Petraus thesis

BP dividend 'will resume in February' after oil spill suspension. By James Quinn , US Business Editor. 6:30AM BST 12 Aug 2010. Tineke Frikkee, manager of the ?2.5bn Newton Higher Income fund, has said that she still favours the company even though it cut its dividend for this year in petraus thesis, the midst of the Gulf of what you include job application, Mexico spill . The dividend fund held 8pc of its assets in BP at the end of May. Petraus Thesis? Ms Frikkee told Reuters that she has not sold down the position since the crisis began on is stellar, April 20, following the fatal explosion which killed 11 riggers. Her vocal support for BP will be important in reassuring smaller investors who rely on petraus, BP's dividend as part of their regular income.

Before it suspended further 2010 dividend payments in what for a, June #x2013; as part of thesis, a commitment to fund a $20bn (?12.8bn) Gulf clean-up and compensation fund #x2013; BP was the largest dividend payer in the UK. Recent research by for essay format Capita Registrars suggested the cancellation of this year's pay-out had cost shareholders ?5.4bn. However Ms Frikkee said she believes the BP board is committed to future payments and expects an thesis increase in the company's dividend come February. Our concerns have been eased by a number of factors #x2013; the phasing of the prevent, liability payments, the current assumptions on thesis, the likely cost of the introduction, incident, its asset disposal programme and the continuing strong underlying cash generation to retain the business, she said. These factors, coupled with the strong commitment to petraus, deliver future dividends, have led us to retain BP in anticipation of the early resumption of its dividend stream. However her comments failed to was britain essay, bolster BP's share price, which fell 8.35 to 411p as bad weather in petraus thesis, the Gulf continued to impinge on the final sealing of the Macondo well.

A tropical depression suspended the writing, drilling of the final parts of the relief well, through which cement will be pumped to petraus thesis, seal the bottom of the Macondo well. The share price was also affected by news that BP is delaying off-shore drilling in Libya. The company had expected to begin deep-water exploration drilling off the Libyan coast in the next few weeks, but BP said it would now take place before the end of the writing, year. We are working on the last details and we are talking now about the second half of the year, said a company spokesman. The delay follows a political outcry over the company's 2007 deal with the Libyan government, amid suggestions #x2013; which have been vehemently denied by all parties involved #x2013; that it was linked to the Scottish Parliament's release of Abdel Basset Ali al-Megrahi, the Lockerbie bomber.

The 2007 deal allows BP to drill wells in Libya's Gulf of Sirte at thesis depths of around 5,500 feet, a little deeper than the ill-fated Macondo well in the Gulf of Mexico. Meanwhile, Congressman Ed Markey #x2013; one of BP#x2019;s most vocal critics in the US Congress #x2013; called on what should, the company to thesis, accept the US government#x2019;s estimate of how much oil spewed into the Gulf of Mexico as the basis to decide how much it might face in civil fines. A government report found that 4.9m barrels of oil spilled into the Gulf in a three-month period. Thesis? Based on civil penalties, which could see BP forced to pay up to $1,100 for each barrel spilled #x2013; or $4,300 if found to have been grossly negligent #x2013; the company could end up with a fine of $21bn. In the letter, addressed to BP Americas head Lamar McKay, Mr Markey wrote: #x201c;BP#x2019;s acceptance. is fundamental to its claim that it #x2018;is doing everything it can to make this right#x2019;. Low-balling or litigating the. estimate would be just one more insult to the people of the petraus thesis, Gulf.#x201d; BP has yet to is stellar nucleosynthesis, say whether it accepts the estimate, provided by the US Scientific Team.

Top fund manager Mark Barnett: 'Why I am buying bombed-out BP' Andrew Critchlow: Age of petraus, $100 oil will return as energy industry cuts too deep. Day Essay Writing? Oil shares yield 6pc, but are the dividends safe? Iran backs down on Opec sending Brent oil price tumbling. North Sea needs ?1 trillion to tap remaining oil and gas. The biggest companies in the world in 2015. The Fortune Global 500 has been released the annual ranking of the largest companies in petraus, the world by revenues.

Here is a list of the 20 biggest corporate money-makers. The Big Short hits UK cinemas: these are the best films about business. The Big Short, the film adaptation of Michael Lewis' book of the same name about the causes of the financial crisis, opens in UK cinemas this weekend. How will the by 1900 essay, story stack up against the greatest films about business? These are the most valuable start-ups in the world. In pics: Some fledgling firms have reached valuations in the tens of billions. Petraus Thesis? These are the abercrombie hill dominant, 20 priciest of them all. Petraus Thesis? Starbucks' secret menu - the drinks you didn't know you can ask for. There are over 87,000 different drink combinations at Starbucks, according to the coffee retailer’s website. How many of them do you know? From flu remedies to Harry Potter-inspired beverages, we highlight the weird and was britain, the wonderful brews and infusions.

Revealed: the weirdest sub-genres on Netflix. From 'scary cult movies from the 1980s' to 'coming-of-age animal tales', Netflix has every niche covered. Revealed: The 20 best countries in the world to do business. Forbes's annual index assess countries by a range of factors from taxes and technology to red tape and innovation. These are the top 20 countries for doing business. What are the super-rich planning for Valentine's Day? From a rare pair of Gucci shoes, to spending £110,000 releasing an album, Britain's wealthiest are pulling out thesis, all the stops. First rate rise in 'August 2019' - latest market prediction. Briefing: Predictions saw a huge shift this week. We explain why - and what it means for mortgages and savings.

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Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. In its simplest form, the KK principle says that, for thesis any proposition p, if one knows that p, then one knows that one knows it. More complex formulations say that if one knows that p, then one is in a position to know that one knows it, and this is fleshed out in a variety of ways. Should In A Letter Job Application. One reason why philosophers are interested in the KK principle is its relevance to thesis the question of whether epistemic logic is a branch of modal logic. An important issue in introduction format, modal logic is whether necessary truths are necessarily necessary; the corresponding issue in modal epistemic logic is whether the KK principle holds. Another reason for interest in the principle is its relevance to the debate between internalists and externalists about knowledge. It is natural for internalists to endorse something like the KK principle, and for externalists to reject it. A third reason for petraus thesis interest in the KK principle is its connection to the paradox of the Surprise Examination.

The reasoning which generates this paradox seems to assume that certain kinds of knowledge can be repeatedly iterated, and hence that something like the KK principle holds. A final reason for studying the and turner dominant ideology thesis principle is its relevance to recent debates about the luminosity of mental states (where a mental state is luminous iff, roughly, one cannot be in that state without being in a position to know that one is in it). If the KK principle holds, then knowledge is a luminous mental state; but there are powerful arguments against the luminosity of other mental states which seem to show that this cannot be the case. In his 1951, G.H. von Wright suggested that epistemic logic— the logic of the petraus thesis term “knows— is a branch of modal logic— that is to prevent accidents say, the logic of petraus thesis, possibility and necessity. Von Wright’s suggestion was taken up by Jaakko Hintikka, who developed one of the first modal systems of epistemic logic in his 1962.

One important issue in modal logic is whether the following principle should be endorsed: “Np > NNp” (where “N” = “It is necessarily the case that” and “>” = “If…then…”). The corresponding issue in modal epistemic logic is whether the following principle should be endorsed: “Kp > KKp” (where “K” = “One knows that”). Essay. In chapter 5 of his 1962, Hintikka argues that it should. Hintikka’s arguments for this “KK principle” are hard to petraus thesis follow; but the gist of what, them (as clarified in his 1970) seems to be this: Suppose we say that evidence for a proposition, P, is conclusive iff it is petraus thesis so strong that, once one discovers it, further inquiry cannot give one reason to stop believing P. The concept of knowledge used by many philosophers seems to be a strong one on which one knows P only if one’s evidence for P is conclusive in this sense.

It is plausible that the KK principle holds for this strong concept of knowledge. For it is plausible that one’s evidence for P is accidents conclusive in the above sense only if it rules out the possibility that one does not know P, and thus only if it allows one to know that one knows P. To see this, suppose one has evidence, E, for a proposition P, and that E does not rule out the possibility that one does not know P. If E does not rule out this possibility, then, after one has discovered E, further inquiry can, in principle, reveal to one that one does not know P. But if further inquiry were to reveal this, then it would surely give one reason to stop believing P (since one should not believe things that one does not know). Petraus. So it is plausible that, if E does not rule out the possibility that one does not know P, then it is you include covering letter job application not conclusive in the sense just defined, and hence plausible that, if knowledge requires evidence that is conclusive in petraus, this sense, the KK principle holds. (cf. Hintikka 1970: 145-6) As Hintikka stresses in his 1970, the above argument aims only to show that the KK principle holds for a very strong, idealised concept of knowledge, which may be very different from the concept used in everyday discourse. Because of this, Hintikka can sidestep objections which say that the prevent principle conflicts with our everyday knowledge claims. Petraus Thesis. One such objection says that, when the claim is made that someone knows that p, it cannot usually be claimed that they know that they know that p, that they know that they know that they know that p, and so on (cf.

Rynin 1967: 29). The fact that one is road not prepared to claim these things may show that the KK principle fails for our ordinary concept of petraus, knowledge, but it does not show that the principle fails for the strong concept that Hintikka has in mind. Similarly, the objection that the KK principle prevents knowledge from day essay being ascribed to animals and young children (who lack the concept of knowledge and so cannot know that they know) is not problematic for petraus Hintikka. For he can say that, when knowledge is ascribed to such subjects, the everyday concept of knowledge is being used rather than his strong concept. If the for essay format KK principle only holds for a concept of knowledge that is very different from petraus our everyday concept, then why should one be interested in hill and turner dominant ideology thesis, it? According to Hintikka, its interest derives from the fact that (in spite of the differences between our everyday concept and the strong concept) there are “many philosophers, traditional as well as contemporary” who use the petraus thesis strong concept of knowledge for which the principle holds (1970: 148). What Nucleosynthesis. Hintikka thinks that, by seeing that the KK principle holds for this strong concept, one can see that there are problems with the concept (and thus, problems for the philosophers who use it). He argues for this by appealing to some ideas about the purpose of philosophical and scientific inquiry that are suggested by the work of petraus, Karl Popper. According to these Popperian ideas, philosophers and scientists should always aim to encourage inquiry and discussion; they should never try to bring it to an end.

Because of this, they should not employ a concept of knowledge which requires conclusive evidence in Hintikka’s sense. For evidence for P which is what is stellar conclusive in this sense renders further inquiry into P pointless, and so acts as a “discussion stopper.” And what philosophers and petraus thesis scientists should be aiming for format is evidence that encourages further inquiry and discussion, rather than evidence that stops it. Petraus Thesis. (Hintikka 1970: 148-9) Another problem for the strong concept of knowledge which Hintikka mentions briefly is that the standards that one must meet, in order to satisfy this concept, seem unrealistically high (1970: 149). One can see this problem more clearly by seeing that the KK principle holds for the strong concept. For, as shall be seen in section 3, there is reason to dominant ideology think that each iteration of one’s knowledge requires an improvement in one’s epistemic position. Because of thesis, this, the KK principle can seem to imply, implausibly, that one must be in a maximally strong epistemic position in order to know.

2. Internalism, Externalism and introduction the KK principle. The debate over the KK principle is related to the debate between internalists and externalists about knowledge. The connection between the two debates can be illustrated by focusing on some examples of internalist and externalist theories. A good example of an internalist theory of knowledge is the thesis classical “justified true belief” or JTB theory that was the target of hill thesis, Edmund Gettier’s 1963 article. According to the JTB theory, knowledge is true belief that is based on adequate evidence or reasons, where the adequacy of our evidence or reasons is something that one can determine by introspection and reflection. A good example of an petraus, externalist theory of knowledge is the reliabilist theory defended by Goldman (1979) and abercrombie hill others on which knowledge is, roughly, true belief that is produced by thesis, a reliable process. The reliability of the processes that produce our beliefs is not something that one can determine by ideology, introspection and petraus thesis reflection; it is a matter for introduction for essay empirical investigation. In general, internalist theories of knowledge say that the property which distinguishes knowledge from mere true belief (which property, following Plantinga 1993a, can be called warrant ) is internal to our cognitive perspective. More precisely, they say that we can learn whether our beliefs have warrant without “looking outside ourselves”— in other words, without using anything other than introspection and reflection. Externalist theories say that warrant may be external to our cognitive perspective, and thesis that empirical investigation may be needed to ascertain which of our beliefs have it.

The reliabilist theory described is just one example of an externalist theory. Prevent Road. Others include the causal theory of knowledge defended by Goldman (1967) and the counterfactual theories defended by Dretske (1971) and Nozick (1981). It is natural for internalists to endorse something like the KK principle. For knowing that one knows that p is primarily a matter of knowing that one’s belief that p is warranted, and it is natural for internalists to say that one is always in a position to know whether one’s beliefs are warranted. Of course, to petraus know that one knows that p, one must also know that one’s belief that p is what should in a letter for a true. Petraus Thesis. But it seems clear that anyone who knows that p is in a position to know that their belief that p is true; so it is natural for accidents internalists to thesis endorse the KK principle. It is also natural for externalists to reject this principle. For, if warrant may be external to our cognitive perspective, then there is hill and turner thesis no special reason to petraus thesis expect those who know that p to prevent accidents road be in a position to know that their belief that p is warranted. Petraus Thesis. This can be seen this more clearly by focusing on by 1900 essay, the reliabilist theory of petraus, knowledge.

If one’s belief that p is produced by a reliable process that one knows nothing about, then one may have no way of knowing that this belief constitutes knowledge, and thus no way of how democratic by 1900 essay, knowing that one knows that p. In light of the above points, it is natural to think that arguments for internalist theories of knowledge support the KK principle, and that arguments for externalist theories threaten it. Arguments for externalist theories are given by Goldman (1967, 1976), Armstrong (1973), Dretske (1971, 1981), Nozick (1981) and Plantinga (1993a and 1993b), and arguments for thesis internalist theories by Chisholm (1966, 1988), Lehrer (1974, 1986) and abercrombie dominant ideology BonJour (1985). Externalist theories are often motivated by a desire to understand knowledge in terms of scientific concepts, like causation and counterfactual dependence (cf. Goldman 1967, Quine 1969 and Armstrong 1973); they can also be motivated by a desire to avoid scepticism (cf. Nozick 1981). Internalist theories are generally motivated by the thought that there is a strong link between knowledge and justification (cf. Chisholm 1966, Lehrer 1974 and BonJour 1985); they can also be motivated by the related thought that knowledge is an essentially normative property (cf.

BonJour 1985, Chisholm 1988 and Kim 1988). Whether these motivations for the two kinds of theory are good ones remains to thesis be seen; but it is useful to see that they have a bearing not just on these theories, but also on the issue of what, whether the KK principle holds. However, it is important to realise that, while it is thesis natural for internalists to endorse and is stellar externalists to petraus reject the KK principle, it is not necessary for them to do so. Accidents Road Essay. Internalists can reject the KK principle, and externalists can endorse it. To see that internalists can reject the KK principle, note that it is possible to petraus adopt a position on which one is not always in a position to know about the what you include in a covering letter for a internal, mental properties that are normally accessible to introspection and reflection. Petraus Thesis. Timothy Williamson holds a position of this kind; his arguments for christmas day essay it are described in section 4. To see that externalists can endorse the KK principle, note that one can say that the property that externalists identify with warrant— such as being caused in the right way, or being produced by a reliable process— is one that has to be known about in order to have knowledge. Alvin Goldman comes close to adopting a position of this kind in his 1967, when he argues that, in petraus, cases of inferential knowledge, a subject must “correctly reconstruct” important elements of the for essay causal chain leading from the fact that p to their belief that p in order to have knowledge. Overall, it seems clear that, while the internalism/externalism debate is relevant to the KK principle, there are other issues that bear on its status.

Some of petraus thesis, these issues are described in what is stellar, the next two sections. 3. The Surprise Examination and the KK principle. There are a number of thinkers who hold that the thesis KK principle, or something very like it, plays a crucial role in should you include letter for a job application, the Surprise Examination paradox (see Harrison 1969, McLelland and Chihara 1975 and Williamson 1992: 226-32 and 2000:135-146 for examples). Their view is, roughly, that the paradox can be solved by rejecting the principle. Petraus Thesis. In what follows, a brief outline will be given of the paradox and the way in which the principle seems to be related to format it. (For a much more detailed description of the paradox and thesis its history, see chapter 7 of Sorensen 1988.)

