Thesis portfolio assessment

Araby; A literary Analysis Essay Sample. The vivid imagery in “Araby” by thesis portfolio assessment James Joyce is used to express the narrator’s romantic feelings and legal case study, situations throughout the story. The story is based on a young boy’s adoration for a girl. Though Joyce never reveals any names, the girl is assessment, known to be “Mangan’s Sister.” The boy is wrapped up around the promise to her that he would buy her a gift if he attends the Araby Bazaar. From the and applications draghi, beginning to the end, Joyce uses imagery to thesis, define the pain that often comes when one encounters love in legal case reality instead of its elevated form. Imagery is used in the very first line of the thesis portfolio assessment, story stating, “North Richmond Street, being blind, was a quiet street except at the hour when the Christian Brothers’ School set the study, boys free.

An uninhabited house of two storeys stood at the blind end, detached from its neighbors in a square ground. The other houses of the thesis portfolio, street, conscious of decent lives within them, gazed at one another with brown imperturbable faces.” (609). Joyce uses many light and darkness references in the first paragraph to set up the plot of the story. The story starts in a street that is “quiet” until the “Christian Brothers’ School sets the boys free.” The narrator also makes notice of an “uninhabited house of two storeys stood at essays theory and applications draghi the blind end, detached from its neighbors.” Showing the setting, the reader is forced to picture an old house, most likely bigger than most houses for their time, at the end of portfolio assessment a neighborhood. In the third paragraph of the story the narrator says, “When the short days of case winter came dusk fell before we had grown somber. The space of sky above us was the color of ever-changing violet and towards it the lamps of the street lifted their feeble lanterns. The cold air stung us and we played till our bodies glowed. Our shouts echoed in portfolio assessment the silent street. The career of our play brought us through the dark muddy lanes behind the houses where we ran the gauntlet of the rough tribes from the cottages, to the back doors of the dark dripping gardens where odors arose from the ashpits, to the dark odorous stables where a coachman smoothed and combed the horse or shook music from the buckled harness” (610). When talking about how and where the narrator plays with his friends, the reader is automatically envisioning the scenery. The pinkish-blue winter skies, “The…sky above us was the color of ever-changing violet…”, the wharton mba apply essays, mud ridden alleys of which the kids “ran the gauntlet”, to the dark stables which had terrible fragrance from the horses the coachman took care of.

In this paragraph alone, Joyce uses several examples to let the reader visualize and empathize with the narrator. When describing the thesis portfolio assessment, narrator’s fascination for Mangan’s sister, Joyce does not hold back on his imagery. “She was waiting for us, her figure defined by the light from the of Fact and Law, half-opened door…. I stood by the railings looking at portfolio her. Her dress swung as she moved her body and nation essay, the soft rope of thesis portfolio assessment her hair tossed from side to side” (610). This is the first time the young narrator shows his interest in his friend’s sister.

He begins to grow fascinated with her. Throughout the rest of the story, the narrator gives descriptive thoughts and images of his love. With each line and image the narrator describes, it helps the wharton, reader see the visions that the young boy is seeing. The first line of the next paragraph he proclaims, “Every morning I lay on the floor in the front parlor watching her door. The blind was pulled down to within an inch of the thesis assessment, sash so that I could not be seen” (610). It is dissertations, almost as if he begins to “stalk” the young lady. “When she came out on the doorstep my heart leaped.

I ran to the hall, seized my books, and followed her” (610). The boy begins to spend day and night thinking about his love. The reader begins to understand the longing the narrator has for Mangan’s sister. Thesis Portfolio Assessment? “Her image accompanied me even in places the most hostile to romance” (610). The narrator states that he carries groceries for nation his aunt while they are shopping and all he can do is think of her. He imagines that he “…bore my chalice safely through a throng of foes. Her name sprang to my lips at moments in strange prayers and praises which I myself did not understand. My eyes were often full of tears (I could not tell why) and at assessment times a flood from my heart seemed to pour itself out into my bosom” (610).

He begins to look at her as a trophy or a prize. He envisions Mangan’s sister as a “chalice” showing how his infatuation has grown much deeper. Essay On Huckleberry? In the scene where the portfolio, narrator is in the late priest’s house during the middle of the night, he states, “It was a dark rainy evening and there was no sound in the house….I heard the rain impinge upon case the earth, the fine incessant needles of water playing in the sodden beds” (611). The auditory image helps contribute to the drama. Thesis Assessment? “There was no sound in the house”, but outside the narrator heard the rain #8220;impinge upon the earth#8221; with #8220;fine incessant needles of water#8221;. The choice of words in this line makes the rain seem almost as if it is hostile. This helps the essays theory and applications draghi, reader be able to “hear” the assessment, force and fury of the storm making the narrators emotions even more intense. Later in the story, the narrator is in the second story of his house looking down upon his friends playing in the streets without him. The cries of Memorandum of Fact and Law / rewrite his friends reach him “weakened and indistinct”. Thesis? This image brings about an impression that the boy now feels #8220;removed#8221; from his friends and their games, because he is caught up in his fantasy. Normally, he would be down there playing with them, but now his head is filled with much more pressing thoughts. They drown out the laughter and Memorandum, fun of his friends#8217; childish games.

Finally, when the boy enters the stalls of the Bazaar, he finds nearly all of them to be closed. He states, “I recognized a silence like that which pervades a church after a service” (613). Thesis Assessment? This image makes the Bazaar feel depressed or low-spirited, almost as if the narrator does not wish to cataloguing dissertations, be in attendance. It stresses that he is late and has missed the main events. It also seems to introduce a shift in the boy#8217;s perspective. It seems as the boy enters the bazaar and notices this silence, the vainness of his fantasy slowly begins to thesis portfolio, dawn on him. In “Araby” by James Joyce, the legal case, message of this short story is made clear by the depiction of imagery; the pain that often comes when one encounters love in reality instead of its elevated form. The narrator realizes as he enters the Bazaar that his obsession with his friend’s sister is senseless. He begins to reminisce on the times where he did nothing but think about her. He saw her as a pure girl as he had been taught in portfolio his church.

While standing in the Bazaar, he begins to realize the hard ships of the world. He thinks of the essays theory and applications draghi, girl from thesis portfolio assessment a worldly view and see’s the a new, major difference in the way he was raised and taught in his church. Is this the perfect essay for you? Save time and order Araby; A literary Analysis. essay editing for thesis portfolio assessment only $13.9 per page. Legal Case Study? Top grades and thesis assessment, quality guaranteed! Relevant essay suggestions for dissertations Araby; A literary Analysis. As humans grow they pass through various stages of development, often some stages are never reached, when a new stage is portfolio, successfully reached the person has under gone some sort#8230; Lost in wharton Love: A Comparison of #8220;At the Pitt-Rivers#8221; to #8220;Araby#8221; In both Penelope Lively#8217;s #8220;At the Pitt-Rivers#8221; and James Joyce#8217;s #8220;Araby#8221; the boy narrators have skewed views about love. Throughout his particular story however, each narrator realizes that his ideas#8230; Comparision Of Araby And Young Goodman Brown. Reality The two stories #8220;Araby#8221; and #8220;Young Goodman Brown#8221; have many points in common as well as differences. These stories deal with the realization of growing up or realization of#8230; Araby And Eveline (Similarities In Theme #038; Plot) Eveline and Araby Both Eveline and Araby were well written short stories by James Joyce.

Reading these two stories without performing any analysis or study, it would be improbable to#8230; Stream of consciousness greatly affects the way an author can present his story to his readers. The way that they can shift from portfolio assessment topic to topic is wharton essays, incredible because it#8230; Short essay on camparison of #8220;Araby#8221; and #8220;Young Goodman Brown#8221; The short stories #8220;Araby#8221; by James Joyce and #8220;Young Goodman Brown#8221; by Nathaniel Hawthorne are both stories about change; however both characters change in very different ways. Organized religion imposes#8230;

How to fix windows resume loader on portfolio, Windows 7. by Thom · September 12, 2013. Sometimes I get calls from the helpdesk staff asking about the Windows Resume Loader issue. Wharton Essays! It happens with Windows 7 or Vista OS computers during the startup process when the black Resume Loader screen appears with the thesis portfolio, following message: “The last attempt to essays on economic and applications draghi, resume the system from its previous location failed. Thesis Portfolio! Attempt. to resume again? (Use arrow keys to highlight your choice.) 1. Continue with system resume.

2. Legal Case! Delete restoration data and proceed to system boot menu. It happens during the unexpected PC shut down due to a sudden power failure, especially when the portfolio assessment, machine is in a hibernation mode. During the next boot up the system uses the resume loader to return from hibernation and attempts to load a hibernation file (hiberfil.sys) that could be corrupted. That’s when a black screen appears with the strange resume loader message. We have two options: 1. Press “continue with system resume”.

If the hibernation file is still intact, the system will resume and load up. If that doesn’t help, proceed to step 2… 2. Select the second option to “Delete restoration data…” The damaged hiberfil.sys file will be deleted and your computer will boot up, but any data that was stored in a hibernation file during the persuasive essay on huckleberry, hibernation process will be lost. However, you will be able to start up your Windows system. There is one more thing some of us could be dealing with – unresponsive keyboard. You may be seeing the portfolio, resume loader options, but your keyboard may not be active, so you really can’t change anything at this point. If your keyboard and motherboard connections are fine (check them anyway), follow the advice below. There is one pretty simple trick: restart your computer and enter your BIOS settings. (Press Del, F2, F1, F5, F12 or any other key assigned for that purpose by your computer manufacturer).

Once you access BIOS go to Peripherals section, scroll down to “USB keyboard” section and on economic theory draghi make sure that it is enabled, not disabled. I had the same problem twice (both times power failure) and fixed it by enabling the thesis assessment, keyboard. I don’t really know why it’s set to disabled every time the power goes out. For some people the methods described above don’t work, so you can try these: Unplug the power cord from the PC and press the power button for 15 – 20 sec. This will reset your capacitors.

Plug the cord back in and start the PC. Your keyboard should be working. Nation! If your keyboard is still unresponsive, borrow from someone the thesis portfolio, PS/2 keyboard (not USB keyboard), plug it in and start the PC. The keyboard should be working. For laptop users: take out essay finn your laptop battery, unplug the portfolio assessment, power cord and then press the power button for a new, 15 sec. to reset the capacitors. Then plug in the power cord, but don’t put your battery back in thesis yet. See if that fixes the unresponsive keyboard. If everything is RockRoll, plug in your battery. If nothing helps to persuasive finn, resume your Windows, there’s one more solution: load the Ubuntu live CD and enable your keyboard during the live session. Ubuntu uses its own hardware drivers, that’s why the keyboard will be working. I heard that some people were lucky to portfolio, come up with that trick.

How to fix blue screen of death error on study, Windows XP. How to thesis assessment, use the default Windows XP backup utility. The reasons why a PC operational system would not start. Thank you so much. excelente solucion me funciono, gracias a su difucion ayudan a muchos y nos quitan muchos dolores de cabeza. sinceramente gracias saludos desde Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo, Guerrero, Mexico.

Thank you . Wharton Mba Apply! Thank you . Thank you . It works . It works. My keyboard was not working but the thesis assessment, BIOS setup as suggested helped and the system re-booted fine. Thanks. Thank for wharton mba apply, positive feedback. #128578; THANK YOU SO MUCH!

My keyboard was unresponsive and your instruction worked. Saved me $80 trip to the electronic store for nothing. Portfolio Assessment! Thank you again and again. You’re welcome :). Of Fact! It’s good to hear I saved some money for my readers. Many many thanks for your tricky support. You’re welcome, Faisal #128578;

Thanks. The keyboard started working after enabling the USB keyboard function. You saved my day! I was getting ready to open it up to check the batterie, so Imunplugged the thesis portfolio, power supply and for essay, whatever reason it fixed the problem. Yeah, I forgot to mention that sometimes you can just unplug the power cord from the PSU, press the power key for 10 – 20 seconds and this might fix it. Not always, of portfolio, course #128578; This was very helpfull.

Thank you so much!! You’re welcome Rami. #128578; Thank u very much…! Sis. Thank you! I love you! You’re welcome, Kristi #128578; The above steps solved my problem. Thank You. Thom, my Toshiba laptop PhoenixBIOS does not have a Peripherals section. Is the mba apply, only other option (to enable keyboard), then, to remove CMOS batt?

You laptop windows resume error could be fixed by removing the laptop battery (the big one :)), pressing the power key for 10 – 15 seconds to thesis portfolio assessment, drain the capacitors and then putting in persuasive on huckleberry the battery again and turning on the PC. Portfolio! If that doesn’t help, look for any keyboard options not necessarily in the peripherals section to enable it. Mba Apply Essays! I hope it helps… Very helpful thankyou. Tried all of your suggested solutions in order, and it was the portfolio, final one of removing the CMOS battery that worked. My pc had been going into hibernation mode if left on a new nation, and unused for thesis portfolio assessment, an hour or so, and case study I had been pulling out the power cable and reinserting to thesis assessment, get it to restart as it wouldn’t “wake up” any other way. It was while doing this that it got stuck in the Resume Loader mode so your instructions were a great help. Thanks again. You’re welcome, Mike. Very helpful answer, Huge thanks it worked.

Good to know that my post helped you, guys. HP probook 4520s stuck on wharton mba apply, resume loader page . Thesis Portfolio Assessment! Followed the advice given to @peri . Of Fact And Law! On startup , pressing delete , F1 , F2 , F5 or F12 key nothing goes into bios . Thesis Assessment! Still the legal, resume loader page . Portfolio! Any advice without opening the laptop ?? Did you try taking out legal study laptop battery, pressing the power key for 20 seconds, putting the battery again and starting the laptop? Maybe that helps. Thanks dude, great post.

Cheers ! @Thom , above mentioned method also didn’t work for me . Last thing for me to do is to thesis portfolio assessment, open up the laptop . Reset the cmos on pulling out the / rewrite, motherboard battery . Any options left ? Cause laptop keyboard and mouse are not responsive in any way . Yeah, I guess you could try that. I would do that if I were you, as there aren’t any other options really. Did everything. Removed CMOS battery. Changed keyboard from USB to PS2. BIOS settings already had USB port as enabled but still I m stuck up at that screen. Thesis Portfolio Assessment! Any more suggestions?

Did you unplug the power cord from the essays, PSU, press the power key for 10 – 20 seconds (to drain the capacitators) and turn on the PC? If you have a laptop, then take out the battery, press the power key and then put the assessment, battery back again and start your laptop. Does that help? One more thing: did you check all the BIOS keyboard settings? If USB keyboard is enabled then your USB keyboard should work. How do u enter the BIOS setting? On startup , press either delete , F1 , F2 , F5 or F12 key. Some PC models have different BIOS load configuration. Try pressing those keys one at a time till you find the correct one. Here is the easiest solution that worked for me.

Simply plug in an external USB keyboard. Cataloguing! After connecting the portfolio, keyboard I was able to select from the options. This worked on a new nation essay, a Panasonic CF-53. Thanx, Coniefl. That’s really a solution for thesis portfolio, some. Thanks it worked well. A simple solution is to use a different USB port. Some ports aren’t enabled until the nation essay, drivers are loaded (and that’s after the this screen).

Simply find a USB port that is directly connected to the motherboard and it will work fine. It probably won’t work when Windows loads so just plug it back into the original port and you can log in. Haven’t tried that one, but if it works, then we have yet another solution thanx to Adrian. it’s very helpful for me.. so thanks for you all. oh ! thanks i’d got in problem it worked very well.

I couldn’t improve my sysyem plz give me suggestion but keybord is not working in this mood plz help me. If you have read through the article and tried all the suggestions, then, please read through the comments here, there are some more alternative ways written by other users. according to thesis portfolio assessment, this method if bios setup is not open then what to do or what should understand. Someone has already written that you could try attaching external USB keyboard and try once again. More methods are described in the comments section, please read the on economic and applications, information. What to do if I choosed the wrong one from the beginning. Portfolio! “Continue with system resume”.

I’m definitly not a hacker so I need a good and lentgh answer. Well, then restart your pc (press and hold the power button until the computer shuts down) and choose the correct option: “delete restoration data and proceed to system boot menu” Took me a while to figure it out(i ended up trying the BIOS settings, then changing to persuasive, a new battery) but, for the USB keyboard settings, “OS” is equivalent to thesis portfolio, “disabled” whereas “BIOS” is equivalent to “enabled”. Thought i’d throw that statement out there seeing as i decided to change those settings. Thanks for your help. This is the on huckleberry, first forum I’ve ever found to actually fix my problem. Assessment! props. I am having the Memorandum of Fact, same problem but I am using windows on Mac mini. I tried all your suggestions but it is portfolio assessment, still showing the problem. What do I do?

Have you tried taking out the battery (CMOS) from Mac? It could be more difficult than with the Non Mac laptop, but it’s possible. What about taking out the power battery and draining the capacitors as well? I have to toshiba laptop and I’m keep getting this error. Keyboard is not working and it keep showing windows resume loader.

Hello, Jatinder. Please, read through the whole post and try all the solutions that are listed there. If it won’t work, some people have contributed here by cataloguing dissertations posting useful comments here, just read through the assessment, comments. Essays And Applications! I am sure you will find a solution. Ok so i chose the delete restoration data…now the windows page keeps spinnng/loading…it take 30 to thesis assessment, 45mins…what does that mean and on economic theory and applications draghi how do i fix it. You need to thesis portfolio, try other options, that are listed here in the comments section by helpful guys. 1. Did you try taking out the power battery (if you have a laptop) pressing the power key for 10 – 15 seconds to drain the legal, capacitors and thesis portfolio assessment then putting in the battery again and turning on cataloguing dissertations, the PC?

If you have the desktop PC, then unplug the power cord and hold the power button for portfolio assessment, the same amount of time. Then plug in legal case study the cord and turn on the PC again. Does this fix it? 2. Did you try removing (resetting) the CMOS battery? thank u so much your solution is outstanding it really works . thanks once againg. You’re welcome, Shubham #128578; I have a fujitsu windows 7 laptop and it has similar problem. Thesis! How can i skip windows resume loader?

taking out the persuasive finn, battery and pressing the power button and pluging again the battery but it seems it still don’t work. Can somebody help me? I have a fujitsu lifebok windows 7. Portfolio Assessment! I tried two options wherein i unplug the battery pressed the a new nation, power button for 20 seconds and plugging in the battery but it seems it doesn’t work still. Can somebody help me please. One more thing that could be done here is unplugging your CMOS battery, but you will need to disassemble your laptop a bit :). I wrote about unplugging CMOS battery in thesis portfolio my post, but I had a desktop PC in mind. Cataloguing! With laptops it’s trickier, but still doable. Thank you for sharing your knowledge here. Thesis Portfolio Assessment! I too am stuck at the “Windows Resume Loader” prompt with an unresponsive keyboard. Wharton Essays! (Samsung RV515). Portfolio Assessment! FYI, to get into the bios on this machine you need to push (CRTL+ESC+DEL). It was just lucky that I stumbled on to that one.

So far I have tried: 1. Finn! Booted into the bios: reset bios to thesis assessment, factory: result: no joy. 2. There is persuasive essay, no USB keyboard option so I enabled legacy USB: result: no joy. 3. Thesis Assessment! (Tested USB keyboard before and after enabling legacy USB) 4. Disassembled laptop and removed the CMOS battery: result: no joy. After removing the CMOS battery I only waited a few seconds before replacing it. Does it matter how long you wait? I didn’t see any reset jumpers on the system board. (Had to remove the entire system board to get to the CMOS battery.

YIKES! 5. Removed all the a new, peripheral devices and assessment tested: still no joy. 6. Unplugged the AC and removed the main battery and wharton mba apply held the power button for 30 seconds, still nothing but pain. 7. Installed a new SATA HDD and booted from an old Win XP CD. It looks like it might install a new OS, but it may have hung on the initial installation preparation, I didn’t wait to see if it would complete successfully. The only thesis assessment, thing I can think of is to wharton essays, try installing on a new HDD, try reinstalling Windows and see if it will boot up.

It won’t boot from the thesis portfolio, Windows CD with the old HDD installed, even if the persuasive essay, optical drive is first in the Boot Order. Thanks for any help you may be able to thesis portfolio, provide. Wow, a huge list here. I just thought of one thing when I had a problem with a laptop video function. I removed the power battery and essays on economic theory and applications used just the AC cable. Then I turned on the laptop. Problem was fixed. Put the battery back, and everything was OK. I didn’t understand whether you just played with BIOS keyboard function or did you actually use the thesis portfolio assessment, external USB keyboard? I too had your same problem with my Dell studio 1555. It began with erratic keys, then unresponsive keyboard.

Dell diagnostics said I needed a new hard drive, “not operating within its normal parameters”. Cataloguing! Tried discharging the thesis, flea power many many times, unsuccessfully. Various other issues began with booting up. I could only Memorandum / rewrite, use the on screen keyboard, which began to act up as well. Learned that my system was not compatible with the windows 10 upgrade I installed may months ago. Learning the hard way! I did a clean install of my windows 7 and everything seemed fine, except the thesis portfolio assessment, key board. On screen key board works fine, computer scan is clean. Now I can’t get passed the legal case, “resume loader” and key board not working.

Attached an thesis assessment, external sub key board, nothing. I’ve been thru all of your steps up to case, 7. I have no idea what an SATA HDD is or how to install it. I am able to thesis assessment, get into BIOS occasionally, yet can’t find peripherals or USB keyboard. If you could explain step seven to persuasive essay finn, me in layman’s terms, I would greatly appreciate it as well as my other info you may have. Portfolio Assessment! Thank you. PS, what is CMOS battery? I recommend in future guys just get a usb keyboard, plug it in, restart the computer, and then press enter to restart the pc!

Great points Made from legal case study a lot of people here. My issue is that I song have a working keyboard. My crapped out a few days ago before the thesis portfolio, Windows resume loader. Unfortunately, there’s nothing I can do until I get a new one. So oddly enough I could get F12 to work but when that screen pops up I once again can’t select anything, the keyboard is useless again. I would think boot option page would also need keyboard useage… If that’s the case, then I suggest using the external USB keyboard, as many people here suggested and persuasive finn correcting the options in BIOS. Portfolio! This should solve the problem. Brilliant, second suggestion worked perfectly, thank you.

it is still not starting…pls help. It’s the Basic Input Output System firmware used during the boot up process. Please try the DEL, F2, F5, F1 or other function keys right after you start the PC. Maybe you are pressing those keys too late, that’s why BIOS doesn’t show up. Ok – torch me if you will but I have to ask: is there a difference between an “external usb keyboard” and mba apply a typical keyboard with a usb connector (versus) the old style ps2 connector? Im 99% sure there isnt a difference but I had to ask because Ive tried everything you (and all the other commenters here) have suggested and have had no luck. I mean – if there ISNT a difference, isnt calling it an thesis, external usb keyboard kind of counter intuitive? #128578; I have been referring to laptops.

They have integrated keyboard and you could only attach USB keyboard to a laptop. As some folks might not be so PC literate, they could bring in the wrong keyboard with the wrong connector. Besides, if your desktop ps2 connector keyboard is not working, you could try enabling USB legacy function and attaching the nation, USB keyboard if you have one. It’s just one more option, if ps2 doesn’t work. EXCELLENT,USEFUL reply. I myself rectified the error. Thank you very much . Gotcha – now I understand what you mean (ie – you were referring to laptop users). Thesis Portfolio! Thanks for the clarification Thom! Cheers! I have been trying both methods in my desktop computer.

Unfortunately, after removing CMOS battery, my computer doesn’t turn on persuasive, any more..no power at thesis all!! Ani ba gagawin q po ang nakalagay kasi the last attempt to resume the system from its previous location failed. Attempt to resume again…wat should I do?please help me about this..thank you. I clicked on delete restoration data and proceed then computer only restarts again and again ..I cannot login even to safemode ..I removed cmos battery and checked ..still I cant..help me please. Did you unplug your PC from persuasive power source and drained the assessment, capacitors? I’ve found that when I soft booted with Ctrl+Alt+Del before the menu loads the following restart the keyboard responded.

Hey, i have a different issue on my hands, and it does involve the said stuff above, i have a nextbook 8 tablet, and it came without a keyboard and it runs windows 8.1 I unpleged that tablet while on and the a new essay, battery was low, but i wanted to thesis assessment, move the tablet to the other side of the bed and so i unplugged it and… Boom. Black screen, no warning. It died. The next time i booted it up, the said screen above appeared. I have NO let me repeat, NO keyboard to plug in to it. Wharton! Non. Nada. Zilch.

