major differences. The organization was strongest in elbert hubbard essays, the southern part during the nineteenth century. The Klan became strongest in the North by the early twentieth century. They became strong because scores of foreigners and African Americans arrived with the purpose of seeking jobs in the North’s industrialized cities (www.ohiohistorycentral.org).

According to an article, the organization of the Klan became a terrorist group when it was first revived during the nineteenth century. Since its revival the organization was highly involved in activities relating to crime particularly domestic terrorism. Value Engineering. Furthermore, the organization is obama graduation, known for value engineering, assault, murder, and terrorism. This attribution to the Klan was due to the conceptualization that the organization has an ideology of hate-base. An example of the domestic terrorism perpetuated by transfer philippines, the organization was the illegal connection of six of the members of the Nation’s Knights of the KKK to a gun trading scheme.

The said scheme which happened on the early part of value engineering research 2000 was to finance the plan of blowing up the on competition in sports Johnson County courthouse in North Carolina. Value Research Papers. These members who pleaded guilty were also charged of acquiring weapons. Another case happened in 2005. Daniel James Schertz, a member of the North Georgia Whit Knights was accused of building bombs in pipes. Paper Philippines. It is said that these bombs were designed so that buses carrying migrant workers from Haiti and value papers, Mexico will get blown up. Schertz pleaded guilty. By the month of November 2005, he received a federal prison sentence equal to 170 months (www.adl.org). The organizations legitimate grievances. Col.

William Joseph Simmons, a philanthropist, fraternalist, the first Imperial Grand Wizard and founder of the Ku Klux Klan when it was revived during the 1915, once said that he lives for others and not for himself. His aim is to serve his fellowmen patriotically and unselfishly. This ideology of Simmons rooted from the original principle of the organized Klan which explains that the organization only wanted to maintain law and order. These were the organization’s legitimate grievances. The organization did this by confronting the rampant oppression happening during those times, and by avoiding the chaos brought about by the reconstruction (www.kkklan.com). The Ku Klux Klan known today do not have any legitimate grievances. The organization is known today as a terrorist group because they involve in activities such as domestic terrorism or hate crimes. The Klan was characterized by Justice Clarence Thomas as an organization of terrorist whose undertakings are to intimidate people they dislike. Essays. The worst thing they could do is to eliminate those people using methods which are most brutal. It is the multiracial families or the African-Americans whom are targeted by the hate crimes of the organization (www.adl.org). Government’s reaction to the organization.

In the original organization of the Klan, the government reacted because they think that the Klan was trying to deprive them of the opportunity to boost their fortunes. Engineering Papers. The government reacted because they saw that the organization was able to decrease the crimes and maintain peace. According to an article, during the year 1866, the organization’s violent activities which continue to increase only helped the transfer paper for sale Northern Radical Republicans in their argument that measures which are harsher in nature should be implemented on the governments of the. South. Value Engineering Research Papers. This implementation of essay help harsher measures was a part of their program which aims to give black equal treatment. In the early part of the year 1897, Reconstruction Acts were passed by value research, the Congress. These Acts included the abolishment of the state governments of the ex-Confederates. Moreover, ten of the eleven states which were formerly rebel states were divided into military districts. As a result, elections with the aim of having new constitutional conventions were held. Obama Thesis. In addition, the value papers blacks were able to cast their votes. Michelle Graduation. These events created a Radical Reconstruction in research, the governments of the South.

In the April of 1867, the macbeth corruption of power dens or chapters of the Klan received a call saying that they should send a representative for a meeting. The meeting was in Nashville, Tennessee and the response of the Klan to engineering research papers, the policy of the new federal Reconstruction was planned. During those times, the Klan intensified its violence. In Tennessee, Mississippi, Georgia and Alabama, white people in thousand numbers joined the organization. They joined the hubbard Klan because they were alarmed by the increase in violence. In addition, they joined because they do not have the control when riding at night, not because they care for value, the victims. Because the organization was growing fast, William G. Brownlow, governor of Tennessee, did an attempt to infiltrate the Klan by planting spies within the organization.

Later on, the governor found out that the hubbard organization was aware of the attempt that he did. In one event, one of the spies sent by engineering, Brownlow was found in michelle thesis, a tree, strung up. Another spy of the governor did not have much success in infiltrating the Organization. Value. The spy was found mutilated and stripped. Another was found in essays on competition in sports, Nashville. Value Engineering Research Papers. In a barrel, the spy was stuffed and then drowned by rolling the elbert barrel into the Cumberland River. Reconstruction governors found it impossible to pierce the research Klan. This was due to fun critical exercises, the fact that the value papers organization was working behind a veil because most of the population of the whites support and sympathized with them. The article also stated that the original Klan started to vanish because of the increased attack from the Reconstruction state governments and the Congress.

Even though the first organization of the Ku Klux Klan was disbanded, atrocities and violence did not end. It even spread widely. Due to this, laws which are harsher in nature were passed throughout the region. These laws were passed by on competition, the radical legislatures. In addition, in counties where the Klan dominated, martial law was imposed. Furthermore, there was an engineering papers active hunting for the leaders of the Klan.

During the year 1871, hearings on the organization were held by the Congress. After the hearings, a tough law which is anti-Klan was passed. Because of the said law, the Southerners did not have anymore jurisdiction when it comes to macbeth, murder, robbery and crimes related to assault. The law also gave the president the authority to declare a martial law. In addition, there was a prohibition on the wearing of masks and riding at night. The end result of this, only few Klansmen were imprisoned even though there were hundreds of value engineering research them arrested (www.iupui.edu). In today’s organization of the for sale Klan, the government arrests members who are suspected of engineering doing crimes such as theft, burning, rape and the likes. The organization’s focus on attack. The original Klan did not focus its attack on the government’s interest nor the government itself.

It was the michelle graduation thesis government who provoked the value research papers organization to fight against them. The organization of the Ku Klux Klan known today to many is against the US government. This is due to the fact that racism is being promoted by the government. For Sale. According to Rev. Jeffrey L. Berry, leader of the States’ most active clans, the government is trying to manipulate the people by making them to think that the organization is hate based. By doing this, the people will believe in the idea of racism. Furthermore, he said that the Klan is against to the program of the United States which is giving foreign aid to some countries.

He insists that the US government should take care first its own people before helping other countries. He added that there are many illegal and homeless people in America. Furthermore, he stated that in the United States their organization is the third strongest party but then, they are not running for government (www.rsa-overseas.com). About the Ku Klux Klan [Electronic Version] from http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/kkk/default.asp?LEARN_Cat=ExtremismLEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_Americaxpicked=4item=kkk. A Brief History of the value Original Ku Klux Klan: 1865 – 1869. [Electronic Version]. Retrieved April13, 2007 from for sale philippines, http://www.kkklan.com/briefhist.htm. American KKK to help SA farmers? [Electronic Version] from http://www.rsa-overseas.com/weekly/old31a.htm. A Hundred Years of Terror. Definitions of Terrorism. (2007). Retrieved April 13, 2007, from http://www.unodc.org/unodc/terrorism_definitions.html.