Suppose that a teacher announces to for essay format her pupils that she intends to give them a surprise examination at some point in the following term. The pupils can argue, as follows, that she will not be able to do this: If you want the exam to be a surprise, then you cannot give it on the last day of term; for petraus thesis if you do, then we will know, on the second-to-last day, that it will be on the last day, and the exam won’t be a surprise. You also cannot give the exam on the second-to-last day of term. For if you do, then we will know, on the third-to-last day, that it will be on either the last day or the second-to-last day, and will know, by the reasoning just described, that it will not be on the last day; so again the is stellar exam won’t be a surprise. Petraus. Parallel reasoning shows that you cannot give the exam on the third-to-last day, or the fourth-to-last day, or on any of the prevent other days of term. Because of this, there is no way that you can give us a surprise examination. It is natural to think there must be something wrong with the pupils’ reasoning; but it is hard to see where the petraus thesis reasoning goes wrong. Prevent Road Essay. One promising suggestion is that it goes wrong by assuming that the pupils can repeatedly iterate their knowledge of certain facts about the exam (cf.

Williamson 2000: 140-1). To see that this suggestion is petraus promising, the pupils’ reasoning needs to be divided into parts. Let part 1 of the pupils’ reasoning be the part that rules out the last day, let part 2 be the was britain part that rules out the second-to-last day, and so on. Since part 2 of the pupils’ reasoning rests on the assumption that part 1 works, it is petraus thesis natural to how democratic was britain say that part 2 works only if they know that part 1 works. Petraus Thesis. And since part 3 rests on the assumption that part 2 works, it is by 1900 essay natural to say that part 3 works only if they know that part 2 works, and thus, only if they are in a position to know that they know that part 1 works. Similar reasoning seems to show that part 4 works only if they are in a position to know that they know that they know that part 1 works, and so on. Petraus Thesis. So the pupils’ reasoning seems to assume that they are in a position to repeatedly iterate their knowledge of the fact that part 1 works, and it is not at all clear that this assumption is correct. To see that the assumption is by 1900 essay implausible, imagine that the teacher asks the petraus thesis pupils whether they know that part 1 of their reasoning works, and then asks them whether they know that they know this, and so on.

It is plausible that, at some stage of this interrogation, the pupils should stop saying “Yes” to the teacher’s questions. For it is introduction plausible that the epistemic standard that the pupils have to meet in petraus, order to appropriately say “Yes” goes up with each new question. If someone is asked whether it is the case that p, and when they say “Yes,” they are asked whether they know that it is the was britain case that p, they are generally being asked to petraus check their original assertion against higher standards (cf. And Turner Thesis. DeRose 2002: 184-5). Because of thesis, this, it is plausible that the pupils cannot go on iterating their knowledge of part 1’s success forever. Dominant Ideology. And if that is so, then there is petraus thesis a limit to the number of possible examination days that their reasoning can rule out. If there is such a limit, it can be used to explain why the pupils’ reasoning fails to was britain essay show that the teacher cannot give them a surprise examination. Thesis. The explanation is that they cannot iterate their knowledge of part 1’s success enough to rule out every day of the term.

In defense of this explanation, note that the pupils’ reasoning does seem to accidents road essay rule out later days of the term as possible days for the exam. Petraus Thesis. It is very plausible that part 1 of the reasoning rules out the last day of should you include in a, term as a possible date for the exam, and quite plausible that part 2 rules out the petraus thesis second-to-last day. But parts 3 and 4 seem more questionable, and by the time part 10 is gotten to, it is hill and turner dominant clear that something has gone wrong. The above explanation can account for this gradual loss of power in the pupils’ reasoning, by appealing to the gradual increase in the number of iterations of knowledge required to make the reasoning work (cf. Williamson 2000: 142). If the petraus thesis failure of the pupils’ reasoning is best explained in what you include letter job application, terms of limits on their ability to iterate their knowledge, then one seems obliged to say that their knowledge does not satisfy the KK principle.

For if it did satisfy this principle, they would be able to iterate it as many times as they liked. Thesis. The fact that the knowledge of the christmas epistemically limited pupils does not satisfy this principle does not show that there are not other, more idealised kinds of knowledge that do. But it does suggest that the principle fails to hold for our everyday concept of knowledge, and hence that the best strategy for defending it is to follow Hintikka in arguing that it holds only for a strengthened version of this concept. 4. Williamson’s Anti-Luminosity Argument. The objection to the KK principle described in the last section is closely related to an objection given by Timothy Williamson. Williamson’s objection uses the concept of luminosity ; for him, a condition, C, is thesis luminous iff the following claim holds: (L) For every case ?, if in ? C obtains, then in ? one is in a position to know that C obtains (2000: 95). If the christmas day essay writing KK principle holds, then the condition of knowing that p is petraus thesis luminous in Williamson’s sense. In chapter 4 of his 2000, Williamson argues that any condition that can be gradually gained or lost is not luminous, and that, since knowing that p is a condition that can be gradually gained or lost, the KK principle fails.

Williamson argues against the luminosity of conditions that can be gradually gained or lost by focusing on the condition of for essay format, feeling cold , which seems to stand a very good chance of being luminous. His argument is focused on a case in which: (i) One feels freezing cold at dawn, very slowly warms up and feels hot by noon. (ii) One is not aware of any change in one’s feelings of hot and cold over petraus, 1 millisecond, and: (iii) Throughout the morning, one thoroughly considers how cold or hot one feels, and so always knows everything that one is in a position to know about this. Using t 0 , t 1 . Road. t n for times at 1 millisecond intervals between dawn and noon, and ? i for the case that holds at t i (where 0 ? i ? n), Williamson argues that the thesis following principle holds for all values of i: (1 i ) If in ? i one knows that one feels cold, then in accidents road, ? i+1 one feels cold. He does so by petraus, appealing to the plausible safety principle that, if one knows that p, then one’s belief that p could not easily have been false. When this principle is formulated in terms of possible cases, it says: one knows that p in and turner ideology thesis, case ? only if one’s belief that p is true in every possible case that is petraus sufficiently similar to ?. Since ? i+1 is for essay extremely similar to ? i for every value of i, it is natural to infer from thesis this principle that (1 i ) holds for all such values. After arguing that (1 i ) holds for all such values, Williamson points out that, if feeling cold is luminous, then this principle holds for what all values of i: (2 i ) If in petraus thesis, ? i one feels cold, then in ? i one knows that one feels cold. (2000: 97) He then attacks the luminosity of feeling cold by giving a reductio argument against the assumption that (1 i ) and (2 i ) hold for all values of i. By 1900 Essay. One way of giving this argument (used in Neta and Rohrbaugh 2004) is to petraus note that, by hypothetical syllogism, (2 i ) and (1 i ) together entail: (3 i ) If in ? i one feels cold, then in ? i+1 one feels cold. If (1 i ) and you include in a covering letter for a job application (2 i ) hold for all values of i, then (3 i ) also holds for petraus thesis all such values. And if it does, then this principle, which is prevent accidents road clearly true: (since ? 0 is at dawn and at dawn one is freezing) implies this principle, which is clearly false: (since ? n is at noon and at thesis, noon one is hot).

No true principle can imply a false principle. So (3 i ) cannot hold for introduction all values of i, which means that (1 i ) and (2 i ) cannot hold for all such values. It has been argued that (1 i ) holds for all such values; so it seems that (2 i ) must fail to petraus thesis hold for some of them. But if feeling cold were luminous then (2 i ) would hold for all values of i. So it seems that feeling cold cannot be luminous. If the above argument shows that the in a letter condition of feeling cold is not luminous, then parallel arguments will show the same thing for every condition that can be gradually gained or lost.

Since the condition of knowing that p seems to be a condition of thesis, this kind, the above argument threatens to show that it is day essay writing not luminous, and hence that the KK principle fails. But there are ways in which advocates of the petraus KK principle, or of luminosity more generally, can respond to the argument. The next section describes two responses of this kind. One way of abercrombie hill and turner dominant thesis, responding to Williamson’s argument is to claim, with Weatherson (2004) and Conee (2005), that sensations like feeling cold and being in pain are self-presenting mental states—that is to petraus thesis say, states that are identical with the belief that they exist. If a state is self-presenting, then the belief that it exists satisfies Williamson’s safety constraint; so if feeling cold is prevent essay self-presenting, then Williamson’s defense of (1 i ) fails. Thesis. However it seems clear that the state of is stellar nucleosynthesis, knowing that p is not a self-presenting mental state; for one can believe that one knows that p without actually knowing it. So while this line of response may show that states like feeling cold and being in pain can be luminous, it seems unlikely to save the KK principle (as Weatherson and Conee both grant).

Another way of responding to Williamson’s argument is to petraus claim, with Brueckner and introduction Fiocco (2002) and Neta and Rohrbaugh (2004), that the safety principle to which Williamson appeals is false. This line of response seems more likely to save the KK principle; one way of developing it is to focus on the following example (taken from Neta and Rohrbaugh): “I am drinking a glass of water which I have just poured from the bottle. Standing next to me is petraus a happy person who has just won the lottery. Had this person lost the lottery, she would have maliciously polluted my water with a tasteless, odorless, colorless toxin. But since she won the lottery, she does no such thing. Nonetheless, she almost lost the lottery.

Now, I drink the pure, unadulterated water, and judge, truly and christmas day essay knowingly, that I am drinking pure, unadulterated water. But the thesis toxin would not have flavored the water, and so had the toxin gone in, I would still have believed falsely that I was drinking pure, unadulterated water. The actual case and the envisaged possible case are extremely similar in all past and present phenomenological and physical respects, as well as nomologically indistinguishable. Day Essay Writing. (Furthermore, we can stipulate that, in petraus thesis, each case, I am killed by a sniper a few minutes after drinking the water, and so the hill and turner dominant ideology cases do not differ in petraus, future respects.)” [Neta and Rohrbaugh 2004: 400] It seems clear that, in this example, I know that I am drinking unadulterated water, despite the fact that there is a very similar possible case in which I falsely believe that I am drinking such water. So the example conflicts with the safety principle’s claim that beliefs constitute knowledge only if they are true in all sufficiently similar cases.

Although examples like this one threaten the safety principle, they may not rebut Williamson’s argument. For the key premise of the argument— that (1 i ) is true for all values of i— can be defended in other ways. To see this, consider the for essay following claim, which is the contrapositive of thesis, (1 i ): (1 i ') If in ? i+1 one does not feel cold, then in ? i one does not know that one feels cold. It is plausible independently of the introduction for essay format safety principle that (1 i '), and thus (1 i ), holds for all values of i. For if one does not feel cold in ? i+1 and one is not aware of any change in ones feelings of hot and cold between ? i and ? i+1 , then how could one possibly know that in ? i one feels cold? Even if it turns out that (1 i ) cannot be adequately defended, it may still turn out thesis that the KK principle is rebutted by reasoning like Williamson’s. For it is possible to what give an petraus thesis, argument against the KK principle which closely resembles the anti-luminosity argument described above, but which does not appeal to (1 i ). This argument focuses on cases of inexact knowledge — that is to say, of the sort of knowledge that one gains by looking at day essay writing, a distant tree and estimating its height, or by looking at a crowd and estimating the number of people that it contains. In chapter 5 of his 2000, Williamson argues that such knowledge satisfies margin for error principles like the following: (M 1 ) If I know that the petraus thesis tree is prevent accidents road not n inches tall, then it is not n+1 inches tall. (M 2 ) If I know that there are not n people in thesis, the crowd, then there are not n+1 people in the crowd. He then shows that, when principles of prevent accidents, this kind are conjoined with a plausible closure principle on knowledge, they are incompatible with the KK principle. Although Williamson’s arguments against the KK principle are powerful, they can be resisted at petraus, a price. For, in all of their forms, they assume that some true beliefs constitute knowledge (such as a freezing cold person’s belief that they feel cold) and what is stellar that others do not (such as an accidentally true belief that a 600-inch-tall distant tree is petraus not 599 inches tall).

The first of these assumptions can be denied by endorsing a skeptical theory on which no true belief constitutes knowledge and the second can be denied by endorsing a “universalist” theory on what nucleosynthesis, which every true belief constitutes knowledge. Although both theories have implausible consequences, recent work (such as Goldman 2002: 164 on weak senses of knowledge and Hawthorne 2004: 113-141 on skepticism) has revealed that both have attractive features. If the benefits of these theories outweigh their costs, then Williamson’s arguments against the KK principle may still fail. Thesis. In any case, it seems fair to conclude that the KK principle, and the arguments for and against it, remain important subjects of philosophical debate.

15 point essay Tristanne Connolly, Department of English, St. Jerome's University. You can skip ahead to advice on: Essays usually begin with one introductory paragraph. The first section of this paragraph eases the reader in. You could be writing about petraus, anything at this point, so use your introduction to what nucleosynthesis, let readers know what you are writing about, and get them interested.

Possible ways to do this are: Find a quotation that reflects your ideas, or sums up what you want to say in an interesting, snappy way. You have a ready source for thesis quotations in the piece of literature you're writing about. If you take your quote from another source, make it clear to the reader where it comes from: not just the what should you include covering for a, name of who said it, but brief background, such as who that person is, and in what context it was said. Also relate it clearly to petraus, the topic (and text) at hand. Christmas Writing! Give an petraus example. Is there an especially interesting instance of what you are writing about? Use it to pull the reader in.

Remember, though, that in the body of your essay you will be using examples to prove your point; this is a different kind of example, used only to introduce your point and intrigue your reader. Start with the general and move to the specific--but not too general. Avoid the society today and most people kind of generalization because they are often untrue and always uninteresting. Essay! (William Blake once wrote, To Generalize is to petraus thesis, be an Idiot. Why? Because there is always an exception, and because the details or minute particulars you use to prove your general idea are where the truth resides.) Give some background. What does the reader need to know about your topic, not only to what in a covering letter for a, get interested, but as a basis for what you intend to say? Explain an thesis issue. Why is your topic important? What is at stake? Offer a definition. How Democratic Was Britain By 1900! Beware, just pulling a definition out of the dictionary can seem quite boring.

If you do, comment on it, put a twist on it, contest it; or, come up with your own definition for the purposes of your paper. Note that handbooks to petraus, literature can offer fruitful and should covering letter for a, even contestable definitions of literary terms and devices. Ask a question. This gets readers involved, inviting them to answer your question mentally. But keep control of the situation in case they answer in a way that doesn't serve your point.

When you use rhetorical questions in your essays, always make sure to answer them. Petraus! Make a comparison. The thing you are writing about, what is it like? Does your paper use comparisons that you can introduce right away? Is there a metaphor you can use to christmas, shed light on petraus thesis what you are saying? Tell a little story or anecdote related to christmas day essay, your topic.

In very formal essays, this is the only place where you might be able to get personal. Make sure your introductory story is not too long. If necessary, give it its own short paragraph and petraus thesis, let the next paragraph do the job of the introduction. Present a mystery. Make what you are writing about sound interesting and complicated by addressing its contradictions, or its fascinating unknowns. However, simply saying we will never know makes the reader feel as though you have no new insight to prevent, provide: go further and make some kind of suggestion, even if it is tentative. Next, give a few transitional sentences to move from your hook or attention-getter to your thesis. A good thesis statement or main idea is the key to a good essay. It is usually one sentence but can be two if necessary, and it is petraus, traditionally placed at what you include covering job application the very end of your introduction (this is the thesis, spot where teachers, grading stacks of papers, tend to christmas, look for it). Petraus! It is the main thing you are trying to say or argue in your essay, and all of your body paragraphs will go to prove, support and dominant, elaborate on it.

It is the pin that holds your essay together. A topic is what your essay is about, while a thesis is your stand, your particular, focused statement or argument on that topic, the insight that all of your points come together to show. Here are some ways to improve thesis statements: Make sure your thesis makes a claim . For instance, if you say there are many similarities and differences or this essay will address the thesis, characteristics of. , you could get more specific. What similarities and differences? What characteristics? What do they have in common? And what does it all mean? Are there any interesting contradictions involved, e.g., are there opposite characteristics working together, or characteristics that could have the opposite effect? Make sure your thesis is not obviously true: a statement of fact or a clich.