I can’t bypass the message and all the buttons i have are volume rockers windows start button and power. Volume rockers do nothing and windows kwy does nothing. HELP. You cannot resume a tablet computer that has no input device installed after the assessment, tablet computer does not resume from on economic and applications draghi hibernation successfully. Then restoring your tablet to factory settings will help. Thesis Assessment! One more thing: there’s a hotfix by MS for tablets on this page: Thom, i have try every thing you said but still same its. Hello, Arpan. Did you try all the other options listed here by helpful visitors?

excellent solution. thanx a lot. i tried many procedures. unlucky to see your post so late. it works. very simple and theory and applications excellent solution. thanks a lot. Is there anyway to thesis portfolio, fix it without a keyboard? I have the same issue with my Desktop pc. The resume loader just will not budge! And none of my keboards work! I’ve tried removing the CMOS battery, waiting 20 seconds, and theory and applications draghi putting it back. Portfolio Assessment! I even switched the original CMOS battery with another one. I’ve tried using a PS2 keyboard but when I turn on the computer with it plugged in, it just keeps a funny ticking sound constantly (i also hear a funny ticking sound when I use the of Fact and Law, USB keyboard, but that’s only if I actually hit a key or something)

I’ve reseated the cables, still no budge. Portfolio! Can anyone provide me with an alternative solution? Much appreciated. Hello Thom, i m in a similar mess. On Huckleberry Finn! My wife spilled some oil unto my laptop keyboard and it got fried. Assessment! So i could barely use the pc to get to the internet using my stored favorites. I also was using an extenal mouse. Today i had power failure and i can t start up my pc again because i get stocked up because i cant use the keyboard to wharton mba apply, select whatsoever. I want to try removing the assessment, cmos battery and so i would like to know if that will still entail me having to use the keyboard in the subsequent steps in setting up date time etc? Would connecting a new wireless usb keyboard directly in this state be helpful? I ve tried draining the legal case, capacitors etc but to no avail.

Please anyone can help too. If I’ll choose the second option will all my files delete on my computer? No, Leeya, your files will not be deleted. Thanks my friends.. But i have a question.. when this black screen appears my keyboard doesn’t work.. none of the buttons doesn’t work.. what should i do?

Oh, sorry for previous question.. I think I got the response by reading whole text.. #128578; Thank you for posting this! After choosing the portfolio, first option, I got the resuming windows screen for a moment, then a black screen with a white cursor. I left the computer alone for about 10 minutes. Slowly, my keyboard lights came on, then my mouse pointer showed up (on the black screen still) then eventually my desktop and everything came up. Just wanted to share that! You may want to give it some time before trying other things.

We always expect instant results but need to be patient. #128578; How long did you wait? My windows flags show up on the desktop and I can get to BIOS but all I get is a black screen and white curser that is responsive….. Thanks it’s works perfectly.. how to fix my problem .. enable keyboard 89? Did you read through the Memorandum of Fact and Law, whole comments section? Lot’s of thesis portfolio assessment, guys are providing useful info, just read through, I don’t want to persuasive on huckleberry, repeat myself again. Hi, I am trying all the methods provided by you and also by assessment the others. But still my keyboard is not working. Essays On Economic Draghi! I am using a desktop (motherboard Gigabyte GA-H61M-DS2 REV 3.0).

I tried using PS2 keyboard, but not result. Thesis Assessment! Entered in the BIOS peripheral settings and dissertations I notiched that the USB2.0 Controller was already enabled. There was another option also, that was Port 60/64 Emulation. I also enabled that. But no result at all. Thesis Portfolio Assessment! Then I opened the CPU case and cataloguing removed the CMOS battery for more than 20 secs. Then again I restarted my pc. It showed that the BIOS was reset and give three options, “BIOS has been reset – Please decide how to continue- Load optimized defaults then boot, Load optimized defaults then reboot, and Enter BIOS.

I chose the first option but still the result was the same. Again I did the same and then I chose the second and thesis third option simultaneously, but no result at all. Persuasive Essay Finn! It didn’t work at all. Thesis Assessment! Then I unplugged the power cable, pressed and hold the power button for / rewrite, few secs then restarted the pc but still no result at all.. I am sad and worry. Please help me. I am waiting for your response. Please reply fast. I am too worry and portfolio I need your help.

Its urgent. Hello, Shekhar. Dissertations! Sorry for my late response, but I wasn’t able to portfolio assessment, log in to my PC for two weeks. Besides I am not always at my computer – sorrryyyy. Memorandum And Law! #128578; Well, looks like lot’s of guys got this problem and after doing everything it still exists. I didn’t notice you saying about trying to plug in the external USB keyboard into the legacy USB port on thesis portfolio assessment, your PC. Wharton Essays! You said that USB controller is thesis portfolio assessment, enabled in BIOS. Did you try that?

Hi, iv tried all methods commented and was wondering if their is an alternative such as booting from an OS on a pen drive etc? any help would be precipitated #128578; Thanks for all the a new essay, suggestions but my keyboard doesn’t even respond when I try to assessment, enter the cataloguing dissertations, bios. I am on a desktop windows 7. Thesis Portfolio Assessment! I removed the case study, cmos battery. Upon restart it went to the bios page. There was a statement that it recognized the USB keyboard but when it stops on the options “Del to run SETUP” or Press F1 to load defauld values and continue there is still no response from my keyboard. I have tried two keyboards and the keyboard light is on thesis assessment, when plugged into any usb port. I have tried draining the capacitor but still no keyboard response. If I simply turn it off from this bios page and restart it goes back to the original restore page and still nothing from the keyboard.

F12 is Memorandum of Fact and Law, my key to exit to setup and thesis nothing happens if I peck away at legal study this key before it loads the restore page. I have also tried every other F key and thesis portfolio the Del key before the page loads. Case Study! I have removed the cmos battery twice and still the same result. Any other ideas? Update: It is now stuck on the bios page waiting for a response of “Del to Run Setup” or “F1 to load default values and assessment continue”. Essays Draghi! In the initialization of this page it has USB Device(s): 1 keyboard, 5 storage devices. I cannot get past this page. Hello, Jeff. Did you try using the assessment, generic keyboard (not USB)? The one that doesn’t require drivers in essays on economic draghi the initial booting up?

This could help. It has to be a “dumb” KB right? Seems like my razer BW wont load even though it is a USB KB… Cool post and site! Really Wonderful solution. Hats off. Had keyboard lockup issue. As U.S. motherboard bios was tricky to use as I could just select sub and enable.

Legegend in bottom right corner was the key to enabling the legacy keyboard. In my case I had to thesis portfolio, find use configuration menu, press f5 to set default settings, then f10 to save and exit. This enabled my keyboard at the black screen and now I am able to access my computer again. I can’t thank you enough for the info given above! Good to know that it helped you, Ryan. Your comment will also be useful to dissertations, other people.

Seems lot’s of Win7 users have this sort of portfolio assessment, issue. Just wanted to chime in here and say thanks to Thom for pointing me in the right direction and to the other people replying here. Mba Apply Essays! I thought I was done for! I’m running an Alienware Aurora R4 and this might help some PC Desktop users. I followed all the instructions per portfolio suggestions and I was still not seeing results. The magic button was going to a store and buying the cheapest keyboard I could find. Turns out a new nation essay my Logitech G510 Gaming keyboard was the issue. So for my answer it was purely driver related.

Solution for some PC users: Drivers are the thesis portfolio assessment, issue, go and of Fact and Law / rewrite buy a generic keyboard or borrow one from a friend. Portfolio! It’s a simple and easy fix. The computer doesn’t require any hardcore driver data to essays on economic, run your BIOS or just simply restore the lost data. You’re welcome Lukas. Thanks for thesis assessment, your input here, also. Essay! #128578; EXCELLENT.

THANKS SO MUCH. You’re welcome Kevin #128578; Your solution is very useful to me. Thesis Portfolio! What is my problem clearly telling in your website every line. Wharton Essays! I really like it. Assessment! Thank you so much Sir/Madam. Please send more system repair information to my email id. You’re welcome, Palani.

Good to hear that my advice still works. Theory And Applications! And yes, I will try and post more useful stuff here. It’s seems people are digging it. Thanku soo much….u saved me . You’re welcome, Mantu #128578; superb thanks it worked for me. thank you very very much it worked. Hi, I used your tip for resuming system data, worked perfectly. About the info for idle keyboard, could that happen with my mouse? I am finding my mouse freezes after a couple of minutes of coming out of assessment, hibernation mode. Only way to get it going is to restart pc, then it works ok till after hibernation again. I was wondering if it may be getting disabled like your keyboard and if It could be reactivated in the BIOS.

Hello, Josephine. It’s strange about the mouse. Reinstalling drivers for the mouse could help. Did you try plugging in and working with another mouse? I don’t think it’s the BIOS problem, because in that case mouse either works or not. Anyway, you could check if there are some missing functions in BIOS that could be turned off/on. Cannot access BIOS.

I have tried everything – I cannot access BIOS no matter what button I press. Hello, Felton. What is your computer model? I have Toshiba Satellite Laptop a215-s5849, I’ve got the ‘Resume Loader of and applications draghi, Death” screen. Portfolio Assessment! I’ve researched all sites, nothing works.

In my Bios I have no way to get to Peripherals and cataloguing Enable the USB keyboard. Thesis Assessment! The option does not exist in essays my Bios. Someone please help, my wife uses this laptop for work. I have Bios 1.7 running Windows 7 Ultimate. Did you try to thesis, reset BIOS to default settings? There is an option for nation, that in thesis portfolio BIOS settings. does clicking option number 2 which is the “delete restoration data and proceed to boot menu” deletes all my saved files and programs in the computer? No, Era it doesn’t. Your files and programs will be OK. The only thing that could disappear is your changes in the files that were opened just before the resume loader issue. thank you very much.its working.

You’re welcome Srikanth. Hey there, hoping someone will read this. I have a PC that is stuck on the same screen, but when I try to reboot and open BIOS, it freezes on the bios screen as well. And Applications! Now, I think it’s my keyboard that’s doing it, it’s a Razer Black Widow Ultimate. Portfolio! However, I don’t have any ports into my PC besides USB, so I can’t use an older keyboard. I also tried to nation essay, remove the CMOS battery, but it’s like latched in, and I can’t get it out. HELP PLEASE! I work from home so I need this PC immediately. Hello, Wade. You should be able to thesis assessment, get the CMOS out, it usually is theory draghi, fixed, but not permanently. Otherwise, when such batteries become dead (they get drained out thesis portfolio assessment sooner or later), you will be getting the wrong date every time your PC is turned on.

So there has to be a way to take it out, without breaking the motherbord. Look closely for a new nation essay, any kind of fastener that’s holding it. Did you try draining the capacitors (keeping the power button of the PC pressed for 15 – 30 seconds)? What about taking out the battery of a laptop, if it’s a laptop and draining the capacitors after? You should also unplug the power cable when you do such things. Thank you i faced the same problem finally came out of it. I brought up the BIOS Settings and my screen is still black and in the upper left hand corner all I see is an Underscore blinking repeatedly. Are you sure you brought up BIOS settings? There’s no underscore and black screen when you enter BIOS settings.

I have the same problem tried every possible thing removed cmos battery, ps/2 keyboard nothing workd please help. hey thom I tried removing the cmos battery and my screen still goes back to the exact same thing. Any other remedies out there? Hello, Sosa. As many folks posted other remedies in comments section to solve this problem, I suggest scrolling through the comments. It seems, that I will have to update my post with yet additional steps. I have a Nextbook tablet, And I have had this problem for about two years now. Assessment! I don’t have a usb otg keyboard, i have a bluetooth one, and wharton mba apply (don’t judge me) I can’t convince my aunt to buy one so is there a way to do it in software terms, say like I use my laptop’s keyboard to portfolio assessment, send keypresses to the tablet and get rid of it. A New Nation Essay! So Far, removing only the Li-Ion battery does nothing. Similar situation: power supply failure, unresponsive keyboard but also unable to access BIOS. So I added a USB keyboard, restarted laptop and this time it recognized the keyboard.

Glad it worked for portfolio, you. Persuasive On Huckleberry! #128578; I’ve read, re-read and assessment read again this and ALL other “remedies” for such. …to no avail. Aside from crying I’ve opted to post in this help forum. Not an idiot, not advanced; But pretty good with self repairs from reading forums. This is the first time I’ve encounted loader issues and I can get it to do a few basic things which has allowed me to test all of the listed remedies but none of them have fixed the Memorandum, problem. Thesis! I was in hibernation mode and theory and applications draghi was away from it for too long apparently. Thesis Assessment! When I came back I was faced with this problem.

I even tried the recovery disc but aside from hearing the fan hum when the a new, disc is inserted there are no options allowing me to do anything with it.. I run two businesses off of this computer and would really like to thesis, just get past this #128577; Hello, Jen. A New Essay! Did you try reading through the comments section here? Some folks posted additional steps if posted remedies in thesis assessment my article didn’t work. After my post I walked away I came back and there was a window in the middle of my screen with the title Wireless Configuration.

And then it says notification dll has not been registered program will not work correctly. Ugh. Brilliant, you saved my life mate. Not sure if this was already suggested, but I figured out another solution. I entered BIOS setup. There was no way to enable or disable keyboard, but I did notice something weird: My BIOS utility claimed that there were 2 keyboards present when that wasn’t the case. So I thought maybe something was not identified properly and was causing a conflict. I tried removing all USB devices apart from the keyboard and sure enough, it worked #128578; Hope this helps someone! Oh!it seem’s that icant do any thing for the problem becaus of my keybord:-(

I have a desktop, got the same issue yesterday, running windows 7 64-bit, froze on windows resume loader, i’ve tried both usb and ps2 keyboards, i’ve got into legal case, BIOS screen but it is portfolio, also frozen can’t select any option, i also did the pull out wharton mba apply power cord, hold power button, still to no avail, tried taking cmos battery out and thesis replacing, still stuck on of Fact and Law / rewrite, that stupid screen. i even trie putting in thesis windows 7 disc to wharton, format hd no luck. Did you reset your BIOS correctly? Sometimes it’s not enough to take out the battery. Assessment! You have to reset the jumpers (desktop computer) that are next to the battery with the essay, CLR CMOS sign. It’s usually enough to place or replace the jumper (the one from the IDE hard disk fits) to thesis portfolio assessment, clear the Memorandum of Fact and Law / rewrite, CMOS. If i choose the second step i will lost my all files in my computer or not. No, you won’t lose your files. Thanks #128578; i didnt know that all i personally in my case had to fix was enabling the keyboard and its awesome that you thought of that and assessment included it in the article. I’m facing the same problem, how to on economic theory and applications, change to USB keyboard, I’m unable to find keyboard pheripharls in my BIOS, wat is the solution for that. Plzzzz help me. I forgot to add that sometimes resetting the jumpers near the battery might fix the problem.

Sometimes it’s not enough to assessment, take out the battery. You have to essay, reset the portfolio assessment, jumpers (desktop computer) that are next to the battery with the cataloguing dissertations, CLR CMOS sign. It’s usually enough to place or replace the jumper (the one from the IDE hard disk fits) to clear the CMOS. Thanks Thom, this did fix the portfolio, issue my wife’s pc had. / Rewrite! Must’ve been in hibernation last nigh and we had a power failure due to storm. I had to use step two but now her pc is up and running #128578; last time i minimise a folder and a player, and then i hibernate my laptop. Assessment! Now i try to essays theory draghi, start my laptop but Windows resume loader show me this two options- 1. Continue with system resume and 2. Thesis Portfolio Assessment! Delete restoration data and proceed to system boot menu.. i choose option 1 but it would not be help me..

Can i choose option 2 ? If i choose option 2, will i lost anything…. No, you won’t lose anything if you choose option two. You will only lose any changes that you made in your files at the moment of the cataloguing, hibernation, so it’s nothing to worry about. Thank you so much ! BIG HELP ! #128512; Thank u so much!! I have a MSI Z97 GAMING 3 MOBO and thesis assessment after returning to Windows 7 from persuasive essay on huckleberry finn Windows 10 my power went out during the thesis assessment, roll back and keyboard and cataloguing dissertations mouse stopped working. Couldn’t select any options etc. What I did was with my power cable plugged in a pushed down my power button until the light on my mobo stopped flashing and the pc switched on thesis assessment, whilst button was pressed down.

It solved the a new nation, issue for me. Thanks. Good to know it worked. Assessment! Thanks Mo. Thank you for big help #128578; nice job thanks a lot. Its still not coming. Tried all options..not worked .. Legal Case! Finally changed hard disk and working..but my all data still in old disk..wat to do? Please help dear friends.. Please. If you need to portfolio, extract your old data, then no problem. Just need to use the SATA drive to USB adapter.

Plug it in your old drive and plug this drive into USB of your computer. Then you will be able to browse this disk, as if it were your internal hard drive. I did all of the above that you mention it didn’t seem to work I think the problem is that when I plug in the power cord back to my PC the power will turn the mba apply essays, unit back on and then shut off briefly before I even try to press the power. Essentially it creates a problem of portfolio, disconnecting power when the power is being connected. Thanks, all comments helped me finally boot up! Plugged in a different wireless keyboard and that did the essays and applications draghi, trick. Thesis! Whew. so there is absolutely nothing I can do if my keyboard doesn’t work at all? You have to on huckleberry, get in portfolio the BIOS to change keyboard parameters or borrow another PS2 keyboard. i changed usb port for the key board and on economic theory it worked . thanks so much for the helpful article. save me $100 trip. Thesis Assessment! keep up the good work.

Thank you so much!! I was getting nervous about this, but you became my hero. i am trying to select by of Fact and Law using arrow key .. but arrow key is not working for assessment, select … Use the keys as suggested by the prompt. It’s not always arrow keys. thank you so much. Hi i dont know how to wharton mba apply essays, get to bios settings can u help. Like I mentioned already press either F2 or Del button.

Those are mostly used keys. It depends upon your manufacturer. It always are function keys. i have got to blue screen where i can use the key board, but when i save and exit then re boot i end up windows resume loader message again. how do i get my computer to thesis assessment, boot up with windows?

Did you try all other options listed below? My old hp laptop show resuming window too long and i took out battery but not ok. So i’m sad. Cataloguing! Help me please! Hello, Myo. Did you take alternative steps as written in my post and so extensively layed out by other people in the comments section here? I tried again and agin took out battery from my hp laptop but not ok.

My desktop computer sometimes first displays the message “The firmware has detected a CMOS failure’ and assessment then the two error message you mentioned. Sometimes only the error messages you mentioned. I tried all ur steps. Nothing worked out. Should I change the CMOS battery? Pls help. Yeah, it seems that CMOS battery needs replacement.

Thanks a lot, that helps. Ty so much. On Economic Theory And Applications! It really worked. I was almost crazy because of portfolio, this probleme and luckily I saw your post!! This was perfect! Thanks so much for the easy to essays on economic and applications draghi, follow advice. Good it was working. Happy New Year and Allah Bless you. Thank you very very much. Really thank you so much now my keyboard works. This error message pops up on my laptop at portfolio least 2-3 times a week.

When is does I click enter and it goes through the whole delete restoration data process. This usually gets it up and running again, other times It doesn’t work and I have to force a restart by holding down the power button. Wharton! Is there a reason why this happens so often? What can I do differently to prevent this? When I am done using my laptop each day, I put it into sleep mode. Should I shut down daily instead? Just wondering what causes this to happen? Hello, Lee.

Yes, you could just shut down your PC instead of sleep mode. That will help. Thanks . This solution worked for me. I was neurons when this problem happened. I follow above steps. I enable usb keyboard from bios. Best way choose 2nd options. Hi Thom, please help, after i re inject Battery, it appears 3 options im bios, open Bios. Portfolio! Load optimized defaults and reboot. or same with boot. After accepting any of this actions, systems turn on and appears – start windows normally OR start repairing tool with blabla. In any option it can try to find problem but WONT and next is dissertations, that windows start to thesis, loading for few secs aan for a second appears blue screen and again that last last message with two options, what to do?

Please help. Hello, Ruslan, it’s good to have broliukas from LV in my website (I’m from Lithuania) I have updated my website with more sulutions. Hope it helps. Essays On Economic Draghi! Good luck! when i click on qny option and my pc restarts and a red light keeps on blinking with a strange sound. Please, read the thesis portfolio, updated post. Hope it helps you. can’t work this solution help me. Where is USB legacy port in on huckleberry finn computer? I tried all method mentioned above in comment section but still didn’t found a solution to this.

Please help…… Enabling USB section must be in the peripherals section. Im using samsung laptop. It has got the same problem. Laptop’s keyboard is not working and even the external keyboard is not connecting. I hv tried removing the batery n all . Still the problem exists what should i do . I have updated my post. Assessment! You could try more options. Let me know if u’ve already fixed ur problem since u’re using samsung too. Mba Apply! I cant find my way to solve this. Great help thanks a lot. Thank you very much!

This helped me a lot! I have the thesis portfolio, same problem but mine is worst because my netbook’s keyboard is not working anymore. Nation! I mean it is already broke before even I got the problem. Basically I’ve been using usb keyboard but what have said above usb keyboard will not work. What am I gonna do?

Pls I need help #128577; My thesis was there. It really really works on my loptop.. Thank you so much, very easy and helpful tutorial and portfolio it saved me going to a new essay, a repair shop. Just anyone pls save me. I am using samsung I cant even access with this bios set up bcs my keyboard is thesis assessment, broke. What should I do. I am waiting for a response. Pls. Hi. The solutions u have stated have worked previously.

But as of persuasive essay, now i am getting the thesis, option of entering password in my BIOS setup. On Economic And Applications Draghi! And i have no clue wat so ever of the thesis, password. It’s because someone has set a password for entering BIOS. You can set it up in BIOS options. Mba Apply! If you don’t remember the thesis portfolio assessment, password, you may have to reset it by resetting the jumpers on Memorandum and Law, the motherboard BIOS section. Or plugging out the thesis assessment, BIOS battery. Tengo una sony vaio y no puedo entrar a la bios por que me sale esto.

Hello Dylan. You should be able to get to BIOS. Did you press “delete”, “F2”, “F10” or “F11” function keys? If that doesn’t work, try borrowing a legacy keyboard from someone and trying to get into bios. Also read my updates on persuasive on huckleberry, this issue. Thank you very much Mr.Thom.It worked. Glad to hear, Akshay #128578; thankyou it really help me. Thank you so much… Removing CMOS battery worked for me as the keyboard was not working. Worked on my win7 acer laptop. Thesis Portfolio Assessment! Pulled out study battery, unplugged, held power button, then plugged back in.

Thanks much. Thank you so much. #128578; Thanks so much. Enabled my PC keyboard through BIOS and it’s back up and assessment running. Magic! Am I the only one who none of theory and applications draghi, this worked for? Tried resetting absolutely everything, held power button, pulled cord, cmos battery; no access to a ps/2 keyboard. No response from us keyboard. Temper is starting to flare and assessment I don’t know what else to do.. please help! There has to be a way to boot it back up or access bios without the persuasive finn, use of thesis portfolio assessment, a keyboard! Hi Thank you very much!

This is of a big help to me. I panicked at first but because of Memorandum and Law / rewrite, this post that I was able to find out, I was able to thesis assessment, use my computer now. Thank you for sharing you knowledge. Hello Greg…thank you for you help,it works!! Hi, I am able to a new nation essay, use only my up-down arrow keys. And there’s no way to press enter on both bios setup and resume loader. Followed all tricks except plugging in an extrenal keyboard. Will a USB keyboard do the trick?? You can try it, but if USB is disabled in portfolio assessment BIOS then it shouldn’t work.

Thanks a lot! Really was stucked with the issue! Enabling keyboard in bios solved it! Thank you so much, its really work omg! Hi Thom, i too have the Memorandum of Fact and Law / rewrite, same problem where my keyboard is not working. How can i go into BIOS settings by pressing F2 or some other key if the keyboard doesn’t work?

CMOS battery removal and portfolio assessment other unplug and press 10 to 20 sec of power button etc are in my trail list already. I thought that the fault was with my USB keyboard and connected to cataloguing dissertations, other PC where it works fine. is there any other solution to bring back my USB keyboard to life ? Pressing F2 or Del must be done just after the switching on your computer. Maybe you are pressing it too late, when the processor is already looking for an operating system. Thank you a lot, I install a Windows 7 in MacBook Pro Retina 2013, and thesis assessment I met this issue 2 times, the legal case, first time I even reinstall Windows.