Ku Klux Klan [Electronic Version] from http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=913. Ku Klux Klan – Criminal Activity and Violence [Electronic Version] from http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/kkk/crime.asp?LEARN_Cat=ExtremismLEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_Americaxpicked=4item=kkk. Ku Klux Klan – Criminal Activity and Violence. Various Activities of the Ku Klux Klan. McElrath, J. Value. Ku Klux Klan [Electronic Version] from http://afroamhistory.about.com/cs/kukluxklankkk/a/kukluxklan.htm. Is this the perfect essay for you?

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essay on primitivism Division of labor, which has had so much to do with bringing us to the present global crisis, works daily to prevent our understanding the origins of engineering this horrendous present. Mary Lecron Foster (1990) surely errs on the side of understatement in allowing that anthropology is today in danger of serious and essays on competition damaging fragmentation. Value Papers! Shanks and Tilley (1987b) voice a rare, related challenge: The point of archaeology is not merely to macbeth corruption of power essay, interpret the research past but to change the macbeth corruption of power essay manner in which the past is interpreted in the service of social reconstruction in the present. Of course, the social sciences themselves work against the breadth and depth of vision necessary to research, such a reconstruction. Corruption Of Power Essay! In terms of human origins and development, the array of splintered fields and sub-fields- anthropology, archaeology, paleontology, ethnology, paleobotany, ethnoanthropology, etc., etc. - mirrors the engineering papers narrowing, crippling effect that civilization has embodied from its very beginning. Nonetheless, the literature can provide highly useful assistance, if approached with an appropriate method and awareness and the desire to proceed past its limitations.

In fact, the weakness of more or less orthodox modes of thinking can and does yield to the demands of an increasingly dissatisfied society. Unhappiness with contemporary life becomes distrust with the official lies that are told to legitimate that life, and macbeth corruption of power a truer picture of human development emerges. Renunciation and subjugation in modern life have long been explained as necessary concomitants of human nature. After all, our pre-civilized existence of deprivation, brutality, and ignorance made authority a benevolent gift that rescued us from savagery. Cave man and `Neanderthal' are still invoked to papers, remind us where we would be without religion, government, and toil. This ideological view of our past has been radically overturned in recent decades, through the essays work of academics like Richard Lee and Marshall Sahlins. A nearly complete reversal in anthropological orthodoxy has come about, with important implications. Value Research Papers! Now we can see that life before domestication/agriculture was in fact largely one of leisure, intimacy with nature, sensual wisdom, sexual equality, and health. Exercises! This was our human nature, for a couple of million years, prior to enslavement by priests, kings, and bosses. And lately another stunning revelation has appeared, a related one that deepens the first and research papers may be telling us something equally important about corruption of power who we were and value engineering papers what we might again become. The main line of attack against thinking for nurses new descriptions of gatherer-hunter life has been, though often indirect or not explicitly stated, to characterize that life, condescendingly, as the most an evolving species could achieve at value engineering research, an early stage.

Thus, the argument allows that there was a long period of apparent grace and pacific existence, but says that humans simply didn't have the mental capacity to leave simple ways behind in favor of complex social and technological achievement. In another fundamental blow to civilization, we now learn that not only was human life once, and for so long, a state that did not know alienation or domination, but as the investigations since the '80s by archaeologists John Fowlett, Thomas Wynn, and others have shown, those humans possessed an intelligence at least equal to our own. At a stroke, as it were, the `ignorance' thesis is disposed of, and essays on competition in sports we contemplate where we came from in value research papers a new light. To put the issue of essay mental capacity in context, it is engineering useful to review the various (and again, ideologically loaded) interpretations of human origins and development. Corruption Essay! Robert Ardrey (1961, 1976) served up a bloodthirsty, macho version of prehistory, as have to slightly lesser degrees, Desmond Morris and Lionel Tiger. Similarly, Freud and Konrad Lorenz wrote of the value papers innate depravity of the species, thereby providing their contributions to hierarchy and power in the present. Fortunately, a far more plausible outlook has emerged, one that corresponds to the overall version of Paleolithic life in general. Food sharing has for graduation, some time been considered an integral part of earliest human society (e.g. Washburn and DeVore, 1961). Jane Goodall (1971) and Richard Leakey (1978), among others, have con- cluded that it was the key element in establishing our uniquely Homo development at engineering papers, least as early as 2 million years ago.

This emphasis, carried forward since the early '70s by Linton, Zihlman, Tanner, and Isaac, has become ascendant. One of the telling arguments in favor of the cooperation thesis, as against that of generalized violence and male domination, involves a diminishing, during early evolution, of the difference in size and strength between males and females. Michelle Graduation Thesis! Sexual dimorphism, as it is called, was originally very pronounced, including such features as prominent canines or fighting teeth in males and much smaller canines for the female. The disappearance of value research large male canines strongly suggests that the female of the species exercised a selection for sociable, sharing males. Most apes today have significantly longer and larger canines, male to female, in the absence of of power this female choice capacity (Zihlman 1981, Tanner 1981).

Division of engineering research labor between the sexes is transfer paper for sale another key area in human beginnings, a condition once simply taken for granted and expressed by the term hunter-gatherer. Value Research Papers! Now it is widely accepted that gathering of plant foods, once thought to be the exclusive domain of women and of secondary importance to hunting by males, constituted the main food source (Johansen and Shreeve 1989). Narrative! Since females were not significantly dependent on males for food (Hamilton 1984), it seems likely that rather than division of labor, flexibility and value research papers joint activity would have been central (Bender 1989). As Zihlman (1981) points out, an overall behavioral flexibility may have been the primary ingredient in early human existence. Joan Gero (1991) has demonstrated that stone tools were as likely to have been made by women as by transfer men, and indeed Poirier (1987) reminds us that there is no archaeological evidence supporting the contention that early humans exhibited a sexual division of labor.

It is unlikely that food collecting involved much, if any division of labor (Slocum 1975) and probably that sexual specialization came quite late in engineering human evolution (Zihlman 1981, Crader and Isaac 1981). So if the adaptation that began our species centered on gathering, when did hunting come in? Binford (1984) has argued that there is no indication of paper for sale philippines use of animal products (i.e. Engineering! evidence of butchery practices) until the appearance, relatively quite recent, of in sports anatomically modern humans. Electron microscope studies of fossil teeth found in value engineering East Africa (Walker 1984) suggest a diet composed primarily of fruit, while a similar examination of stone tools from a 1.5 million-year-old site at Koobi Fora in Kenya (Keeley and Toth 1981) shows that they were used on plant materials. The small amount of meat in michelle graduation the early Paleolithic diet was probably scavenged, rather than hunted (Ehrenberg 1989b). The `natural' condition of the species was evidently a diet made up largely of vegetables rich in fiber, as opposed to the modern high fat and animal protein diet with its attendant chronic disorders (Mendeloff 1977).

Though our early forbears employed their detailed knowledge of the environment and cognitive mapping (Zihlman 1981) in the service of a plant-gathering subsistence, the archaeological evidence for hunting appears to slowly increase with time (Hodder 1991). Much evidence, however, has overturned assumptions as to value research, widespread prehistoric hunting. Michelle Thesis! Collections of bones seen earlier as evidence of large kills of mammals, for example, have turned out to value engineering, be, upon closer examination, the results of movement by flowing water or caches by animals. Lewis Binford's Were There Elephant Hunters at Tooralba? (1989) is transfer for sale philippines a good instance of such a closer look, in value papers which he doubts there was significant hunting until 200,000 years ago or sooner. Adrienne Zihlman (1981) has concluded that hunting arose relatively late in elbert hubbard evolution, and may not extend beyond the last one hundred thousand years. And there are many (e.g. Straus 1986, Trinkhaus 1986) who do not see evidence for serious hunting of value large mammals until even later, viz. the thesis later Upper Paleolithic, just before the emergence of agriculture. The oldest known surviving artifacts are stone tools from value engineering Hadar in eastern Africa. With more refined dating methods, they may prove to be 3.1 million years old (Klein 1989). Perhaps the main reason these may be classified as representing human effort is that they involve the crafting of one tool by using another, a uniquely human attribute so far as we know.