Instead, can you put a new twist on an old idea, or contest received wisdom? You are not really proving anything if you are restating common knowledge. Make sure your thesis can be proven within the constraints of the assignment. How Democratic Was Britain Essay! Know what kind of evidence to use for a particular assignment, and make sure your thesis fits. For instance, when you are writing a literary essay, you must make sure your main point focuses on the text itself, and can be supported by textual evidence, rather than some other kind, such as personal experience, or statistics. These might be helpful for some small points, but if they're necessary to thesis, the main idea, then it's no longer a literary essay.

When your essay assignment requires research, you must make sure your point can be proven reliably using sources you are able to find. Make sure your thesis is not based only on opinion. Particularly, judgments such as good or bad, true or false, are hard to prove for this reason. Could you say something about the significance of the topic instead? Or examine why you think something is true or false, good or bad? Iif you are automatically stating your opinion without considering it, you are not thinking very deeply and may be in the realm of clich. Dealing with a text, think about how democratic was britain by 1900, how the writer seems to feel about the topic, and be aware that she or he may not agree with you (or even the speakers in the text!). In all cases, question your assumptions. Imagine counterarguments and other views.

Find out the reasons for your opinion, and that may lead you to thesis, a point you can explain and was britain, prove. Additionally, it will help you communicate with your reader, who may have a different point of view. Make sure your thesis is focused: not too broad. Is your claim too general to thesis, be convincingly proven with a few examples? Try to prevent accidents essay, define it: you do not need to account for thesis everyone or everything. Can you develop your point and prove it within the introduction for essay, page limit? Sometimes it is better to say more about less. You can pick one of the things you intended to address, or concentrate on petraus one particular aspect of the topic. You will notice that most of introduction these problems with main ideas can be solved by getting more specific and thesis, more analytical . Ask the questions, What exactly? and What does it all mean? or What does it all teach us about ___? Complications can actually help you.

If you come up against difficulties and road, contradictions in thesis your thinking, don't sweep them under the carpet. Think about christmas day essay, how you can turn them around to prove your point anyway, or think how you can use them to petraus, define your idea more precisely. The thesis must not only state a claim worth proving; it must also give the reader an idea of how you intend to develop your main idea. For instance, if you have three sub-points to your main idea, you can list them in brief in the same order you will discuss them in your body paragraphs. Also, make sure that your main idea effectively ties together all three (or however many) of your sub-topics. What do they have in common? What makes them different? The thesis is like a preview of your essay. This means that it helps a lot to have an idea of christmas what you are going to say before you begin to write a first draft -- and that if your idea changes as you write and experiment, you should go back and change the thesis to thesis, fit. Do not save your main point for your conclusion: essays are not suspense stories or poker games.

Lay your cards on hill and turner ideology thesis the table in petraus thesis the introduction. However, remember that in day essay writing your body paragraphs you will prove and expand on petraus thesis your main idea: the introduction shows exactly where you are going, and in is stellar the body paragraphs you go there. You can have as many body paragraphs as you wish. However many sub-topics you have to prove your thesis, that is how many body paragraphs you will have. You can place them in any order, so long as it makes sense. For instance, you can: *place the strongest argument last. *move in petraus chronological order. *move from causes to effects. Accidents Essay! *alternate: if you are writing about more than one thing, move back and forth between them. *chunk: if you are writing about thesis, more than one thing, write all about one then all about the other. Every body paragraph must have a topic sentence which is how democratic was britain, like a mini-thesis, and which is usually placed at or near the beginning of the paragraph (indicating what you are going to prove), but can also come at petraus the end (indicating what you have just proven). The topic sentence expresses the main point this paragraph is out to demonstrate.

Keeping aware of and turner your topic sentences can help you make sure your paragraphs are well-developed . Give as much proof and explanation as you can for your sub-point in petraus thesis each paragraph. Go into for essay format detail. Make sure in every paragraph you: *offer some kind of evidence . For a textual or literary essay, your evidence will be specific references to the text along with logical argument and explanation of your interpretation. In a research essay, you will also include references to respectable scholarly work on the topic, not so much as evidence but as other voices in the debate over petraus thesis the text--you're having a written conversation with fellow scholars. *offer full explanation of how and essay, why your evidence proves your point , and how and petraus, why that point relates back to is stellar nucleosynthesis, your thesis. If any of your paragraphs are lacking either of petraus these things, something is wrong with them and they must be fixed. E.g., a paragraph that is nucleosynthesis, all evidence or summary with no explanation indicates no brain work on your part: you need to analyze your evidence and petraus thesis, explain what it means, particularly in relation to day essay writing, your main idea. Conversely, a paragraph that is petraus thesis, all assertions gives the is stellar nucleosynthesis, reader the impression you are talking through your hat. Essay readers will not take your word for it. If you are arguing something reasonable, you should be able to petraus, prove it, and if you don't it will look like you can't.

For every assertion you make, give proof and explanation. Topic sentences can also help you make sure your paragraphs are all unified . Each paragraph should be about only one thing . If there is any sentence in a paragraph which is prevent accidents essay, not on topic, it should either be moved to petraus, the paragraph where it belongs, or thrown out. If nothing in the paragraph can be clearly related to your essay's main idea, the whole paragraph has to go. You Include Covering! Your body paragraphs must all work to petraus thesis, prove your thesis: this makes your essay coherent . Was Britain Essay! To assure your reader that your essay is coherent or hangs together, you need to have smooth transitions between paragraphs. Petraus! A formulaic way to move from one paragraph to the next is to say something like, Another example. or The third point is. , but this is very mechanical and so doesn't have the finesse of an A paper! Using such formulae is handy for a first draft, but as you improve your paper, try to replace mechanical transitions with more interesting ones.

Think about the ideas you are trying to is stellar, express: what do they have in common? What is the difference between the petraus, last idea and christmas, this one? You can use the similarities and differences to compose interesting transition sentences which help you show why you decided to organize your paper the way you did, and petraus, also give more significance to your points. Accidents! Handy comparison and contrast words can assist you here: (of course you will fill in the details!) Although/While this last idea is like this, this next idea is like that; This last idea is like this, and thesis, this new idea is also/similarly like this with these important differences or further details. You can also use time sequence (e.g. Is Stellar! Next/Meanwhile ), or cause and effect (e.g. Consequently/If. then ). Petraus Thesis! The conclusion of an essay wraps things up. What In A Job Application! It reiterates the main idea in different words, and looks back over how the thesis was proven. Thesis! This is not just repetition: it gives you an opportunity to show how you have developed your idea, to indicate what the reader has learned by reading your essay. Christmas Writing! As well as summing up , the conclusion should leave the reader satisfied that the time it took to read the essay was well spent.

So, remember Miles Davis and petraus thesis, answer the question, So What? Why is all this important? What are the implications of what you have argued? What does it mean in the big world? As in prevent essay your introduction, though, be careful not to over-generalize , making a claim that your essay is more important than it is or has proven more than it has.

No new information should be offered in the conclusion; only the ideas already presented, seen in a new light. Some ways to put a sting in petraus the tail of your essay: Quotation. Find one that reflects or sums up your point in accidents a clever and memorable way. Figurative language. Metaphors and images can leave a striking idea or picture in the reader's mind, and you can use them to elaborate on your insight. Especially if you use one in the introduction, bring it up again and see how you can use it a bit differently. Example or anecdote. A brief story or example can make the petraus, implications of your point more vivid, and place your ideas in a wider context. Predictions or speculations. What follows from what you have argued?

Make sure you don't speculate too far; stick to what seems plausible from what you said previously. Day Essay Writing! And a finishing touch: a great title. A good title is not too vague, yet not too long either. A good way to petraus, think about it is, if a person were trying to how democratic by 1900, find articles on petraus your topic in a database, would your title have enough of the right keywords to christmas day essay writing, pop up? Be sure to petraus, mention the text and/or author you're writing about, and include words which reveal something about the main drift of your argument. These are the mechanics of an appropriate title; of nucleosynthesis course, you also want it to be interesting.

A unique or clever turn of phrase can do this for you. You can also take a short phrase from the text which you think particularly relates to what you have to say, and place it before your main title, with a colon to petraus, connect them. Here's an is stellar nucleosynthesis example. Wild Ecstasies and Sober Pleasure: The Relationship between William and Dorothy Wordsworth in petraus thesis Lines Written a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey

Essay on Rural Development in India. Read this essay to learn about Rural Development in India. After reading this essay you will learn about:- 1. Petraus Thesis. Introduction to Rural Development 2. Activities and Experiments Undertaken for Rural Development 3. How Democratic. The Rural Development Programmes 4. Petraus. Institutions 5. Observations and Problems 6. Suggestions. Essay on the Introduction to Rural Development Essay on the Activities and Experiments Undertaken for Rural Development Essay on nucleosynthesis the Rural Development Programmes Essay on the Institutions for Rural Development in India Essay on the Observations and Problems of thesis, Rural Development Essay on the Suggestions for Rural Development in writing, India. 1. Essay on the Introduction to Rural Development: The definition of Rural is residuary become all over the world that is defined as an urban area and whatever is petraus thesis not urban known as rural.

In India a settlement is defined as urban if it fulfils either of the what is stellar, following conditions, were adopted in the 1991 census: (i) All statutory towns, i.e.; all places with a municipality corporation, municipality board, cantonment board or notified town area etc. (ii) A minimum population of 5,000. (iii) At least 75 per petraus, cent of the Male working population engaged in non-agricultural and allied activity, (iv) A density of population of at least 400 persons per square kilometres. Thus, the term ‘Rural’ essentially means an area, which is how democratic was britain by 1900 characterised as non-urban style of life, occupational structure and settlement pattern. ‘Development’ in general refers to the process of a general improvement in levels of living together, decreasing inequality in incomes and thesis, the capacity to sustain continuous improvements overtime. Thus the term Rural Development is viewed as an activity of by 1900, a series of activities or a process, which either improves the immediate living conditions-economic, social, political, cultural and environmental or increases the potential for future living or both of the rural people. The Royal commission on Agriculture defined Rural Development as: “We cannot too strongly state our conviction that the directorship of agriculture is one of the key posts in Rural Development and petraus, that agricultural advance must in a very great degree depend upon the stability of the officer.” The taskforce appointed by the Planning Commission on Integrated Rural Development in 1972 defined Rural Development as: “After a careful consideration we have belatedly decided to introduction format, take what might be considered a rather restricted view of the expression. ‘Rural Development’ we have chose to equate it with agricultural development in the widest sense so as to embrace besides crop husbandry, all the allied activities.” According to the view of World Bank “Rural Development as a strategy design to improve the economic and social life of a specific group of thesis, people – The rural (people) poor. Is Stellar. It involves extending the benefits of development to the poorer among those who seek a livelihood in rural areas. The group includes small-scale farmers, tenants and the landless.”

Rural Development means a strategy to improve the economic and thesis, social life of the rural poor and the rural weak in the overall spectrum of introduction, development and growth. Thesis. It is not only important to raise the agricultural productivity and the rate of overall economic growth in the rural areas, but also it is to essay, ensure that the poor and weaker sections share the petraus, benefit. “Rural Development as a process in complex and involves the interaction of economic, social, political, technological and how democratic by 1900 essay, other situational factors. Thesis. These have to be integrated with Government policies and plans with the objective of improving the quality of life of the people in the villages”. Rural Development encompasses: (i) Improvement in levels of living, including employment, education, health and nutrition housing and a variety of abercrombie and turner dominant, social services. (ii) Decreasing inequality in distribution of rural incomes and in rural-urban balances in petraus thesis, incomes and christmas day essay, economic opportunities and. (iii) The capacity of the rural sector to sustain and accelerate the pace of these improvements. The critical element in petraus, the Rural Development is improvement living standards of the poor through opportunities for christmas, better utilisation of their physical and human resources in the absence of this utilisation of rural resources has no functional significance.

Making the thesis, process of day essay, rural development self-sustaining of thesis, capital and use of technology for the benefit of the introduction, poor but their active involvement in the building up of institutions as well as functioning of these. There are a number of definitions of rural development. But that varies according to time, priority and nature of rural activities. Despite of petraus thesis, differences, the christmas day essay, academicians, planners and policy makers have always laid emphasis for the all-round development of the rural activities. However, Rural Development as a concept and as series of experiments in alternative methods of organising production, welfare and exchange in rural activities has a long history and is not the monopoly of any single system or country. Its recent popularity however is mainly symptomatic of the failure of technocratic and growth strategies pursued by most developing countries in the 1950s and petraus, 1960s. Academics, nationals and day essay writing, international policy makers are carrying out the search for solution to the twin problems of rural poverty and unemployment. The noted Western economists like, Kuznets, Gerschenkron, Floud and Mccloskey provide useful insights into the history of petraus, economic development of the present day developed countries. The growth of output and productivity in introduction for essay, these countries during last 10 to thesis, 15 decades has been qualitatively different from that observed in earlier periods. Modern Economic growth since the late 18th century is different from periods of growth in earlier times in three specific respects. Firstly, the ownership and use of economic surplus were 34 Rural Development in India separated for the first time.

Those who used this surplus as capital in the production process did not necessarily own it as they did in the land-based feudal pre-industrial system. Secondly, extensive use of an acceptable unit of exchange called money helped in expansion of market, which made specialization and mobility possible. Lastly, mobility of both capital and abercrombie and turner dominant thesis, labour in pursuit of thesis, higher gains to urban areas and distant lands occurred on an unprecedented scale. The consequent increase in output and how democratic essay, productivity were substantial and sustained over a long period of time. These impressive increases were also accompanied by growth of population and large-scale migration from thesis not only rural to urban areas but from nation to nation and from continent to christmas writing, continent.

Historically experience suggests that, when seen in long-term perspective, economic growth has been accompanied by specialisation centralization, maximization, urbanization and industrialization. History shows that, poverty has been diminished by the growth of labour increased productivity in the agricultural sector and migration of petraus, labour to urban non-agricultural activities. The population movement occurred mainly because industry could offer the incentive of higher wages and better employment opportunities. The role of the State has been changing significantly since the Eighteenth Century. Traditionally the Government’s activities could be divided into three departments namely, defense, Public works and internal administration. A healthy balance among the for essay, three ensured stable regimes with the advent of petraus thesis, modern economic development; the “Public works” component has been an expanding area of State activity.

Modern development policy makers while, recognising the what is stellar, importance of infrastructure have been rather ambiguous about the contents of infrastructure is one of the very few illuminating contributions on the subject. Infrastructure includes all things provided by petraus the State, which promote directly or indirectly productive activities. Transport, irrigation, power, water supply, health, education and urban services are considered important elements of infrastructure. In a mixed economy, with a relatively important public sector, provision of infrastructure has to be carefully planned and provided by what is stellar the State. The State playing an important role in development. Policy makers and planners have started devoting more to “rural development’ in their declarations and documents on national planning policies. In various ways and for various motives they have attempted to relate to the problems of their own rural poor. Despite, substantial and thesis, impressive increase in growth of agricultural and food outputs in prevent, some regions of a number of developing countries the plight of small and petraus, marginal farmers, agricultural and landless labourers, artisans and small retailers has not been improved significantly. In India the term ‘Rural Development’ is not a very old phenomenon. Introduction. Early in the century their exist the British rule.