The Vietnam War and the My Lai Massacre. The murder of more than 400 Vietnamese civilians in thesis, My Lai and My Khe by US soldiers on March 16, 1968, stands as one of the darkest days in the nation’s military history. It left an indelible stain on America’s record in wharton, Vietnam, the nation’s longest, least popular, and most controversial war. It raises fundamental questions about the thesis, American way of war, US military leadership in Vietnam, and the difficulties of essay on huckleberry fighting insurgencies, a problem of major contemporary concern. It needs to be remembered and studied. The United States’ involvement in Vietnam expanded through a series of stages between 1950 and 1965. From 1950 to 1954, in the name of containing communism, the US assisted the French in fighting a Communist-led nationalist revolution in Vietnam, ultimately paying close to thesis, 80 percent of the cost of the war. From 1954 to 1961, after the case study, French had departed, the American government attempted to construct in the southern part of Vietnam an independent, non-Communist nation to stand as a bulwark against further Communist expansion in Southeast Asia.

From 1961 to 1965, the United States assisted the South Vietnamese in thesis assessment, fighting an internal insurgency backed by Communist North Vietnam. A full-fledged shooting war between US and South Vietnamese combat forces and National Liberation Front (NLF) insurgents and North Vietnamese regulars lasted from 1965 to 1973. After 1965, the United States undertook what one top official with no apparent sense of paradox described as an and Law “all-out limited war” in thesis portfolio assessment, Vietnam. US aircraft carried out bombing campaigns in South and essays, North Vietnam that in assessment, time exceeded the tonnage dropped by all nations in all theaters in World War II. By 1968, the United States had more than 500,000 troops in South Vietnam fighting a variety of wars in a new, different regions. Thesis Portfolio? Along the demilitarized zone separating North from legal case South Vietnam, US Marines and North Vietnamese regulars were dug in like the armies of World War I pounding each other with artillery. In other parts of thesis portfolio assessment South Vietnam, major increments of US forces conducted massive “search-and-destroy” operations to root out NLF and North Vietnamese regulars.

In remote areas, small units probed inhospitable terrain in search of an cataloguing dissertations elusive but deadly enemy. In villages across South Vietnam, military personnel and civilians conducted “pacification” operations designed, in the phrase of the portfolio assessment, day, to win the hearts and minds of the people. Dissertations? Even with this level of engagement, the thesis, best the United States could achieve was a costly stalemate. And Law / Rewrite? The massive North Vietnamese-NLF Tet Offensive of February 1968 escalated the thesis, violence still further. For the first time, the dissertations, enemy struck with lethal force at the major towns and cities of South Vietnam, even the supposedly secure capital of portfolio assessment Saigon, sparking heavy fighting nationwide. The United States and South Vietnam regained what been lost, but at enormous cost and with huge destruction and loss of life. The My Lai massacre occurred in the immediate aftermath of the cataloguing, Tet Offensive. On March 16, 1968, the soldiers of Charlie Company, First Battalion, Americal Division, helicoptered into what they called My Lai 4, a hamlet in the larger village of Son My in Quang Ngai province, a beautiful but for Americans deadly region along the assessment, northeastern coast of South Vietnam and for years an enemy stronghold. Essay Finn? Charlie Company was part of Task Force Barker, commanded by LTC Frank Barker and portfolio assessment, given the mission to root out NLF units deeply entrenched in the area.

CPT Ernest Medina headed Charlie Company; 2nd LT William Calley commanded the First Platoon. Bravo Company undertook a similar operation in nearby My Khe. The savagery that followed defies description. Cataloguing? Geared up for action, the men entered My Lai at thesis portfolio, 8 a.m. with weapons blazing and for on huckleberry finn the next four hours engaged in an orgy of killing. “We just rounded ’em up, me and thesis portfolio, a couple of guys, just put the M-16 on automatic, just mowed ’em down,” one soldier later recalled. Meeting no resistance, the Americans killed old men, women, and even children and babies. They burned homes and destroyed livestock. There were rapes. The GIs suffered but one casualty, a self-inflicted wound to a single soldier. The company’s after-action report counted 128 “enemy” dead and—tellingly—three weapons captured.

An official account boasted that Task Force Barker had “crushed an enemy stronghold.” The carnage might have been worse without the case, courageous intervention of helicopter pilot Hugh Thompson, decorated many years later, who, upon witnessing the scene from above landed and protected a small group of Vietnamese by threatening his fellow soldiers with his machine guns. Among a people that have historically prided themselves on their exceptional virtue, the question that still lingers is how could My Lai happen. Part of the answer rests with the way the war in Vietnam was fought. Portfolio? All wars produce atrocities. Since World War II, moreover, civilians have increasingly been victimized.

In Vietnam, the draghi, United States relied on its technological superiority, mainly its massive firepower, to disrupt enemy operations, kill enemy soldiers, and assessment, inflict sufficient pain on the NLF and North Vietnam that they would be persuaded to cease the essays theory and applications draghi, fight. In a war without front lines, the principal measure of portfolio assessment progress was the notorious body count, which incited GIs to kill as many enemy as possible. In a guerrilla war like Vietnam, the distinction between warrior and civilian was often blurred. Many villages willingly or under duress harbored guerrilla fighters. To the GIs, civilians were often indistinguishable from guerrillas and a new, thought to be in league with them. The mentality of thesis portfolio war also contributed to My Lai. The soldiers of Charlie Company brought to this operation a melange of Memorandum / rewrite intense emotions: fear, anger, a lust for revenge, even a sort of emotional numbness that deadened normal human inhibitions.

One of the company’s troopers had been killed by a sniper on February 12, its first death in Vietnam. In the weeks that followed, others were killed or wounded by booby traps and land mines, even though the assessment, company had never actually seen, much less engaged the wharton mba apply essays, enemy. These conditions provoked in the Americans anger, frustration, and a determination to avenge their buddies, manifesting itself even before My Lai in the increasingly brutal treatment of Vietnamese civilians, including several reported rapes. The day before the thesis portfolio assessment, action, the company held a highly emotional memorial service for a fallen comrade. The formal briefing for My Lai followed soon after and further conditioned the of Fact, men for assessment revenge. The soldiers thus vented their rage on essays, civilians who were deemed to be the enemy or at least in league with the enemy. Leaders from the top down failed abjectly in portfolio, planning, preparation, and execution of the operation.

Senior officers ordered an wharton essays attack they believed would demonstrate to the people of Quang Ngai the costs of harboring the thesis assessment, enemy. The plan was based on faulty assumptions regarding enemy strength and the presence of civilians. The soldiers were told that the area was full of essay NLF sympathizers and must be cleaned out. Civilians would be at thesis assessment, market. The pre-operation “pep-talk” reminded the GIs of their past losses, thus, at least by implication, feeding their desire for revenge. It said nothing about dealing with civilians. Leaders on the ground failed to finn, lead.

Calley was young, inexperienced, and by most accounts incompetent. Officers and portfolio assessment, non-coms got caught up in a herd mentality. Senior officers such as Barker and cataloguing, Medina had some idea what was going on but failed to intervene. These same officers participated in thesis portfolio, a full-fledged cover-up. No one bothered to question the apparent discrepancies in the after-action report. Those who knew the truth sat on it or looked the other way. An order to go back to My Lai and take a second look was countermanded by study MG Samuel Koster. In violation of portfolio Army regulations, the division command allowed the brigade to do its own investigation. CL Oran Henderson, the brigade commander, conducted a perfunctory investigation, admitting only persuasive essay, that twenty “non-combatants” had been killed accidentally. Thompson’s superiors did not follow up on his reports. The division command accepted the official account without question and ignored conflicting reports.

The horrific story of My Lai was finally revealed more than eighteen months later by an intrepid and conscience-stricken former GI, Ron Ridenhour, who initially heard about it in a bar and traced various leads to get the facts. Thesis? Ridenhour’s letter to a Congressional committee prompted an persuasive essay on huckleberry Army investigation that led to charges against Calley in September 1969. The story of Calley’s indictment in turn spurred investigative reporter Seymour Hersh to thesis, uncover the truth, which he published in November. A New? Shortly after, the Cleveland Plain-Dealer printed a collection of gruesome photographs taken at the scene. The nation’s reaction to My Lai mirrored its attitudes toward a war that by November 1969 had become markedly unpopular. The press properly expressed horror at the revelations, but it also treated My Lai ethnocentrically as an American story.

Some blamed the war itself rather than the men of Charlie Company. Many newspapers that opposed the war saw in My Lai added reason to end it as soon as possible. Some also questioned why it took so long for the story to come out. The public judged My Lai similarly. Portfolio Assessment? Some of those who still backed the war questioned whether My Lai had happened at Memorandum and Law, all or blamed the media for publicizing it. Thesis? Others pointed out that the enemy committed atrocities as a matter of policy. Those who wanted the war to essays theory draghi, end were appalled at the horror and thesis portfolio assessment, pressed for its termination. Under the glare of media publicity and Memorandum of Fact / rewrite, public discussion, the Army sought to deal with My Lai through its legal system.

Thirteen soldiers were charged with murder. The charges against six were dropped for lack of evidence; six were tried in military courts and found not guilty. Twelve officers were accused of a cover-up. Only Henderson went to trial. The charges against Koster were dropped, but he was demoted and censured, ending his career. Thesis? The trial of Calley for murder drew as much attention as the a new, incident itself. In March 1971, he was found guilty of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment at hard labor. The sentence provoked another uproar, many commentators expressing outrage that Calley was made a scapegoat while senior officers got off.

President Richard M. Nixon intervened by agreeing to review the case, setting off more outrage. In August 1972, the commanding general at Fort Benning reduced Calley’s sentence to twenty years. Two years later, a US District Court freed him on bail and made him eligible for parole in six months. Later that year, another federal court overturned his conviction on thesis, grounds that the pre-trial publicity had made a fair trial impossible. In Vietnam and the United States, memories of essays and applications draghi My Lai have dimmed over the years.

Americans, including some veterans, helped construct a hospital at the site of the massacre and a “peace park” to remind future generations of the horrors of war. For those Vietnamese who lost loved ones, of course, forgetting is impossible. Yet even in Vietnam there are signs of a desire to move on. Luxury beachfront hotels have been constructed near My Khe as part of the nation’s campaign to attract tourists. In the United States, the Army has determinedly attempted to use My Lai to train officers and men in problems of military ethics and leadership. Yet atrocities continue, whether the thesis assessment, mistreatment of legal study prisoners at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq, the massacre of unarmed Iraqis by US Marines at thesis portfolio assessment, the side of a roadside bombing in Hidatha, Iraq, or in the indiscriminate killing of civilians, often by high technology weapons, in a new nation essay, Afghanistan. And for thesis portfolio assessment most Americans, My Lai is forgotten.

Inasmuch as they recall Vietnam, they see themselves as victims and evince little sympathy for the Vietnamese. If the United States is to live up to the high ideals it professes to believe in, events such as My Lai must be remembered and must be seen not simply in terms of the impact upon ourselves but also on the horrors visited on others. The courageous efforts of cataloguing dissertations heroes like Hugh Thompson and Ron Ridenour offer compelling examples of what individuals can do to stop or expose injustice. George C. Herring is Alumni Professor of History Emeritus at the University of Kentucky and the author of America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975 (4th ed., 2001). Professor Herring recommends these resources for more information: David L. Anderson, ed., Facing My Lai: Moving Beyond the Massacre (Lawrence, KS, 1998) Michael Bilton and Kevin Sim, Four Hours in My Lai (New York, 1992) Remember My Lai (A Frontline Television Film, 1989) Make Gilder Lehrman your Home for History.

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1930s Fashion: What Did People Wear? Even though people were broke in thesis assessment, the 1930s they still didn#8217;t dress like it. The women wore dresses and kept their hair close to their head. Fur was in and so were floral patterns. Makeup was chic and shoulder pads were very important until the late 1930s. Although hats were still popular for women, they were gradually becoming less popular. One way to tell if something is from the Thirties is if it has initials engraved or stitched. This was a common free service that stores offered.

Share your love for 1930s Fashion: What Did People Wear? Fashion in the 1930s was just as glamorous as the on economic theory draghi, 1920s, just in a different way. Read more about the fashion trends of the 1930s with our year-by-year timeline below. Greta Garbo in 1930. With the Clara Bow flapper look becoming passe, the new rage is the sophisticated Garbo look. Thesis. The silhouette is tall and slender, emphasizing broad shoulders, a small bosom, streamlined hips and a standard waistline. Both hair and hems are longer in 1930.

The more narrow skirts widen softly below the hip and then stop at mid-calf. Fashion in 1930 was highly influenced by stars of the silver screen. Greta Garbo popularized the on economic and applications, windblown look, with her side-parted hair, while Joan Crawford embraced the puffed sleeves, which emphasized her slim waist. Jean Harlow strutted her stuff in slinky halter tops and evening gowns. Thick, clinging fabrics are enormously popular. The gradual broadening of the shoulders lead to three-inch shoulder pads; found even in assessment, night gowns. Makeup emphasizes angularity.

In 1930, most every woman owns a close-up mirror to pencil in well-plucked eyebrows and to mba apply essays apply black mascara and assessment eye shadow. The curling iron was another fashion necessity. In 1931, new fashion accessories include suede gloves with matching bag and shoes, a red or gray fox fur (flung over dissertations one shoulder), batik scarves, large rings and watches set with gems. Women love their hats. In 1931, they are deep and close-fitting with both large and small brims, and portfolio assessment women liked them to cover one eye. Women wear their hair a little longer and loosely waved with a side part. Fashionable shoes include the black silk style with ankle strap and the white suede style with a T-strap. For men, hair was worn short and natural, parted on the side. Memorandum And Law. Men left their pomade in the cabinet, going for the natural look a la Charles Farrell or Buddy Rogers. Thesis. The older gentlemen still sported a mustache while carrying his cigarette case, wallet, signet ring, cuff links and theory draghi two handkerchiefs; one in the pocket and portfolio one, for actual use, in legal case study, the coat sleeve. The hearty man appears with a double-breasted, dark-colored suit and the hat brought down over the top of his face.

Marlene Dietrich with tilted beret. With the growing vogue in slinky silks popularized via Hollywood, undergarments change dramatically in 1932. Thesis Portfolio. Though still embroidered and generally in one piece, there is legal, a notable absence of seams, since they show through tight fitting clothing. Women turn to corsets in thesis assessment, stunning fashion and a new interest emerges in the #8220;uplift,#8221; provided by darts and hidden circular stitching. Artificial silks and zippers make clothing less expensive, which is very important in an American society that had a 24% unemployment rate. A blue and white plaid rayon dress with sashed belt and bow collar, with flowers, ribbons and quills in the hair is the Memorandum and Law, style of the summer.

Fashionable hats range from the pillbox, toque, trimmed turban and Basque beret (worn on thesis assessment the side like Marlene Dietrich). Chanel#8217;s cotton evening dress was a big hit in 1932. Memorandum / Rewrite. For the first time, ties made of wool, not silk, are the fab choice for portfolio, the stylish businessman. In 1933, the a new nation, V-shape (wide shoulders to slim waist with flared skirt) placed an even stronger emphasis on the corset. There was a two-way stretch and thesis portfolio the new, all-in-one, full-length corset with Lastex bra and six suspenders to hold up stockings. Bolero jackets and puff sleeves are in style, as are short, fitted sweaters. In the legal case, evening, necklines are high in assessment, the front, and very low in the back. Dissertations. Large brimmed hats reinforce the long silhouette.

Once again, women follow Greta Garbo in the new #8220;man#8217;s#8221; evening suit, while mimicking Joan Crawford#8217;s makeup: bright lips, eye shadow and artificial eyelashes #8212; which take a salon two hours to thesis portfolio assessment apply. Chanel#8217;s satin suit and Shiaparelli#8217;s exotic buttons made fashion news. Some fashionable women even dusted their hair with bright phosphorescent powders. Chanel fashions from Memorandum and Law / rewrite, 1934. In 1934, hair is pushed back across the head at a sharp angle and hats, worn on one side of the head, look almost like vinyl records. Thesis Portfolio. Many women curl their hair like Jean Harlow, wear red lipstick, rouge and nail polish. Most women also penciled in the eyebrows. A new passion for sports ushered in a new era of smaller, tighter sportswear. On the beach, shapely women wore what was called #8220;corset bathing suits#8221; that were slashed and backless and persuasive essay on huckleberry molded very closely to the woman#8217;s body. Thesis Assessment. Finally, high-fashion designs were making their way to the average woman in the form of ready-to-wear clothes.

The style that was seen in the magazines was being seen in middle class neighborhoods. The tailored look, Chanel#8217;s collection and the new surrealism design all experienced great success. Chanel embraced #8220;understated elegance#8221; by keeping the easy skirt and and Law / rewrite pairing it with a jersey jacket. Thesis Portfolio. Schiaparelli pursued #8220;hard edge chic#8221; and fantasy, with prints designed by Dali and Cocteau, accompanied by wild button shaped like fish, horses or stars. Essays Theory And Applications. Padded shoulders were even more pronounced in portfolio, 1934. The #8220;little black dress#8221; is the new evening style, but some women loved to express themselves in loud-colored long dinner suits.

Hot colors combos in 1943 are brown pink, and prune turquoise. Women still loved gloves and cataloguing silver fox broadtail. Marsha Hunt in Mainbacher. A not-so-subtle military look pervades women#8217;s fashion in 1935. This look is accomplished with square shoulders, low heels, plumed hats and gauntlet gloves. Even Shiaparelli designed suits with a tidy look in his drummer-boy jackets. Evening wear was much different. Women enjoyed an international flair, with Greek and thesis portfolio assessment Indian-inspired dresses with heavy jewelry and breathtaking prints. Hair was brushed to the top of the head in a mass of finn curls and makeup emphasized bone structure in portfolio, a bold way. Bra cup sizes (A-D) were introduced in 1935. Mainbocher#8217;s two-piece navy wool dress with lace cuffs and collar was a particularly awesome outfit from 1935.

In 1936, women loved wearing a plum or dark green wool tailored dress with long, tight sleeves and slightly bloused bodice. Cataloguing. The dress gently flared at mid-calf, has side pleats and is worn with a wide leather belt. For the evening, the black silk crepe with white silk over-jacket was a fashionable choice. Another slick outfit was the shiny, brown satin and portfolio matching jacket and feather-trimmed sleeves. Formal wear ranged from short dresses in bright colors to gold frocks with pressed pleats and short jackets. Ferragamo designed the first evening wedge shoe in and Law, gold kid and red satin, but ankle boots of embroidered velvet are also worn. The bra is portfolio, #8220;enhanced#8221; with the high and pointed look. Theory. Shiaparelli#8217;s square bag and collarless coat was at the top of the couture world along with Molyneaux#8217;s crescent brown calf pouch bag.

1937 Cartier advertisement. In 1937, the hourglass silhouette, with padded shoulders and small waist gave way to portfolio assessment a more tubular, natural shape. Evening lengths remained long and in of Fact, wool, jewels remained bulky and assessment immense. Cartier clips of blackamoors#8217; heads are copied everywhere. New fashion items include bulky blue fox and silk jersey. Veils on hats make a return. Essays On Economic Draghi. In makeup, Christian Berard introduces cyclamen rouge and deep blue lashes for blondes; and brown suntan rouge and pomegranate lips for thesis portfolio assessment, brunettes.

Strassner#8217;s white pullover with white wool slacks were a popular item in high fashion. For men, there were a few developments. Dissertations. In the spring and portfolio summer, men wore a single-breasted suit with patch pockets and panama hat. In the fall, he wore a double-breasted dark blue suit with wide-cuffed, double-pleated, high-waisted trousers. He also might have worn a vertical stripe suit, in tow tones with windowpane checks in dissertations, cotton, wool, nylon and silk. Fashionable woman in thesis portfolio, 1938. A special elegance marked fashion in 1938. The popular look was the pencil-thin silhouette with black outfit, skunk jacket, hair piled on top of the essays, head, extravagant hat and enormous artificial jewelry.

At night, the fashion conscious woman wore skin-tight molded dresses and short tailored jackets with embroidery. Thesis. Spring 1938 saw romantic styles such as full skirts in legal case study, delightful patterns, tiny sailor hats trimmed with feathers and flowers, and clogs. Also new are the more formal strapless evening gowns. Hair is worn in a pageboy with side combs and thesis assessment bobby pins, it is pushed off the ears or it is tied back in George Washington bows. Styles of the nation essay, 1890s and 1900s are revived for day and evening. Cyclamen is a popular color in thesis portfolio, 1938, but lipsticks and rouge have a bluish tint. Snoods were popular. For women, suits became more feminine in legal case study, 1939. Whether they were pleated, straight or flared, they came with tightly fitted jackets and portfolio assessment blouses. British Prime Minister Chamberlain#8217;s famous umbrella and hat became a motif in accessories and essays theory draghi prints.

Snoods were quite popular in 1939. Hair styles in general were more Edwardian (worn up front) with the back hanging in curls. The first permanent waves appear in 1939. In the summer, bare midriffs, flat sports sandals, Indian moccasins and Carmen Miranda turbans are seen everywhere. Some winter dresses dresses have fitted bodices for Mainbocher#8217;s new corset, which, laced up the portfolio assessment, back, creates waves across the fashion industry. From Europe, come #8220;black out#8221; fashions which include tailored suits, white hats, flashlights and boxes for gas masks.

Pinguet re-inspires the square shoulder, which stayed in some level of popularity for almost another decade. Cristobal Balenciaga: Fashion Designer Facts, History Pictures Share your love for 1930s Fashion: What Did People Wear?

essay on nai talim THE STORY OF NAI TALIM. FIFTY YEARS OF EDUCATION AT SEVAGRRAM. Marjorie Sykes has written the book which we have been waiting for. In the following pages she gives us a panoramic review of Nai Talim, from the time when Mahatma Gandhi in South Africa began to think about education and to make efforts to give content and substance to his ideas. She discusses the many vicissitudes of the Na Talim idea in India, both during Gandhiji's life-time and after his death, concentrating mainly on the work done in Sevagram. Her own participation in the process has been close and intimate, in thesis portfolio association with Gandhiji himself and with teams of devoted fellow teachers.

Although she does not mention it, she has made her own contribution, trying out new experiments and essays, breaking new ground. I was myself her student in the Nai Talim Bhavan at Sevagram thirty-five years ago, and can speak therefore from inside knowledge. This book is not only a narrative of the history of the Savagram educational experiment, it also offers us Marjorie behn's own reflections on the developments, and her own evaluation of thesis, them. She focuses on the fact that Nai Talim, as conceived by Mahatma Gandhi, is an integral part of his own vision of a good society; of the India of his dreams''. His basic national education of 1937 was planned as the basic preparation of Indian children for legal case, sharing in a national society which itself aims at basing every aspect of its life, social, economic, political, cultural, on thesis truth and on non-violence - in other words, at a new social order totally different from the existing one. This point is brought out essays, forcefully in this book. For those who have been brought up in portfolio assessment the existing order, accepting Nai Talim means that there is a good deal of un- learning to be done.

If, instead, we try to cataloguing, adjust Nai Talim to our existing ideas and assumptions about society, we are bound to thesis portfolio, run into essay, difficulties. Nai Talim can only thesis portfolio, be what its founder hoped, the spearhead of a silent social revolution, when those who practise it are themselves doing their best to on huckleberry, live in the social revolution. This is precisely the thesis task of Sarvodaya workers; I have no doubt this book will help them to see Nai Talim in its true perspective and appreciate its importance for the society of the mba apply essays future. As one of Marjorie behn's students I feel personally honoured to be invited to write a foreword for a book which I believe we shall all find useful. This booklet should have been written and thesis assessment, printed in time for the special Nai Talim conference which marked the Golden Jubilee of the Basic Education movement in October 1987. Because of heavy pressures of dissertations, other work, however, the script was not ready until the middle of October; various delays and difficulties of other kinds have prevented publication until 1988. Perhaps this delay is not important; a subject of such perennial interest as education is always timely; indeed, the questions raised by Mahatma Gandhi's educational experiment at Sevagram may well prove particularly timely in assessment India and elsewhere during the closing years of this century.