Homo habilis, or handy man, designates what has been thought of as the first known human species, its name reflecting association with the earliest stone tools (Coppens 1989). Basic wooden and bone implements, though more perishable and thus scantily represented in on competition the archaeological record, were also used by Homo habilis as part of a remarkably simple and effective adaptation in Africa and Asia (Fagan 1990). Our ancestors at this stage had smaller brains and value research bodies than we do, but Poirier (1987) notes that their postcranial anatomy was rather like modern humans, and Holloway (1972, 1974) allows that his studies of cranial endocasts from this period indicate a bascally modern brain organization. Similarly, tools older than 2 mil- lion years have been found to exhibit a consistent right-handed orientation in narrative the ways stone has been flaked off in their formation. Right-handedness as a tendency is correlated in moderns with such distinctly human features as pronounced lateralization of the brain and marked functional separation of the papers cerebral hemispheres (Holloway 1981a). Klein (1989) concludes that basic human cognitive and on competition in sports communicational abilities are almost certainly implied. Homo erectus is the other main predecessor to value papers, Homo sapiens, according to longstanding usage, appearing about 1.75 million years ago as humans moved out of forests into drier, more open African grasslands.

Although brain size alone does not necessarily correlate with mental capacity, the cranial capacity of Homo erectus overlaps with that of moderns such that this species must have been capable of many of the same behaviors (Ciochon, Olsen and narrative essay help Tames 1990). As Johanson and Edey (1981) put it, If the value papers largest-brained erectus were to be rated against the smallest-brained sapiens - all their other characteristics ignored - their species names would have to be reversed. Homo Neanderthalus, which immediately preceded us, possessed brains somewhat larger than our own (Delson 1985, Holloway 1985, Donald 1991). Though of course the much-maligned Neanderthal has been pictured as a primitive, brutish creature - in keeping with the essays on competition prevailing Hobbesian ideology - despite manifest intelligence as well as enormous physical strength (Shreeve 1991). Recently, however, the whole species framework has become a doubtful proposition (Day 1987, Rightmire 1990). Attention has been drawn to the fact that fossil specimens from various Homo species all show intermediate morphological traits, leading to suspicion of an arbitrary division of humanity into separate taxa (Gingerich 1979, Tobias 1982). Fagan (1989), for example, tells us that it is very hard to draw a clear taxonomic boundary between Homo erectus and archaic Homo sapiens on the one hand, and between archaic and anatomically modern Homo sapiens on the other. Likewise, Foley (1989): the anatomical distinctions between Homo erectus and Homo sapiens are not great. Value Papers! Jelinek (1978) flatly declares that there is no good reason, anatomical or cultural for separating erectus and sapiens into two species, and has concluded (1980a) that people from at least the graduation Middle Paleolithic onward may be viewed as Homo sapiens (as does Hublin 1986).

The tremendous upward revision of early intelligence, discussed below, must be seen as connected to the present confusion over research species, as the once-prevailing overall evolutionary model gives way. But the controversy over species categorization is only interesting in the context of how our earliest forbears lived. Despite the minimal nature of what could be expected to survive so many millennia, we can glimpse some of the elbert essays texture of that life, with its often elegant, pre-division of labor approaches. The tool kit from the Olduvai Gorge area made famous by the Leakeys contains at value engineering research, least six clearly recognizable tool types dating from about 1.7 million years ago (M. Leakey, 1978). There soon appeared the Acheulian handaxe, with its symmetrical beauty, in use for about a million years. Teardrop-shaped, and possessed of a remarkable balance, it exudes grace and utility from an corruption of power, era much prior to sym- bolization. Engineering Research! Isaac (1986) noted that the basic needs for sharp edges that humans have can be met from the varied range of forms generated from `Oldowan' patterns of stone flaking, wondering how it came to be thought that more complex equals better adapted. Essays On Competition! In this distant early time, according to cut-marks found on surviving bones, humans were using scavenged animal sinews and value engineering skins for such things as cord, bags, and rugs (Gowlett 1984). Further evidence suggests furs for cave wall coverings and seats, and seaweed beds for sleeping (Butzer 1970).

The use of fire goes back almost 2 million years (Kempe 1988) and michelle graduation might have appeared even earlier but for the tropical conditions of humanity's original African homeland, as Poirier (1987) implies. Perfected fire-making included the firing of caves to papers, eliminate insects and heated pebble floors (Perles 1975, Lumley 1976), amenities that show up very early in the Paleolithic. As John Gowlett (1986) notes, there are still some archaeologists who consider anything earlier than Homo sapiens, a mere 30,000 years ago, as greatly more primitive than we fully human types. But along with the documentation, referred to above, of elbert hubbard fundamentally `modern' brain anatomy even in early humans, this minority must now contend with recent work depicting complete human intelligence as present virtually with the birth of the Homo species. Thomas Wynn (1985) judged manufacture of the Acheulian handaxe to have required a stage of intelligence that is typical of fully modern adults. Gowlett, like Wynn, examines the required operational thinking involved in the right hammer, the right force and the right striking angle, in an ordered sequence and with flexibility needed for modifying the engineering research papers procedure. He contends that manipulation, concentration, visualization of form in three dimensions, and planning were needed, and that these requirements were the common property of elbert hubbard essays early human beings as much as two million years ago, and this, he adds, is hard knowledge, not speculation.

During the vast time-span of the Paleolithic, there were remarkably few changes in technology (Rolland 1990). Innovation, over 2 1/2 million years measured in stone tool development was practically nil, according to Gerhard Kraus (1990). Seen in the light of what we now know of prehistoric intelligence, such `stagnation' is especially vexing to value engineering, many social scientists. It is difficult to comprehend such slow development, in the judgment of Wymer (1989). It strikes me as very plausible that intelligence, informed by fun critical thinking exercises the success and satisfaction of a gatherer-hunter existence, is the very reason for the pronounced absence of research `progress'. Essay Help! Division of labor, domestication, symbolic culture--these were evidently refused until very recently.

Contemporary thought, in its postmodern incarnation, would like to rule out the reality of a divide between nature and culture; given the abilities present among people before civilization, however, it may be more accurate to say that basically, they long chose nature over value research papers culture. It is also popular to essays in sports, see almost every human act or object as symbolic (e.g. Botscharow 1989), a position which is, generally speaking, part of the value denial of a nature versus culture distinction. But it is culture as the corruption of power essay manipulation of basic symbolic forms that is involved here. It also seems clear that reified time, language (written, certainly, and probably spoken language for all or most of engineering this period), number, and of power art had no place, despite an intelligence fully capable of them. I would like to engineering research, interject, in passing, my agreement with Goldschmidt (1990) that the hidden dimension in the construction of the michelle obama thesis symbolic world is time. And as Norman O. Brown put it, life not repressed is not in historical time, which I take as a reminder that time as a materiality is not inherent in reality, but a cultural imposition, perhaps the first cultural imposition, on it. As this elemental dimension of value symbolic culture progresses, so does, by essay equal steps, alienation from the engineering papers natural. Cohen (1974) has discussed symbols as essential for the development and maintenance of social order. Which implies--as does, more forcefully, a great deal of positive evidence--that before the narrative essay emergence of symbols there was no condition of dis-order requiring them. In a similar vein, Levi-Strauss (1953) pointed out that mythical thought always progresses from the awareness of oppositions toward their resolution.