In that time, rural development was a minor symphony in the governmental orchestra. The functions of the Government were limited and even the spread of petraus thesis, each function was narrowly restricted. Thus, Development cannot but be of what nucleosynthesis, minor meaning and significance in thesis, the structure of the priorities of colonialism, which was also reflected in the rural areas. The decade 1920-30 was very significant from the view of early pioneering efforts at rural development in should you include in a covering for a job application, India. The noted social Thinkers, Educationists, Politicians started such efforts in our country; in early 20s. 2. Essay on the Activities and Experiments Undertaken for Rural Development:

Programmes and Projects in Pre-Independence Periods: The important activities and experiments undertaken for rural development in Pre-Independence periods are: (i) Sriniketan Experiments: This programme was pioneered by noted scholar of the thesis, country Rabindranath Tagore. The important objective of the experiment was Economic and Moral rehabilitation of the abercrombie hill and turner thesis, rural community. (ii) Martandum Project:

One Rural Reconstruction Programme was initiated by Spancer Hatch at Martandum (South Travancore) in petraus, 1921. Martandum rural reconstruction Centre was opened with a five- sided programme popularly called as “The Five Sided Triangle” Comprising Spirit, Mind, Body, Economic and Social side. The philosophy of essay, rural reconstruction embraced principles known as “Pillars of Policy”. The principle of ‘Self Help’ was maintained. The project became the centre of comprehensive programmes of rural development. (iii) The Gurugaon Experiment: The important village uplift movement was initiated by I.L.Brayne the Deputy Commissioner of Gurugaon district in 1920. This village development programme called as the “Gurugaon Scheme”. Petraus Thesis. The Gurugaon Scheme claimed to deal with the whole life and the activity of the peasant and his family and to present a complete remedy from the terrible conditions in with they lived. (iv) Rural Reconstruction Movement in Baroda:

The important rural reconstruction centre was set up in 1932 and the work commenced in a group of what is stellar, villages round Kosamba (Navasri district). The movement aimed at thesis improvement in all aspect of rural life, changing the outlook of the agriculturists, the attainment of higher standard of living. (v) Sarvodaya Scheme of Bombay: This scheme was based on the Gandhiji’s idea of Sarvodaya. The important aim of the project is to stop migration of christmas day essay writing, youths to nearest towns and cities. The supply of petraus, food for all, adequate medical facilities, free education, local self-Government, self-employment through cottage industries were highlighted in the programme. (vi) Firka Development Scheme:

The Firka Development Scheme aimed at for essay the attainment of the Gandhian ideal of “Village Swaraj” by thesis brining about should you include job application not only the education, economic, sanitary and other improvements of village along with the revitalisation of the petraus, spirit if people and to make them self-confident and self-reliant. The schemes involved close coordination with the various Government services like, agriculture, veterinary, irrigation, industries, medical and communication departments. Hill And Turner Thesis. The scheme was later merged with the National Extension Services in 1953-54. Programmes and Projects in Post-Independence Period: Programmes and projects were also launched in thesis, post-independence and pre-planning periods. The important among them are: (1) The Pilot Development Project of Etawah: The Project began under the sponsorships of the was britain by 1900, provincial Governments of Uttar Pradesh in late 1948. The important objectives of the project were to increase the degree of productivity, social improvements, promotion of self-confidence and cooperation. The pilot project at petraus thesis Etawah treated as one of the most successful rural development project of the World. The project also exhibited the exemplary Cooperation and Coordination of Government, volunteers and in a letter, others.

(2) The Nilokheri Experiment : India divided in 1947. The Rehabilitation of displaced persons coming from Pakistan gathered importance. In order to provide them gainful employment a new township was developed at Nilokheri in 1948 with the efforts of Sri S.K.Dey. Sri Dey evolved a faith were to activate and support a triple charter of rights such as: (i) Right to live, (ii) Right to work for living and. (iii) Right to receive what is earned. To give a practical shape to this charter or rights a new scheme known as the “Mazdoor Manzil” was drawn up. The basic concept of the thesis, Mazdoor Manzil was to stop the one-way traffic of labour, material, skill and culture from abercrombie dominant villages to town.

The township was intended to petraus thesis, include institutions for medical relief and sanitation, Higher Education, Technical and Vocational Training, Veterinary aid and agricultural extension embracing agriculture, horticulture, poultry, piggery, fishery, sheep breeding and what, other forms of petraus, animal husbandry. The project was highly appreciated by the then Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. The Planning for Rural Development have been received utmost attention by how democratic was britain essay the planners and policy makers along with the National Plan for Economic Development. The rural development strategies were also adopted by planners as per the methods and strategies adopted for the economic development of the country. India adopted both the centralised and decentralised planning models in the process of its planned economic development. The First Five Year Plan (1950-51 to 1955-56) adopted the petraus thesis, Harrod-Domar model of capital accumulation and should you include in a letter, saving mobilisation as its methodological approach towards planning. Under this approach, the process of petraus, economic development must start from the villages. In this context, the mobilization of peoples participation was required. How Democratic By 1900. In order to implement this ideology the Community Development Programme (CDP) was conceived.

The Block administration was created as a centre of Rural Development activities. This programme failed as blocks were quite big and left the petraus thesis, weaker section untouched. The programme was also implemented in christmas day essay writing, Orissa. The State planning machinery followed the objectives and guidelines fixed by Central Government. The Second Five Year Plan (1955-56 to 1960-61) based on petraus Feldman-Mahalnobis model of sectoral growth. This strategy emphasised investment in heavy industry to achieve industrialization, which was assumed to be the basic condition for rapid economic development. A good deal of reliance was placed on accidents road essay cottage and small industries with the aim of reducing rural under employment, unemployment. As against this background no important specialised rural development programme was launched during the second plan period. However, steps were taken to thesis, strengthen the ongoing community development programme. In this respect the, need for viable institutional base was felt and the Panchayati Raj System was introduced during the plan period. Besides, specialised rural economic development programmes like, Intensive Agricultural District Programme (IADP), Khadi and Village Industries Programme (KVI), Multi-purpose Tribal Development, Village Housing Projects/Schemes were also introduced in rural areas of the country.

As a part of the Union, the specialised sectoral development programmes were also introduced in essay, Orissa. In the Third Five Year Plan (1960-61-to-1965-66) all round agricultural development was envisaged. Thesis. Increased agricultural production in the farm sector and activities allied to agriculture received topmost priority during the plan period. The important agricultural development programmes bringing green revolution strategy like Intensive Agricultural Area Programme (IAAP) and High Yield Varieties Programme (HYVP) were implemented in the country. It is observed that, the benefits accrued only to rich and progressive peasants. Once again, landless and agricultural labourers were left untouched. Besides, rural industries project for the promotion of village industries was also launched during the said plan period. Health and Nutrition is regarded as important inputs required for improvement in the quality of life.

To ensure appropriate and adequate nutrition to the children, for their growth Applied Nutrition Programme was introduced during the how democratic was britain by 1900, Third Five Year Plan. The Fourth Five Year Plan (1969-74) in thesis, the name of “Growth with social justice” initiated efforts towards uplifting the is stellar nucleosynthesis, vulnerable sections of rural society. In this connection a number of petraus thesis, ‘area development oriented’ and ‘Target Oriented’ programmes were introduced. Programmes such as Small Farmers Development Agency (SFDA), Small Farmers and Agricultural Labourers Development Agency (MFAL), Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP), Tribal Area Development Programme (TADP) were introduced as the important rural development programmes. These rural development programmes did succeed, but only in limited areas and numbers. This plan paved the path for a number of rural development and poverty alleviation programmes in the country. These programmes were implemented through the abercrombie hill and turner thesis, existing administrative apparatus at block and village levels. Employment generation programmes like, Crash Scheme for petraus thesis, Rural Employment and Pilot Intensive Rural Employment Programme were also launched during the plan period.

The Fifth Plan (1974-79) based on the Inter-sectoral transactions model of should covering for a, Leontief which emphasised on strengthening the inter-sectoral linkages for balanced growth in sectors. The most important objectives of the Fifth Plan Period was: (i) Removal of poverty and. (ii) Achievement of self-reliance. In order to attain these objectives. The Programmes like, Command Area Development Programme (CADP), Hill Area Development Programme (HADP), Minimum Needs Programme (MNP), Food for Work Programme (FFW) were introduced, during the plan period. Besides, in thesis, order to promote small-scale, village and cottage industries the District Industries Centres (DICs) were set up in all districts of the country. The 20-point Economic Programme was also introduced during the said plan period. The Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-85) aimed at the removal of poverty, growth, modernisation, self-reliance and was britain essay, social justice. Thesis. In order to attain all-round development in rural areas, one single integrated programme called Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) was conceived. IRDP is introduction format regarded as a multi-level, multi-sector and multi-section concept of petraus thesis, rural development.

As a multi-level concept it encompasses rural development at various levels such as viable cluster of village communities, districts and blocks. Prevent Accidents Road Essay. As a multi- sector concept, it embraces development in various sectors and sub-sectors of the rural areas such as agriculture, industry, education, health and transportation etc. As a multi-section concept, it encompasses socio-economic development of various sections and sub-sections of rural population such as Small farmers, Marginal farmers, Landless and agricultural labourers, Artisans, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Besides IRDP, the employment generation programmes like, National Rural Employment Programme (NREP), Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP), Economic Rehabilitation or Rural Poor (ERRP), Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment (TRYSEM), Self Employment for the Educated Unemployed Youths (SEEUY). Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA) etc. Petraus. were also introduced during the said plan period. The important objectives of the Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90) were; building an independent self-reliant economy, establishment of for essay, social system based on equity and justice, reduction of thesis, regional imbalance and adoption of advanced technologies. The plan intended; to continue the rural development programmes launched/implemented during the Sixth Five Year Plans. Besides, some rural infrastructural development programmes like, Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) Integrated Rural Energy Planning Programme (IREP), Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY), Million Wells Scheme (MWS), etc. What Nucleosynthesis. were implemented as the special rural development programmes during the plan period.

The Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-97) aimed at generation of adequate employment opportunities, Universalisation of petraus thesis, elementary education, provision of is stellar, safe drinking water and primary health care facilities, and strengthening the infrastructure. The special rural development and poverty alleviation programmes implemented in earlier plans were also intended to continue during the Eighth Five Year Plan. In order to boost earlier infrastructure and employment generation programmes the new and culmination programmes like, Intensified Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (IJRY), Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS), Operation Black Board (OBB), and District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) were introduced. The Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002) aimed at generating employment opportunities in the secondary sector, all-round development of agricultural sector, strengthening the rural economy through development of agro-based industries, small- scale village and cottage industries and thesis, elimination of poverty. As against these objectives, the programmes for self- employment, and supplementary wage employment and other programmes intended to continue during the was britain by 1900, Ninth Plan with some modifications. These important antipoverty programmes include the IRDP, TRYSEM, JRY, IAY, IJRY, SFPP, DPAP and EAS etc. The IRDP, DWCRA, TRYSEM, MWS were in thesis, operation till the end of 1998-99.

It was felt that; this fragmented approach with a multiplicity of schemes was not able to abercrombie hill and turner dominant ideology thesis, focus on the needs of the rural poor in a coherent manner. Hence these schemes were amalgamated by Government of India and merged into a single new scheme called Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY) with effect from thesis 1.4.1999. In order to create adequate infrastructural development the Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY) was also implemented on christmas writing the same date. All the petraus thesis, plan strategies for rural development based on various approaches like, growth-based approach in first Three Five Year Plans (First Five Year Plan, Second Five Year Plan, Third Five Year Plan), which was popularly known as trickle down approach. The Fourth Five Year Plan based on Target group approach. Introduction. The Fifth Five Year Plan highlights the target group approach with equal importance to Minimum Needs approach to rural development. Thesis. The Sixth, Seventh, Eighth and Ninth Five Year Plan in our country adopt the target group approach for rural development.

The important elements of rural development strategies are: (1) Appropriate Institutional Arrangements. (2) Labour – Intensive agriculture and Minor development works. (3) A hierarchy of development centres to bridge the wide gap between rural and urban areas and self- reliance. (4) An active policy for social development, and. (5) Appropriate Organisational arrangements. The Rural Development Programmes based on various approaches and strategies.

These are varies according to plan and the Nature of the writing, programme. However, all the Rural Development Programmes have its own feature, objectives finance system, implementation and monitoring as well as success and failure. The discussion on some of the important rural development programme will throw light in this respect. 3. Essay on the Rural Development Programmes in India: India started her planned economic development through Five Year Plans in the year 1950-51. The economy of the Country has been dominated by the rural and traditional economic sectors. Petraus. The productivity of these sectors has not changed significantly over the period of 50 years. The existence of massive unemployment and poverty is the common feature of Indian economy in general and rural economy in particular. The infrastructure of the country has not developed up to the world standard. It is proper to mention here that, we have achieved little over the period of 50 years of planned economic development. The planners and introduction, policy makers have been laid best possible efforts for the development of the petraus thesis, economy and rural development.

Due to a number of factors, desired success has not been achieved so far. However, we would like to discuss some of the important rural development programmes implemented in our country as well as the states and Union Territories from time to how democratic essay, time. The aims and objectives of these programmes are national in thesis, nature and the progress and prevent essay, achievements are based on the secondary data available. As one of the under developed state, the progress and achievements of rural development programmes of thesis, Orissa. Some comparative analysis of the R.D. Programmes implemented in the country and the State Orissa is also made. Since 1951 a number of rural development programmes have been implemented in our Country.

Among such programmes/schemes, twenty five important rural development programmes considered for analysis. Prevent. These programmes covers all plan periods i.e.; First Five Year Plan (1950-51 to 1955-56) to petraus thesis, Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-97). (i) Community Development Programme (CDP): India as an independent Country started its planned economic development process in the year 1950-51. The First Five Year Plan 1950-51 to 1955-56 based on methodical approach. The noted Harrod-Domar Model of introduction for essay format, development was adopted in the said plan. The model emphasised on capital accumulation and saving. The process of economic development must start from the village was also emphasised in the first plan.

In this context, the mobilisation of thesis, people’s participation is essential and to for essay format, implement this ideology, the Community Development Programme (CDP) was conceived. The Community Development Programme was launched on thesis 2nd October 1952. A general village community in India can be divided into six main groups as follows: (i) The owners of land and those who have hereditary rights of tenancy. (ii) The sub-tenants or tenants at will. (iii) Landless Agricultural labourers. (iv) Village Artisans. (v) Money lenders and Shopkeepers. (vi) Persons in the professions or in personal services, e.g. doctors, lawyers, barbers, village officials. Taking all into consideration the objectives of Community Development Programme was framed. The important objective of Community Development Programme is to create an urge among the rural people for a better life and to show the way to satisfying this urge predominantly by means of self-help.

This objective is to be attained by christmas revitalising the existing village institutions and creating new ones where ever necessary. The programme emphasized to give effects to thesis, an intensive and comprehensive programme covering all aspects of rural life; i.e.; agriculture, rural industries, education, housing, health, recreation and services etc. and aimed at utilizing under a democratic set up the surplus labour force in rural areas for development purpose. It also aims at the largest possible extension of the principle of christmas day essay writing, cooperation and every effort to made to make rural families credit worthy. The Community Development Programme as a people’s programmes introduced and implemented through Local-self Government and the rural people. Petraus Thesis. The Local Self Government get further boost after the recommendation of introduction for essay, Balwantrai Mehta’s formulation of Democratic decentralisation in petraus, the forms of prevent road, village Panchayats, Panchayat Samities and Zilla Parishads. The Finance for the Community Development Programme is drawn both from the people and the Government. Thesis. Being a people’s programme prescribes a qualifying scale of by 1900 essay, voluntary contribution from the people in the form of labour as well as money. The State Government and the Central Government with due sharing basis meet the balance expenditure in thesis, a block.

The Community Development Programme was launched in selected blocks of the State Orissa, as pilot programme. The Community Development Programme received its momentum during Second Five Year Plan. Prevent Essay. The total expenditure of Rs. Petraus Thesis. 822.91 lakhs was incurred during the Second Plan period for the said programme. By the for essay, end of the Third Five Year Plan (1965-66) period there were 147 Stage I blocks, 139 Stage II blocks bringing the total number of petraus, blocks to 314. Thus, all the blocks were covered under Community Development Programme. The total expenditure under this programme was Rs 1767 lakhs. The Community Development Programme has attained its pick during the Fourth Five Year Plan (1969-1974).

During the said period all the Stage I block converted to Stage II and large number of stage II block to essay, post-stage II blocks. It is petraus observed that there were 43 CD blocks in abercrombie hill, stage II and the remaining 271 blocks in the post stage II or in stage III. Total Fund of Rs 850 lakhs were earmarked for the programme. Besides, special development schemes on irrigation, Agriculture extension, animal husbandry, horticulture, drinking water and communication were also implemented in seven backward districts of the State. In this respect a total sum of Rs 225 lakh has been earmarked. The contribution of Community Development Programme to the rural development are: (1) The setting up of thesis, a network of introduction, community development blocks covering the length and breadth of the country, thus enabling the government to reach the rural population in almost any aspect of their life, (2) The transfer of powers and functions for implementing the programme to the elected representatives at the village, block and thesis, district levels, thereby paving the way for democratic decentralisation through a three-tier Panchayati Raj System. The National Institute of Community Development conducted a survey to assess the impact of CDP They concluded that “the process of modernisation has reached all strata, and format, going to do so at petraus a faster pace in future, but this has not resulted in abercrombie hill and turner ideology, any violent reaction on the part of the lower classes”. The ideology of people’s participation through Panchayati Raj System, in absence of proper education and thesis, discipline resulted in conspicuous alienation of the weaker sections of the rural communities by in a covering for a job application the privileged classes. The latter could secure the benefits of the programme because their contribution was not free but charged with consideration. Petraus. It is and turner dominant thesis observed that the whole programme suffered from lack of vitality, and thesis, was tending to generate only into a number of material benefits for a limited few.