What the Jubilee has done is to provide the stimulus, to encourage us to look back on cataloguing the whole history of the last fifty years, to trace the development of Gandhiji's ideas and to set down the assessment record of how they were worked out in practice by some of his closest associates. The writer is personally very grateful to have been offered the opportunity to do this; she believes that there may be some value in having an a new nation, accurate but informal narrative of thesis portfolio assessment, events written by one of those who were involved in them from the inside. Personal bias may be there, of course; it probably is. Nevertheless, when dealing with such a human, living enterprise as education, a personal story may come nearer the of Fact and Law / rewrite truth than any coldly impersonal account, however conscientiously documented, which lacks the inside knowledge of thesis assessment, how things felt at legal study the time. Perhaps a brief additional comment on the timeliness of such a study as this may be useful. There are two major ways in which the Sevagram experiments appear to portfolio assessment, be relevant to current debates on education both in India and throughout the world. The first is dissertations that the record rises, in various forms, the question of the optimum size of an educational or social unit.

This is not just a matter of on hoc practical convenience; on the contrary its roots go down to fundamental perceptions of human nature and the processes of human growth and development. Is bigger always better? -- or may small be beautiful? Is the pursuit of efficiency through mechanisation, or specialisation, or division of labour, to be preferred to whole, all-round growth ? Do we put our faith in gadgetry, or in personal relationships, as the means of human development? To put it bluntly : how do children learn what is really important from a T.V. or a computer? or from personal contact with a wise and loving adult, among the give and take of work and play with other children? Many of our arguments about assessment educational organisation, equipment and techniques are based on our differing but often unspoken assumptions about the very nature of education - is it essentially concerned with putting in information, or drawing out human potential? Which path, in practice, do we follow ? A second topic of worldwide interest and essay, worldwide debate is education for peace. For Gandhiji, Nai Talim was the expression of the thesis portfolio principle of case, non-violence in the educational sphere. It was the preparation for, and thesis portfolio assessment, practice of, the peaceful organisation of nation, a co-operative human community.

In many educational circles however there is thesis portfolio assessment a tendency to think of peace education as another subject on the school timetable, concerned with putting in cataloguing information'' on relevant aspects of the international political and economic structure, such as the role of the UN, dangers of the nuclear arms race, and global tensions caused by poverty, hunger and injustice. Yes, information of this kind may have its place - but not if it remains, like so much else, something to be mugged up for thesis portfolio, an examination and then forgotten. It comes alive, as a real part of peace education, only persuasive essay on huckleberry finn, if it is related to an attitude of mind and thesis portfolio assessment, spirit which is as relevant at the school level, at the village level, as at the international level - an attitude which says, in effect : There is no, way to peace; peace is the way. Education for peace means Learning to live peace, daily and of Fact and Law / rewrite, hourly, wherever one happens to thesis portfolio, be, learning to tackle and resolve the tensions and conflicts of outlook and interest which are a necessary and valuable part of human experience. To this learning of the mba apply way of peace the principles and practice of assessment, Nai Talim have a great deal to contribute. Seen from this point of view the story told in legal this book is only the barest outline. It does no more than suggest possibilities which wait to be explored. Humanity might do worse than spend 'he next 50 years exploring and experimenting with Gandhiji's creative educational revolution. For, as we commemorate its jubilee. that revolution has scarcely begun. THE STORY OF NAI TALIM.

Introduction: A Personal Testimony. This story of the Sevagram experiment in assessment Nai Talim is being put together by a seemingly unlikely editor-one who is British by blood and birth, a member of the nation whose rule over India was challenged from Sevagram itself. A teacher certainly, but one trained in that system of western education which Gandhiji himself regarded as partially responsible for maintaining British rule; a teacher who spent her first ten years in India in Madras, working in one of the many privately-managed schools, which, being aided financially by Government, were bound in case study important respects to the Government system. How did it happen that this particular British teacher got involved in the Sevagram experiment almost from the beginning? In Madras, that August day in 1937 began like any other school working-day, with classes to be taught and office work to be done. When the mail arrived personal letters were put aside to be read later. Assessment. T went to dissertations, my room after lunch, taking them with me. Among them was my copy of Harijan dated the 31st July.

I began to turn its pages and thesis assessment, a short paragraph caught my eye : Gandhiji's public description of the a new essay kind of education he would like to portfolio assessment, see made available to the children of India. Essays On Economic. Those few sentences drove everything else out of my mind. Excitedly I read them again and again. I still remember clearly the words that came into my head Here is assessment someone talking real sense about education at last ! I looked eagerly for the next Harijan and the next, and followed the controversies which Gandhiji's proposals had aroused. I read also of the plan to call selected educationists together for a preliminary discussion that October. I had not met Gandhiji then. I was young and shy, and knew nothing of India outside the south. So it never occurred to me, in spite of my enthusiasm, to invite myself into that meeting. I know now that I would have been made welcome, but I have no regrets. Things worked out for me in another way.

My excitement about Gandhiji's ideas had not arisen in essay finn a vacuum. It was the portfolio natural result of a great deal that had gone before, right back to legal case study, my own childhood. We children were expected to help in all the daily chores, the cooking and cleaning of a very simple home. My father drew a modest salary as head-master of the village school in a poor coal-mining community in northern England. It was an ordinary school, but he was not an ordinary teacher. He knew that children learn by portfolio, making and / rewrite, doing things, and he spent long hours at home in the evening preparing things for them to make and do, while I, his own eldest child, watched and helped. He showed the school children how to thesis portfolio, make cardboard models that really worked - railway signals that moved up and down, a water-wheel that turned when one poured fine sand upon it to case, simulate the thesis assessment water. Real water would not do for persuasive on huckleberry, a cardboard wheel, but the principle was the same. Thesis Portfolio Assessment. So maths and science were learned, and also manual skill and wharton mba apply essays, accuracy. Geography and history, poetry, music, were linked up with the children's own experience.

Once an assistant teacher came who had lived in Canada and portfolio, knew how to make fire by striking a spark in tinder. Father at once arranged a demonstration and then let all the persuasive essay on huckleberry finn children try it for themselves. When in 1928 I began teaching in Madras, I, asked my general science by practical activities using everyday materials. father to send me a simple guide-book about how to teach general science by thesis portfolio assessment, practical activities using everyday materials. He sent me some books, which were used to plan many happy lessons in Madras during the following years. Case. (This was forty years or more before it became fashionable in educational circles in India to talk of using local resources for teaching practical science.) Later on thesis portfolio my students at essays and applications draghi Sevagram sometimes asked me where I had been trained for Nai Talim. In my own home, I would answer, by assessment, my father and my mother! As a schoolgirl I knew nothing of Gandhiji; in 1920-21 we were unaware of the great non-cooperation movement in India. But we were very much aware of the Irish freedom struggle, and our sympathies were all with it.

Interest in the struggles of colonial peoples to assert their own identity persisted during my university years at Cambridge, where we heard from our Indian fellow students about the persuasive essay finn national movement and its leaders. We also listened to thesis, appeals from many lands for help with education. Their young leaders wanted to establish schools which would preserve the values of their own culture and on huckleberry finn, enable them to resist the increasing pressures of the west, and portfolio assessment, they wanted young British teachers to help them, as equals. Of Fact And Law. I was attracted, and thesis portfolio assessment, soon after completing my training as a teacher I was put in touch with a school in Madras which needed help. I reached Madras in the autumn of 1928. The Bentinck Girls High School had grown and developed from a tiny school begun in the time of Lord William Bentinck - hence its name. In 1937 when Gandhiji wrote his historic paragraph in case study Harijan it had reached its centenary; in 1987 when Nai Talim celebrated its Golden Jubilee. the school celebrated 150 veers of work.

In curriculum and examinations it was part of thesis portfolio, 'the system, as I have said, but there was still considerable freedom in other ways. Two of my senior colleagues had spent time earlier in 1928 at Sabarmati and Santiniketan respectively, and had returned full of enthusiasm for what they had learned from Gandhiji and from Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore. One result was that the Bentinck children had learned to essay finn, sing Janaganamana , and were singing it joyfully, long before it became our national anthem. They knew several verses and liked especially the one which celebrates the comradeship between India's great religious traditions. Tagore's example strengthened and confirmed our own conviction that the children's mother-tongue should have a central place in their education. We were a two-language school with Tamil and portfolio assessment, Telugu-speaking streams; we saw to it that both Languages had their proper place of honour. Sometimes we invited distinguished women, who were taking a leading part in national activities in legal case Madras, to tell the children about their work. Many of them had been educated in assessment ‘English- medium schools and found it easier to speak English than their own mother tongue. We had to a new nation essay, persuade them to talk Tamil instead.

We want all the children to understand, we would say. They won't all understand your English. Please talk Tamil. And they did. We learned later that Gandhiji also insisted on the use of the mother-tongue, but in those days we thought chiefly of his shining honesty and simplicity. Thesis Portfolio. We were a poor school, most of the children came from humble families, the climate of Madras was always warm. So furniture was minimal and sandals were rarely used; teachers and children alike ran about cataloguing barefoot and slept on thesis assessment grass mats on the floor; one small tin box held all of a girl's clothing and personal miscellany. The simplicity of dissertations, Sevagram when I first saw it did not seem strange. it embodied, with a special grace and beauty of its own, the simplicity of the village 'homes of the thesis south and of the children whose way of life they had shaped. I had not been in Madras many weeks when to Memorandum of Fact and Law, my great good fortune I met Rajaji.

He described Gandhiji's constructive programme and all the nation-building activities which had been inspired by it. He himself was deeply involved in thesis these activities, especially in his ashram at Tiruchengode. We teachers began to think what more we might do towards nation-building on our own small scale in school, by helping girls to grow into worthy citizens of the free India of the future. At Bentinck, there were a number of things in on huckleberry our favour. First of all we were a small school (by present standards), that is, we had fewer than 350 children all told, from the kindergarten to the school final classes. Thesis Assessment. We thought and still think that this was the right size; teachers and children knew one another and cared for one another; we were not too big to be able to feel and act like a big family. Secondly, the school which was under Christian management admitted on wharton mba apply essays equal terms girls of any religious background, and portfolio, of any caste high or low, and treated them all alike. Resident children ate the finn same food from the same kitchen, which they helped to assessment, run. Local children often brought their midday food and sat down to eat it in little circles under our many shady trees.

Like children everywhere they sometimes failed to clean up. One midday, looking out of Fact and Law / rewrite, from the staff room, we saw a senior Brahmin girl humbly and portfolio, quietly clearing away used (and therefore polluted) leaf-plates left lying about by her careless juniors, some of them children of the lowest castes. She at least, we thought, had caught the spirit of Gandhiji's constructive programme. The children themselves were expected to Memorandum of Fact and Law, keep their classrooms and compound clean; we had no servants to thesis portfolio assessment, do it. Some of the classrooms were simple thatched sheds, very pleasant to work in. Their lucky inhabitants happily planted flower- gardens around them and cared for them.

All this meant a lot of cooperative team work; we deliberately extended this cooperative spirit to the sports and the academic programme. In physical education our aim was not to train a few star performers, but to help every child to achieve the best that she was capable of, which meant that the gifted children helped the others. It was the same in the classroom. We gave no academic prizes to the best performers; instead we encouraged children to) help one another, and watched for and praised the Memorandum improvement which even the slow children showed, with hard work and friendly assistance. Oh yes, people told us that children won't work without the artificial inducement of a prize. It is no and if it sometimes appears true it is because the work we expect from the children has no intrinsic interest or meaning for them. Some parents also protested, as one would expect, that they sent their girls to school to study, not to sweep floors or water gardens; other parents however, including some of the national leaders of the assessment city, deliberately chose to send their girls to us because of what we were trying to wharton, do within the limits of an thesis portfolio, aided school. But there were limits to what we could do, and from about 1935 I had begun to feel more and a new essay, more uneasy about them, One was the fact that troubled Gandhiji, that education was partially financed by income from licensed drink-shops.

Another was my growing awareness of how irrelevant much of the system was to thesis, India's real needs. There was something badly wrong, I thought, when a girl who wanted to be a nurse, and who was exceptionally well-qualified in a new personality and skills for just such a career, was refused admission to the training course because she could not pass in irrelevant subjects like formal English grammar. Another source of uneasiness arose in the context of the 1935 provision for communal electorates. Issues of conversion became politically explosive because of their potential effect on communal voting strength. As I have said, the school was a Christian foundation.

In previous years I had greatly enjoyed taking Bible classes with girls of all communities. We studied the great biblical teaching of public justice and righteousness in relation to the message of Gandhiji and to social justice in India. But after 1935 every communal institution, no matter how open and honest, might be accused of secret proselytising; the former easy, frank intercourse was shadowed by suspicion. I was dissatisfied with these governmental and other constraints, I longed to be able to work in an independent setting, especially after that August day when I first read of thesis assessment, Gandhiji's dreams and hopes. In 1938 the way forward opened. Through friends who knew of my position, I received a warm invitation from Memorandum of Fact, Rabindranath Tagore to join the assessment staff of his international educational centre at Santiniketan. I eagerly accepted, and in December 1938 I travelled to Santiniketan to arrange for case study, my future work.

But I did not go by assessment, the direct coastal route. Instead I went first to Wardha, to see for wharton, myself what was going on there and in Segaon, in the new village school and the training centre for teachers. For the assessment first time I met Gandhiji, and was able to talk with him direct about his school and its ideals. I was captured, more fully than ever. What 1 found that December is a part of the story which follows.

The Sowing of the Seed. When Gandhiji wrote his articles in Harijan in 1937 ire had been thinking about education for at least forty years. By 1896 he had spent three years in South Africa, but his wife and two little children had remained in study India. When it became clear that his work was likely to assessment, take many more years, he went to India to fetch his family. He returned to Durban at the beginning of 1897 with three children, his own sons aged nine and on huckleberry finn, five, and his sister's son who was ten. Thesis Assessment. At once, the finn question of their education arose. Right from the beginning, Gandhiji was clear about three things : the assessment children should live at home, they should not be separated from their parents and. sent to a residential school; they should learn in case study their own mother-tongue; they should not have any privileges which other Indian children could not share. They should live at home because the education that children naturally imbibe in a well-ordered household is impossible to obtain in hostels. *The intimate relationships of the home were, Gandhiji believed, the foundation of all social and moral education, and that was what he regarded as of central importance.

I had always given the thesis first place to the culture of the heart and the building of character, he wrote. Nation. Later, when he looked back on thesis portfolio assessment those years, he felt that his children had been able to learn the meaning of simplicity and a spirit of service by growing up in a home where these things were being explored and practised. Gandhiji was equally emphatic about the use of the mother- tongue, It has always been my conviction, he declared, that Indian parents who train their children to think and talk in English from their infancy betray their children and their country. Nation Essay. They deprive them of the spiritual and social heritage of the nation, and render them to that extent unfit for the service of the country. But in South Africa English was the recognised medium of communication, and in the schools Indian languages were taught badly if at all.

Gandhiji himself insisted on portfolio assessment using Gujarati always when talking with the children, and did his best to make time to give them a general education through this medium. Whenever possible they would walk with him from essays and applications, home to his office, and portfolio, talk about Memorandum and Law / rewrite all kinds of subjects on the way. Thesis Portfolio. But his legal practice and public service left him very little leisure, and both he and they felt the inadequacy of the literary side of their education. And Law / Rewrite. Perhaps it was this experience of the practical difficulties in the way of a complete home education which led him to insist later on the need for organised schools. This did not mean however that any school would do, at any price.

In Durban, because of the general respect which Gandhiji had won in the white community, he might have sent his own boys to one of the elite schools which Indian children were normally not allowed to attend. Thesis Assessment. This he refused to case study, do as a matter of self-respect. They might have had a good literary education - in English, of course - but at the price of assessment, being party to an unfair discrimination against their own people. I gave them, wrote Gandhiji, an object-lesson in legal liberty and self-respect at the cost of the literary training. Thesis Assessment. Where a choice has to be made between liberty and learning. the former has to be preferred. So thing's went on till 1904. By then Gandhiji's main work was in Johannesburg, but his close links with Durban remained, and he encouraged friends there to start the wharton essays Indian Opinion, which quickly became his mouthpiece.

But the paper ran into grave financial difficulties and he was urged to visit Durban in person. His close friend Henry Polak saw him off from Johannesburg station and gave him a book to read on the twenty-four hour journey. The book was Ruskin's Unto this Last; it is well known that the profound impression it made on Gandhiji led to the immediate establishment of the Phoenix Ashram on a hundred acres of land about fourteen miles outside Durban, and to assessment, the removal of the Indian Opinion press to this new site. There Gandhiji planned to study, put into practice the revolutionary idea that had cone to him as he read Unto this Last, that a life of manual labour, of the artisan and the tiller of the soil, is the life worth living. He invited everyone connected with the thesis press, and other friends in Durban, to come and join in the adventure, to take up three acres of land for each family and become farmers in earnest.

Naturally only nation essay, a few responded, although all the press workers agreed to live at Phoenix and work from thesis portfolio, there. But some did respond fully, including Chhaganlal and of Fact / rewrite, Maganlal Gandhi. The latter gave up his own business in Durban mastered the work of the press, and soon showed his genius for craftsmanship. Thesis Portfolio Assessment. Henry Polak, hearing what had happened, was delighted, resigned his own job with a Johannesburg newspaper, and case study, came and joined also. He could not stay long, but he made a fine contribution. Portfolio. With six or seven families, and some growing children, Phoenix became a little village.

Sooner or later, it would have to have a village school. Persuasive On Huckleberry Finn. Gandhiji planned to give up his own practice and retire there to work on his own three acres and make Phoenix the thesis portfolio assessment centre of his service. Outside pressures however were too great, and during the following years they led to the next great experiment with truth, the Transvaal satyagraha campaign. In 1909 Gandhiji visited England; on essays on economic and applications board ship on the way back to South Africa he set down all his challenges to conventional wisdom in his book Hind Swaraj. It contains, in the form of a quotation from Huxley, his ideal of an educated man : His body is the servant of his will and does its work with ease and assessment, pleasure. his mind is stored with knowledge of the fundamental truths of nature; his passions are under the control of a vigorous will and a tender conscience; he has learned to hate all vileness and to respect others as himself. Such a man and no other has had a liberal education. After Gandhiji returned to Johannesburg he began to feel keenly the need for a place where the dependents of the satyagrahis might live while their bread-winner was in jail, and where the satyagrahis themselves might find a welcome when they were released. Previously they had been given monthly allowances according to need, but Gandhiji felt that this practice offered too much temptation to fraud, and too much risk that injustice might be done to the really deserving.

What was needed was: a simple cooperative commonwealth within easy reach of legal case, Johannesburg; Phoenix was much too far away. The need was met by another good friend, a wealthy and successful German architect named Hermann Kallenbach. 'On 30th May 1910 he wrote and offered Gandhiji a good farm, well stocked with fruit trees, about twenty miles away from the city. The matter was settled that very day, and thesis portfolio assessment, Kallenbach named the essay on huckleberry finn new venture Tolstoy Farm. Five days later Kallenbach himself with Gandhiji and two of his sons, moved to thesis portfolio assessment, the farm and began to make arrangements for the colonists. Soon there were sixty or seventy people, men, women, and twenty or thirty children of all ages. They were a mixed crowd; among them were speakers of four Indian languages, Gujarati, Tamil, Telugu, Hindi, and adherents of wharton mba apply essays, four religious groups, Hindu, Muslim. Portfolio. Parsee, Christian. They came from many diverse social environments. They needed a school. Gandhiji dreamed of finding out by experience and legal, experiment a true system of education which would put into assessment, practice the ideal he had put forward in Hind Swaraj. He was already sure that the family was the starting-point, and Tolstoy Farm was being run like a big joint family.

There was a common kitchen, which was possible because those who were habitual meat-eaters voluntarily gave up meat during their time there. The women took charge, and cataloguing, the children regularly helped them by turns, while Gandhiji himself came frequently to assist. The whole community, adults and thesis portfolio assessment, children alike, were set to a new, work on the farm, in the vegetable gardens and in the workshop. The children much enjoyed working with Kallenbach; he made them work hard, but he was also full of thesis portfolio assessment, jokes and friendliness. Everyone shared in essays on economic and applications the sanitation work, and there was carpentry, and thesis, sandal-making, also led by Kallenbach. He had got himself specialising trained and he taught Gandhiji sandal-making in his turn: With all this bodily exercise and simple healthy food the persuasive on huckleberry children grew well, and there was very little sickness. Naturally there were some high-spirited pranks, and sometimes the work suffered, but not for long. There was a sound rule that children should not be asked to do things that their teachers did not do; a teacher would work with them at portfolio every kind of labour, so things went fairly well, even though it was a completely new experience for all the children. Their Johannesburg schools had taught nothing but the three R's. At Tolstoy Farm there were regular school classes, two or three periods each day. These had to take place in the afternoon, and Memorandum of Fact / rewrite, both teachers and children were often sleepy after doing a morning's work in the open air.

There were other difficulties; Gandhiji and Kallenbach, who between them did most of the teaching, had to spend at least two days each week in Johannesburg, and there were very few others who could help. All the same, some good work was done, and Gandhiji himself felt that with all its short-comings the most substantial result of the portfolio (satyagraha) struggle is the school. He himself undertook to a new essay, teach the illiterate Tamil children to thesis portfolio assessment, read and write their own language, which he had studied in jail. Of spoken Tamil, they knew far more than he did, and they used to act as his interpreters when Tamil-speaking visitors came to see him. A New Nation Essay. For Gandhiji never attempted to disguise from his pupils his own ignorance. How often, in later years, the writer had to thesis assessment, point out to the teachers who came to Sevagram to be re-trained for Nai Talim, that it does nothing but good for the teacher to say frankly, as occasion arises, I don't know that; shall we try to find out together? Such honesty will win their pupils' love and respect, just as Gandhiji did. Besides language, there were classes in arithmetic and hand- writing. Gandhiji always lamented his own ill-formed, hand, and considered that education was not complete without good hand-writing.

He surely must have enjoyed, in nation later years, the thesis beautifully formed, clear, attractive writing of some of persuasive essay finn, his secretarial helpers, such as Rajkumari Amrit Kaur and thesis portfolio assessment, Mahadev Desai. There were also classes in of Fact and Law / rewrite general knowledge, history, geography, science and portfolio assessment, so on. Gandhiji believed strongly that these were best taught through vivid, well-told stories and interesting talks; in Memorandum / rewrite his experience, he said, children learned more readily and more thoroughly through their ears than through their eyes, so while the school had some books it had practically no text-books. There were a few books about Islam and the Zoroastrian religion, and the notes on the fundamentals of Hinduism which Gandhiji had prepared earlier for his own children. Thesis Portfolio. All the legal study classes about all religions were attended by all the children; the maxim was: Equal respect for assessment, all religions and faithfulness to your own, and there were no quarrels in Tolstoy Farm about religious differences. So much for the education of the body and theory and applications, the mind. The education of the spirit did not, for Gandhiji, consist of portfolio, familiarity with the essays on economic draghi teachings of holy books, it was a matter of life and practice. 'The great truths common to all religions, he was to declare later in India, cannot be learned by words of books, but only by the life of the teacher. The children did learn some of the thesis portfolio assessment great devotional hymns, in Gujarati, Hindi and English, whose music and poet. might appeal to them at a deeper level than that of the mind alone. But the greatest emphasis was on conduct, on the spiritual qualities of mutual service, willing sharing, courtesy and industry.

And these qualities of the spirit are caught, not taught, through the infectious enthusiasm, love and purity of those elder men and women who, whether formally teachers or not, shape the outlook and aspirations of the children around them. In Tolstoy Farm there were such men and women; the satyagrahis had, by their honesty and openness, so won the respect of the persuasive officials that they were set free without bail after thief cases were heard, and trusted to come back to thesis portfolio assessment, the court for sentence on the day fixed. One day a party of them who had spent the days of waiting at Tolstoy Farm nearly missed the last train into Johannesburg the Station Master saw them running and persuasive on huckleberry finn, held up the train for them, a friendly action inspired by their own courtesy and thesis assessment, friendliness. The Farm-school was comparatively short-lived. About a year after it began, an agreement was reached between Gandhiji and General Smuts which brought the satyagraha campaign to an end. The families began to withdraw from the colony and return to wharton mba apply essays, their normal lives. Most of those who remained had belonged originally to Phoenix, and after a time they too went back; two or three years later it was these Phoenix boys, led by Maganlal Gandhi, who preceded Gandhiji and Kasturba to India. When Gandhiji himself reached India in February 1915, they were at Santiniketan; their presence and example, along with Gandhiji's own persuasive tongue, inspired the famous experiment in self-reliance in the big community kitchen which the Poet called the key to swaraj. So, in South Africa, the seeds of Nai Talim were sown. My faith and courage were at their highest in Tolstoy Farm, wrote Gandhiji, and he often looked back with something like nostalgia to that period of thesis portfolio, personal experiment with education.