So whence the absence of order, the conflicts or oppositions? The literature on value research, the Paleolithic contains almost nothing that deals with this essential question, among thousands of monographs on specific features. A reasonable hypothesis, in my opinion, is that division of macbeth of power labor, unnoticed because of its glacially slow pace, and not sufficiently understood because of its newness, began to cause small fissures in the human community and unhealthy practices vis-a-vis nature. In the later Upper Paleolithic, 15,000 years ago, we begin to observe specialized collection of plants in value engineering research the Middle East, and specialized hunting, observed Gowlett (1984). The sudden appearance of essays on competition symbolic activities (e.g. ritual and value papers art) in the Upper Paleolithic has definitely seemed to archaeologists one of prehistory's big surprises (Binford 1972b), given the absence of such behaviors in the Middle Paleolithic (Foster 1990, Kozlowski 1990). But signs of division of labor and specialization were making their presence felt as a breakdown of wholeness and natural order, a lack that needed redressing. What is surprising is hubbard essays that this transition to value engineering, civilization can still be seen as benign. Foster (1990) seems to celebrate it by concluding that the symbolic mode. has proved extraordinarily adaptive, else why has Homo sapiens become material master of the world? He is certainly correct, as he is to recognize the manipulation of symbols [to be] the very stuff of culture, but he appears oblivious to the fact that this successful adaptation has brought alienation and destruction of nature along to their present horrifying prominence.

It is elbert hubbard reasonable to assume that the symbolic world originated in the formulation of language, which somehow appeared from a matrix of value engineering papers extensive nonverbal communication (Tanner and macbeth Zihlman 1976) and face-to-face contact. There is value engineering no agreement as to when language began, but no evidence exists of speech before the cultural `explosion' of the later Upper Paleolithic (Dibble 1984, 1989). On Competition! It seems to value engineering research papers, have acted as an thesis, inhibiting agent, a way of bringing life under greater control (Mumford 1972), stemming the flood of engineering images and sensations to which the pre-modern individual was open. In this sense it would have likely marked an early turning away from essays in sports a life of openness and communion with nature, toward one more oriented to engineering research, the overlordship and domestication that followed symbolic culture's inauguration. It is probably a mistake, by the way, to transfer for sale, assume that thought is advanced (if there were such a thing as `neutral' thought, whose advance could be universally appreciat- ed) because we actually think in language; there is no conclusive evidence that we must do so (Allport 1983). There are many cases (Lecours and Joanette 1980, Levine et al. 1982), involving stroke and like impairments, of value engineering patients who have lost speech, including the ability to talk silently to themselves, who were fully capable of thinking exercises for nurses coherent thought of all kinds. These data strongly suggest that human intellectual skill is uniquely powerful, even in the absence of language (Donald 1991). In terms of symbolization in action, Goldschmidt (1990) seems correct in judging that the Upper Paleolithic invention of ritual may well have been the keystone in the structure of culture that gave it its great impetus for engineering research, expansion. Ritual has played a number of pivotal roles in what Hodder (1990) termed the relentless unfolding of symbolic and social structures accompanying the arrival of cultural mediation. It was as a means of achieving and consolidating social cohesion that ritual was essential (Johnson 1982, Conkey 1985); totemic rituals, for example, reinforce clan unity.

The start of an transfer for sale, appreciation of value engineering papers domestication, or taming of nature, is seen in a cultural ordering of the wild, through ritual. Evidently, the female as a cultural category, viz. seen as wild or dangerous, dates from this period. The ritual Venus figurines appear as of 25,000 years ago, and seem to be an obama thesis, example of earliest symbolic likeness of women for the purpose of representation and engineering papers control (Hodder 1990). Even more concretely, subjugation of the wild occurs at this time in corruption of power essay the first systematic hunting of large mammals; ritual was an integral part of this activity (Hammond 1974, Frison 1986). Ritual, as shamanic practice, may also be considered as a regression from that state in which all shared a consciousness we would now classify as extrasensory (Leonard 1972). When specialists alone claim access to such perceptual heights as may have once been communal, further backward moves in division of labor are facilitated or enhanced. The way back to bliss through ritual is a virtually universal mythic theme, promising the dissolution of value engineering research papers measurable time, among other joys. This theme of ritual points to an absence that it falsely claims to fill, as does symbolic culture in general. Ritual as a means of organizing emotions, a method of cultural direction and restraint, introduces art, a facet of ritual expressiveness (Bender 1989). There can be little doubt, to Gans (1985), that the exercises for nurses various forms of secular art derive originally from value engineering research papers ritual. We can detect the essay beginning of an unease, a feeling that an earlier, direct authenticity is departing.

La Barre (1972), I believe, is correct in judging that art and religion alike arise from unsatisfied desire. At first, more abstractly as language, then more purposively as ritual and engineering research papers art, culture steps in to fun critical thinking, deal artificially with spiritual and social anxiety. Ritual and magic must have dominated early (Upper Paleolithic) art and papers were probably essential, along with an increasing division of labor, for the coordination and direction of community (Wymer 1981). Corruption Of Power Essay! Similarly, Pfeiffer (1982) has depicted the famous Upper Paleolithic European cave paintings as the original form of initiating youth into now complex social systems; as necessary for order and engineering discipline (see also Gamble 1982, Jochim 1983). And art may have contributed to the control of nature, as part of development of the earliest territorialism, for example (Straus 1990). The emergence of symbolic culture, with its inherent will to manipulate and control, soon opened the door to domestication of nature. After two million years of human life within the bounds of nature, in balance with other wild species, agriculture changed our lifestyle, our way of adapting, in an unprecedented way. Never before has such a radical change occurred in a species so utterly and so swiftly (Pfeiffer 1977). Self-domestication through language, ritual, and thinking exercises art inspired the taming of plants and value engineering research animals that followed. Appearing only 10,000 years ago, farming quickly triumphed; for control, by its very nature, invites intensification.

Once the will to in sports, production broke through, it became more productive the more efficiently it was exercised, and hence more ascendant and adaptive. Agriculture enables greatly increased division of labor, establishes the value engineering papers material foundations of social hierarchy, and initiates environmental destruction. Priests, kings, drudgery, sexual inequality, warfare are a few of its fairly immediate specific consequences (Ehrenberg 1986b, Wymer 1981, Festinger 1983). Whereas Paleolithic peoples enjoyed a highly varied diet, using several thousand species of plants for macbeth of power, food, with farming these sources were vastly reduced (White 1959, Gouldie 1986). Given the intelligence and the very great practical knowledge of papers Stone Age humanity, the question has often been asked, Why didn't agriculture begin, at essays in sports, say, 1,000,000 B.C. rather than about 8,000 B.C.?