The official agencies responsibility for implementation of development activities lacked in understanding the introduction format, new climate because they were manned by those officials who were trained in the particular framework. Besides, their bureaucratic approach also appeared to be a hindrance in initiating the programmes. The critics complained that the Community Development Programme has given a ‘new look’ but not the ‘food’ to the rural poor. It is no denying a fact that the expenditure on building the institutions for social change was larger than the expenditure incurred on productive purposes. Thus, its social contents superseded the petraus, economic contents though it was assumed to prevent road, the instrument of economic transformation. (ii) Intensive Agricultural District Programme (IADP): The Intensive Agricultural District Programme (IADP) as a package programme was very strongly recommended by Agricultural Production Team of the Ford Foundation (USA) on 1959. This programme was put into action during 1960-61. The important objective of the programme was to improve the agricultural production in a integrated and intensified manner.

This programme was introduced in selected districts of the country. The selection of these districts was made on the basis of: (a) The district should as far as possible have assured water supply. (b) It should have a minimum of natural hazards, (c) It should have well developed village Institutions like Cooperatives and Panchayats. (d) It should have maximum potentialities of increasing agricultural production within a comparatively short-time. Taking the criteria into consideration Sambalpur district was selected in Orissa. It was decided to implement for the development of Rabi Crops in 1962-63. This programme was introduced in all the 29 blocks of the district. Thesis. In the second phase of the programme main thrust was given on the increase of higher yielding paddy in the Khariff extending the area under various commercial and horticulture crops and on promoting efficient soil and water management practices.

Required inputs, know how and financial provisions are made for the success of the programme. Sambalpur district not only self-reliant in Rice Production but also treated as a main rice-producing district of the State. The IADP has been a ‘Path finder’ for successful programme. (iii) Intensive Agricultural Area Programme (IAAP): The Third Five Year Plan (1960-65) aimed to achieve self- sufficiency in food grains and increase agricultural production to meet the requirements of industry and exports. Besides, the mid-term appraisal of the what, Third Five Year Plan observed that “Much greater emphasis should be given to the development of scientific and progressive agriculture in petraus, an intensive manner in hill dominant ideology thesis, areas where a high agricultural production potentialities”. The Government of India formulated the Intensive Agricultural Area Programme (IAAP) with a view to cover at least 20 per cent to 25 per cent of the cultivated area of the country and this area should be selected for the intensive development of import crops such as wheat, paddy, millets, cotton, sugarcane, potato, pulses etc. Petraus Thesis. The programme was launched in 1964-65.

The aim of IAAP was to bring about a progressive increase in the production of main crops in selected areas by an intensive package approach i.e.; the use of inter-related factors – physical, social and institutional-in-strategic combination which were likely to exert an impact on agricultural production. It was decided to implement such programme in the selected blocks of the country as well as the state. The selection criteria were the accidents, blocks having a minimum irrigated area of 5 thousand acres. In Orissa a total of 86 blocks were covered under the Intensive Agricultural Area Programme during the period of Fourth Five Year Plan an additional 46 blocks were brought under the programme, taking total coverage of petraus thesis, blocks up to 132. The required funds for the programme were met from the plan and non-plan expenditure of the Agriculture and allied activities. The programme paved the way for the introduction of Green Revolution in christmas, India. The Introduction of High Yielding Varieties Programme (HYVP) reduced the importance of IAA Programme in the State as well in the country. (iv) High Yielding Varieties Programme (HYVP):

The High Yielding Varieties Programme (HYVP) was launched in the country from the kharif seasons of petraus thesis, 1966-67 as a major plank of new agricultural strategy under the how democratic, economic planning system. The important objective of the programme was to attain self-sufficiency in food by the end of 1970-71. The programme envisages the petraus thesis, introduction and spread over fairly large areas of the newly identified and evolved high yielding variety of paddy, wheat, maize, jowar and bajra. The HYVP proposes to make a technological break-through in introduction for essay, Indian agriculture which consists of the introduction of new and high-yielding varieties of improved seeds, increased application of the right amount of fertilizers and petraus, extension of the use of pesticides so that the crop produced is not destroyed by insects. To enable the farmers to undertake this agricultural practice, the in a letter job application, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) agreed to relax the usual terms and conditions in respect of petraus, Central Cooperative Banks (CCBs) for the purpose of financing such cultivators.

During the in a letter for a job application, Fourth Five Year Plan about 742.6 thousand hectares of petraus thesis, land was brought under the HYV programme in Orissa. This has increased to abercrombie dominant ideology, about 1860 thousand hectares of land during Fifth Five Year Plan with an investment of petraus, about Rs. 2 Crores. This programme mainly confined to writing, good land and to petraus, those farmers who have the resources and the adaptability to embrace the progress of technology. This programme became successful in the states like Punjab, Haryana and a part of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu in general and Punjab, and christmas, Haryana in particular, where wheat is the main food crop. The rice and other commercial crops reported insignificant improvement in their production. Orissa as non-wheat producing state received insignificant growth in food production. (v) Small Farmers Development Agency (SFDA): The Reserve Bank of India appointed All-India Rural Credit Review Committee on 1969, under the petraus, Chairmanship of Sri B.Venkatappiah. The committee in its-interim report recommended for the establishment of Small Farmers Development Agency (SFDA) in christmas, following words: “The special efforts proposed are to be restricted to those cultivators who can be developed into surplus farmers if they adopt improved techniques on petraus the basis of prevent accidents road, support in thesis, terms of supplies, irrigation, services of machinery etc. Appropriate schemes have to be drawn up by technical experts with reference to local resources and abercrombie hill dominant, requirements, so that such cultivators can undertake specific lines of investment (e.g. sinking of wells) adopt a suitable crop pattern, use modern inputs and so on.

It is to deal with this limited problem that in institutional setup in the form a Small Farmers Development Agency may be established in certain selected districts.” The important functions of the Agency was to: (i) Investigate and identify the thesis, problems of small farmers and endeavour to see that the provision of various services and supplies to small farmers is ensured, (ii) Help small farmer to secure loans from co-operative banks and other assistance like obtain improved seeds, fertilizers and abercrombie hill and turner dominant ideology, other inputs, (iii) The agency is to provide various services such as spraying of insecticides, hiring out of tractors and land leveling to small farmers through the agro-industries corporations or other appropriate bodies and institutions including cooperatives and local authorities such as Zilla Parishad and extension services, (iv) To draw up plans for investment and production activities to be undertaken by the cultivators participating in the programme, (v) To explore the possibility of adding to the income of the thesis, small farmers by assisting them in taking up animal husbandry activities such as dairy and poultry, (vi) It should endeavour to promote the flow of short-term, medium- term and is stellar, long-term co-operative credit to small cultivators for appropriate purposes from the Agricultural Credit Societies and Central Cooperative banks on the one hand and the land development banks on the other. The scheme was included in the Fourth Five Year Plan. However, the thesis, scheme actually started functioning on a significance scale in the year 1971-72. The schemes were implemented in selected districts by a separate agency constituted under the Societies Registration Act. The scheme was financed by the State and Central Government on matching basis. The provision of subsidy was also made by the agency at the rate of 25 per dominant ideology thesis, cent to non-tribal small farmers, 33.3 per cent to non-tribal marginal farmers and 50 per cent to petraus thesis, Tribal farmers in capital investments and inputs subject to maximum of Rs 3000 and Rs 5000 respectively for any farmers. In Orissa, the Small Farmers Development Agency was implemented in three districts.

They were Bolangir, Dhenkanal and Ganjam. Abercrombie Dominant Ideology Thesis. During first two years of the programme, could not make much headway because of a number of initial difficulties. The loans were advanced to the farmers under this scheme were utilised mostly for productive purposes. Orissa stand second in utilisation of loans in petraus, all-India basis after Kerala. The State utilised about 83.6 per cent of the loans sanctioned under the scheme. During the period between 1971-72 and 1980, about writing 272 lakh families in 115 blocks less than seven SFDA were benefitted. The total loans mobilised stood at Rs. 38.4 crores. A total expenditure incurred towards subsidies and agency staff was Rs.

14.8 crores. The SFDA was the first rural development programme in the country where the Central Government, State Government and Financial Institutions maintained proper linkage for petraus, the success of the programme. However, the what, programme had been merged with the Integrated Rural Development Programme since 2nd October 1980. (vi) Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labourers Development Agency (MFALDA): The Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labourers Development Agencies were set up along with SFDA on the recommendation made by Rural Credit Review Committee (1969). The principal objective of the programme is to assist the marginal farmers and agricultural labourers in maximum productive use of their small holding and skills by undertaking horticulture, animal husbandry and other economic activities, like rural industries etc. The important functions of the programme were to: (i) Identify eligible beneficiaries and their problems.

(ii) To formulate economic programmes for petraus thesis, providing gainful employment to the participants, (iii) To promote infrastructural facilities for introduction, production, processing, storage and petraus thesis, marketing of products. (iv) To promote rural industries. The necessary credit for productive investment was provided by Institutional Financing Agencies like, Cooperatives and Commercial banks. Besides provision of matching subsidies were also provided to the beneficiaries. The non-Tribal Marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers were eligible to nucleosynthesis, receive subsidies worth 33.3 per cent on the capital investments and inputs, whereas this was 50 per thesis, cent for format, tribal beneficiaries, subject to maximum of Rs 3000/- and Rs 5000/- respectively. The Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labourers Development Agency was launched during the year 1971-72 in the districts of Cuttack and Keonjhar. During first two years both short and medium-term loans amounted to Rs 61.32 lakhs and Rs 45.97 lakhs respectively were advanced to about 9 thousands and 8 thousand Farmers respectively. A total sum of Rs 1.6 cores was earmarked in the year 1974-75. This amount has increased to Rs 4.2 crores in the year 1975-76. Under the project 2.6 lakh Marginal farmers and 0.3 lakh Agricultural Labourers were identified and benefitted under the programme.

Among them about 70 per cent of the petraus thesis, beneficiaries were enrolled as members of cooperative societies. (vii) Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP): A Rural works programme was initiated in 1970-71 with the objective of providing development investment in was britain by 1900 essay, drought prone areas. During the Fourth Five Year Plan the main emphasis of the programme was on labour intensive works such as medium and minor irrigation, road construction, afforestation, soil conservation and provision of drinking water. In the Fifth Plan, this scheme was re-oriented as an area development programme. The strategy of this programme was to improve the economy of the areas covered, through a package of infrastructural and on-farm development activities with the objective of optimum utilisation of land, water, human and livestock resources. Petraus Thesis. This programme was also targeted the weaker sections of the society like, Small and Marginal farmers, Agricultural Labourers and other rural poor, who have no assured source of income.

Co-operative societies were organised to act accordingly. This programme implemented in the areas where the monsoon is most unpredictable vis-a-vis it also laid emphasis for the inclusion of target group people. Thus, this programme was the first in its category, which included both the area approach and how democratic was britain by 1900, target group approach. The DPAP was implemented in the chronically drought affected districts of Orissa. Considering the concentration of weaker sections as well as drought prone area the programme was implemented in 11 blocks of Kalahandi and 14 blocks of Phulbani district in Orissa.

During the Fourth Plan the scheme was fully financed by the Government of India. Thesis. The Government of India revised the programme during Fifth Five Year Plan. As per the revision the programme was financed by Central State Governments on 50:50 matching basis. In Fourth Five Year Plan the Central Government sanctioned an amount of Rs 3.4 Crores to Orissa for the programme. During the years 1974-80 expenditure on the programme was stood at Rs 14.2 Crores on different schemes. The programme has been extended to 14 more blocks of Bolangir and essay, Sambalpur districts (8 blocks in Bolangir and thesis, 6 blocks in Sambalpur) bringing total blocks to what nucleosynthesis, 39 in 4 districts of the State.

The State Plan allocation for the Sixth Plan was Rs 7 Crores against the anticipated expenditure of thesis, Rs 7.1 Crores. The total plan expenditure for DPA Programme during the Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90) was Rs 26.5 Crores. The launching of Eighth Plan was delayed by two years due to political instability in the country. However the programme received Rs 12.7 Crores in 1990-91 and 1991-92. The Drought Prone Area Development Programme is being operated in 47 blocks (2 blocks each in Boudh, Sonepur, Dhenkanal, 12 blocks in Phulbani, 10 blocks in Kalahandi, 8 blocks in Bolangir, 6 blocks in Bargarh and 5 blocks in christmas writing, Nuapada districts) Spread over to 8 districts of the State during the petraus thesis, Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-97). The Total expenditure incurred under the abercrombie ideology thesis, plan was Rs 36.9 Crores. The total Funds available during 1997-98 at; the all-India level was about Rs 913 lakhs. Thesis. The total Expenditure incurred during the year was Rs 436 lakhs. What Should For A. The expenditure was thus 47.8 per thesis, cent of the total funds available under the programme.

The percentage share of how democratic was britain by 1900, total expenditure to total funds available was about 48.6 per cent. (viii) Integrated Tribal Development Agencies (ITDA): Next to Africa, India has the largest concentration of the tribal population in the World. Though all the states have tribal population in various degrees of concentration, majority of them is found in Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan and West Bengal. Economic backwardness of the tribal population has undoubtedly occupied considerable interest among our planners. The First Five Year Plan laid down its priorities for tribal development in three broad categories namely education, economic uplift and health, housing and other schemes. Since then each five year plan has chartered new strategies for petraus, achieving these basic objectives. During the Second Five Year Plan, multi-purpose tribal blocks were set up which were later re-named as Tribal development blocks in the Third Five Year Plan.

Expenditure on tribal development too, increased several fold over the plan periods. However, these efforts did not bring about how democratic any substantive change among the petraus thesis, majority of the tribal population. It is noticed that, in the first three plans emphasis was placed on sectorial plans under various subjects such as agriculture, industry, transportation, health and education etc. Most of these were conceived at the National or at the State level. The Fourth Five Year Plan gave importance to planning at the district level and to experimental studies on growth centres for evolving a planning strategy at the grass-root level. In this context, the Government of how democratic, India has sanctioned pilot projects for tribal development in the central agricultural sector. Among the thesis, Six projects sanctioned in All-India level, Ganjam and Koraput districts were selected in Orissa.

The outlay on each of how democratic, these projects was Rs 2 Crores. Petraus. Under the christmas day essay, Tribal Development Agencies (1972-73) the Tibetan Re-settlement scheme at Chandragiri of Ganjam district and a Saura Development Scheme in Koraput district were brought out. A new strategy has been evolved for planning the development of the tribal communities during the Fifth Plan period. The new strategy envisages the petraus thesis, preparation of a sub- plan for the tribal areas. The first exercise in this regard is to demarcate the tribal areas based on the tribal population. (i) Areas, where the tribal concentration of 50 per cent or above. (ii) Areas of dispersed tribal population below 50 per cent.

(iii) Extremely backward and isolated little communities. In order to implement the sub-plan programmes 21 ITDA’s were constituted covering 118 out of 314 blocks in the state. Each ITDA has a project level committee under the Chairmanship of Collector with official and non-official and Tribal women as members. They have to draw up the plan and programmes at ITDA level and review and what should you include covering, monitor the developmental activities of different Department. Each ITDA is headed by petraus thesis a Class I officer with supporting staff like Special Officer, Assistant Engineer, Junior Engineer, Statistical Assistant, Soil Conservation/Agricultural Extension Officer and for essay format, other clerical staff. 15 Project Administrators have been declared as Additional District Magistrates for exercising powers under different regulatory laws.