He reflected much on his experience, but it was not until twenty- five years later, when a whole generation had passed, that in 1937 he placed before the Indian nation his vision of schools as they might be. Did he sometimes remember what Gopal Krishna Gokhale, whom he regarded as his own greatest teacher in legal study the field of public service, had said when he visited him at Tolstoy Farm? I will never do anything in a hurry; I will think about it, the central idea and the language I should use to express it. Gandhiji too continued to think about his own central ideas and of how they might be expressed through organised schools. The Seed Germinates. In 1930 Gandhiji had stepped out of his ashram at portfolio assessment Sabarmati and turned his face towards Dandi and the sea. The world-famous Salt March had begun.

It was the nation essay end of one era of his life and the beginning of another, for as he left the place which had been his home since he returned to India in 1915, he vowed that he would not return to it until India was free. Three dramatic years followed - the years of the Gandhi- Irwin Pact and the Round Table Conference, then the tragic aftermath of renewed oppression and imprisonment. In 1932 came the thesis portfolio assessment Poona fast which focussed national attention on the position and plight of the untouchables, and Gandhiji's declaration that he would make their human dignity his central concern. When he was released from jail in 1933 Young India had been replaced by Harijan as his means of communication with the cataloguing dissertations nation. But where was he to go, where would he find a base and centre for his service? His friend Jamnalal Bajaj invited him to rest and reflect in his own home in Wardha, Wealthy but humble-minded, Jamnalalji's generosity had already made Wardha, with some of the villages near by, a lively centre of experiment in portfolio assessment the constructive programme.

Vinoba Bhave was already at work there. Not long after Gandhiji's arrival the Village Industries Association was started, and essay, found a home in Jamnalal's beautiful garden-house on the fringe of the town. The estate was re-named Maganwadi in honour of Maganlal Gandhi. whose genius for portfolio assessment, craftsmanship had contributed so much to wharton mba apply essays, the development of khadi and other programmes in the early years. There, in Maganwadi, Gandhiji made his ]tome from 1934 to 1936. Meanwhile Mirabehn was exploring the assessment villages with their large Harijan populations and their tradition of cotton production, and she chose the small village Segaon as the centre of her Own service. Asha Devi described the village to the delegates to the first conference of Basic Education in a new essay 1939 : It is a most obscure little village of about 700 people, more than half of whom are Harijans. For four or five months in portfolio the year its fields al-e green, there is work for all, and a brief illusion of beauty and plenty. But for the rest of the year it lies like a speck of dissertations, dust in the midst of the thesis portfolio bare plains of the Central Provinces, hands idle in every house. There is no water except from the few dirty wells jealously guarded by each little caste and a new, sub-caste.

There are no hills, no trees, no natural playground for children. About 20;, of the portfolio families have land, the rest are landless labourers, and most of them cannot afford to eat even the equivalent of the C class diet- provided in the Government jails. In this particular- village Jamnalal Bajaj was the chief malguzar, and he too was eager to see what could be done. Mirabehn settled there, living in legal extreme simplicity in a hut near Jamnalal's guava garden just outside the village itself. But the life was too much for her physical strength, and thesis portfolio, during the case study mounting heat of April 1936 she struggled with ill health. News of her condition was brought to Maganwadi. That settled the matter. Portfolio. Gandhiji sent word that he was coming to help, and on the 30th April he set out at earliest dawn for legal, the five-mile tramp to Segaon.

When he arrived, he found that Mirabehn had arranged a temporary camp- a little hut of bamboo matting, a screen for thesis, bathing by the well in the guava garden, a trench latrine. She spread a mat under a shady tree where he could deal with the inescapable daily routine of letters and material for of Fact, Harijan. That evening Gandhiji held his prayer-meeting in thesis portfolio the village. I have come to your village to serve you all, he said, but T know that some of you may look on me with distrust or fear because my goal is to remove untouchability. I look on Brahmins and mba apply essays, Chamars (an untouchable caste) as equal in thesis the sight of case, God, and I think it is a sin to distinguish high and low'' by the accident of birth.

But I will not force my opinions on you; I will only assessment, try to persuade you by argument and example. I will also try to help the sick, and to persuasive, encourage you to be more self-reliant, by assessment, keeping the village clean and by reviving the nation various village industries. I shall be happy if you will cooperate with me. But that first visit was very brief, for thesis portfolio, Gandhiji had already arranged a tour programme for May and early June. While he was away the little kuti, the cottage which was to be his home for the rest of his life, was built for him in village style on a plot of land given by a new nation essay, Jamnalalji. On the 15th. June he came back to Maganwadi and sent word that he would come to Segaon the following day. Meanwhile the first monsoon showers had begun and the earthen door of the kuti was still damp. The little group in Segaon spent the thesis portfolio assessment rest of the day in frantic efforts to dry it out. Then that night came a real storm with torrential rain.

Perhaps Bapu would not be able to come after all? But as luck would have it, on the 16th morning there came a break in the clouds. Can we go, do you think? asked Gandhiji. On Economic Theory Draghi. Oh yes replied his nephew Kanu, with all the optimism of youth. So the little party set out, but they had gone scarcely half a mile when the heavens opened once more. Having started, Gandhiji refused to portfolio, turn back. Meanwhile the Segaon party huddled in the new Kuti, Listening to the steady, relentless downpour.

He can't come in a new nation essay this weather, they thought. But come he did. Portfolio. Mirabehn, peering out, was the first to see the essays theory and applications draghi little party approaching, drenched to the skin and assessment, smeared with the legal case study black mud. Gandhiji's comment, after they had all been towelled down and changed into thesis portfolio, dry clothes : Well, I had to put up with all kinds of bard- ship in South Africa, but never before have I walked so far in such a storm! As soon as he had settled down Gandhiji began to urge on his companions the need to legal case, plan for work in thesis assessment the village. He gave an hour each day to Memorandum of Fact, eating for the sick, he tackled the worst quagmires on the road where bullock carts were apt to stick fast during the rains. Thesis Portfolio Assessment. (Segaon had no proper approach road; a fairly good track ran eastward from Wardha, along the higher ground south of the railway line, but Segaon itself lay on lower ground a mile or so further south, and nation, this last mile was the problem.) He started a little ashram farm, including also milch cattle, hoping that it could serve as a model for the village. Gajanan Naik came to help, and taught the villagers to tap the date-palms and make palm jaggery.

Others started bee-keeping and pottery work, and started, teaching the thesis children in draghi the village school (which was then run by the local District Council) how to portfolio, spin. A weaving centre was opened. Once Gandhiji was established in Segaon he became acquainted in detail with what went on in the village school - no better and dissertations, no worse, he realised, than thousands of similar village schools throughout India, We are stuffing children's minds with all kinds of portfolio, information, he wrote, without ever thinking of stimulating or developing them. Nation. The children read, but with how little understanding; they wrote, but what badly- formed ugly letters - daubs was Gandhiji's favourite word. His mind went back to his own happy experience in the school in Tolstoy Farm. Things which, as he said, he had seen through a glass darkly for forty years, now became clarified by his new experience in Segaon. Was it not time to cry halt to this lifeless so-called education and find something better? In 1937 the thesis portfolio opportunity came. Popularly elected governments took office in the Provinces of British India, and a majority of these governments were controlled by the Indian National Congress.

Among the portfolios for which they were responsible were health and cataloguing dissertations, education. Gandhiji gave them his support, and used the pages of Harijan to suggest guide lines for provincial government policy. He pointed out that the thesis portfolio basic problems were the same in all the Provinces, and needed to cataloguing, be tackled in thesis portfolio assessment the same way by all governments, whether they were Congress governments or not. But his special appeal was to the Congress-led governments. He urged them to focus their attention first and foremost on the needs of the essays theory and applications draghi villages, with no distinction of caste or creed. They should give up the thesis assessment salt tax and the liquor revenue and carry on a vigorous campaign against the drink evil; their jails should become workshops and reformatories. As for education, they must offer the people the kind of education which would supply their real needs in a way which would be within their means. All through the earlier part of the year Gandhiji spoke a great deal about the problem uppermost in his mind and in many others: can we have both prohibition and education? The cruellest irony of the new reforms, he said, lies in a new essay the fact that we are left with nothing but the liquor revenue to fall back upon, in order to give our children education. That is the educational puzzle. but if only we will refuse to thesis portfolio, be obsessed by the supposed necessity of giving our children the essays theory and applications exact kind of education that they get today, the problem should not baf8e us. Gandhiji's great friend Rajaji, who headed the Congress government in the Madras Province, declared that if people were generous minded, they would say that they would do without education and have prohibition instead.

What after all is the benefit of thesis, this education ? The drunkard gets intoxicated with his drink and the educated man gets intoxicated with his luxuries - he is cataloguing no more cultured than the thesis portfolio assessment drunkard! Rajaji is applying a fundamental principle; he rejects this (present) education because it panders to greed: his ideal is cultured simplicity, which as Gandhiji insisted is beauty, not shoddiness. Gandhiji was already propounding in these talks two of his major themes : first, the whole of general education up to the matriculation standard should be treated as one integrated unit, and given in the village schools, using the mother tongue of the case study pupils, by means of a seven or eight years' course beginning at the age of seven; secondly, this course should include the practice of a useful productive handicraft which would enable the schools to be self-supporting. To the very great majority of teachers such ideas were unheard of; they provoked a great many questions and much criticism, and it was in answer to these doubts that Gandhiji wrote his seminal article in Harijan of the 31st July 1937 : By education I mean an ah-round drawing out of the best in child and portfolio, man-body, mind and spirit. Literacy is of Fact not the end of education nor even the beginning. It is only one of the means by which man and woman can be educated. Literacy in itself is no education. I would therefore begin the child's education by teaching it a useful handicraft and enabling it to produce from the moment it begins its training. Thus every school can be made self-supporting, the condition being that the State takes over the manufactures of portfolio assessment, these schools. I hold that the highest development of the mind and the soul is possible under such a system of education. Only every handicraft has to be taught not merely mechanically as is done today, but scientific i.e. the essays on economic and applications child should know the why and wherefore of every process.

I have myself taught sandal- making and even spinning on these lines with good results. This method does not exclude a knowledge of history and geography. But I find that this is best taught by transmitting such general information By word of thesis portfolio, mouth. One imparts ten times as much in this manner as by reading and writing. The signs of the alphabet may be taught later. Of course, the pupil learns mathematics his handicraft. I attach the greatest importance to primary education, which according to my conception should be equal to the present matriculation less English.

There speaks the Gandhi of Tolstoy Farm, with over twenty years of experience in India to confirm what he had learned in Africa. In the India of 1937 every sentence contained a revolution. Education is not putting in legal case study information, it is thesis assessment drawing out the cataloguing dissertations hidden potential for good in each human being. It is not concerned only with the intellect, but equally with the body and the spirit. Literacy is just a tool, a means to an end.

It is not an end it itself. It is not always necessarily the best tool available for attaining the real end, which is the highest all-round development of thesis portfolio, human being. It is certainly not the first tool for little education whose nature demands activity, purposeful work, Gandhiji wrote fifty years ago, but in the India of 1987 the old ideals and the old habits still persist; the revolution he dreamed of is unfulfilled. Gandhiji’s second paragraph is equally revolutionary. From the beginning he had seen that the vigorous manual work to meet the needs of a family or community was the basis both of physical health and legal, of an ethic of portfolio, generous sharing and mutual respect. But the link between the skills of hand and essays on economic theory, eye, and the development of the portfolio assessment mind, was not so clear to him in those earlier days: on those long walks from home to office with his own children, and in the ''sleepy afternoon classes at Tolstoy Farm he does not seem to have used the children's work experiences to stimulate their interest in their literary studies; he relied upon essay finn, the intrinsic interest of the subject and on portfolio assessment his own powers of wharton, vivid story-telling. 1 must confess, he wrote in 1937, that up to now all I have said is that manual training must be given side by side with intellectual training. Assessment. But now 1 say that manual training should be the principal means of stimulating the intellect.

This meant that the nation manual training must be scientific. There must be full appreciation of the chosen handicraft in all its points of contact with natural science and human history, its standards of accuracy and beauty, the part it plays in the well-being of the thesis portfolio people who practise it and in on huckleberry the enrichment of portfolio, human life as a whole. Handicrafts taught in this way, far from being a mindless drudgery, could stimulate endless intellectual curiosity on a great variety of topics. They opened the door wide for research and discovery. Then comes the third revolution, No more separate town-based High Schools, where children learn to look down on manual labour and village traditions.

Instead, a complete all-round education in the village itself, free from the stifling burden of essays, compulsory English. The demand for thesis, education in the mother- tongue was not new; Rabindranath Tagore had voiced forcefully and demonstrated it practically for at least forty years. But it was now put forward in the context of a complete village-centred plan for national education. At a higher level, said Gandhiji, those who require the wharton mba apply services of specially trained workers must pay for portfolio assessment, the training of the engineers, chemists, financiers etc. whom they may require. Standards of teaching etc, in such colleges may be checked by wharton mba apply, the affiliating universities. Medical and portfolio, agricultural colleges are in a different category. The training of wharton mba apply, doctors may be supported by the charity of the wealthy, but agricultural colleges which cannot support themselves on their own produce are not worthy of the portfolio name. The State should not provide college education except for / rewrite, those workers whom it needs to carry out its own responsibilities.

There is an echo here of Gandhiji's first all India non-cooperation movement. When, after 1857, the British government took over the administration of the Indian territories of the East India Company it established the three C's. Councils, Courts and Colleges each of which in its own way was a means of bolstering its authority. As Pattabhi Sitaramayya pointed out, speaking at a Nai Talim conference years later, it was no accident that in 1920 Gandhiji should have called for a boycott of these same three C’s. Some of the national Vidyapeeths founded as alternatives to the Government colleges did excellent work, but the vision of a nation-wide integrated pattern of education came only in 1937. Revolutions are disturbing and most people do not want to be disturbed. Thesis Assessment. There were a few people of nation essay, imagination and insight who welcomed Gandhiji's educational revolution from the beginning, but most educationists voiced doubts. These doubts were mainly of two kinds that Gandhiji neglected literacy and literary education and that his work-schools would prove to thesis, be sweat-shops of child labour, like the semi-slave plantations Of Ceylon. Many of the critics completely misinterpreted What Gandhiji had said, because as he himself pointed out, their own pre-conceived ideas blurred their vision; but he answered them patiently, and the pages of Harijan during the later months of 1937 were filled with reports of the legal case discussions. Discussions were to continue for many years. In 1938 J.B.

Kripalani wrote a booklet which. in Gandhiji's words, was an attempt to answer the many doubts about thesis assessment what has been called my latest fad. rind to show that this fad has a sound bottom to it. The Latest Fad is still worth reading, especially for its insistence that Gandhiji's educational principles were part and parcel of his whole philosophy, and derived like all his other programmes from his vision of a human society based on non-violence and truth. Meanwhile, the time i-tad come to move on from argument to action. Basic National Education 1937-1944. Gandhiji's friend Jamnalal Bajaj was President of the Marwari Educational Society of Wardha. which in 1937 was preparing to celebrate its Silver Jubilee.

It was maintaining a High School, the Nava Bharat Vidyalaya, which had as its Principal a Tamil educationist from Sri Lanka, E.W. Aryanayakam. Aryanayakam had worked previously with Rabindranath Tagore at Santiniketan and had married a brilliant scholar, Asha Devi, whose family also had close links with Santiniketan. The Secretary of the Society, Shrimannarayan, with Aryanayakam's strong support, suggested that its Jubilee should be marked by a National Education Conference to discuss Gandhiji's educational ideas. Srimannarayan put the essay on huckleberry finn proposal before Gandhiji and asked him to preside, and Gandhiji readily agreed. The conference was held in Wardha on October 22-23, 1937. Numbers were restricted; invitations were sent to men and women who were known to thesis portfolio assessment, be concerned for cataloguing dissertations, a truly Indian education, and to nationalist educational institutions like Jamia Milia Islamia, the Gujarat Vidyapeeth, the Tilak Maharashtra Vidayapeeth, and the Andhra Jatiya Kalasala at portfolio Masulipatnam; some ministers and officials of the newly-established Provincial Governments were also included. Because of the limited numbers and the quality of the participants the conference proved remark- ably effective and led direct to action. Gandhiji placed before the conference the proposals which he had summarised in Harijan , earlier in the same month, as follows.

Primary education, extending over cataloguing, seven years or longer, and covering all subjects up to the matriculation standard except English, plus a vocation used as a vehicle for drawing out the minds of the boys and girls in till departments of knowledge, should take the place of what passes today under the name of primary, middle and portfolio, high school education. Essay. Such education, taken as a whole, can and must be self-supporting. Self support is the acid test of its reality. He had no wish to impose his ideas on anyone, he said, and he invited free and frank criticism, for he was anxious that the misunderstandings that had arisen should be cleared up. Thesis Portfolio. It was being said, for example, that he was opposed to literary education, that the essays on economic and applications draghi children would be exploited, that he had included no religious instruction in his plan. His speech touched on many points that are still as relevant as ever, fifty years later :The present system of portfolio assessment, education is not only wasteful but positively harmful. Boys are lost to their parents, to their village, to the traditional skills. Essays And Applications Draghi. They become helplessly dependent on minor clerical jobs; moreover they pick up evil habits and urban snobbery, and learn to thesis portfolio, despise the honest manual labour of the cataloguing dissertations village on which we all depend. Far from being opposed to portfolio assessment, literary education, I want to persuasive, show the way to give it. t. make our children true representatives of our culture, of the true genius of our nation.

As for exploiting, do we burden the child when we save him from disaster? The children will become self-confident and brave as they help to thesis assessment, pay for their education by their own labour. Why do I not lay stress on religious instruction? Because this system is to be common to all, Hindu, Muslim, Parsee, Christian, and T am teaching them all practical religion, the religion of self-help. Essays On Economic And Applications. The whole plan springs out of assessment, non-violence, it is an integral part of the Memorandum of Fact discipline of portfolio assessment, non-violence and truth.

The discussion which followed was rich in essays on economic draghi ideas. Vinoba Bhave, then heading the Nalwadi Ashram, strongly supported Gandhiji's contention that for little beginners takli-spinning was extremely rich in portfolio assessment educational potential. (The writer herself remembers being puzzled, in social history studies at draghi Cambridge, by the many references to spinning whorls among the finds at ancient archaeological sites; many years later she realised to her delight that these little stone or clay discs were in thesis assessment fact the discs of ancient taklis whose bamboo or wooden rods had long ago rotted away.) Kaka Saheb Kalelkar quoted tags which were to become even more meaningful in the years that followed. Case Study. Let us, he said, rescue education from the four walls of the class- room. Never allow your schooling to interfere with your education! (How many people today, both inside and outside the Government, think that education and schooling are the thesis assessment same thing!) Asha Devi pointed out that Gandhiji's ideas, like Tagore's, derived in part from the ancient Indian gurukula, and that if we were to case, work them out creatively we should have to thesis portfolio, unlearn much of what we had learned, and start afresh. The conference passed the following resolutions. 1. That free and compulsory education should be provided for seven years on a nation-wide scale; 2. that the medium of instruction should be the mother-tongue;

3. that the process of education throughout this period should centre around some form of manual and productive work, and a new, all other activities to be developed and training to portfolio, be given should as far as possible be integrally related to the central handicraft, chosen with due regard to the environment of the child, that the products of tile handicraft should gradually be able to cover the remuneration of the teachers. These resolutions were adopted as a national education policy by the next annual meeting of the Indian National Congress in and Law February - March 1938. All national progress, it declared, ultimately depends on the method, content and objectives of the education provided for thesis assessment, the people. An independent national education council, the Hindustani Talimi Sangh, was set up to guide and essays on economic theory draghi, direct the development of a practical programme. Looking back on this picture of national education after fifty years, one is impelled to ask certain questions about every one of the four points described above.

The first point fails to specify which seven years of childhood should be covered. Gandhiji was clear that the seventh year was the right starting place; by portfolio, this age the children's powers of muscular coordination have developed sufficiently for them to legal, take pleasure in thesis assessment the skills of craftsmanship. Of Fact / Rewrite. But over large areas of India it had been the practice to send children to school in portfolio the sixth or even the fifth year, and when this practice was followed in basic schools it could lead to disappointment and disillusionment, because the-children had not yet reached the necessary level of maturity. (Our modern English medium nursery schools afford even more glaring examples of the harm that can be done by forcing children to mba apply essays, learn things for which they are still too immature - Little children of only three years are expected to master an alphabet!) A seven year period that begins too soon also ends too soon. Gandhiji himself had not only specified the fourteenth year as the earliest acceptable time for completing the course, but had declared many times that he would gladly extend schooling to the fifteenth or the sixteenth year. The Talimi Sangh itself recommended that the age-range seven to sixteen be accepted. This links up with the ancient saying of Manu, used by portfolio assessment, Vinoba Bhave as he carried forward Gandhiji's educational thinking, concerning the significance of the sixteenth year as the gateway into responsible adult life. is wharton essays it not time for educationists to reflect more seriously about thesis portfolio this question? There is another and very different query arising out of this first resolution of the conference : should education be compulsory?' Is not compulsion out of step with Gandhiji's whole approach:' All compulsion is hateful to me, he had written in cataloguing dissertations Young India (14-8-1924). I would no more have the nation become educated by compulsion than I would have it become sober by such questionable means. nothing is more detrimental to the true growth of society than the belief that no reform can be achieved by thesis portfolio assessment, voluntary effort. A people so trained becomes wholly unfit for swaraj. Compulsion implies control by a State that has power to compel.

Gandhiji had often declared that he regarded any increase in State power with the greatest fear, because of its tendency to undermine personal initiative. Does not Vinoba's insistence that education should be free from State control reflect more of Gandhiji's spirit than the essay on huckleberry formal resolution of the conference? Yet again and again, in Gandhiji's own writings in 1937-38, we find him referring to State control in terms of thesis portfolio assessment, apparent approval : The State takes charge of the child at seven and returns it to the family as an earning unit. The schools, he says, can support themselves financially provided that the State takes over their products for disposal, and and Law, so on. Yet in other passages he insists that experiments in Basic Education, to be useful, must be carried out independently and with no outside interference. Whatever be the explanation of these seeming inconsistencies, it is clear that the right relationship between education and the State is a live issue to which we need to give much more cartful thought. Other matters need not detain us long. J.B. Kripalani was quick to point out, in reference to the second resolution, that the real medium of instruction in Basic Education is work, not language; the mother tongue is a medium of communication, not of instruction. It was recognized equally quickly, by thesis portfolio assessment, those who drew up the essay detailed plans for the school programme, that there are rich resources for thesis assessment, education not only in the scientific practice of a craft, but in the child's natural environment and in and Law the social relationships of which he is portfolio assessment a part.

The first urgent need was for the training of teachers for these revolutionary schools, and in April 1938 the Hindustani Talimi Sangh opened a training school at Wardha which was directed by the Aryanayakams, and decided to start a school in Segaon village under its own control. Wharton Essays. The Congress government of the Central Provinces, of which the Wardha District was then a part, was in active sympathy, and the old village school, in which Gandhiji had seen so much to deplore, was closed down in order to give the new experiment the fullest scope. It was these two schools, the Wardha training school and the Segaon village school, which the writer found so stimulating and inspiring when she paid her first visit in December 1938. The atmosphere was full of pioneering enthusiasm and the excitement of assessment, new discovery and of Fact / rewrite, achievement. Portfolio. The training school had a practising school in Wardha itself, and on economic and applications draghi, a very careful record had been kept of the craft work done by the first two grades, children of seven and eight years old, during the three- month period of July to September, 1938. The craft chosen was cloth-making, beginning with spinning on portfolio the takli, but planned to cover, during the subsequent years, every aspect of the work from growing, ginning and carding the cotton to the dyeing of wharton, yam and the designing of the finished cloth. During the first three months the takli was the centre. Thesis Portfolio. Contrary to legal, the gloomy predictions that the portfolio children would be burdened and bored they had found it a fascinating toy, and the improvement in productiveness between the first and the third months was remarkable, rising from 74 hanks of yarn in July to 25 1 in September. By the end of September some children were spinning fine yarn of 39 count while the average was a good useful 13; the lowest speed was about 100 feet of essay, yarn in the hour, while the highest was over 500 and the average over thesis portfolio, 250.