I have provided a brief answer in terms of slowly accelerating alienation in the form of division of labor and value research papers symbolization, but given how negative the on competition results were, it is still a bewildering phenomenon. Thus, as Binford (1968) put it, The question to be asked is not why agriculture. was not developed everywhere, but why it was developed at all. The end of gatherer-hunter life brought a decline in size, stature, and skeletal robusticity (Cohen and Armelagos 1981, Harris and Ross 1981), and introduced tooth decay, nutritional deficiencies, and research most infectious diseases (Larsen 1982, Buikstra 1976a, Cohen 1981). Taken as a whole. an michelle graduation thesis, overall decline in value research papers the quality--and probably the length--of human life, concluded Cohen and Armelagos (1981). Another outcome was the invention of number, unnecessary before the fun critical thinking exercises for nurses ownership of engineering papers crops, animals, and land that is one of agriculture's hallmarks. The development of number further impelled the michelle obama thesis urge to treat nature as something to be dominated. Writing was also required by value engineering papers domestication, for the earliest business transactions and political administration (Larsen 1988). Of Power! Levi-Strauss has argued persuasively that the primary function of written communication was to facilitate exploitation and subjugation (1955); cities and empires, for example, would be impossible without it. Here we see clearly the joining of the logic of symbolization and the growth of capital. Conformity, repetition, and regularity were the keys to civilization upon its triumph, replacing the spontaneity, enchantment, and value research discovery of the pre-agricultural human state that survived so very long.

Clark (1979) cites a gatherer-hunter amplitude of leisure, deciding it was this and the pleasurable way of thinking exercises life that went with it, rather than penury and a day-long grind, that explains why social life remained so static. One of the engineering research most enduring and fun critical thinking exercises for nurses widespread myths is that there was once a Golden Age, characterized by peace and innocence, and research papers that something happened to destroy this idyll and thinking for nurses consign us to misery and suffering. Value Engineering! Eden, or whatever name it goes by, was the home of our primeval forager ancestors, and expresses the yearning of disillusioned tillers of the transfer for sale philippines soil for a lost life of engineering papers freedom and relative ease. The once rich environs people inhabited prior to domestication and agriculture are now virtually nonexistent. Exercises For Nurses! For the few remaining foragers there exist only the papers most marginal lands, those isolated places as yet unwanted by agriculture. And surviving gatherer-hunters, who have somehow managed to evade civilization's tremendous pressures to turn them into slaves (i.e. farmers, political subjects, wage laborers), have all been influenced by help contact with outside peoples (Lee 1976, Mithen 1990). Duffy (1984) points out that the present day gatherer-hunters he studied, the Mbuti Pygmies of central Africa, have been acculturated by surrounding villager-agriculturalists for research, hundreds of for nurses years, and to some extent, by engineering generations of contact with government authorities and missionaries.

And yet it seems that an impulse toward authentic life can survive down through the ages: Try to hubbard essays, imagine, he counsels, a way of life where land, shelter, and research papers food are free, and where there are no leaders, bosses, politics, organized crime, taxes, or laws. Add to essay, this the benefits of being part of a society where everything is shared, where there are no rich people and no poor people, and where happiness does not mean the accumulation of material possessions. The Mbuti have never domesticated animals or planted crops. Among the members of non-agriculturalist bands resides a highly sane combination of little work and material abundance. Bodley (1976) discovered that the San (aka Bushmen) of the harsh Kalahari Desert of papers southern Africa work fewer hours, and fewer of elbert hubbard essays their number work, than do the value engineering neighboring cultivators. In times of hubbard drought, moreover, it has been the San to whom the farmers have turned for their survival (Lee 1968). They spend strikingly little time laboring and much time at value, rest and leisure, according to Tanaka (1980), while others (e.g.

Marshall 1976, Guenther 1976) have commented on San vitality and freedom compared with sedentary farmers, their relatively secure and easygoing life. Flood (1983) noted that to Australian aborigines the labour involved in tilling and planting outweighed the possible advantages. Speaking more generally, Tanaka (1976) has pointed to the abundant and stable plant foods in the society of early humanity, just as they exist in every modern gatherer society. Likewise, Festinger (1983) referred to Paleolithic access to considerable food without a great deal of effort, adding that contemporary groups that still live on hunting and gathering do very well, even though they have been pushed into very marginal habitats. As Hole and Flannery (1963) summarized: No group on earth has more leisure time than hunters and gatherers, who spend it primarily on games, conversation and relaxing. Macbeth Corruption! They have much more free time, adds Binford (1968), than do modern industrial or farm workers, or even professors of archaeology.

The non-domesticated know that, as Vaneigem (1975) put it, only the present can be total. This by value engineering papers itself means that they live life with incomparably greater immediacy, density and passion than we do. It has been said that some revolutionary days are worth centuries; until then We look before and after, as Shelley wrote, And sigh for what is not. The Mbuti believe (Turnbull 1976) that by a correct fulfillment of the present, the past and the future will take care of themselves. Primitive peoples do not live through memories, and generally have no interest in birthdays or measuring their ages (Cipriani 1966). As for the future, they have little desire to control what does not yet exist, just as they have little desire to control nature. Their moment-by-moment joining with the flux and flow of the natural world does not preclude an macbeth corruption essay, awareness of the seasons, but this does not constitute an alienated time consciousness that robs them of the present. Though contemporary gatherer-hunters eat more meat than their pre-historic forbears, vegetable foods still constitute the research mainstay of their diet in elbert hubbard essays tropical and subtropical regions (Lee 1968a, Yellen and Lee 1976). Both the Kalahari San and engineering the Hazda of East Africa, where game is more abundant than in transfer paper philippines the Kalahari, rely on value research, gathering for for sale, 80 percent of engineering their sustenance (Tanaka 1980). The !Kung branch of the San search for more than a hundred different kinds of plants (Thomas 1968) and exhibit no nutritional deficiency (Truswell and Hansen 1976). This is similar to the healthful, varied diet of Australian foragers (Fisher 1982, Flood 1983).

The overall diet of gatherers is better than that of essay cultivators, starvation is research papers very rare, and their health status generally superior, with much less chronic disease (Lee and transfer paper for sale philippines Devore 1968a, Ackerman 1990). Lauren van der Post (1958) expressed wonder at the exuberant San laugh, which rises sheer from the stomach, a laugh you never hear among civilized people. Research! He found this emblematic of a great vigor and clarity of senses that yet manages to withstand and on competition elude the onslaught of civilization. Truswell and value engineering Hansen (1976) may have encountered it in the person of a San who had survived an unarmed fight with a leopard; although injured, he had killed the animal with his bare hands. The Andaman Islanders, west of Thailand, have no leaders, no idea of symbolic representation, and no domesticated animals. There is also an absence of aggression, violence, and disease; wounds heal surprisingly quickly, and their sight and hearing are particularly acute. They are said to have declined since European intrusion in the mid-19th century, but exhibit other such remarkable physical traits as a natural immunity to malaria, skin with sufficient elasticity to rule out post-childbirth stretch marks and for nurses the wrinkling we associate with ageing, and an `unbelievable' strength of teeth: Cipriani (1966) reported seeing children of 10 to 15 years crush nails with them. He also testified to the Andamese practice of collecting honey with no protective clothing at all; yet they are never stung, and watching them one felt in the presence of some age-old mystery, lost by the civilized world. DeVries (1952) has cited a wide range of contrasts by which the superior health of gatherer-hunters can be established, including an absence of value engineering papers degenerative diseases and mental disabilities, and thinking for nurses childbirth without difficulty or pain.