There were about 47 thousand villages in thesis, Orissa; out of what is stellar nucleosynthesis, that 18.7 thousand villages were in Tribal sub plan of which 14 villages were declared as ITDP villages. They were spread over to about 98 blocks of the petraus, State up to 1977-78. A total financial outlay of christmas day essay writing, Rs 189 crore was earmarked for the programme in 1979-80 with a view to cover about 2 thousand families. The total estimated flow of resources during the sixth plan period was Rs 700 Crores. It is observed that 36 per cent of the total outlay of the State during Sixth Plan Period was earmarked for thesis, investment as against 23 per cent during fifth plan period. About 5.0 lakh tribal families were assisted under various anti- poverty programmes (including IRDP ERRP) during Sixth Plan Period. During the Seventh Plan period, about for essay format 7.6 lakh families were covered under the plan with the petraus thesis, plan expenditure of Rs 1440 Crores. The plan allocation for the sub-plan during the year 1990-91 and 91-92 was estimated at Rs 391 crores and Rs 590 crores respectively. The proposed flow of funds for the Eighth Plan Period (1992-97) was estimated at Rs 3885 Crores.

The Flow of funds during 1992-93 was of the order of Rs 459 Crores. This covered about 34 families. The total funds for the year 1993-94 have increased to Rs 466 crores. Further more the plan expenditure under the programme was Rs 568 Crores. Under the plan 43 thousand families were benefitted in the year 1993-94. Where as this stood at 41 thousand during 1994-95. Accidents Essay. During 1995-96 about 96 thousand tribal families were benefitted with a total financial investment of Rs 626 Crores. Petraus Thesis. The total plan out lay for the year 1996-97 and should you include covering for a, 1997-98 was Rs 862 Crores and petraus, Rs 749 Crores respectively. (ix) Modified Area Development Approach (MADA): Article 46 of the introduction for essay format, constitution enjoins up on the State to promote with special care the educational and economic interest of the weaker sections and in particular Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and to protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation.

The approach for development of Scheduled Tribes was first laid down by the first Prime Minister of India, Late Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru in his “Tribal Panchseel” more particularly emphasised on the preservation of tribal culture. The Tribal Sub-plan approach was operated in mid seventies. The objectives of the petraus, Tribal sub-plan strategy have basically remained two fold: (i) Socio-Economic Development of what should covering letter, S.Ts. and. (ii) Protection of tribals against exploitation. Integrated Tribal Development Programmes in the form of Integrated Tribal Development Agencies (I T D A) were implemented in the areas where the concentration of thesis, tribal population is more than 50 per cent, and they live in extremely backward areas. For the all-round development of the Tribals outside the road, Sub-plan areas a new programme called Modified Area Development Approach (MADA) was launched in 1978- 79. The criteria for selection of this area was areas having a population of ten thousand or more with at least 50 per cent tribal concentration.

The identified areas called as MADA Pockets. Petraus Thesis. In these pockets individual family-oriented schemes as well as community benefit oriented programmes are to be implemented. There is a MADA level Advisory Committee for each MADA Sub-Collector concerned with officials and non- officials like peoples representatives as members. This Advisory Committee is responsible for drawn up programmes and overseas the implementation. During Fifth Plan Period 30 Modified Area Development Approach Pockets were identified and Rs 1.2 Crores was earmarked for the development of Tribal people living in those areas. The number of pocket has increased to 37 during Six Plan period. A Total sum of Rs 5.5 Crores was allocated for the programme, where about 10 thousand Tribal families were received assistance. There are, 45 MADA Pockets covering about 47 blocks of the State, during Seventh Plan Period. The total amount of Rs 7.2 Crores was earmarked for the implementation of different schemes. What You Include In A For A. Under different schemes about 13 thousand Scheduled Tribe families were benefitted during the petraus, said plan period.

In two annual plans i.e.; 1990-91, and 1991-92 about Five thousand families benefitted under the programme. The total investment of Rs 2.2 crores and Rs 2.5 crores were made for the year 1990-91 and 1991-92 respectively. The number of MADA pockets increased to 46 during the Eighth Plan (1992-97) period. Abercrombie And Turner. A total Fund of Rs 16.4 crores was utilities for implementation of different programmes in the MADA Pockets. During the plan period about 20 thousand tribal families were covered in different programmes. (x) Command Area Development Programme (CADP): The Command Area Development Programme was introduced in petraus, the Country in 1974-75 with a view to realising a fast and optimum utilisation of the irrigation potential created in the major irrigation projects. In Orissa, the programme was launched in 1976-77 covering 52 blocks in the districts of writing, Cuttack, Puri, Balasore, Sambalpur and Bolangir. It was spread over to thesis, about 5.3 lakh hectares of land of three major Irrigation Projects of Mahanadi, Salandi and Hirakud.

The basic concept of the dominant ideology, Programme was to step up agricultural production by optimum utilisation of water by controlled irrigation and adoption of multi-cropping pattern on petraus thesis an extensive scale. The components of C A D Project which are given highest priority in should you include covering for a job application, realising these objectives are: (i) Construction of field channels. (ii) Warabandi i.e; regulated and assured water supply to the farmers. (iii) Consolidation and. (iv) Adoption of thesis, Multi-cropping pattern. As against this background four Command Area Development Authorities have been registered as Societies under the Societies Registration Act 1860. Day Essay Writing. Funds sanctioned for the various schemes by State and Central Government are placed at their disposal in shape of grant-in-aid. A special loan account was also set up by the ARDC with 50% contribution from Central Government and 25% each by thesis the State Government and what should in a covering for a, ARDC to finance on-farm development works for the ineligible and unwilling beneficiaries. During the Fifth Plan the major achievement was, conducting of a large number of multi-crop demonstrations to make the farmers aware of the needs for having three cropping patterns. Small and thesis, Marginal farmers were also involved themselves in the programme and became members of Co­operative Societies.

A modest beginning was also made in demonstration of proper water Management by Construction of how democratic by 1900, field channels to serve about 3 thousand hectares of land. A total financial provision of Rs 12.5 Crores was made for the programme. The principle components of the Command Area Development Programme during the Sixth Five Year Plan (SO­BS) have been: (i) Construction of field channels including field drains. (ii) Topographical Survey. (iii) Soil Conservation and Survey. (iv) Rotational water supply to the beneficiary farmers. (v) Multiple Crop Demonstration, including mini-kits and thesis, farmers training. During the said plan period about 1.5 lakh hectares field channel was constructed with the total expenditure of Rs 6.9 Crores. The Command Area Development Programme expanded to 58 blocks in the districts of Cuttack, Puri, Balasore, Sambalpur, Bolangir and what you include covering for a job application, Koraput.

An area of 2.7 lakh hectare Culturable Command Area has been covered under field channels at the end of Seventh Five Year Plan. The Principal Component of CAD Programme during the Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-97) was: (i) Survey Planning and petraus thesis, Design. (ii) Construction of field channels, drains and land leveling. (iii) Rotational water supply. (iv) Adaptive Trails. (v) Farmers participation.

(vii) Conjunctive use of surface and ground water. (viii) Marketing and Communication and. (ix) Monitoring and evaluation. The programme has been extended to 83 blocks in 17 districts with a Culturable Command Area of you include covering letter job application, 7.4 lakh hectares during Eighth Plan Period. A total sum of Rs 18.4 Crores was spending under the petraus, programme during said plan period. It is observed from the available data that, during the Seventh Five Year Plan about 11.14 million hectares field channels were constructed. About 1.93 million hectare of land leveling activities and 4.96 million hectare Warabandi work was also completed during the said plan period.

The total achievement during the Eighth Plan Period on construction of field channels, land leveling and Warabandi was about 1.75 M.ha, 0.14 M.ha, and introduction for essay format, 2.75 M.ha respectively. The achievement of Eighth Plan reduced due to other alike rural development programmes introduced in the country. Thesis. The introduction of specialized watershed scheme was one of the same programmes. 4. Essay on the Institutions for Rural Development: The Rural Development in essay, India is a very old phenomenon. Thesis. Social scientists and how democratic was britain by 1900 essay, organisations had experimented this noble attempt in pre-Independence period. Those programmes were not highlighting a unique problem of the rural poor and the necessary solution therein.

However, the attempts so undertaken were focused mostly to petraus, the social, economic and cultural aspects of human well-being. The noble attempts made by format great and intellectual sons of the soil could not spread over to all part of the country due to lack of government attitude and patronage. The British Government had never felt the importance of rural development in the country. The rulers felt that, rural development was a part of petraus, social welfare, which is perhaps contradictory to the British ideology and dominant thesis, policies. India became an independent nation in August 1947, from political point of view but attend its economic independence only on petraus January 1950. Writing. After attaining the economic independence, India started its planned Economic Development Programmes with the adoption of Five Year Plan. During the petraus thesis, process of planned economic development, Rural Development received utmost attention by the rulers, planners and policy makers. Since 1952, a number of rural development programmes were introduced, implemented and discontinued in the country.

The programmes are varied in nature and approach. What. Some of the programmes proved to be successful and some failures. The success and failure of the programmes governed by a number of factors important among them are: (i) Nature of the programme, (ii) Approach of the programme, (iii) Finance for the programme, (iv) Implementation of the programme. Good nature, right approach, adequate finance and proper implementation may bring success to the programme. In this connection, the last factor, proper implementation gathers top most importance as it co-ordinates other factors of success. This can be achieved through good and right institutions. As against petraus thesis, this background, we would like to discuss the abercrombie hill dominant ideology, structure and functions of the institutions established exclusively for Rural Development from time to time. These institutions can be classified into two such as: (i) Main institutions and. (ii) Ancillary institutions.

The main institutions are those, which are directly responsible for the planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluation of the rural development programmes and permanent statutory in nature. The ancillary institutions are those, which are indirectly responsible for planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation and temporary in nature. In India, a structure of policy formulating and implementing institutions has been built up in the country for Rural Development. Some of them are at the national level, some are single purpose, some relate to petraus, a particular target groups, some relate to area, sector and commodity. However, all these institutions aim at fulfilling the national objectives of economic development in general and rural development in how democratic by 1900, particular. The administrative organs of Central and State Governments involved in the process of rural development are at the Centre of the Organisational Structure. The spatial structure of rural development administration mainly comprises Centre, State, District, Blocks, Gram panchayats and Village.

At the Centre, the Ministry of Rural Development is in charge of all rural development a programme including those relating to land reforms, village and thesis, cottage industries, town and country planning and rural roads etc. This is the nodal responsibility for elementary education, adult education, rural health, rural electrification, rural water supply, housing for landless rural labour, nutrition and sanitation programmes. The ministry has also responsible for all aspects of rural reconstruction and development. And Turner Dominant Ideology Thesis. The Ministry lays down broad policies, devises suitable programmes and determines Central assistance etc. In addition to the Ministry of petraus thesis, Rural Development, the by 1900 essay, ministries of petraus, Agriculture, Commerce and Civil Supplies, Energy, Irrigation and Industry also perform functions related to rural development. The Ministry of Agriculture is in charge of agricultural extension, Ministry of christmas day essay writing, Commerce and petraus, Civil Supplies has within its purview the for essay format, Development Commissioner of Handlooms, several Commodity Boards and the public distribution system. The Ministry of Energy and petraus, Irrigation deals with all matters pertaining to water resources development and irrigation and accordingly has important functions pertaining to rural development.

The Central Silk Board, Coir Board, Khadi Village Industries Commission are attached to the Ministry of Industry. The Ministry of Rural Development, for what, rural development with proper co-operation and coordination from other ministries. The other ministries are also take active role in thesis, the rural development programmes so formulated. Besides, the Ministries, the format, Reserve Bank of India in the past and thesis, NABARD at present play the catalytic role for the success of rural development. NABARD as the apex level financial institution for rural development provide refinance to the financial institutions working at the state level. At the State level, the State Governments have the primary responsibility for the administration of developmental programmes. The Departments of agriculture, animal husbandry, irrigation, forests, education, public health and sanitation, industries, power. Government has also take active part on the monitoring and implementation of rural development programmes in the State. The State Government also formulates State level special rural development programmes other than the how democratic was britain by 1900, Central Government’s Programmes.

However, The State Level Organisational Committee is petraus headed by the Secretary for prevent road, Rural Development, who is in petraus, the rank of Commissioner of what you include in a covering job application, rural development is assisted by one Deputy Commissioner three Assistant Commissioners and a number of technical officers and subject specialists. Besides, a representative of the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India is associated as a member of the petraus thesis, Committee. There are a number of Statutory Corporations, Boards and other agencies providing infrastructural, promotional and supporting services for rural development. Important among them are: (i) Rural Electrification Corporation, (ii) The Central Ground Water Board. (iii) Minor Irrigation and tube well Corporations. (iv) Central and State Warehousing Corporations. (v) Central and State Seed Corporations. (vi) Food Corporation of India.

(vii) The Jute and the Cotton Corporation of India. (viii) National Cooperative Development Corporation and Cooperative banks in the State. (ix) National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation. (x) State Trading Corporations, (xi) The Handicraft and Handloom Corporations. (xii) The Boards for abercrombie hill and turner ideology, Coffee, Tea, Rubber, Cardamom, Tobacco, Cashew and Coconut etc. (xiii) The National Dairy Development Board. (xiv) The Khadi and Village Industries Commission.

(xv) State Khadi and Village Industries Board. (xvi) The Central Silk Board. (xviii) The State Finance Corporation. (xix) The Agro-Industries Corporation. (xx) The Marketing Regulation Boards etc. The statutory corporations and Boards works for the implementation of various rural development programmes to their expertise. At the State level the Financial Institutions also play vital roles for formulation, implementation of various rural development programmes.

They form one State Level Coordination Committee taking the representatives of all financial institutions like, Cooperative banks, Nationalised Commercial banks and Regional Rural banks. Besides, the representatives of various government departments are also participate in petraus thesis, the formulation and Implementation strategy of the rural development programmes. The representative from NABARD is also participating in the committee. One Nationalised Commercial bank acts as the convener of the committee. The Third Stage of Institutional Structure for Rural Development is the District Administration. The District Collector is responsible for law and order, Revenue Collection and developmental activities. In the past, the developmental programmes so formulated by the central and state governments were channelised through the District Administration, known as the District Development Coordination Committee.

This committee consisting of the Project Officer, the Managing Director of the Central Cooperative Societies, one/two representatives from Cooperative Societies and a Special Rural Credit Officer. Prior to October 1980, the rural development programme particularly beneficiary and area oriented programmes operated through specially constituted agencies. They are, Small Farmers Development Agencies, (SFDA) Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labourers Development Agencies, Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) and Integrated Tribal Development Programme (ITDP), etc. In 1980 the integrated rural development programme was launched. What Nucleosynthesis. In successive time period some special programmes related to rural development are also implemented.

All the programmes are to be implemented by a single agency called as District Rural Development Agency (DRDA). The earlier agencies functioning at the district level are merged with the DRDA. The District Collector/Deputy Commissioner heads the DRDA. Besides the agency has a full time Project Officers followed by Assistant Project Officers in agriculture, animal husbandry, and cooperation, a credit planning officer, rural industries officer and an economist/statistician. In addition there is one Research Officer, two senior economic investigators followed by regular supporting staff. The peoples representatives like, the Chairman Zilla Parishad, Member of Parliament, the thesis, MLA and the representatives of should you include in a letter, Weaken Sections and women are also take active part in the planning process at the district level. The representatives of the lead bank, financial institutions also take active role with the DRDA to formulate District Credit Plans. According to the Indian Constitution Amendment (74th) Act 1992 The State Governments constituted the District Planning and Development Board to petraus, provide necessary guidelines and direction to district planning units and to abercrombie dominant ideology thesis, approve the district plans prepared by the planning units. The board consists of a Chairman, a Vice-chairman and other members, viz.; all Sub-divisional Officers, all Chairman of petraus thesis, Panchayat Samities (Block) in the district, the how democratic was britain by 1900 essay, head of lead Bank and Presidents of all Municipal Committees. The Chief Planning and Development officer acted as the Member Secretary.

The district-planning unit comprised the Chief Planning and Development Officer, an thesis economist, a Planning Officer, a Credit Planning Officer and other supporting staff. Prevent Accidents Road. The position of the thesis, Chairman of DPB varies from state to state. Is Stellar. In some State a Minister of State Government chairs it and the district Collector is the Chairman in some other. The Block is the Fourth Important Institution for planning and implementation of thesis, rural development programmes. The overall resource situation, to was britain essay, identify human resource situation, particularly from the point of view of petraus thesis, employment, to review the ongoing development activities to abercrombie dominant ideology thesis, formulate a package of schemes/programmes to optimize production and augment employment and income, to identify gaps in infrastructure and to devise measures for filling these gaps. The Planning Commission appointed an Expert group to petraus thesis, frame guidelines on the basis of the recommendations of Prof. M.L. Dantewala working group. As per the guideline issued on prevent 1978 the block level plan should have the following component: (i) Production programmes for the target groups in the rural areas. (ii) Manpower planning and skill development in thesis, relation to format, production programmes. (iii) A supplementary works programme, where necessary to clear off the petraus thesis, backlog of unemployment.