These results, obtained by a completely unselected group of children in an ordinary small-town school, were used to essays on economic theory and applications draghi, check the standards of production suggested in thesis portfolio assessment a syllabus drawn up by the Zakir Hussain committee. The Segaon school also had made remarkable progress in other fields. When the work began, almost every child in the village gambled, caste attitudes were narrow and exclusive, there was apathy about essays on economic draghi cleanliness whether of person or of surroundings. A few months later the visitor found friendly, alert children in thesis portfolio assessment a simple but spotlessly clean school, who readily worked with the teacher and with one another to on economic and applications draghi, keep it so, and thesis, who were full of intelligent questions about the cataloguing dissertations outside world from portfolio, which the visitor had come. Meanwhile a great deal was being done for the expansion of the work on essays an all-India scale. The organisational plan was to thesis assessment, establish training schools in rural areas rather than in towns, and to build up a circle of village schools round about them as teachers became available, so that no teacher need feel lonely or isolated; each one might have the wharton stimulus and support of a readily accessible group. A number of Provincial governments followed this plan on a larger or smaller scale : Bihar, Bombay, C.P. Madras, Orissa, U.P., and thesis, the native state of wharton, Kashmir.

The Central Advisory Board' of Education approved it as a valid education experiment. The Talimi Sangh endorsed Gandhiji's own suggestion that the optimum number of pupils in thesis portfolio assessment a class would be-- about essays theory draghi 25, and insisted that it should not exceed 30. (This is a much-needed restriction for thesis assessment, any school, but it is alas very rarely enforced). The teachers must be adequately paid, and there should be no direct link between the craft earnings of a particular school and the salary of its teachers. With regard to study, the content of education, a lot of thought was given to the principles guiding the choice of a basic craft. It must be rich in educational possibilities and in scope for thesis assessment, cooperative activity; a proper place must be given to on economic, the planning; and evaluation of every undertaking; there must be room for initiative; children must learn to take personal responsibility for their own progress. As time went on there was growing consensus that the crafts which best met these requirements were those most closely concerned with the basic needs of human life the production and preparation of food and of clothing, the use of clay and thesis assessment, wood to provide both shelter and the tools and utensils of daily living. Apart from the basic craft and its use as a medium for general knowledge of all kinds, the committee insisted that every school should include music and case, drawing as part of its regular syllabus. The Aryanayakams drew on portfolio assessment their knowledge of the Santiniketan tradition and enlisted the help of their friends there, including the great artist Nandalal Bose, in preparing the syllabuses. By the autumn of 1939 the need was felt for an all-India meeting to review progress and plan the next steps. By that time there were 247 basic schools and wharton, 14 training schools scattered over assessment, nine Provinces and legal case study, States. The Government of Bombay, which was actively involved, invited the workers to meet at Pune.

When they did so in thesis assessment October 1939, the second world war had begun and finn, the political situation was full of uncertainty. Nevertheless the conference decided that no matter what the future held, Basic Education was too important to be discontinued. A new ideology of education, they wrote, based on thesis portfolio assessment justice, cooperative endeavour, productive work and respect for human individuality, is a most powerful guarantee of peace, justice and humanity. Cataloguing Dissertations. It should be continued whatever the political changes. The reports of the children's growth in thesis body, mind and character, even after little more than a year of legal, experience, were very encouraging. The decision to continue was fully justified; the resignation of the Congress governments made little immediate difference except in Madras, where the basic training school at Coimbatore was closed in April 1940. A year and a half later, in thesis portfolio assessment April 1941, a second national Basic Education conference met at essays on economic theory Jamia Nagar (Delhi) at the invitation of Dr. Zakir Hussain. This was the writer's first experience of a basic education conference, and a very remarkable one it was. (In 1939 it had not seemed right to leave her comparatively new duties at thesis assessment Santiniketan for cataloguing, the long, time-consuming journey to Pune.)

One of the outstanding features of this 1941 meeting was the space and time devoted to the place of the arts in education, the quality of the exhibits and the breadth and depth of the discussions. Speakers insisted that art must not be treated as a mere extra or luxury; artistic achievement is an thesis portfolio, integral part of all that is essay done well with the hand for use and for beauty. The artistic impulse expresses itself in thesis portfolio the colours and patterns of textile design, in the shaping of pots and the building of houses, in the celebration of festivals with alpana, lights, music and a new, dancing, in thesis the making, printing and illustrating of lovely books and legal study, the fashioning of thesis, children's toys. Craftsmanship and artistry are thus two aspects of the same process. An equally outstanding contribution to the conference was Dr. Zakir Hussain's thoughtful address on the place of work in education. Work has its own ideals, he said. It is case not an portfolio assessment, amusement or a sport, it is dissertations activity quickend by portfolio, a purpose. There must be in it a desire to do full justice to that purpose, and therefore a willingness to submit to the natural discipline of materials, methods and legal case study, tools.

It demands self-criticism that is thesis unsparing, but it holds out the promise of a joy that none other can excel. To be educative for case, mind and body, work must be planned and the materials and tools prepared; it must be executed and evaluated. Skill will result, but personal skill is not the end. Even self-discipline may be selfish in intention. Work must serve values higher than mere personal ends, values which we acknowledge and respect. A work-school is a society working for a common end. In its cooperative pattern of labour the mistake of one may mar the work of the rest.

The quick will not be able to leave the slow behind. It teaches its members how to cooperate in thesis portfolio assessment spite of their differences of ability and temperament, it teaches them to accept responsibility for their social duties. But the school, like the individual, must work for something more than itself, or it will merely substitute corporate greed for individual greed. The small society of the school must serve the larger society around it. Such words are as relevant today as when they were first spoken. So are the thoughts with which Zakir Hussain followed up Gandhiji's own special message to the conference. Mba Apply. Gandhiji had written : The success of the portfolio assessment effort is dependent more upon self-help than upon Government. our experiment to be thorough has to be at least somewhere made without alloy and without outside interference. Zakir Hussain took this up, and developed in his own words Gandhiji’s conviction that non- violence should be the foundation of education, as of legal, all other national activities, and thesis portfolio, should enable us to build a Good State which can realise justice and equal opportunity for all. In moving words he depicted our society as it was (and is) where brother is turned against brother, which knows no song that all may sing together, no joys that all may share. He called on his hearers to work instead for a state in which one community will trust another; where the weak will not live in terror of the strong, nor the poor suffer insult and injury from the nation rich; a state in which different cultures may flourish side by side and each bring into relief the virtues of the other; where every citizen may be able to devote to the service of society the full resources of his personality, the finest qualities latent in portfolio his own nature. This Good State, he went on, may seem a distant dream, but it is the duty of national basic education to set a pattern and work towards it, beginning today.

For if we do not make a start, we shall wreck by ignorance and inexperience the tasks of the Good State when the wharton essays time comes. It is for the work-school to pioneer, for even in the best ordered state there will always be room for portfolio assessment, experiment and discovery. In addition to the presentation of these fundamental principles, there was vigorous exchange of experience between the various institutions and groups. Many had encountered suspicion and hostility the rich feared revolution, the cataloguing poor wanted their children to herd cattle. Many refused to accept Gandhiji's disregard of untouchability. Some, in the atmosphere of communal suspicion, led opposition by a section of the Muslim public to a scheme put forward by a Hindu. Much of this suspicion at the local level was slowly overcome; parents began to recognise the portfolio value of what appears in every report - the growth of the children in physical health and social self- continence, in alertness and interesting their surroundings, in readiness to help both at home and in the village.

There are reports of play-centres for younger children run by the Basic School children themselves, of school gardens started on nation essay their own initiative, of portfolio, school shops and savings banks, and in some cases of how crafts learned at cataloguing school had been practised at home to increase the family income. There were also questions raised which were destined to confront workers for years to come, both in Segaon (now called Sevagram) and portfolio, elsewhere. Cataloguing. One was the disposal of the yam spun by the children. The government should take responsibility, said the Basic Education workers, quoting Gandhiji. Thesis. But the yarn was not in itself a marketable commodity and governments, faced with what to officialdom was an unheard-of demand, were very unwilling to cope with it. Memorandum Of Fact And Law. The teachers, themselves beginners, usually lacked the skills which came later and did not think of turning the portfolio assessment beginners' yarn into knitted garments, or asans . or skipping ropes, or blackboard dusters. Many of them also, familiar with the essays and applications draghi part played by spinning in the movement for national independence, saw it as a satisfying symbolic activity in itself They were blind to its limitations, if it is isolated from the textile craft of which it is a part, and without which its meaning and purpose is lost. Closely related to this was the question of tile qualifications and training of teachers. At the thesis 1941 conference there were voices raised to ask whether the practice of appointing separate craft and subject teachers in the training schools was really in the spirit of study, Basic Education.

The answer was clearly No. What then? Should the schools cease to thesis assessment, demand matric as a qualification for admission to training and require instead that a candidate should have earned his or her own living, for at least two or three years, by the practice of on huckleberry finn, a craft? The craftsman might of course have little conception of the scientific basis or cultural links of his own craft, but at thesis ]east he would have reached a good standard of skill and craftsmanship. He would need to be helped to develop a broader general knowledge. The assumption behind the requirement that candidates should be matriculates was that they would possess this general knowledge - an and Law, assumption which was very seldom justified. Thesis Portfolio Assessment. The dichotomy went on; in Sevagram as elsewhere there were specialist craft teachers and other teachers who had some knowledge of a craft, but not enough to be able to support themselves by its practice. Yet their pupils were expected, by the end of their course, to be able to do just that! It is not surprising that in 1941 there was much discussion of the need for books.

The teachers needed books to enable them to understand how to cataloguing dissertations, use the crafts to awaken their pupils' interest in thesis portfolio assessment various aspects of human knowledge and experience. The pupils needed books which would enable them to follow Up their awakened interest and satisfy their curiosity. Both needed reference books, technical and general. Both needed to on economic, overcome the narrow outlook of the traditional schools where the only books were text-books limited to thesis assessment, a syllabus. Books are there, said the leaders of the Talimi Sangh, not as a substitute for life and action, but as an aid to fuller life and more effective action. A good basic school should be teaching children to approach books in a spirit of discovery and a spirit of enjoyment, both of legal, which are poles removed from the and text-book mentality.

This was a held in which the Sevagram community could claim some real success. As it grew, it developed a library of assessment, considerable value, a library which was open to, and used by, teachers and children of all ages on equal terms. Mba Apply Essays. The writer, who at a somewhat later date had the pleasant task of taking charge of it, cherishes the memory of the three and four year olds who solemnly came in to demand readers' cards and assessment, then sat down on the floor to enjoy the wharton mba apply picture books which we kept for their convenience on a certain low shelf. She also remembers the adolescent boys and thesis portfolio assessment, girls who were just beginning, at their own desire, to Memorandum of Fact / rewrite, pick up a smattering of English. We had some well-illustrated, practical books in thesis assessment English on various aspects of gardening. They would sit and wrestle with these books, and it was amazing and delightful to see how much the students got from cataloguing dissertations, them, gaining not only in ideas, but in the self-confidence which comes from overcoming obstacles. The adult students in the teachers training class, accustomed as most of them were to school libraries where books were separated from their would- be readers in locked book cases, were astonished to find; that here they might browse unhindered from open shelves. For them, the library was a living example of freedom within the framework of well-understood and willingly-accepted rules made by common consent for the common good.

And both the spirit of discovery and, the spirit of enjoyment were much in evidence. The 1941 conference was full of thesis, life and promise. Psychologically it set the cataloguing dissertations stage for what might have been solid and sustained progress during the following years. But it was over- taken by events, overwhelmed by political upheaval. Portfolio. A government at war, as the British government of India then was, tends to cataloguing dissertations, be suspicious of any kind of non-conformity, of anyone who does not give active support of the portfolio assessment conventional kind. The leaders of the Basic Education movement were too closely associated with Gandhiji and on economic, Congress to escape this suspicion. Already, before the conference met, the Government of thesis, Orissa had closed down its own department of Basic Education, stating that it is study not in thesis the interest of the State to wharton essays, carry it on further. It was clear that this was a political decision, not an educational judgement; it was not the end of Basic Education in Orissa, for an independent people's committee, inspired by Gopabandhu Choudhary and his wife Rama Devi, was formed to carry it on.

The crisis came with the Quit India movement of 1942. At the beginning of August the assessment teacher training class, formerly organised in Wardha, had opened in Sevagram; at the same time a new venture, the Anandaniketan Basic residential school, had also been opened there, providing a haven for persuasive essay, the children of national workers when their parents faced the uncertainties of possible imprisonment. A few days later, fifteen of the twenty- one members of the Hindustani Talimi Sangh were in jail, including its secretary E.W. Aryanrryakan. The Sevagram village school was not closed, but it carried on under very great difficulties. Thesis. One of the school boys of those days, Atma Ram, remembers how he and other children used to carry cotton, spinning equipment and books to their teachers who were lodged in Wardha jail. There was much isolation; the of Fact and Law / rewrite struggling centres of Basic Education scattered over India found it almost impossible to keep in touch with one another; the forward-looking confidence of thesis portfolio assessment, 1941 gave place to a grim, lonely fight for survival. The next two years were dark, but the darkness preceded a new dawn. The Uncharted Ocean : 1944- 45.

During 1942-441 while Gandhiji was in jail, he had spent a good deal of time thinking about the two aspects of village regeneration which were nearest to his heart :health and education. Dissertations. Both health and education, in portfolio his view, involved the wharton mba apply essays whole man and the whole of thesis portfolio, society. He saw them as the key to persuasive finn, swaraj at portfolio the grass roots. Nation Essay. The two programmes were worked out together, and it is portfolio assessment nor surprising that they constantly overlap. In Gandhiji's view, community health cannot be achieved merely by providing a clinic; neither can community education, the kind of education which can nourish and maintain the spirit of swaraj, be achieved, merely by a new, providing a school.

Gandhiji's expanded vision was marked by the use of a new vocabulary. From then on he spoke not only of Basic National Education, regarded as the minimum necessary equipment for the children of the nation, but also of assessment, Nai Talim, new education. On his seventy-fifth birthday, October 2, 1944, he made this the study theme of a major speech. Education he said, must not be thought of as confined to schools. It must continue throughout life, from conception to cremation; it must touch every aspect of thesis assessment, daily living and help every man and woman to be a better citizen of their village, and therefore a better citizen of India and the world. It must aim at expanding their mental horizons; it must inculcate a spirit of neighbourliness which would rise above narrower loyalties and wharton, do away with untouchability and with communal jealousies and thesis assessment, suspicions. As a genuine human community begins to grow, Gandhiji went on, it can undertake many kinds of cooperative endeavour for the common good. And Applications. Landowners and landless, craftsmen and labourers, men and: women, may begin to thesis assessment, learn by practical experience what it means to work together. The work must be cent-per-cent swadeshi; it must include both agriculture and the other village crafts and industries, so that it leads on naturally to poorna swaraj, complete freedom. To sum up, it must provide every opportunity for non-violent discipline and non-violent organisation in the practice of daily living. Gandhiji was in fact calling for finn, an all-round training in portfolio assessment non-violent democracy, and developing the thought he had expressed earlier : The real remedy (for exploitation and injustice) is mba apply essays non-violent democracy, otherwise spelled true education for oil.

During the weeks that followed October 1944 Gandhiji developed this theme of Nai Talim in a number of different ways, The alpha and omega of education is the quest for truth,'' he said. When asked where the quest should begin, he pointed to the parable in the Taittiriya Upanishad , which tells how a seeker goes out in quest of Truth (Reality, God) and finds it first in food, then in knowledge, then in joy - in other words, in the satisfaction of thesis assessment, human needs in their entirety, needs of the body, of the mind, of the spirit. On other occasions Gandhiji would say -. and persuasive essay on huckleberry, here the link with health was clear - that Nai Talim begins with cleanliness. Portfolio. This includes of course cleanliness of body and, of the essays theory physical environment, not forgetting Gandhiji's acid test, the bathrooms and latrines. It also includes the inward purity of heart which issues in clean speech, clean thought, clean aspiration . In January 1945 the Hindustani Talimi Sangh brought together teachers from thesis assessment, all over the country to confer with Gandhiji about these still more revolutionary educational ideas which he was now putting forward. The writer was one of those present, and the spell-bound silence in which she and others listened to Gandhiji's opening speech is still a vivid memory. So far, he told us, you have been in sheltered waters. i am asking you now to push out into the open sea. It is an uncharted ocean, and the pole-star of village handicrafts will be your only guide. He urged us to treat the productive crafts with full seriousness. The experience of sharing in of Fact intelligent, planned cooperative work, in which every member is benefited by the labour of all, is itself the real education.

He challenged us to spin and weave not for a money market but for our own use, to grow and thesis, process in our own village all that is needed for a healthful diet, to build well-planned airy homes and mba apply, make our tools and equipment from materials available in our own locality. We should plan for the maintenance of the animals we need, for the provision of their fodder and our own domestic fuel, for clean drinking water and ail other daily needs. This kind of cooperative independence is the basis of swaraj. Gandhiji had said twenty years earlier that the capacity to thesis, resist authority when it is essays theory abused is the key to real freedom; but the thesis assessment capacity to wharton mba apply essays, resist depends on the independence of spirit which such corporate self-reliance would generate. The principle that production would be primarily for personal and thesis assessment, local use and not for dissertations, a money market is contrary to the common assumptions which govern a. great deal of village production. Yet it is becoming increasingly clear that diversified production of thesis assessment, all the food and other crops needed in the daily life of the village means better nutrition and better basic security than the widespread practice of monoculture for a money market.

Gandhiji spoke in the context of the national freedom struggle; his principles are as relevant as ever to the true freedom of the Indian village today. Alas, we teachers in general did not fully grasp, let alone live up to, the cataloguing dissertations new vision which Gandhiji was placing before us. Thesis. We worked out programmes, it is true, for the various stages of life outside the range of the Basic School itself, we talked of Pre-basic and Post-basic education. But most of us thought of these programmes in terms of the sheltered waters of institutions. We did not launch out into the open sea of cataloguing, village life and learn to live among its currents.

We did not take village handicrafts as our pole-star or make any serious attempt to thesis portfolio, feed and clothe ourselves, as the villager must, by our own bread- labour, And so we failed to make Nai Talim the wharton mba apply spear-head of a silent social revolution, as Gandhiji believed that it could be. Because we did not take village handicrafts seriously we have been unable to do anything to stem the tide of commercialism which has all but swept away India's rich heritage of traditional craftsmanship. The people, with nothing but commercial pressures to guide them, have preferred the thesis portfolio assessment showy and often shoddy products of large-scale industry to the simple, functionally beautiful articles made by their own village craftsmen. And so the craftsmen starve, and our country, which prides itself on progress, is in truth being progressively impoverished. This impoverishment is not only material; even worse is the impoverishment of cataloguing, mind and spirit, the loss of self-confidence and self-respect, which sap the foundations of freedom. There was, to thesis, my mind, another failure. We were so fascinated by Gandhiji's new ideas, even though we did not fully understand them, that we did not recognize what a lot of unfinished business still remained to be done in the Basic Schools themselves. For two years they had struggled for survival, and they had, survived. They needed, and deserved, our special and loving attention.

But by and large they did not receive it. The practical tasks, and the unresolved problems, which had been identified by mba apply, the 1941 conference at thesis assessment Jamia Nagar were never taken up as they should have been. A New Essay. The plan for an integrated village school for all the children up to the age of sixteen, which had been recommended to us by the Hindustani Talimi Sangh five years earlier, was never fully worked out. It might have been at the core of our whole expanded programme, but it was no longer at the centre of our interest. Through Life For Life; Adult Education 1945-1947.

If Nai Talim is to embrace the portfolio whole development of man and essays, the whole period of human life, nothing of human concern can be left outside the range of its interest. Thesis Portfolio Assessment. It must include the mba apply essays education of the mother and the baby in the home and portfolio, of all the adult members of society in their economic, social, cultural and political activities. The question of Nai Talim in Sevagram village at persuasive essay once arose. Soon after the conference in January 1945 Shanta Narulkar, who had been working in the village school, volunteered to experiment with adult education under Gandhiji's guidance. Gandhiji readily agreed, and gave her a very clear picture of the thesis portfolio principles on which he believed the work should be based. The worker, he said, should live in the village itself, not merely visit it from outside.

She must remember that Nai Talim is persuasive on huckleberry education, not charity; therefore she should not do things for the villagers, but help them to see the need for themselves and show them how to supply it by their own efforts. She must also be clear that this new education does not depend upon money; it should be planned from the beginning-on the portfolio assessment basis of self- support, and there must be no money gifts from on huckleberry, outside. The only gift Shanta might give was herself. Give them whatever service they may need, Gandhiji had, said, in sick nursing or any similar work; but never give money. Adult education does not need money. The original impact of Gandhiji's Ashram, which was situated on the outskirts of the village, had been weakened during the thesis assessment preceding years of political upheaval. The Gram panchayat which had been formed on his initiative had been dissolved in 1942 as a measure of protest against the then government, and there was no provision for law and order. The landlords merely collected their rent but felt no responsibility for this or other respects of village welfare. Disputes were sometimes brought to legal case study, the Ashram for thesis portfolio, settlement, otherwise they dragged on, poisoning personal relationships. The lack of community spirit or civic sense meant that attempts by some of the institutions of constructive work to help the essays on economic theory village were not integrated into the common life but merely benefited some individuals. The Ashram maintained the small dispensary which Gandhiji had started; it also employed a bhangi to clean the portfolio village roads.

The Charkha Sangh employed a few villagers as paid labourers, but did no khadi work in the village itself; the palm-gur industry which Gajanan Naik had organised was now being run not by the village but by dissertations, the Village industries Association in Wardha. A village school may be, and should be, a power-house for adult education, and with all its short-comings the Basic School where Shanta Narulkar had been working was the portfolio assessment closest and essays on economic and applications, most regular form of thesis portfolio assessment, contact between the constructive workers and the village. By 1945 it had opened its fifth grade; the children were being given midday meals to wharton mba apply essays, supplement what, as we saw earlier, was a very inadequate home diet. Children attended the school from almost every home in the village, and Shanta was therefore already in touch with their parents and the problems they faced. Another regular means of contact was established in February, when the Ashram opened a Child Welfare Centre in the village as a kind of development and extension of its dispensary work. An English Quaker nurse, Barbara Hartland, known affectionately among Gandhiji's fellow-workers as Vasanthi Behn, took charge of this centre; the wife of the Headmaster of the village school, who had studied: up to the fifth standard, acted as her assistant and was trained in the course of her daily work in the skills that she needed. The cost of thesis portfolio assessment, this was initially borne by the Ashram - a matter which may seem to go against on economic draghi Gandhiji's principle that adult education does not need money. The centre however was originally conceived not as education but as service; later on thesis assessment it was to be integrated into dissertations, Shanta's own plans for the education of the village women, and played a valuable part in the programme of wise parenthood. By March Shanta herself had found and thesis portfolio, settled into cataloguing, a house in assessment the Harijan quarter of the village, and persuasive essay on huckleberry finn, began by making a thorough survey of the condition of every home, the building, the food, the details of daily life. The wells were dirty and not properly protected, yet they were being used for drinking water.

The houses were inconvenient and over-crowded. Grain rationing was then in force, but the distribution system was very fault. and caused the people much inconvenience and loss of time. Thesis Portfolio Assessment. Improvement was urgently needed in the provision of all these elementary needs of cataloguing dissertations, foes, water and thesis, shelter, and improvement could be had, but only if the people felt some sense of responsibility for the common welfare and had some faith in their power to help themselves. These qualities, when Shanta began her work, were lacking. The most urgent need was for clean water. Sevagram is cataloguing well situated for water and thesis, many houses had their own wells; some years earlier the Ashram had built a well for public use in the Harijan quarter. But all the wells, public and private alike, were badly kept; they spread infection and cataloguing, bred mosquitoes. Shanta began by talking over portfolio, the water problem first with individuals, then with groups and finally with the whole village. Legal Case. In the thesis portfolio end it was agreed that the public well should be cleaned and repaired at their own cost.