He also points out value engineering that this begins to erode from the moment of contact with civilization. Relatedly, there is a great deal of hubbard evidence not only for physical and emotional vigor among primitives but also concerning their heightened sensory abilities. Darwin described people at engineering papers, the southernmost tip of South America who went about almost naked in fun critical exercises for nurses frigid conditions, while Peasley (1983) observed Aborigines who were renowned for their ability to live through bitterly cold desert nights without any form of clothing. Value! Levi-Strauss (1979) was astounded to learn of a particular [South American] tribe which was able to michelle obama, see the planet Venus in full daylight, a feat comparable to that of the North African Dogon who consider Sirius B the most important star; somehow aware, without instruments, of a star that can only value engineering research be found with the most powerful of telescopes (Temple 1976). In this vein, Boyden (1970) recounted the Bushman ability to see four of the moons of Jupiter with the naked eye. In The Harmless People (1959), Marshall told how one Bushman walked unerringly to a spot in a vast plain, with no bush or tree to narrative essay, mark place, and engineering pointed out essays a blade of grass with an value engineering research papers, almost invisible filament of vine around it. He had encountered it months before in the rainy season when it was green.

Now, in philippines parched weather, he dug there to expose a succulent root and quenched his thirst. Also in the Kalahari Desert, van der Post (1958) meditated upon San/Bushman communion with nature, a level of experience that could almost be called mystical. Engineering Papers! For instance, they seemed to know what it actually felt like to corruption, be an elephant, a lion, an antelope, a steenbuck, a lizard, a striped mouse, mantis, baobab tree, yellow-crested cobra or starry-eyed amaryllis, to mention only a few of the brilliant multitudes through which they moved. It seems almost pedestrian to add that gatherer-hunters have often been remarked to possess tracking skills that virtually defy rational explanation (e.g. Lee 1979). Rohrlich-Leavitt (1976) noted, The data show that gatherer-hunters are generally nonterritorial and bilocal; reject group aggression and competition; share their resources freely; value egalitarianism and personal autonomy in the context of value engineering papers group cooperation; and are indulgent and loving with children. Macbeth Corruption Of Power! Dozens of studies stress communal sharing and egalitarianism as perhaps the defining traits of research such groups (e.g. Elbert! Marshall 1961 and 1976, Sahlins 1968, Pilbeam 1972, Damas 1972, Diamond 1974, Lafitau 1974, Tanaka 1976 and 1980, Wiessner 1977, Morris 1982, Riches 1982, Smith 1988, Mithen 1990). Lee (1982) referred to the universality among foragers of engineering research sharing, while Marshall's classic 1961 work spoke of the ethic of generosity and humility informing a strongly egalitarian gatherer-hunter orientation. Tanaka provides a typical example: The most admired character trait is transfer generosity, and the most despised and disliked are stinginess and engineering research selfishness.

Baer (1986) listed egalitarianism, democracy, personalism, individuation, nurturance as key virtues of the michelle obama thesis non-civilized, and Lee (1988) cited an absolute aversion to papers, rank distinctions among simple foraging peoples around the world. Leacock and Lee (1982) specified that any assumption of for sale philippines authority within the group leads to ridicule or anger among the !Kung, as has been recorded for the Mbuti (Turnbull 1962), the Hazda (Woodburn 1980) and the Montagnais-Naskapi (Thwaites 1906), among others. Not even the father of an engineering papers, extended family can tell his sons and daughters what to do. Transfer For Sale Philippines! Most people appear to operate on research papers, their own internal schedules, reported Lee (1972) of the !Kung of transfer paper philippines Botswana. Value Engineering Research! Ingold (1987) judged that in most hunting and gathering societies, a supreme value is placed upon the principle of individual autono- my, similar to Wilson's finding (1988) of an ethic of independence that is exercises common to the focused open societies. The esteemed field anthropologist Radin (1953) went so far as to say: Free scope is allowed for value engineering research, every conceivable kind of personality outlet or expression in primitive society.

No moral judgment is passed on any aspect of human personality as such. Turnbull (1976) looked on the structure of Mbuti social life as an apparent vacuum, a lack of internal system that is almost anarchical. According to Duffy (1984), the Mbuti are naturally acephalous - they do not have leaders or rulers, and decisions concerning the band are made by in sports consensus. There is an enormous qualitative difference between foragers and farmers in this regard, as in value research so many others. For instance, agricultural Bantu tribes (e.g. the Saga) surround the San, and are organized by kingship, hierarchy and work; the San exhibit egalitarianism, autonomy, and sharing. Domestication is the principle which accounts for this drastic distinction. Domination within a society is not unrelated to domination of nature.

In gatherer-hunter societies, on the other hand, no strict hierarchy exists between the obama human and the non-human species (Noske 1989), and relations among foragers are likewise non-hierarchical. The non-domesticated typically view the animals they hunt as equals; this essentially egalitarian relationship is ended by the advent of domestication. When progressive estrangement from nature became outright social control (agriculture), more than just social attitudes changed. Papers! Descriptions by sailors and explorers who arrived in newly discovered regions tell how wild mammals and birds originally showed no fear at all of the human invaders (Brock 1981). Fun Critical Exercises For Nurses! A few contemporary gatherers practiced no hunting before outside contact, but while the engineering papers majority certainly do hunt, it is not normally an aggressive act (Rohrlich- Leavitt 1976). Turnbull (1965) observed Mbuti hunting as quite without any aggressive spirit, even carried out with a sort of regret. Hewitt (1986) reported a sympathy bond between hunter and hunted among the Xan Bushmen he encountered in the 19th century. As regards violence among gatherer-hunters, Lee (1988) found that the !Kung hate fighting, and paper for sale philippines think anybody who fought would be stupid. Papers! The Mbuti, by Duffy's account (1984), look on any form of violence between one person and another with great abhorrence and distaste, and never represent it in their dancing or playacting. Homicide and suicide, concluded Bodley (1976), are both decidedly uncommon among undisturbed gatherer-hunters. The `warlike' nature of macbeth essay Native American peoples was often fabricated to add legitimacy to European aims of conquest (Kroeber 1961); the foraging Comanche maintained their non-violent ways for centuries before the European invasion, becoming violent only upon contact with marauding civilization (Fried 1973).

The development of symbolic culture, which rapidly led to agriculture, is linked through ritual to alienated social life among extant foraging groups. Bloch (1977) found a correlation between levels of ritual and hierarchy. Put negatively, Woodburn (1968) could see the connection between an absence of ritual and the absence of specialized roles and hierarchy among the Hazda of Tanzania. Turner's study of the west African Ndembu (1957) revealed a profusion of ritual structures and ceremonies intended to redress the engineering research conflicts arising from the breakdown of an earlier, more seamless society. These ceremonies and structures function in essays on competition in sports a politically integrative way. Ritual is a repetitive activity for which outcomes and value research responses are essentially assured by thinking exercises for nurses social contract; it conveys the message that symbolic practice, via group membership and social rules, provides control (Cohen 1985). Value Papers! Ritual fosters the concept of control or domination, and has been seen to tend toward leadership roles (Hitchcock 1982) and centralized political structures (Lourandos 1985). A monopoly of ceremonial institutions clearly extends the concept of hubbard essays authority (Bender 1978), and value research may itself be the original formal authority. Among agricultural tribes of New Guinea, leadership and the inequality it implies are based upon participation in hierarchies of obama graduation thesis ritual initiation or upon shamanistic spirit-mediumship (Kelly 1977, Modjeska 1982).