(iv) A programme for the self-employed in the trades and services sector. (v) Programme for rural Infrastructure like, market, roads, rural electrification etc. (vi) A programme for the provision of Social Services, including basic minimum needs. (vii) A programme for Institutional support to the rural poor. The Administrative setup of the Blocks was defined during the First Plan Period with the inception of Community Development Programme. With the implementation of Integrated Rural Development and accidents road, other special developmental schemes/programmes in early 80s. The Administrative setups of the blocks were revised accordingly. The Block Development Officer is intended to be the steering wheel of the new developmental administration.

The BDO is to be assisted by extension officers from different fields like; agriculture, animal husbandry, irrigation and works, cooperation, Panchayats, social education, public health, village industries and women and child welfare etc. Below the extension officer there are about 10 village level workers (VLWs) or Lady Village Level Workers (LVLWs) working for the implementation or rural development programme. There is a Progress Assistant who coordinates the development committee. The people’s representatives like; Chairman Panchayat Samiti, MLA and representatives of Weaker Sections and thesis, women also participate in the Developmental Planning at the block level. The representatives of the financial institutions also take part in the committee while undertaking credit plans at the Block level. Village Panchayat is the last recognised institution responsible for planning and implementation of rural development programmes. Hill And Turner Thesis. The village Panchayat as an executive body implements the policies and decisions of the Gram Sabha comprising the thesis, entire population of the prevent accidents essay, village. The social sanctions of the people generally strengthen the hands of the Panchayat and act as a deterrent to arbitrariness. The Panchayat organise local manpower for the developmental purposes. In almost all the states; the Gram Sabhas have been statutorily recognised and assigned the specific functions to direct and supervise the activities of the Village Panchayat and to some extent to the Blocks.

The important functions performed by the Panchayats are: (i) Civic amenities. (ii) Social welfare activities and. (iii) Development works. The broad functions of the Panchayat are: The people’s representatives like Ward Members; Sarapanch also took part in decision-making and implementation of the programmes. The village level worker represents the thesis, block in village committee.

Besides, the format, Panchayat Secretary, Secretary of the petraus, Cooperative Societies, the Revenue Inspectors also play active role in the village committee. Thus village committee comprises of the: (i) Village level worker. (ii) Panchayat Secretary. (iii) Secretary of the Cooperative Societies. (iv) Revenue Inspector. (v) The Sarapanch.

(vi) The ward members. (vii) The villagers are the General body members. It is to conclude that, the planning and Implementation of the rural development begins from the root i.e.; village and flows upward to the national level. Should You Include In A Letter For A. Experience shows that the rural development programme decisions in petraus thesis, respect of formulation, strategy approach are undertaken at the national level and that flowing downward to the village in a “Trickle down approach”. The “Bottom up” approach although exist in the country does not exist in practical sense of and turner dominant ideology thesis, planning and implementation. Thesis. However, the institutions for thesis, rural development are closely connected with each other, whether there exists “Trickle down” or “Bottom up” approach of petraus thesis, planning and implementation of the rural development programmes in our country as well as the how democratic, state. 5. Essay on the Observations and Problems of petraus thesis, Rural Development : India is an economically underdeveloped country. The condition of rural economy is worse.

The economic activities and people employed therein have not also achieved required development/growth. In order to break the jinx of rural economic sector, Government through its different plans introduced a number of rural development programmes. Essay. The programmes are also varied in nature. They are of sector, area and target oriented programmes. Petraus Thesis. The Formulation, Implementation of the abercrombie hill and turner dominant thesis, programmes has also undertaken by some specialised Agencies of Government. In addition the NGOs, the Panchayati Raj institutions, financial institutions involved themselves in the success of the programmes. In course, of their function they also encountered a good number of problems. The problems were also varied in nature. As the book/based on petraus thesis the macro level information/data.

The problems so encountered by both the implementing agencies and the beneficiaries of the programme are highlighted based on the general observations and macro-based data/information available. The problems mainly highlights the problems encountered by the Government as the planning and implementing machinery the Associated/ancillary agencies inevitable for the fruitful implementation of such rural development programmes, they are the Rural Development agencies/institutions/Departments, Financial Institutions, Non-Governmental Organisations, working as intermediary agencies for the implementation of rural development programmes/schemes. The last agencies are the people likely or receive benefits from the rural development. They can also belong to the area and sector approach rural development programmes. Thus, we can classify the rural development agency into three as; Government, Intermediary/Ancillary agencies and the targeted people/beneficiaries. All the problems and observation based on the facts, information and literatures available from the secondary sources. These may not hold good in what, all respects. Rural Development Programmes have been conceived for thesis, the all-round development of the how democratic essay, rural areas. However, the thesis, rural development programmes are launched in the context of general problems of the rural areas.

It fails to road, give importance to some particular and area issues. The rural development programmes should be micro in nature and growth oriented based on real values. As per the Guidelines all the developmental programmes in the rural areas are to be planned/formulated by petraus thesis the DRDA in cooperation and coordination of other departments and financial institution, agencies of peoples representatives etc. It is often observed that these agencies, organisation failed to maintain proper coordination among each other. All the agencies/organisations are trying their best to christmas writing, stick to thesis, their own principles and ideologies. In the process cooperation and christmas, coordination are not maintained. The Agencies responsible for the formulation, Implementation and evaluation of the Rural Development Programme is required to maintaining good co­ordination among them. (iii) Based on Ruling Party Principles and thesis, Ideologies : In India, the rural development programmes are conceived/launched as per prevent road, the principles and ideologies of the ruling party. Besides, in the participation for planning, formulation and implementation through their representatives tried to petraus, maintain such principles and ideologies.

The said representatives often interested to fetch more benefit to their party affiliated peoples/workers. This does not cover the problems of all class people. The Rural Development Programmes should be based on reality and highlight the hill and turner dominant thesis, real problems of the rural areas as well as the people. The political personalities are required to change their attitudes in this respect. The rural development programmes require more capital investment. The Economic Sectors of rural areas remain more or less traditional. Petraus Thesis. These sectors also adopt traditional methods of production. In order to what is stellar, attain rural development the thesis, transformation of technologies is required. The conditions of should you include in a letter, weaker sections people are not improved after 50 years of planned economic development. The upliftment of their socio­economic condition also require high dose of investment.

In our country, a fixed amount of funds are allocated for a particular rural development Programme. These are distributed among the States/District as per the importance, such as geography, concentration of weaker section population etc. The share of the Fund to cope with the local problems seems to petraus thesis, be inadequate. Contributions from the public or other viable private organisations are not seeked by the Government. Thus inadequate fund is a major concern for the attainment of the rural development. India’s rural economy being primarily land-based, all major developmental programmes of rural India are linked with agricultural developments. It is also evident that most of the available resources are controlled by few, this reinforces the hegemony of the few over abercrombie and turner dominant ideology thesis many and the benefits do not tickle down to petraus, those who need them most. Besides, the precarious land and man ratio suggests that by in a covering letter job application introducing radical land redistribution in rural India very limited egalitarian goals can be achieved and if done so, that will mean only sharing of poverty and no real development.

Rural development plan implementation is required to be accepted by the local level functionaries who attend the District consultative committee meetings and that they are in a position to mobilise financial and thesis, organisational resources to fulfil accepted commitments. It is observed that the authority structure in the administration and the banks is such that those who attend such meetings are neither in prevent road essay, a position to thesis, accept firm commitments on behalf of their departments, banks without reference to higher authorities not to act accordingly. Although some powers are conferred to the officers to exercise but these are seems to be very limited. All the decisions are required due approval from the higher authorities. It is observed that, there is considerable leakage of benefits to non-target sectors and groups. Most of the rural development programmes are conceived to day essay writing, improve the Socio-Economic condition of the weaker sections like small, marginal farmers, agricultural and non-agricultural labourers, rural artisans, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and deprived women etc. Petraus Thesis. It is covering for a job application observed that the benefits are not properly reaching to these classes. It is often found, that, the vulnerable class of the petraus, society enjoys the real benefits. The subsidy components of the rural development programmes tend to allow to non-target groups, specially the was britain by 1900, programme implementing bureaucratic class, rather than including expansion of production base of the beneficiaries. Due to illiteracy and ignorance the petraus thesis, real benefits sometimes enjoyed by ideology the Third party commonly speaking the middlemen and the village touts including the petty personnel having a little political affiliation.

It is observed that a considerable number of rural development programmes/schemes having no or little sustaining impact for changing the socio-economic status of the beneficiaries. The assets created from the credit assistance of financial institutions and petraus thesis, subsidies of the development/administrative agencies are short lived (Particularly in-case of livestock assets) failed to push the beneficiaries up on the scale of production and productivity. This is perhaps due to the existence of low or no developmental approach/thoughts. This factor again dominated by the lack of awareness about the programmes. (ix) Dominance of Welfare over Productivity:

In India, most of the rural development programmes are based on the basic welfare principles. Prevent Essay. These schemes are backed by both credit and subsidy components. Besides, development of infrastructure facilities is also emphasised under these programmes. It is also evident that provision of long-term credit and based on the principle of write off by petraus thesis political parties also have adverse effect on the productivity of prevent accidents, economic sectors. It is observed that the subsidy component is often extending up to 100 per cent in some selected schemes and class of beneficiaries. Petraus. This reduces the productive motive, attitude of the beneficiaries. (x) Based on the Principles and Policies of Political Parties : In our country most of the rural development programmes are either based on the principles of the covering for a, political parties or biased by their ideologies. Besides, the thesis, programmes again ruled/governed by for essay format cheap popular slogans or election; manifestos. Due to these, causes the programmes failed to attain the thesis, expected success. It is also observed that after the completion of one political party’s rule the next political party, which assumes power, hesitates to carry out the same. Besides, the new party is also don’t hesitate to wind up the ongoing programme despite of its importance and success.

In India, due to these problems, the how democratic by 1900, rural development has not attained after five decades of the planned economic development. 6. Essay on the Suggestions for Rural Development in India: 1. In India, the rural people in petraus, general and the weaker section people in particular are to depend upon traditional rural economic sectors for their livelihood. The rate of what you include, literacy in rural areas is very low in comparison to urban areas. Due to low literacy level, most of the rural people are not aware about the ongoing rural development programmes. The steps taken by the government in order to enhance the awareness level of the beneficiaries is not adequate. The Government should open special cells for the publicity of the thesis, rural development programmes. The Government is required to adopt the what nucleosynthesis, publicity method, which is thesis conducive to the nature and requirement of the rural people. The people are to be provided with adequate instruments for how democratic was britain essay, enhancement of awareness level. The existing system of publicity about the rural development is required to be re-considered and should be based on rural realities prior to the Selection of the Scheme as well as the thesis, Beneficiaries, the implementing agencies should provide details of the programme to the rural people, who are likely to be benefitted serious endeavour is, therefore, needed to abercrombie hill ideology thesis, make the rural people aware about the petraus thesis, resources earmarked for rural development in various Government departments. 2. In our country a number of rural development programmes have been launched, implemented since 1952.

It is often said that, the rural development programmes failed to attain its desired goal due to improper identification of the how democratic by 1900, programmes, schemes and the beneficiaries therein. The Implementing Agencies attitude to implement the programme is thesis target oriented. The target-oriented approach of the identification in different levels is believed to be made in a hurry. This approach forced the and turner dominant ideology, agencies for wrong identification of programmes, schemes and beneficiaries. As against this, the Government should lay more emphasis on the reality rather than the target. The schemes should be appropriate to the rural conditions and the beneficiaries therein are to be selected by the villagers or the effectively functioning Gram Sabha. The implementing agencies should take the matter seriously, while selecting the scheme as well as the beneficiaries. The selection of the schemes is needed to be made by the beneficiaries. Emphasis to be given to the interest, intention, and attitude of the beneficiaries towards the scheme for rural development programmes. It is to conclude that, A realistic programme on petraus rural development with the potentiality of the day essay writing, successful implementation, can only be prepared if rural poor are taken into confidence and are assisted to petraus thesis, draw the development programme, taking the village as unit.

Outsiders, as technocrats, Economists etc. should only assist them as Friends to make their own decision. 3. Abercrombie Hill And Turner Dominant. The important objective of rural development programme is to petraus thesis, eradicate poverty, reduce imbalance and increase productivity of rural economic sectors. Thus, the was britain by 1900 essay, beneficiaries of rural development programmes are rural poor living below the poverty line. The poverty line in India determined by the relative standards. A less importance has been laid on absolute standard of poverty determination.

Whatever, emphasis laid again converted to money terms, which appears to be unrealistic. A household earning income more than Poverty line income level may be poor in relation to the calorie intake. Thus, the determination of poverty line required re­considered. Besides the identification of beneficiaries living below the poverty line (BPL) should be fixed at the realistic level. 4. The beneficiaries of the Self-employment programmes need training and education prior to petraus thesis, their involvement in the programmes. The implementing and monitoring agencies is required to impart required training to the selected beneficiaries, before the developmental activities undertaken. Day Essay. Besides, rural people should be provided with the petraus thesis, scope of is stellar nucleosynthesis, expressing their own felt needs and need to be provided with an opportunity to choose economic activities for their own development. 5. Petraus. The wage employment programmes can be fully focused on rural infrastructure development and local natural resources development.

This approach will not only improve the infrastructure network but also help village people to improve their farm as well as non-farm production for hill ideology, which a favourable environment exists. 6. The working of the Rural Development Programme in thesis, the last decades has shown that the initiative for what should in a covering letter job application, implementing the programmes is thesis vested on DRDA. The role of DRDA is more or less confined to the planning and release of subsidies for rural development programmes. The DRDAs should play an important role for the Implementing and day essay writing, Monitoring of rural development programmes. Regular monitoring and evaluation of rural development programmes in real manner could solve the ongoing problems encountered therein and thesis, can also helpful to solve the problems. This will pave the path of day essay writing, success to the rural development programmes and attainment of rural development. 7. The village plans would have to be dovetailed into the district plan, which would prepare by the DRDA.

Proper appraisal of the rural development schemes is needed. Petraus Thesis. Besides, for the success of Rural Development Programmes it should be ensured that the Project Directors of the DRDA are given tenure of not less than three years so as to inculcate in them a sense of what in a covering letter for a, commitment to the programme. The other staff in the key posts should not be disturbed frequently. 8. The various Government departments with specialised expertise and banks should work in close co-operation with the district planning unit in order to have a coordinated and scientific plan, the availability of local resources, the potential for alternative productive works and of viable schemes, to be looked into. 9. Voluntary effort will no doubt continue to grow in the coming years but it can accelerate if the petraus, environment is more congenial to its growth. Introduction Format. Voluntary Organisations with professional and thesis, Managerial Capabilities can act as a catalyst and can organise beneficiaries, involve people in planning and development and provide the introduction, necessary support to make development a reality. In this respect, the Government should provide required assistance to the Voluntary Organisations. 10. The prosperity of the rural economy depends directly upon the development of agriculture and industry. Thesis. These to dependent variables for development again controlled by a number of independent variables. These are, power, credit, transport facilities, which include railways, roads, waterways, market, communication, information facilities etc.

All these facilities and services constitute collectively the accidents, infrastructure. The development and expansion of these facilities are an thesis essential pre-condition for attainment of economic development and rural development. Essay. The link between infrastructure and development is petraus not once for christmas day essay writing, all affair. It is a continuous process and progress in development has to be preceded, accompanied and followed by petraus thesis progress in infrastructure, if we are to how democratic essay, fulfill our declared objectives of a self-accelerating process of thesis, economic development. Format. Despite its importance the desired infrastructural development has not been achieved due to resource constraint. In view of the resource constraint, further expansion of facilities may be secured by a shift of petraus thesis, priority from high cost technology to low cost technology, from public funding to private financing and what is stellar, from large-scale public management to small-scale private/co­operative/community management in appropriate areas required for petraus thesis, rural development. 11. The planning, implementing, monitoring of rural development programmes has been made by abercrombie and turner dominant ideology the Planning Commission and petraus, its subsidiaries. In the process they have been facing a number of difficulties.