Some gave labour, others money, and the Ashram, as a local landlord, contributed also. At the beginning of the summer the well was cleaned; people saw, and smelled for essays on economic draghi, themselves, the filthy stinking mud that was taken out. No further teaching was needed; before the end of that summer most of the wells in assessment the village had been cleaned by mutual help, and the people, their interest aroused, went on to provide protecting walls and proper drainage for dirty water. The following summer the process was repeated; once more the wells were cleaned and a tradition of essays theory, mutual help began to grow up. When people work together in this way the question of money does not arise; caste barriers begin to break down, and the natural leaders emerge. As time went by Shanta was able to get these natural leaders together and to encourage them to take responsibility and initiate action over many other matters of portfolio, common concern. The fist steps towards better housing were taken when individual families began to rebuild or repair their houses.

Shanta soon found that after they had spent their money and given their labour the new house was little better than the old from the point of view of health or convenience. She would talk with them during the actual building work, and try to wharton, persuade them to portfolio assessment, put in a window or arrange separate housing for their cattle. She would also appeal to their sense of dignity and self- respect. Why don't you make the doorway a little higher? she would ask. Why should you have to Memorandum and Law / rewrite, stoop to enter your own house? Or, why should the women of the house have to go out into the fields in all weathers? Why not build a private toilet for portfolio, them in a corner of legal study, your land; there is plenty of room in thesis that open space where you are planning to grow vegetables - you can have both. Slowly, little improvements were made, and in legal case study the end a Cooperative Housing Society was formed, acquired a small piece of village land and began to build houses for the families of labourers. Every detail of the plan and the: budget was discussed with the assessment owner beforehand, and he and mba apply essays, the members of his family helped with the actual building, while the neighbours lent their bullock-carts freely to thesis assessment, help with the work.

In this way the owner learned not only how to build a house, but how to build it at a minimum cost. The families who had houses in the Cooperative Society's settlement had to follow the Society's rules, and they learned to live in a better, cleaner way than before. The question of toilets in cataloguing houses has already been mentioned, but a great deal more work was needed in this field. The people of the village were in the habit of using the approach roads as public latrines, so the portfolio assessment entrances to the village were fouled and sticking. This was the reason why the Ashram had appointed, a bhangi. Theory. Shanta found that: he was very discontented, and complained that he was over-worked. She suggested that he might lighten his work by thesis portfolio, building trench latrines at each entrance to the village, and getting the people to essays on economic, use them.

Very unwillingly he agreed, and he and she got the trenches dug and provided with palm-leaf screens for privacy, five compartments to each trench. The total cost of four such latrines including the split palm trunks used for squatting plates, was only twelve rupees. Thesis Portfolio Assessment. Little by little the nation people began to portfolio assessment, use them, and under Shanta's direction they learned how to collect weed and under- growth from the roadsides to mba apply essays, cover the excreta and eliminate bad odour. The roads became much cleaner, but the thesis bhangi left in disgust. Shanta rejoiced in his departure; it was degrading that the community should become dependent on a bhangi; it was a part of self-respect that everyone should share in the needful scavenging. The campaign for public cleanliness also had to Memorandum / rewrite, include the problems of drainage and the disposal of dirty water from the houses. Portfolio. The area is Memorandum of Fact and Law / rewrite black cotton soil, which makes drainage difficult in portfolio assessment the rainy season, and malaria and fly-borne diseases were very common. The solution was that each house should have a soak-pit, so Shanta called together her group of leaders, explained the idea, and showed them how easily and cheaply a soak-pit could be made. The leaders talked with the other village people, and on the next day of national celebration about fifty families made soak-pits in their own houses - a practical lesson in hygienic living. Like the wells, they were checked every year, and re-dug as necessary. The group of natural leaders and influential villagers gradually developed into a kind of village executive committee.

Shanta spent time with them, encouraging discussion of wharton, their common needs. If you want something, she would say, you must take the responsibility for getting things done. I will help you, I will teach you how to do things so far as I can, but you must take the initiative. I won't do anything unless you invite me, and unless you work too. The first big practical job undertaken by this executive committee arose out of the difficulties of the grain rationing arrangements.

Twelve villages had to thesis assessment, draw their supplies from one shop in dissertations one village, and during the rainy season the paths from thesis portfolio, one village to wharton, another were often almost impassable. People had to forego a whole day's labour wages in order to thesis, visit the shop, and when there was some mistake or confusion about the ration cards they sometimes had to legal, return empty-handed. Then cholera broke out in the village where the shop was situated. In this crisis Sevagram held a village meeting and decided to set up a consumers' cooperative store; Capital was collected and the people contributed what they could, but the thesis portfolio assessment total was very small, and wharton essays, a loan had to be taken to purchase the thesis portfolio first stock. The shop was opened on the Charkha Jayanti day in 1945, and the executive committee took turns to manage it, two men working together for two months at a time. They kept the accounts (and returned the essays and applications draghi initial loan immediately), wrote out the cards, and procured and distributed the portfolio grain - all as voluntary, unpaid public service. Essays. At the end of the first six months the books showed a deficit of sixty rupees which the ten members of the executive committee paid from their own pockets.

From then on the shop began to show a profit, which according to the rules was used for village welfare; no interest was paid to the share-holders. The success of this first cooperative enterprise set the standard for other cooperative developments later. One of these was a cooperative Grain Bank, whose profits were pooled for the benefit of the farmers themselves. This had great psychological value because it made the villager feel rich and, independent instead of poor and helpless, and increased his self-reliance and self-respect. Food and water, housing and sanitation - all these primary needs of the people became in this way media for adult education. There remained the need of clothing, and very early in thesis assessment Shanta's work she began to help the people to put this also on to a more regular footing Spinning had already been introduced to the village through the work of the basic school; now, with the help of the Charkha Sangh, three looms were set up and village boys began work as apprentices.

In the first year 1750 square yards of cloth was made and sold; later the number of looms and weavers increased, and other village industries (oil-pressing and palm-gur) were also developed as centres of adult education. Education for life said Gandhiji to the new Adult Education Committee in September 1945, does not mean education for the duration of life, but education for the sake of life. Adult education is a matter of teaching the art of living. A ma3 who masters the art of persuasive, living has become a complete human being. Keep this vision before you, let this ideal of Nai Talim inspire your work.

A Little Child shall Lead Them Pre-Basic Education. Gandhiji delighted in little children; one of the visits he had paid when he was in London ;n 1931 was to a Montessori School for poor children in Islington. In India there was considerable interest in Madame Montessori's methods, but the Montessori schools which were started were mainly in the cities, and tended to insist that exactly the same equipment should be used as in European schools. They had become in effect exclusive schools catering to the rich. Nursery schools, which had originally started in U.K. to cater to the needs of the poor, also tended to be elitist, although a successful attempt was made in Madras, from 1935 onwards, to train nursery school teachers in Indian conditions and with Indian equipment. Thesis Assessment. Shanta Narulkar, herself a highly qualified teacher, was familiar with these experiments; she spent the major part of her own time concentrating on the education of the women and of the little children. Her pre-basic school took the creative ideas of the Memorandum of Fact / rewrite educational pioneers, Froebel, Montessori, Rachel Macmillan and the rest, and worked them out in the context of an Indian village. It was recognised from the beginning that wise parenthood was a central and, important part of that mastery of the art of living which was the goal of adult education for assessment, men and essays on economic draghi, women alike. All parents are educators whether they realise the fact or not.

It is they who should provide their children with all that they need for their all-round development; watch over thesis portfolio assessment, their daily needs; look after their health of body, and guide their intellectual and moral development. If the parents fail to understand their responsibility towards their children, the effort put into children's schools may be completely wasted; no teacher, however devoted, can take the cataloguing dissertations place of the parents in caring for the welfare of the child, particularly during the all-important years of early childhood. Most parents love their children and genuinely desire to thesis, do their best for them. This natural affection is absolutely essential; no outward conditions however good, can compensate a child for the lack of the knowledge that it is loved. Cataloguing. But by itself natural affection is not enough; many parents, both rich and poor, have very little understanding of what the child's real needs are, even its physical needs.

As for its emotional and intellectual needs, it is often not even realised that such needs exist; the thesis parents feel no responsibility for essays theory and applications, providing an all-round education which would do justice to the child's needs as a whole. The education of the parents, both father and mother, is therefore the thesis assessment first step towards the education of the child. The baby's first impressions and nation, experiences of the world into thesis, which it has been born are shaped by the attitudes of both parents. The baby depends on the mother for its first experiences of pleasure and pain; her health determines whether or not it is adequately fed; her knowledge or ignorance of mother-craft decides whether it is kept clean and in physical comfort. Both father and persuasive essay on huckleberry finn, mother are responsible for the environment of the assessment home where the legal case child grows up, and for its first social contacts. The little children of Segaon village knew nothing of personal hygiene and sanitation because no one had ever thought of teaching them. No one thought of teaching them good habits because the adults did not themselves know what good habits and good conduct are. Thesis Portfolio. They never asked themselves how the children would grow up; neither the individual parent nor the village community as a whole was ready to accept the responsibility of helping them to become good men and cataloguing dissertations, women, and good citizens. Yet all the adults in a village ought to be concerned for the present and future welfare of thesis, oil its children; it is a natural social responsibility which everyone should accept. This responsibility cannot be discharged if either the father or the draghi mother are ignorant of the elementary conditions of assessment, health and cleanliness. It is the responsibility of every father, as the principal support: of the family economically, to mba apply, see that the first priority is given to meeting· the primary needs of the household for clean water, nutritious food and clean surroundings.

Children who are clean and comfortable, who get regular food and sleep, are healthy and thesis portfolio assessment, contented. Essay. Teaching the how of these things is part of adult education. Another aspect of education for wise parenthood is to help parents to realise how much their own character, habits and behaviour influence their children. Almost all the young child's first impressions of life are received from his parents and other adults in the home. Thesis Portfolio Assessment. Constant petty disputes and quarrels destroy the child's sense of security and do a great deal of harm. A child who feels happy and secure is eager to explore and experiment with his surroundings. He needs freedom and activity; his natural healthy development can be hindered by case study, needless restraints, just as much as by unwise indulgence. Later, the circle of portfolio assessment, happy home relationships should: expand and include the family's dealings with its neighbours and, with the essay school. In such an atmosphere of friendliness the child's need for affection and security is thesis portfolio assessment satisfied, and the business of study, living and thesis portfolio assessment, learning becomes a happy experience.

The task of the pre-basic school is to persuasive essay, set standards of excellence in all these aspects of the life of little children, and to keep these standards before the eyes of the whole village. In the Segaon school parents and children found clean drinking water, and simple nutritious food to portfolio assessment, supplement an often inadequate home diet. Persuasive On Huckleberry Finn. The teacher would show the mothers and grannies who brought the thesis portfolio children to school how easily and cheaply they too might make improvements in the home diet. Children who came to school with vermin in their hair and clothes were made clean and comfortable: the teacher would then show the dissertations mothers how to get rid of the vermin, and thesis portfolio assessment, it did not take long for them to realise that they could de-louse their own hair and clothes also. Children who learned at school to use a simple latrine were soon refusing to wharton mba apply, squat indiscriminately on the roads, and demanding a latrine at home also. In school there were songs and games and stories; in portfolio assessment school there were toys made out of all kinds of scraps, oddments that could be picked up around the village at any time; many of tile toys could be taken to legal case study, pieces and. put together again by thesis portfolio, the children themselves, and a new essay, so help to thesis portfolio assessment, stimulate their intelligence and, improve their muscular control and manual skill. At school too there were opportunities for little children to get the and Law / rewrite extra sleep which many of them needed. All these things and thesis, many more became part of the Segaon pro-basic school and part of the life of the village.

In this atmosphere of friendly cooperation good ideas and, practices passed easily and wharton essays, naturally from one to the other. Child and adult education went on side by thesis portfolio assessment, side. This is as it should be. If for dissertations, any reason this mutual understanding and friendliness are absent the result for the children will be bad. It will mean that two opposing influences are contending for portfolio assessment, their loyalty, the home on the one hand and, the school on the other. The children will be forced to live in a state of emotional tension which may have a bad effect on their future development as members of society.

Good citizens are not created by a state of civil war. School and home must agree upon what they want for the upbringing of their children. In this regard the pioneer pre-basic school at Sevagram has never been surpassed. It became the model for hundreds of other balwadis (pre-basic schools) throughout India. Post-Basic Education; The Beginnings 1947-1950. Discussions about the nature and content of on huckleberry finn, Post-basic education were initiated during the 1945 conference with Gandhiji at the same time as those on the Adult and Pre-basic stages.

At that time the Basic schools themselves had not yet built up a complete seven or eight year course, but it was realised that some pre-planning for the next stage was desirable, and a sub- committee of the Hindustani Talimi Sangh was appointed for thesis, the purpose. Even in the 1945 conference the old question of the place of English in higher education raised its head once more. If students were to do advanced work beyond the matriculation level, it was asked, should they not begin to study English during the legal case study later part of their Basic course? Gandhiji had expressed his own convictions about this very strongly seven years earlier, during the controversies which followed the Wardha conference of 1937. He had declared then that it was gross superstition to thesis portfolio, think that no one could do first-rate scientific or other research work without English. English education had done the dissertations country a great wrong, he said; it had, made even his own valued colleagues strangers in their own homes.

We and our children must build on our own heritage, he wrote. We must be able to enjoy the treasures of every culture and portfolio assessment, language through our own vernaculars. only then can the world's riches of science and. Of Fact. literature become the common property of the thesis assessment people. On Huckleberry Finn. For a deep-seated evil such as this we need a heroic remedy - i.e. the demonstration in practice of a higher education achieved in the mother-tongue with no dependence upon English whatsoever. So far as the writer remembers her only thesis, contribution to the 1945 discussions was to urge, from her own small experience, that when a good foundation of general education has been laid in the mother-tongue those who really needed English (or any other language) at a later date could and did learn it with far greater speed and efficiency than under the present wasteful system. The effective use made of English books in the Sevagram library by legal case study, the post-basic students a few years later has already been described. It is clear from the thesis portfolio memorandum which the Talimi Sangh's sub-committee on post-basic education prepared during the following months that they were thinking of post-basic education as post-matriculate education at the University level. The memorandum lists possible faculties, including some which could, not be directly productive in themselves, such as medicine, teaching, or the fine arts. What, they asked, did Gandhiji think? The fine arts. Gandhiji replied, should be part and on huckleberry, parcel of everyone's Life in the way that had been agreed on in the 1941 conference; they should not be regarded as a. Thesis Assessment. separate profession. He insisted. Legal Case. that self-support should be the thesis portfolio assessment acid test.

In 1938, he said, he had agreed to the qualifying phrase as far as possible being use with regard to basic education. Wharton Mba Apply Essays. Now however, he had come to feel even more strongly about the importance of the principle. Self-support is the symbol of freedom, he said. It was not until 1947 that any post-basic school was actually begun. The first one to be organised was not in Sevagram but in Bihar. There the provincial government had recognized the basic schools as an educational experiment, and. had carried them on even when the elected Congress government resigned and the permanent administrative officials took charge. The teachers were government employees and thesis portfolio assessment, the work of the schools had not been disrupted by the Quit India movement of 1942.

By the end of 1946 therefore a full eight-year basic course had been completed in the twenty-seven basic schools of the Champaran District, and in January 1947 a post-basic school was opened in Kamarbagh. This developed a four-year course. Two years after it had begun, twelve more post-basic schools were organised, by the Bihar government, and, in 1949-50 others were opened in Gujarat and elsewhere. When the Memorandum of Fact and Law / rewrite seventh All- India Nai Talim conference was held in 1951 the first of these schools had four years experience; and the conference devoted a good deal of its time to the consideration of this programme. In Sevagram itself preliminary work began in March 1947 with nine boys, eight of whom had been in the Anandaniketan residential school, and in July they were joined by six more basic school boys and four new probationers. To begin with the group was organised as a separate community with its own kitchen; in this small unit the necessary daily chores were easily managed and the boys were able to devote the maximum amount of portfolio assessment, time to work and study. Essay. They had no land;, so they earned their living by weaving for the Charkha Sangh. During the first month they gave six hours a day to this work, and kept a record of their earnings.

This showed that they did not need to spend so long on the craft in order to support themselves. During the second month, therefore, they reduced the number of assessment, craft hours, and devoted the time thus saved to their academic studies. The studies were shaped largely by the boys' experience in six villages in the immediate neighbourhood. In October 1947, after the rains came to an end, there was a serious malaria problem. The post-basic boys cooperated with the Department of Public Health in its programme of malaria control, carrying out intensive spraying of DDT in the six villages. Wharton Mba Apply Essays. (DDT was then the portfolio latest fad in public health, and it was not until three years later that warnings of its dangers began to be heard.) At that time, looking at the boys' interest in health and scientific safai, plans were made to develop this as a major craft in cooperation with the Kasturba Hospital, which was by then expanding the work of the old Ashram dispensary. The boys, especially those whose homes were in Segaon, also cooperated closely in other aspects of the adult education which was being carried on in the village. They helped to run the cooperative grain bank and shared in the work of the night school for adults: sometimes they also helped in the village basic school when a teacher had to be absent on leave. They helped in the khadi programme, by making a house-to-house survey of the six villages with which they were specially in touch, to find out how many families had spinning wheels in good order and in active use. This year, 1947, was the year in which political freedom from British rule was finally achieved, at the price of the partition of the country and at an incalculable cost in human suffering.

Gandhiji was never able to return to persuasive on huckleberry finn, Sevagram to thesis, guide and inspire the work which he had started. The next two years of post-basic education were a time of quiet experiment, seeking the way forward. Staff were found of outstanding quality and youthful enthusiasm Radhakrishna, scientist and teacher; Banwarilal Choudhury, agriculturist; Dwarka Prasad Persai, expert in animal husbandry, and other young people to help them. Their wives and young families made their own special contribution to the community. The original intention that post-basic education should give a central place to the production and persuasive essay on huckleberry, processing of food, had not been forgotten. During that first year the Hindustani Talimi Sangh acquired farm land and began to organise self- sufficiency programmes in agriculture, dairy farming and oil- pressing. The experience of the following years resulted in the picture of a post-basic school which emerged from the assessment conference of 1951. It should be a school-village where students, teachers and their families lived together, and maintained themselves as a community by their own planned labour.

All the crafts needed for simple daily living should find a place in on economic it, and its sufficiency should not he dependent on a money economy. In such a village the welfare of each individual member would be an integral part of the welfare of the community as a whole; any profits which might be made from any part of the enterprise' any surplus in production, should go into a common emergency fund which could be drawn upon in a crisis such as a serious crop failure following untimely drought or flood. Self-support is the symbol of assessment, freedom. Meanwhile 1949 had brought a new challenge. Case. The Government of India had begun to build up two new townships to rehabilitate refugees from Pakistan, one at Faridabad. Thesis Assessment. a few miles south of Delhi, the other at Rajpura in the Union territory of Patiala. The Hindustani Talimi Sangh, at the government's request, undertook to make arrangements for the education of the children in these camps, and the fourteen senior post-basic boys, with their teacher Radhakrishna and his wife Kamla, and two teacher-trainees from Bihar who were studying in Sevagram, went to Memorandum, Rajpura at the beginning of October to start the work. Thesis Portfolio. There they had the support of draghi, Bibi Amtus Salam, who had made Rajpura the thesis base for case, her own constructive work. The people allocated, to the Rajpura township had come from thesis portfolio, Bahawalpur in Pakistan. This was a remote and backward area, and their standard of literacy was very low. Since their arrival in India about two years earlier nothing had been done about the children's education, but before ally work of this kind could begin it was necessary to win their confidence.

This was not easy, for the people were understandably suspicious about the dissertations swarms of social workers who descended upon them. and. at first they were unwilling to accept tile team of post-basic students who had been sent to help them. The students and their teachers therefore set to portfolio assessment, work to study and understand the situation. Housing was very unsatisfactory; the people were crowded together in a new nation essay big tents, and there was much frustration and quarrelling over petty irritations. The post-basic boys decided that the first thing was to try to improve the housing and make camp life more convenient for the whole community; meanwhile they themselves camped in assessment a big mango grove close by, in conditions of discomfort very similar to those the refugees had to and Law, endure; they took no steps to better their own conditions until they had done what they could for the township. Watching them, the portfolio people gradually became more friendly and cooperative, and soon it was possible to plan something for the children. The people from Bahawalpur were largely illiterate and there were very few teachers among them. The Sevagram team collected some raw young matriculates, collected the children together in the mango grove, and began to organise schools. There were nearly three thousand children of school-going age, and by January 1950 most of them had. / Rewrite. begun to attend school. Four schools were organised, two for girls and two for boys; one of them was able to cater for thesis, children up to the ninth grade.

Similar schools were set up at Faridabad, a larger township and essays on economic theory, one where more teachers were available, but with even larger numbers of thesis portfolio assessment, needy children. These schools could not be basic schools ill the full sense of the word, but from the beginning they included two aspects of community living, a daily period, of common prayer, and safai. Some of the older children were unwilling at first to join in Memorandum of Fact the safai programme, but the portfolio assessment younger ones enjoyed it, and essay finn, the post-basic boys themselves took the lead with vigour and thesis portfolio assessment, cheerfulness, so that attitudes soon began to a new, change. A medical examination of all the portfolio assessment children was arranged; about 1600 children under twelve years of persuasive finn, age were given regular milk as a gift from UNICEF, and their general health began to portfolio assessment, improve. As soon as equipment could be obtained the younger children began to learn spinning. There were plenty of difficulties. The children had endured the legal terrors and seen the violence which accompanied partition; since then they had spent two years running wild in the camp; they had imbibed the beggar mentality of greed and portfolio assessment, petty jealousy which the distribution of free emergency rations inevitably encouraged. They were the innocent victims of persuasive finn, tragic circum- stances. The post-basic boys taught them how to manage their own school affairs through a general assembly ( am sabha ) in which all took part. They got them singing together, folk-dancing. playing team games and thesis assessment, so gradually breaking down the narrow communal attitudes which were so common among their parents.

Side by side with the persuasive on huckleberry work in assessment the school went the training of teachers. For the first three months there was a regular daily class for mba apply essays, all the apprentice teachers, held outside school hours, where they learned takli spinning and something of the general principles of Nai Talim. Twenty five of portfolio, these teachers were then selected for an intensive six-months course in which the basic craft was spinning, with carpentry and sewing as subsidiary crafts. These trained teachers then took charge of schools up to the fifth grade which were organised as more fully basic schools. In the end four schools with 1600 children were continued at legal Rajpura, while the larger township of Faridabad had eight. Adult education was not forgotten. Portfolio Assessment. With the help of the Punjab branch of the All-India Spinners Association spinning was organised and of Fact and Law, weaving begun. The post-basic boys tried. to help the local people to manage this work on the same kind of cooperative basis as had been successful in Sevagram, where some of them had already had some experience.

The results were encouraging not merely for their economic value, but for their therapeutic value in thesis portfolio the mental rehabilitation of the people, and for the way in which the children's schools and the adult activities mutually reinforced one another. More progress might have been made in Rajpura but for case study, the uncertainty about the future; in February- March 1950 the assessment government came near to abandoning the whole project, and case, it was not possible to plan ahead until this major question had been settled. It was finally decided that the construction of the new township should go ahead, but by then the year of service promised by the post-basic school was coming to an end. The people who had treated the boys so coldly on their first arrival now wept to see them go. Nai Talim Bhavan : The Training of Teachers.

As we have seen, the training of the portfolio assessment teachers was of crucial importance to the development of Basic Education. The vision and enthusiasm of the training school at Wardha in the early years made possible the persuasive on huckleberry finn work of the children's schools. As the thesis assessment work of the school in Segaon village developed it was decided that the teachers' training should be moved to these rural surroundings, and on economic theory draghi, the new institution was inaugurated on 1st, August 1942. The emphasis at the opening ceremony was on the twin ideals of love and truth. Dr. Zakir Hussain told the assembled students that in thesis the book of education the first leaf is inscribed with the one word LOVE. The students themselves recited as their own ideal the great affirmation of the Upanishad : 'I will speak only the truth. Cataloguing. That truth will protect me; That truth will protect my teacher.’ Gandhiji took up this theme in his a May this prayer protect you, he said. in his address to the students. The time of testing came sooner than was expected.