In the role of engineering research papers shamans we see a concrete practice of macbeth corruption essay ritual as it contributes to research, domination in human society. Radin (1937) discussed the same marked tendency among Asian and North American tribal peoples for graduation, shamans or medicine men to organize and develop the engineering papers theory that they alone are in communication with the supernatural. This exclusive access seems to empower them at the expense of the rest; Lommel (1967) saw an increase in the shaman's psychic potency. counterbalanced by essays a weakening of potency in other members of the group. This practice has fairly obvious implications for value engineering research papers, power relationships in other areas of life, and contrasts with earlier periods devoid of religious lead- ership. The Batuque of Brazil are host to shamans who each claim control over michelle obama thesis certain spirits and attempt to sell supernatural services to clients, rather like priests of competing sects (S. Leacock 1988). Specialists of this type in magically controlling nature. would naturally come to control men, too, in engineering research papers the opinion of Muller (1961). In fact, the thesis shaman is often the most powerful individual in pre-agricultural societies (e.g. Sheehan 1985); he is in a position to institute change.

Johannessen (1987) offers the thesis that resistance to the innovation of planting was overcome by the influence of shamans, among the Indians of the American Southwest, for instance. Similarly, Marquardt (1985) has suggested that ritual authority structures have played an important role in the initiation and organization of value engineering research production in North America. Another student of American groups (Ingold 1987) saw an important connection between shamans' role in mastering wildness in essays nature and an emerging subordination of women. Berndt (1974a) has discussed the importance among Aborigines of ritual sexual division of value engineering research labor in macbeth the development of value papers negative sex roles, while Randolph (1988) comes straight to the point: Ritual activity is needed to create `proper' men and women. There is no reason in nature for gender divisions, argues Bender (1989). They have to be created by proscription and taboo, they have to be `naturalized' through ideology and ritual. But gatherer-hunter societies, by their very nature, deny ritual its potential to domesticate women. The structure (non-structure?) of fun critical egalitarian bands, even those most oriented toward hunting, includes a guarantee of value engineering papers autonomy to both sexes. This guarantee is the fact that the materials of subsistence are equally available to essay, women and men and that, further, the success of the band is dependent on cooperation based on that autonomy (Leacock 1978, Friedl 1975). The spheres of the sexes are often somewhat separate, but inasmuch as the engineering papers contribution of women is elbert essays generally at least equal to value engineering, that of men, social equality of the michelle obama sexes is a key feature of forager societies (Ehrenberg 1989b).

Many anthropologists, in fact, have found the status of women in forager groups to be higher than in any other type of society (e.g. Fluer- Lobban 1979, Rohrlich-Leavitt, Sykes and Weatherford 1975, Leacock 1978). In all major decisions, observed Turnbull (1970) of the Mbuti, men and women have equal say, hunting and gathering being equally important. He made it clear (1981) that there is sexual differentiation - probably a good deal more than was the engineering research case with their distant forbears - but without any sense of superordination or subordination. Men actually work more hours than women among the !Kung, according to macbeth corruption of power, Post and Taylor (1984). It should be added, in terms of the value research division of labor common among contemporary gatherer-hunters, that this differentiation of roles is by no means universal. Nor was it when the Roman historian Tacitus wrote, of the Fenni of the Baltic region, that the women support themselves by hunting, exactly like the men. and count their lot happier than that of others who groan over field labor.

Or when Procopius found, in the 6th century A.D., that the Serithifinni of what is now Finland neither till the land themselves, nor do their women work it for them, but the women regularly join the men in hunting. The Tiwi women of essay help Melville Island regularly hunt (Martin and Voorhies 1975) as do the Agta women in the Philippines (Estioko-- Griffen and research Griffen 1981). In Mbuti society, there is essay little specialization according to sex. Even the hunt is a joint effort, reports Turnbull (1962), and value engineering research papers Cotlow (1971) testifies that among the traditional Eskimos it is essays on competition (or was) a cooperative enterprise for the whole family group. Darwin (1871) found another aspect of sexual equality: . in utterly barbarous tribes the women have more power in value papers choosing, rejecting, and tempting their lovers, or of afterwards changing their husbands, than might have been expected.

The !Kung Bushmen and Mbuti exemplify this female autonomy, as reported by Marshall (1959) and Thomas (1965); Women apparently leave a man whenever they are unhappy with their marriage, concluded Begler (1978). Marshall (1970) also found that rape was extremely rare or absent among the !Kung. An intriguing phenomenon concerning gatherer-hunter women is their ability to prevent pregnancy in the absence of any contraception (Silberbauer 1981). Many hypotheses have been put forth and debunked, e.g. Obama! conception somehow related to levels of body fat (Frisch 1974, Leibowitz 1986). Research! What seems a very plausible explanation is based on the fact that undomesticated people are very much more in tune with their physical selves. Foraging women's senses and processes are not alienated from themselves or dulled; control over childbearing is essays probably less than mysterious to those whose bodies are not foreign objects to be acted upon. The Pygmies of papers Zaire celebrate the first menstrual period of transfer for sale philippines every girl with a great festival of gratitude and value engineering rejoicing (Turnbull 1962). The young woman feels pride and pleasure, and the entire band expresses its happiness. Among agricultural villagers, however, a menstruating woman is regarded as unclean and dangerous, to fun critical thinking exercises, be quarantined by taboo (Duffy 1984). Value Research! The relaxed, egalitarian relationship between San men and on competition in sports women, with its flexibility of roles and mutual respect impressed Draper (1971, 1972, 1975); a relationship, she made clear, that endures as long as they remain gatherer-hunters and no longer. Duffy (1984) found that each child in an Mbuti camp calls every man father and every woman mother.

Forager children receive far more care, time, and attention than do those in civilization's isolated nuclear families. Post and Taylor (1984) described the almost permanent contact with their mothers and other adults that Bushman children enjoy. !Kung infants studied by Ainsworth (1967) showed marked precocity of early cognitive and motor skills development. This was attributed both to the exercise and stimulation produced by unrestricted freedom of movement, and to the high degree of physical warmth and closeness between !Kung parents and children (see also Konner 1976). Draper (1976) could see that competitiveness in games is engineering research almost entirely lacking among the !Kung, as Shostack (1976) observed !Kung boys and girls playing together and sharing most games. She also found that children are not prevented from experimental sex play, consonant with the freedom of older Mbuti youth to indulge in premarital sex with enthusiasm and elbert hubbard delight (Turnbull 1981). The Zuni have no sense of sin, Ruth Benedict (1946) wrote in value engineering a related vein. Chastity as a way of of power essay life is regarded with great disfavor. Pleasant relations between the sexes are merely one aspect of pleasant relations with human beings. Value Engineering! Sex is an incident in a happy life. Coontz and Henderson (1986) point to a growing body of evidence in support of the proposition that relations between the sexes are most egalitarian in the simplest foraging societies. Women play an essential role in traditional agriculture, but receive no corresponding status for their contribution, unlike the fun critical thinking exercises case of gatherer-hunter society (Chevillard and Leconte 1986, Whyte 1978).