Political interference is one of the difficulties faced by the Planning and Implementing agencies. This undue interference seems to format, be one of the important causes of failures of rural development programmes. In order to attain rural development the Planning and Implementing agencies in our country should perform independently like the Judiciary System. Before publishing your articles on this site, please read the following pages:

le dissertation La dissertation obit des types de plans qu'on peut ramener quatre : Si le plan dialectique canonique est un plan en trois parties, les jurys préfèrent deux parties solidement charpentées à des troisièmes parties répétitives ou privées de justification. Petraus. On aura intérêt pour cela à réfléchir à ce qu'est une véritable synthèse ou à envisager parfois un plan concessif , aux ambitions plus rduites, mais qui présente l'avantage, en deux parties, de développer un raisonnement cohérent. Attention, ce plan doit nanmoins inclure une pese critique des termes et des notions convoqus par la citation-sujet, l'intrieur des parties du dveloppement. Voici plusieurs sujets de dissertations. Quel type de plan choisiriez-vous pour les traiter ? (Remplissez les cases vides du tableau ci-dessous avec les numros des sujets qui vous semblent pertinents.) Que reprsentent pour vous les hros ? Vous vous demanderez ce que signifie ce besoin d'admirer des tres rels ou de fiction, de les aimer ou de les imiter, et vous appuierez votre rflexion sur des exemples pris dans vos lectures et dans votre exprience personnelle. Qu'est-ce qu'une #156;uvre engage?

« Nous n'avons pas besoin de connatre l'auteur pour comprendre et aimer son #156;uvre. Road. On peut lgitimement se passer de tout recours ce que l'on sait de l'auteur en dehors de son #156;uvre pour examiner celle-ci. Thesis. » (F. Prevent Accidents. Van Rossum-Guyon, Critique du roman ). Vous direz ce que vous pensez de ce jugement en vous appuyant sur des exemples prcis tirs de vos lectures. Un personnage mdiocre peut-il tre un hros de roman ? Que veut-on dire lorsque l'on parle du « style » d'un crivain ? « Il n'y a pas de vrai sens d'un texte. Thesis. Pas d'autorit de l'auteur. Ideology. Quoi qu'il ait voulu dire, il a crit ce qu'il a crit.

Une fois publi, un texte est comme un appareil dont chacun peut se servir sa guise et selon ses moyens.» Comment comprenez-vous cette opinion de Paul Valry ? A La Rochefoucauld qui dclare : «Il est plus ncessaire d'tudier les hommes que les livres», George Sand semble rpliquer lorsque, dans son roman Mauprat , elle recommande comme moyen de formation «l'tude des lettres, qui n'est autre que l'tude des hommes.» Quelles rflexions vous suggrent ces prises de position ? Il vous est sans doute arriv de prfrer au «hros» vertueux d'un roman, d'un conte ou d'un film le personnage odieux (le méchant) dont il finit par triompher. Quelles sont, selon vous, les raisons qui expliquent l'attrait qu'exercent ces personnages odieux ? Dans une enqute sur le livre et la lecture en France, on thesis peut lire cette rflexion sur le roman : «Sujet permanent de discussions entre ceux qui professent que le roman doit exprimer ou reprsenter la vie et ceux qui, l'inverse, estiment qu'il doit l'inventer. Christmas. » Dans un dveloppement compos, vous direz si les romans que vous connaissez vous paraissent reprsenter la vie ou l'inventer. Un diteur contemporain prsente ainsi une collection d'ouvrages littraires : « La modernit n'a rien voir avec la date de parution. Petraus. Des textes crits il y a plusieurs sicles sont rsolument modernes. Should Job Application. Ils rpondent parfois mieux que des ?uvres plus rcentes nos proccupations et notre soif de beaut. Petraus. » Partagez-vous cette opinion ? Vous appuierez votre rponse sur des analyses tires de vos lectures. Un auteur contemporain crit : «Apporter un message aux hommes et vouloir diriger le cours du monde ou le sauver, c'est l'affaire des fondateurs de religions, des moralistes, des hommes politiques.

Une ?uvre d'art n'a rien voir avec les doctrines.» En vous rfrant des #156;uvres que vous connaissez, vous direz ce que vous pensez de cette conception de l'art et de l'artiste. Pour la phase essentielle de prparation, nous vous proposons quatre exemples d'une dmarche progressive sur les sujets marqus plus haut du signe : mise en place du sujet et recherche ordonne des principaux arguments et exemples pour le plan dialectique, puis pour les plans thmatique, analytique et comparatif (page suivante). Le plan dialectique demande d'examiner un jugement, d'en montrer les limites, voire de le rfuter, avant d'noncer une position personnelle. Un personnage mdiocre peut-il tre un hros de roman ? Les termes du sujet : prciser dans l'introduction le sens du mot mdiocre (latin medius , qui est au milieu.) Ainsi mdiocre dsigne ici ce qui est sans clat.

Le sujet prsuppose donc que le roman n'admet pas de hros « moyens », ce qui s'oppose la conception classique (« Des hros de roman fuyez les petitesses », conseille Boileau aux potes dans son Art Potique .) La position de la problmatique : elle pourra partir de l'une des constantes du romanesque qui repose souvent sur l'exceptionnel et se demander si la mdiocrit peut y avoir sa place. Le libell du sujet : La question pose sous cette forme rhtorique semble rpondre par la ngative. Christmas. Implicitement, une thse s'exprime ici, qui nie que le roman puisse admettre des personnages mdiocres. Le domaine d'application : le genre romanesque. La recherche du plan : Il convient donc de suivre ici un plan dialectique o vous valuerez la thse implicitement propose (thse /antithse/ synthse). I - LE ROMAN A BESOIN DE HROS : de destins exceptionnels (Julien Sorel dans Le Rouge et le Noir de Stendhal) de personnalits hors du commun (Mme de Merteuil dans Les Liaisons dangereuses de Laclos) de passions absolues (Des Grieux dans Manon Lescaut de Prvost) le rythme romanesque et la ncessit de susciter l'intrt obligent rendre exemplaire le destin de personnages pourtant mdiocres (Gervaise dans L'Assommoir de Zola).

II - POURTANT CERTAINS PERSONNAGES SONT DES MDIOCRES : c'est le cas des personnages des romans ralistes qui ont choisi une peinture objective des milieux et des tres : Georges Duroy dans Bel-Ami , Jeanne dans Une vie de Maupassant, les hros de Zola, pour qui « le premier homme qui passe est un hros suffisant » ( Deux dfinitions du roman ). Petraus. le personnage peut tre destin illustrer la contingence, l'absurde (Meursault dans L'tranger de Camus, Roquentin dans La Nause de Sartre, Bardamu dans Voyage au bout de la nuit de Cline). Christmas Writing. le Nouveau Roman a choisi d'abolir le hros et de confier la reprsentation d'un monde nigmatique des individualits transparentes (L'poque actuelle est plutt celle du numro matricule crit Robbe-Grillet). III - LE ROMAN N'ADMET LA MDIOCRIT QU'A CERTAINES CONDITIONS : si le personnage peut tre un mdiocre, il convient de faire la part de l'poque : cette esthtique n'est que celle du XX° sicle et certains thoriciens du nouveau roman l'ont abandonne (romans de Le Clzio). Petraus Thesis. il ne faut pas ignorer le got lgitime du public pour des #156;uvres o la cration artistique lui vite de rencontrer des voisins de palier (Meursault lui-mme accde peu peu un destin exceptionnel). « Eh ! bon Dieu, nous ne voyons que trop autour de nous la triste et dsenchanteresse ralit : la tideur insupportable des demi-caractres, des bauches de vertus et de vices, des amours irrsolus, des haines mitiges, des amitis tremblotantes, des doctrines variables, des fidlits qui ont leur hausse et leur baisse, des opinions qui s'vaporent ; laissez-nous rver que parfois ont paru des hommes plus forts et plus grands, qui furent des bons ou des mchants plus rsolus ; cela fait du bien.» (Vigny, Rflexions sur la vrit dans l'art ). Day Essay. de toutes faons, le roman a pour privilge de rendre la mdiocrit unique et certains mdiocres de la littrature sont devenus de vritables mythes (Emma dans Madame Bovary de Flaubert). Un diteur contemporain prsente ainsi une collection d'ouvrages littraires : « La modernit n'a rien voir avec la date de parution. Petraus Thesis. Des textes crits il y a plusieurs sicles sont rsolument modernes.

Ils rpondent parfois mieux que des #156;uvres plus rcentes nos proccupations et notre soif de beaut.» Partagez-vous cette opinion ? Vous appuierez votre rponse sur des analyses tires de vos lectures. Les termes du sujet : le terme de modernit , sans poser de problme particulier, peut tre utilement rapproch de celui qu'utilisait Baudelaire : il n'est pas synonyme d' actualit , mais signale un accord, dans l'intemporel, avec le temps prsent, ce que confirme la dernire phrase : seront juges modernes les #156;uvres, mme anciennes, qui savent correspondre aux centres d'intrt de notre poque et nos tempraments. Day Essay. Une acception plus simple du mot moderne pouvait fournir quelques arguments opposer l'auteur. La position de la problmatique : en quoi consiste la modernit d'une ?uvre littraire ? Est-elle lie sa date de parution ou l'cho qu'elle est capable de susciter auprs de toutes les gnrations ? Le domaine d'application : la critique littraire, le got, le rle du lecteur dans la postrit de l'?uvre. La recherche du plan : le libell est ici sans ambigut. Petraus. Il s'agit bel et bien d'observer un plan dialectique. I - DES TEXTES ANCIENS PEUVENT TRE RSOLUMENT MODERNES : ceux qui mettent en scne les sentiments ternels : l'amour, la mort, l'interrogation mtaphysique (voir la persistance des crivains classiques, des tragiques grecs); restent aussi modernes les #156;uvres qui se signalent par la beaut de leur forme (l'alexandrin de Racine, la phrase de Bossuet n'ont pas vieilli). II - MAIS BEAUCOUP D'#140;UVRES SONT MARQUES PAR LEUR TEMPS : les proccupations des auteurs anciens sont-elles encore les ntres ? Bien des allusions socioculturelles accusent le vieillissement des #156;uvres (voir par exemple les textes engags de Sartre); au contraire, des #156;uvres rcentes sont sur ce plan plus proches de nous; les critres de beaut, eux aussi, peuvent varier : la tragdie nous parat aujourd'hui un genre plutt ennuyeux et nous lui prfrons le drame, comme nous prfrons les formes libres en posie. III - LES #140;UVRES RESTENT MODERNES PAR LEUR PART D'INTEMPORALIT : les chefs-d'#156;uvre savent encore nous parler et nous mouvoir par leur universalit.

Ils ont su parler de l'Homme dans une forme pure et simple que l'art classique a codifie : sans souci des modes, il s'agit de formuler avec justesse ce que chacun aurait pu dire; au contraire, les #156;uvres qui cdent aujourd'hui aux gots du temps sont condamnes vieillir vite. What Is Stellar Nucleosynthesis. Est ainsi moderne l'artiste qui a su rejoindre l'intemporel par le recul esthtique qu'il a manifest par rapport son poque (Stendhal). Il est frquent dans le plan dialectique de commencer la confrontation des thses par l’examen de celle qui est propose par le sujet (souvent l’opinion d’un auteur enferme dans une citation). Petraus Thesis. Mais cela n’est nullement obligatoire. Abercrombie And Turner Ideology. Il convient plutt de construire la premire partie du devoir autour de l'opinion la plus simple et la plus rpandue (ce qu'on appelle la doxa ), ce qui n’est pas toujours le cas, loin s’en faut, des opinions que l’on soumet votre rflexion ! Ainsi la dissertation ira vraiment du plus simple au plus complexe en examinant d’abord les reprsentations plus ou moins convenues qui ont amen l’auteur s’en dmarquer. > Par exemple, dans le sujet suivant : « La lecture que l'on fait soi-mme d'une ?uvre est prfrable l'audition de la mme ?uvre enregistre.» Partagez-vous cette opinion ? on aura intrt observer la progression suivante : Thse : la connaissance d'une ?uvre littraire est meilleure par la lecture personnelle (thse implicite dans le sujet; c'est aussi la doxa).

Antithse : une ?uvre bien lue ou mise en scne pallie les carences ventuelles d'une lecture personnelle. > Mais dans ce sujet : « La laideur est une source d'inspiration pour le pote, au mme titre que la beaut. Thesis. » Dans quelle mesure peut-on souscrire ce jugement ? on commencera plutt par la thse la plus souvent admise, qui n'est pas celle que prsente le sujet : Thse : le pote est m avant tout par la recherche du Beau. Antithse : la posie est aussi voue la peinture de ralits repoussantes, capables de soulever le lecteur. Ainsi, dans le traitement des sujets suivants, quelle thse examineriez-vous d’abord ? A propos de l'criture de sa vie, Jean-Claude Carrire crit: « On peut dire [. Format. ] que la description d'une vie n'a d'intrt que si cette vie est commune, que si d'autres peuvent s'y reconnatre ou deviner, selon les gnrations, ce que furent les sentiments, les sensations de leurs parents et grands-parents ». Dans quelle mesure cette affirmation dfinit-elle l'intrt des ?uvres biographiques et autobiographiques ? Vous tayerez votre rflexion par des exemples puiss dans le corpus, dans les textes tudis en classe et dans vos lectures personnelles.

« La posie [. Petraus Thesis. ] n'a pas d'autre but qu' Elle-mme », crit Baudelaire. Introduction For Essay Format. En prenant appui sur les textes du corpus, sur les pomes que vous avez lus et tudis et sur votre culture personnelle, vous vous interrogerez sur cette dclaration et vous vous demanderez si elle correspond votre dfinition de la posie. Dans le Dictionnaire goste de la littrature franaise , Charles Dantzig affirme : « La posie ne se trouve pas que dans les vers ». Petraus Thesis. Vous direz si vous partagez son point de vue dans un dveloppement argument, en vous appuyant sur les textes du corpus, sur ceux que vous avez tudis en classe ou lus personnellement. Le texte littraire doit-il tre srieux pour dnoncer une injustice ou dfendre une cause ? Eh bien moi, je suis amoureux de ces divisions et de ces rassemblements, qui me rendent capable de parler et de penser. What Should You Include For A Job Application. Et si je pense que quelque autre est apte, par sa nature, à porter son regard en direction d'une unité qui soit l'unité naturelle d'une multiplicité, je m'en vais à sa poursuite, derrière lui, suivant sa trace comme celle d'un dieu.

Et remarque bien que ceux qui en sont capables, je les appelle jusqu'à présent (à juste titre ou non, seul un dieu le sait) dialecticiens. Petraus Thesis. (Socrate dans Phdre de Platon). > cas n° 1 ( ex : « La lecture que l'on fait soi-mme d'une ?uvre est prfrable l'audition de la mme ?uvre enregistre.») le conflit n'est qu'apparent; les deux thses sont complmentaires . Thse : la connaissance d'une ?uvre littraire est meilleure par la lecture personnelle (thse implicite dans le sujet; c'est aussi la doxa). Antithse : une ?uvre bien lue ou mise en scne pallie les carences ventuelles d'une lecture personnelle. Synthse : il n'y a pas d'incompatibilit entre les deux dmarches, mais plutt complmentarit, l'audition de l'?uvre amenant ensuite une lecture plus profitable. > cas n° 2 ( ex : « La laideur est une source d'inspiration pour le pote, au mme titre que la beaut. What Nucleosynthesis. ») . Thesis. dpassement : (le cas le plus frquent) quelles conditions dsormais peut-on admettre une des deux thses confrontes ? Thse : le pote est m avant tout par la recherche du Beau. Antithse : la posie est aussi voue la peinture de ralits repoussantes, capables de soulever le lecteur.

Synthse : le pote veille un nouveau regard sur les choses et extrait la beaut des choses laides. En aucun cas la synthse n'est la conclusion du devoir. Introduction For Essay Format. Elle en est la dernire tape, la phase de rsolution. La conclusion, quant elle, fait le bilan de cette rsolution, formule nettement la position laquelle on petraus est arriv et propose une ouverture. © Tous les textes et documents disponibles sur ce site, sont protgs par une licence Creative Common.