As with plants and animals, so are women subject to value engineering papers, domestication with the coming of agriculture. Culture, securing its foundations with the essays new order, requires the firm subjugation of instinct, freedom, and sexuality. All disorder must be banished, the elemen- tal and value research papers spontaneous taken firmly in hand. Women's creativity and their very being as sexual persons are pressured to graduation thesis, give way to the role, expressed in all peasant religions, of Great Mother, that is, fecund breeder of men and food. The men of the South American Munduruc, a farming tribe, refer to plants and sex in value engineering research the same phrase about subduing women: We tame them with the banana (Murphy and Murphy 1985).

Simone de Beauvoir (1949) recognized in graduation thesis the equation of the plow and the phallus a symbol of male authority over women. Among the Amazonian Jivaro, another agricultural group, women are beasts of burden and the personal property of men (Harner 1972); the abduction of adult women is a prominent part of much warfare by these lowland South American tribes (Ferguson 1988). Engineering Research! Brutalization and isolation of on competition in sports women seem to be functions of agricultural societies (Gregor 1988), and the female continues to perform most or even all of the work in engineering such groups (Morgan 1985). Head-hunting is practiced by the above-mentioned groups, as part of endemic warfare over hubbard coveted agricultural land (Lathrap 1970); head-hunting and near-constant warring is also witnessed among the farming tribes of Highlands New Guinea (Watson 1970). Lenski and value Lenski's 1974 researches concluded that warfare is rare among foragers but becomes extremely common with agrarian societies. As Wilson (1988) put it succinctly, Revenge, feuds, rioting, warfare and michelle battle seem to emerge among, and to be typical of, domesticated peoples. Tribal conflicts, Godelier (1977) argues, are explainable primarily by reference to colonial domination and should not be seen as having an origin in the functioning of pre-colonial structures. Certainly contact with civilization can have an unsettling, degenerative effect, but Godelier's marxism (viz. unwillingness to question domestication/production), is, one suspects, relevant to such a judgment. Thus it could be said that the Copper Eskimos, who have a significant incidence of homicide within their group (Damas 1972), owe this violence to the impact of outside influences, but their reliance on domesticated dogs should also be noted. Arens (1979) has asserted, paralleling Godelier to some extent, that cannibalism as a cultural phenomenon is a fiction, invented and promoted by agencies of value outside conquest. But there is documentation of this practice (e.g.

Poole 1983, Tuzin 1976) among, once again, peoples involved in narrative domestication. The studies by Hogg (1966), for example, reveal its presence among certain African tribes, steeped in ritual and grounded in value engineering agriculture. Cannibalism is generally a form of cultural control of chaos, in which the victim represents animality, or all that should be tamed (Sanday 1986). Significantly, one of the important myths of fun critical exercises Fiji Islanders, How the Fijians first became cannibals, is literally a tale of planting (Sahlins 1983). Similarly, the highly domesticated and time-conscious Aztecs practiced human sacrifice as a gesture to tame unruly forces and uphold the research social equilibrium of a very alienated society.

As Norbeck (1961) pointed out, non-domesticated, culturally impoverished societies are devoid of cannibalism and human sacrifice. As for one of the basic underpinnings of violence in essay help more complex societies, Barnes (1970) found that reports in the ethnographic literature of territorial struggles between gatherer-hunters are extremely rare. Engineering! !Kung boundaries are vague and undefended (Lee 1979); Pandaram territories overlap, and individuals go where they please (Morris 1982); Hazda move freely from region to region (Woodburn 1968); boundaries and trespass have little or no meaning to the Mbuti (Turnbull 1966); and Australian Aborigines reject territorial or social demarcations (Gumpert 1981, Hamilton 1982). Elbert! An ethic of generosity and hospitality takes the place of exclusivity (Steward 1968, Hiatt 1968). Gatherer-hunter peoples have developed no conception of value engineering private property, in the estimation of Kitwood (1984). Essays On Competition In Sports! As noted above in reference to sharing, and engineering with Sansom's (1980) characterization of Aborigines as people without property, foragers do not share civilization's obsession with externals.

Mine and on competition in sports thine, the seeds of all mischief, have no place with them, wrote Pietro (1511) of the native North Americans encountered on the second voyage of Columbus. The Bushmen have no sense of possession, according to Post (1958), and Lee (1972) saw them making no sharp dichotomy between the papers resources of the natural environment and the social wealth. There is a line between nature and transfer for sale philippines culture, again, and the non-civilized choose the former. There are many gatherer-hunters who could carry all that they make use of in value engineering research papers one hand, who die with pretty much what they had as they came into the world. Once humans shared everything; with agriculture, ownership becomes paramount and a species presumes to own the world. A deformation the fun critical imagination could scarcely equal. Sahlins (1972) spoke of this eloquently: The world's most primitive people have few possessions, but they are not poor. Poverty is not a certain small amount of goods, nor is it just a relation between means and ends; above all, it is a relation between people.

Poverty is a social status. As such it is the invention of value papers civilization. The common tendency of gatherer-hunters to reject farming until it was absolutely thrust upon them (Bodley 1976) bespeaks a nature/culture divide also present in help the Mbuti recognition that if one of them becomes a villager he is no longer an engineering research papers, Mbuti (Turnbull 1976). They know that forager band and essay agriculturalist village are opposed societies with opposed values. At times, however, the crucial factor of domestication can be lost sight of. Papers! The historic foraging populations of the Western Coast of North America have long been considered anomalous among foragers, declared Cohen (1981); as Kelly (1991) also put it, tribes of the Northwest Coast break all the exercises for nurses stereotypes of hunter- gatherers. These foragers, whose main sustenance is fishing, have exhibited such alienated features as chiefs, hierarchy, warfare and slavery. But almost always overlooked are their domesticated tobacco and domesticated dogs. Even this celebrated `anomaly' contains features of domestication. Its practice, from ritual to production, with various accompanying forms of value research papers domination, seems to anchor and promote the facets of decline from an earlier state of grace. Thomas (1981) provides another North American example, that of the Great Basin Shoshones and three of their component societies, the obama graduation Kawich Mountain Shoshones, Reese River Shoshones, and Owens Valley Paiutes.

The three groups showed distinctly different levels of agriculture, with increasing territoriality or ownership and hierarchy closely corresponding to higher degrees of domestication. To `define' a disalienated world would be impossible and even undesirable, but I think we can and should try to reveal the unworld of today and how it got this way. Value Engineering Papers! We have taken a monstrously wrong turn with symbolic culture and division of labor, from a place of enchantment, understanding and of power essay wholeness to the absence we find at the heart of the doctrine of progress. Empty and emptying, the logic of domestication with its demand to control everything now shows us the ruin of the civilization that ruins the rest. Assuming the inferiority of nature enables the domination of cultural systems that soon will make the very earth uninhabitable. Postmodernism says to us that a society without power relations can only be an value, abstraction (Foucault, 1982). This is a lie unless we accept the death of nature and fun critical for nurses renounce what once was and what we can find again.

Turnbull spoke of the engineering papers intimacy between Mbuti people and essays on competition in sports the forest, dancing almost as if making love to the forest. In the bosom of a life of equals that is no abstraction, that struggles to endure, they were dancing with the forest, dancing with the moon.

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