Within a fortnight the government had arrested not only portfolio, Gandhiji's political fellow-workers but many of the constructive workers also, and the adult students of the new Nai Talim Bhavan were not exempt. The work was completely disrupted, and it was only after 1945 that it was gradually re-organised and stabilised. It is not surprising that in the years that followed, after political independence, there was much give and take between tie Nai Talim Bhavan and the Uttara Buniyadi Bhavan or post- basic school. Legal. One of the aims of the post-basic course in its early Gays was to prepare teachers for basic schools; tile year's work at Rajpura and Faridabad which we have described was one way of putting this into practice. The boys had eight or ten years of basic and post-basic education behind them; they could practise and teach their craft with confidence. Nevertheless they warmly welcomed the help of the two Nai Talim Bhavan students who joined them in Rajpura. These men were comparatively raw recruits, and portfolio assessment, they knew far less of the craft than the boys did, but they had a fresh enthusiasm and an adult maturity of outlook which were of the greatest value.

The same sort of thing happened in Sevagram itself. The new but mature and able Nai Talim Bhavan students learned a great deal by helping to finn, organise special programmes under the leadership of the Uttara Buniyadi, boys. There was for example an Akhand Khadi Yagna, an exhibition to prepare for the Jaipur session of the portfolio assessment Congress, a saranjam sammelan at Sevagram itself, and the Sarvodaya Sammelan which met soon after Gandhiji's death, in February- March 1948. Persuasive Essay Finn. In 1949 came the historic World Pacifist Meeting. This brought together men and women from thesis assessment, all over the world, who were committed to the abolition of warfare as an instrument of national policy, to mba apply essays, meet with those who had learned from Gandhiji to thesis portfolio assessment, regard peace as first of all a discipline of non-violent daily living. It was a creative interchange, and a valuable education for wharton, the students and teachers who were present, in one significant aspect of Nai Talim. At this period of the late forties and thesis portfolio, early fifties the Nai Talim Bhavan was a large and lively part of the Nai Talim community, alongside the wharton mba apply Anandaniketan school, the Uttara Buniyadi Bhavan, and the teachers of thesis, all departments with their growing families. After Independence it became the practice for legal study, the education departments of the various states of India to depute men and portfolio, women graduates for on economic theory and applications, training at Sevagram, so that or. their return home they might help to develop teacher education or Nai Talim principles in the languages of their own state. Portfolio Assessment. Most of these deputies were young teachers of four or five years experience in conventional education, who were considered to show special promise. Others were more senior, with perhaps ten or fifteen years of work to look forward to before reaching retirement age.

The very fact that they came together from every corner of India, that Nagas and Mizos from the north-east frontiers rubbed shoulders with brahmins from Tamil Nadu or Gujarat, and and applications, that Sikhs from Punjab came to know Muslims from Hyderabad, was in assessment itself an educational situation of very great potential value; for many the opportunity for cooperation between men and women students in work, study and recreation, was equally so. It was at this point, in the late forties, that the writer was able to join the Sevagram staff and so reduce to some extent the heavy burden of teaching and mba apply, organisation carried by others. Year by year we tried to improve the practical effectiveness of the training course. It became possible to extend it to a full agricultural year, a very desirable thing in a community where agriculture was a major craft. We required students to be present to sow their own cotton when the first rains came in thesis portfolio assessment June, and to harvest the last of their winter crops before they completed their course in April. They had enough time also not only to spin but to gain some knowledge of essay, simple weaving; this was made possible by assessment, the planning and building of the Memorandum of Fact and Law / rewrite Kabir Bhavan, the portfolio weaving hall which served the a new nation whole Nai Talim community. It was of thesis assessment, great importance that teachers should be able to see the craft of Memorandum of Fact and Law / rewrite, cloth-making as one whole, as Gandhiji had pictured it from the first. Much the greater part of the actual work had been concerned so far only with little children, and there had grown up a tendency to thesis portfolio, think of spinning as a complete craft in itself. Memorandum Of Fact. During the very first week we therefore suggested to the new trainees that in the course of their training they should plan to produce enough cloth to thesis assessment, give each one of a new, them one set of thesis assessment, clothes. (It was amusing to case study, see how quickly they began to reckon up how little would suffice) The amount of thesis portfolio assessment, calculation, and of general knowledge, required to determine how many square yards of cloth and how much yarn of various counts would be needed for shirts, pants, saries etc., how much cotton must be grown, and how large a field would be required to wharton, produce it - all this provided a vivid demonstration, at the very outset, of the way that general knowledge of all kinds is linked up with the practice of a craft, and of the use of various means - observation, inquiry, reference books - in thesis assessment order to obtain that knowledge. The writer, who was as new to weaving as were her students, seized the chance of essay, sharing this activity with them, and began by designing and weaving a kurta for herself from her own yarn. She designed a simple check pattern of lines and squares, in three colours, dyed the yarn for it, and then made an interesting discovery.

She had already criticised the common practice of expecting child beginners to weave plain white cloth, arguing that the assessment use of colour would be more stimulating and on economic and applications draghi, interesting for them. Now she found, to her delight that it was also much easier; the thread-counting needed when preparing the warp for the loom was made simpler when threads of different colours were used. Thesis Assessment. It was not long before some of the a new students were following her example, making little hand-towels enlivened by coloured stripes, on the simple Assamese looms available for beginners. Later Parsaiji's wife Krishna Behn followed this up, helping students of all departments to develop the use of pattern and colour in many useful objects. Two pictures of this work stand out vividly in memory. One is of the middle-aged teacher-student who came running, his face alight with boyish pleasure, to display the thesis portfolio assessment little towel which he had just completed. Memorandum / Rewrite. For the first time in his whole life he had experienced the joy of making something, something real and useful, with his own hands. Thesis. The other picture is of a younger man, who as the course drew to an end spent every spare moment at his loom in Kabir Bhavan. so that in dissertations addition to his contribution to the community's clothing he might take home to his wife a sari that he himself had spun and thesis assessment, woven for study, her. Thesis. A golden sari it was, with a deep red border. We were also able, with the cooperation of the District Board, to develop regular practice teaching in twenty village schools within a radius of seven or eight miles around Sevagram.

Most of these schools taught only on economic and applications draghi, up to the fourth grade, and the only craft they had practised was spinning. Students went off to assessment, them, two by wharton essays, two, on bicycles, carrying with them the assessment few bamboo rods etc. Case. needed to set up an Assamese loom, and demonstrated its use to the children with the children's own yam. There was much excitement; soon the portfolio older children were taking turns to weaver, one inch at persuasive on huckleberry a time each, while the others began spinning with increased care and assessment, purposefulness, seeing before their eyes the use to which their yarn might be put. When Ganesh Chaturthi came round we were led eagerly to the village shrine, to see three little towels, the children's work, lying in essays the place of portfolio, honour before the image. if they can make those, said pleased parents, they can make their own clothes! In these schools it was also possible to replace the old-type annual promotion examination which determined whether children from the fourth grade were allowed to go on to a middle school, by an evaluation of a different type. All the a new nation essay fourth-grade children from four or five villages within easy distance of one another were assembled for a week's camp in the school in the central village, and lived together as a little community. They brought with them from home their basic rations, interested people in the village supplied them with vegetables and thesis portfolio assessment, milk, they organised their own cooking, cleaning and sanitation etc., kept their records and, accounts, wrote their diaries, and were tested for their skills in craft.

Each school in the group also produced a public entertainment on one night of the week, and these were attended by parents and others from every village involved. Wharton. There were songs, dances, games, jokes, and thesis portfolio assessment, little skits about village life; the only rule was that every child in the class must: do some thing, they could not leave it to one or two star performers. The camps proved a most effective form of evaluation as well as an enjoyable one; soon the children of grade three were demanding that they too should have exams! Friendly relationships with these villages developed further through the regular health work which. was organised through the schools for the village as a whole. Wharton. The importance of portfolio assessment, education in the principles and practice of good health had been recognized from the beginning.

In 1939 the well-known Ayurvedic physician Dr. A. Lakshmipathi had spent some time at mba apply Sevagram, where he encouraged and guided the students to portfolio, begin a herb garden with local medicinal herbs. Then when the political situation became uncertain Gandhiji advised him to return home to his own state. He kept in on economic touch however, and many years later in 1954 he paid a second visit, only to be prevented by circumstances from staying on. In 1959 he came again and talked with Vinobaji about the possibility of setting apart about five acres of land at Sevagram where a herb garden might be established and students trained. By that time the Talimi Sangh was thinking in terms of a rural university, and he proposed that it should conduct diploma courses in village health based on the simple village Vaidya Manual which he had prepared at Gandhiji's request. But the plan was never carried out.

Meanwhile, in 1955, Dr. Elton Kessel, who had met Asha Devi when she visited Chicaeo. Assessment. loined the Talimi Sangh staff travelling overland in an old station wagon. Humble-minded, unassuming and simple in Memorandum and Law / rewrite his habits, lie soon endeared himself to the villagers, and began to assessment, work, in legal case cooperation with the village school teachers, the Uttara Buniyadi students and the Nai Talim Bhavan, for the three things he regarded as basic to village health : safe drinking water, simple fly-proof latrines, and better nutrition. Thus befriended and supported, the village teachers responded, and many of the schools became real centres of community service for their villages. Dr. Kessel's book Village Health was based on this experience: it is written as a guide to teachers, and seems to the writer, turning over its pages once more, to have much in thesis it which is as useful now as when it was first published thirty years ago. Every year when a new group of teachers arrived in essays on economic theory and applications draghi Sevagram we would invite Vinobaji to thesis assessment, come over from Paunar, four miles away, for a kind of cataloguing, inaugural function. There was always some- thing stimulating and challenging in what he had to say, You have spent your lives talking and being talked to, he would tell them. Now give your tongues and ears a rest. Thesis Portfolio. Use your hands and eyes and minds to do and make something, in cataloguing the field or the workshop, not the lecture hall.

We did have some class periods, nevertheless, but the great majority of them were spent in analysing and trying to solve problems arising from craft work or community living, and text-books were non-existent. On another occasion Vinobaji challenged the regimentation that so easily creeps into educational planning, even in Nai Talim. You can't teach in exactly the same way in Sevagram as in Paunar, he declared. And why not? Because Paunar has a river and Sevagram does not. Many of the teacher trainees did excellent work, and became valued members of the thesis portfolio community, sensitive and reliable. But when they first arrived they were by persuasive finn, no means ready to accept the validity of Gandhiji’s basic ideas, and some never fully accepted them, although they loyally cooperated in the life of the community during their training. Others however did come to respect and value not only the new educational techniques but the fundamental principles on which they were based.

The real problems began after they had retuned to thesis portfolio, their own states. It was one thing for a Department of nation, Education to portfolio assessment, depute a few men and women for a year's training; it was another matter to modify established custom in order to employ their new skills effectively when they retuned. Cataloguing. There was a great deal of thesis assessment, human wastage; young men and women, eager to practise what they had learned, were sent back to conventional High School jobs and expected to M in to the old pattern. Those who were assigned to training schools often found themselves in junior posts under seniors who were firmly attached to dissertations, the old ways, and were not prepared to make any changes. Some of the senior men were luckier; because of their seniority they were put in charge of training schools, and were able to thesis, put their ideas into practice; they showed how much could be done and how much more might have been done if administrative lethargy had not been allowed to stand in the way. The situation illustrated Vinobaji's contention that when we got rid of the old flag in 194'1 we ought to cataloguing, have got rid of the old education too, closed down the whole system and started again with a fresh slate. As it was, the double-mindedness of education departments hampered progress in thesis assessment countless ways. Fortunately the Nai Talim Bhavan had other students, coming as individuals or sent for training from the new townships at Faridabad and Rajpura, or from a new essay, other Gandhian institutions.

Many of these have gone on to subsequent careers of increasingly wise and dynamic service - itself a sufficient reward for those who had the privilege of thesis portfolio, starting them on their way. Post-Basic Experiences : 1951-59. By 1951 the post-basic school had settled down to work a three-year course in cataloguing dissertations two major crafts of village life, agriculture and animal husbandry, along with various seasonal and other subsidiaries, such as oil-pressing, palm-gur and thesis portfolio assessment, bee-keeping. They had been allotted 43.5 acres of land; some of their fields could be regularly irrigated, while others were dry, dependent on rainfall. The aim was that the post-basic community of 85 to persuasive essay, 90 people, including the staff and their families, should be able to supply itself with food, and with cotton for clothing, by working its own land. Pasture land for cattle was available in addition to assessment, this. and a cooperative dairy including producers and consumers was organised by the post-basic students on behalf of the whole Nai Talim community. They also had their own animals, the care of which formed the basic of education during one complete year of the course. The post-basic community now included boys from outside the region, who had completed their basic school course in Orissa; it also included fourteen girls. Finn. Boys and girls lived in separate hostels, and it was understood, that any special teaching needed by either sex should be given in their hostels, while all the post- basic courses as such should be open to both boys and girls on an equal footing.

Some of the girl students proved themselves to be exceptionally reliable and good in dealing with the cattle. Their records are impressive; they show careful observation and independent thinking. There was keen interest in Parsaiji's efforts to improve the assessment milk yield of the persuasive local dual-purpose cattle by careful attention to cleanliness and portfolio, nutrition. One girl made a special study of four or five individual cows, and recorded with a sense of happy achievement how one of them, during the year, had increased her milk yield from 18 to a record 26 lbs. (12-13 litres) a day. Study. Another girl, an adivasi from Gujarat, described how heavily she had; felt her responsibilities weigh upon her when she first began. You start thinking and then you learn, she wrote. Assessment. And how much you can learn from anything including the calves. Essays On Economic And Applications. They are like babies, they respond so well to your care and thesis portfolio, affection. She went on to give a lot of Memorandum and Law / rewrite, good practical information about what to do, and not to do, for feeding and portfolio assessment, bathing and sanitation, and finally came back to the parallel with babies Let them go out case study, and; enjoy themselves, she wrote, let them have a garden in their balwadi ! During their year in the go-shala post-basic students undertook excursions to assessment, see other work on animal husbandry, such as the Government cattle and poultry units at Nagpur. Their own practical experience made them intelligent judges of what they saw.

They inquired into on economic and applications draghi, breeds and yields and the keeping of records; they raised questions about the policy of hand-feeding the calves rather than letting them suckle naturally. They were critical above all that while much had been spent on buildings, the standards of cleanliness left much to be desired. There were far too many flies and mosquitoes! Other things also were learned from these excursions, how to save money by walking to assessment, the railway station (this meant Wardha; the Sevagram station had not been opened then); they travelled by the cheap slow trains; they carried and cooked their own food. They also learned, as their seniors had learned in a new nation essay Rajpura and Faridabad, that the disciplined routine of their community life could be practised anywhere. And they marvelled at thesis and enjoyed, the essays on economic theory and applications draghi Nagpur electric lights. In those days there was no electricity in thesis Sevagram, and one of the items highest on the agenda of essay, any newcomer was to learn the art and science of managing a hurricane lantern so as to thesis, obtain an efficient light. Meanwhile the agricultural students were busy with their own experiments, learning effectively by their own mistakes. One year there was a serious groin shortage, and more cotton than the community needed, and this had to be corrected. Cotton could be sold; easily in persuasive on huckleberry the local market, and the boys' cotton fetched top prices because it was carefully and cleanly picked, But that led to dependence on a money economy rather than on self-sufficiency in kind. There was much to be learned about the thesis assessment skilful use of land resources.

An investigation was carried out into the value of the compost latrines which Shantabehn and Pawarji, the Head master of the legal study Segaon school, had introduced in 1945-47. The compost from the earliest ones, according to the Government bio-chemist who had analysed it, was not at thesis all inferior to village cattle manure, but was rather low in nitrogen content, because too much earth and too little organic material had been used for covering. The post-basic boys tried to correct this in the use of their own latrines, and then carried out some controlled experiments with crops treated by different methods. They used urine mixed with water as a liquid manure, urine earth, and the matured compost from their latrines. Vegetable crops doubled their yield as compared with those grown in un-manured soil, and were at least 50% higher yielding than those grown with cattle manure, while cotton did even better.

Quality also improved; coriander stalks did not harden so quickly, young pumpkins did not fall there was a dramatic improvement both in cataloguing quantity and in quality in the orange harvest. In 1953 the results of all these experiments were incorporated in a useful booklet which gave detailed instructions, based on several years of experience, for the building and maintenance of such latrines. The post-basic school, like the basic school, treated experience of the thesis portfolio arts as an important part of education. Seasonal. national and religious festivals in which the finn whole Sevagram community shared provided many opportunities for portfolio assessment, celebration; music and colour were combined with lovely form and cataloguing, lovely words in a way which all could appreciate. Thesis Portfolio Assessment. Many of the foreign delegates to the World Pacifist Meeting in December 1949 said that the story of Christmas had never been so real to them as when it was enacted in dissertations the post-basic cattle-shed among the living cattle, with the youngest baby and portfolio, his village parents in the central roles, and tile soft light of the of Fact and Law lanterns over portfolio, them all. Other festivals, such as Ayudha Puja, or Diwali, or the Prophet's birthday, were observed with the Memorandum of Fact and Law / rewrite same kind of simple beauty.

No money was expended on them, but much loving thought and. ingenuity went into using the colours and forms of nature, and all her free seasonal gifts, to create the gay decorations appropriate to thesis assessment, each occasion. Essays And Applications Draghi. The leaders in these enterprises were Asha Devi, with her great knowledge and love of the rich Indian cultural tradition and Devi Prasad, an artist with a deep commitment to non-violence, who ten years earlier had been a student at Santiniketan and was inspired equally by Tagore and by portfolio, Gandhiji. These celebrations were an eye-opener to the teacher-trainees in the Nai Talim Bhavan, many of whom had known only the commercialised entertainment of cities. But they were quick to pick up the idea. In 1952 they organised a special celebration of their own. They had spent a couple of months over on economic theory draghi, a special work-education project, building a simple two-roomed house in local village style for their Principal. When it was completed there was a triumphant procession which carried all her possessions, item by thesis assessment, item into legal case, their new home; there followed music and readings and the traditional Indian house-warming ceremonies. Every year there were other celebrations of the music and the art, the culture and the cookery, of the many varied regions from which the students came. In 1951 tile Uttara Buniyadi Bhavan took the portfolio lead in a. major special production, a kind of case, dance-drama of the pageant of thesis portfolio assessment, Indian history called Bharat-ki-Katha. This undertaking involved almost the whole community, young and old together, each contributing according to his or her capacity. The planning and execution of the pageant was itself a great educational experience.

It was performed for the first time at the 1Vai Talim conference in April 1951 : it was evaluated, modified, and repeated when the Prime Minister visited Sevagram a few months later; it was repeated again after another assessment, at the Nai Talim conference of 1952. Such things were much appreciated, and inspired a good many people with new ideas of what other institutions might do. Cataloguing. But their most lasting value was in the whole experience of the discipline (in the best sense of the word) which such projects entail for all who participate. Perhaps even more significant educationally were the points where something went wrong, and tile community had to learn what unlimited mutual responsibility for one another's short- comings may mean in practice. There was, for example. the day when the accounts of the Uttara buniyadi Bhavan store were found to be twenty four rupees short at thesis portfolio assessment the end of the month's working.

The boy who had been in charge was unable to cataloguing, explain the discrepancy to the community, and it was decided that he must work overtime at some productive job until he had earned enough to make up the loss. The next month's accounts were right to the last pie! On another occasion a boy had been guilty of serious neglect of thesis, his duties in the go-shala, a matter which involved not merely money but the case well-being of living animals. The decision was to thesis portfolio, banish Idm from the go-shala and send him to work elsewhere, away from his own class-mates and friends. At the next am-sabha (general assembly) he publicly admitted his fault and asked pardon of the community, after which he was allowed back into the class team. These lapses-thefts, quarrels, failures in propriety of behaviour-were all brought into the open at the regular meetings of the community. Although the defaulter was often annoyed at this public discussion of legal case study, his conduct the over-all effect was good. It helped everyone to understand the issues, and fostered a healthy public opinion and a vigorous sense of right and wrong. The obligations of the individual to the community, and the duties of the community to the individual, can in fact only be learned in the creative tension, the thesis portfolio assessment give and take of practical citizenship, practical and theory and applications draghi, purposeful community of self-government.

One’s own experiences in the rough and tumble of school democracy, one's own growing personal appreciation of the meaning of law and portfolio assessment, discipline, illuminate and are illuminated by the study of human society, history and psychology, to which they lead. There is another field of creative tension which the Uttar Buniyadi Bhavan also experienced during these years. Human beings use the world around them, exploit the resources of cataloguing, their environment, to provide the material necessities and amenities of life. And this is what the Uttar Buniyadi Bhavan, as a community, was mainly engaged in thesis portfolio doing. But there is nation essay another way of approaching the world. Assessment. One may contemplate it for its own sake, in a spirit of disinterested curiosity, wonder and delight. Both these approaches are a part of the rhythm of human experience; they do not contradict, but complement one another. Work and enjoyment, labour and leisure, practical farming and nation, creative art, both sides are needed to know the portfolio assessment world in its wholeness. Nevertheless, in the rough and tumble of the post-basic community o learning, it was not always easy to agree upon how far a boy, or girl, with marked artistic ability, should be allowed or allow himself, to reduce the time spent on common work to supply common basic needs, in order to practise and perfect the disciplines of cataloguing, his own chosen creative medium. Our schools can and should help their pupils to understand the roots of the tension, and the validity of both points of view.

Then, every individual case can be approached as it arises, with compassion and a sense of responsibility, and some working compromise achieved. (In a non-violent society, 'compromise' is thesis assessment not a 'dirty word'!) In the fifties the Uttar buniyadi Bhavan at Sevagram struggled with this tension in the person of one of its Oriya students, Kalindi Jena. Since then, Kalindi has won wide recognition as a ceramic artist, both in academic circles and beyond, in spite of his lack of any formal 'certificate;' he is 'certified' by the beauty and wharton essays, integrity of the work of portfolio assessment, his hands. Wilfred Wellock of England put the point well in his comment on his experience of the World Pacifist Meeting : Education must be training in the art of living, and give its due place to every aspect of dissertations, that art. Yet work remains the portfolio assessment basic activity; it satisfies material needs because it makes a person a creator, and it exercises spiritual, mental and physical powers which are renewed by cataloguing, rest, meditation and enjoyment in all its forms. The Next Step? 1955-59. In January 1956 the first special Post-basic Conference was held at Sevagram.

Both the Uttar buniyadi Bhavan itself, and the Anandaniketan Basic school, were working smoothly and with confidence, and it is perhaps a good sign that they had comparatively little to report. Thesis Assessment. They were busy demonstrating the truth of Bhartrihari's saying that intellect follows action, and finding education in joy-giving activity among the case study varied riches of the natural world. One of the pioneers of thesis portfolio, Nai Talim, Kakasaheb Kalelkar, had reminded the workers in 1954 that Truth, as it grows towards perfection, becomes less vocal, less noisy. but more full of life.'' There were many factors, both positive and negative, which were operating in those years to focus attention not so much on the techniques, the how of case, Nai Talim, but on its wider social applications, on the silent social revolution of which Gandhiji had seen it as the spear-head. A major factor in this change of emphasis was the Bhoodan (land gift) movement which had been initiated by Vinoba Bhave in 1951, and which five years later was at the height of its vigour and thesis portfolio assessment, influence. Nai Talim workers had always responded to national needs; they had stepped outside the conventional limits of their educational work both during the Quit India movement of 1942, and essays theory and applications, again to meet the challenge of rehabilitation in the refugee camps of 1949. They now responded in the same way to Vinobaji.

Aryanayakamji expressed the thesis assessment feelings of many when he said to legal study, a Gujarat Nai Talim conference in 1954 that the time had come to link together the human resources developed through Nai Talim, and the land resources liberated through bhoodan, so that there may be a reverent use of land and water for the good of all. From 1952 onwards a lot of thesis portfolio, thought had been given by wharton, the Talimi Sangh to what they called Uttam Buniyadi Talim, mature and original study and research into the needs and problems of rural India such as might be developed in a rural university. In 1955 this university work had formally begun at Sevagram, with a few young men who had graduated; from the post-basic stage. But their first decision was that they would respond as a group to Vinobaji's appeal for help in developing and assessment, strengthening the Bhoodan movement; they were especially eager to help to build up the villages which had declared themselves ready for gram-dan, i.e. for learning the on huckleberry finn art of portfolio, living together as a cooperative village community, using the village land as a whole for the good of ah its inhabitants. In January 1957 the Talimi Sangh itself endorsed this emphasis. The Bhoodan work of Shri Vinoba, it declared, has now taken the legal study form of Gramdan, and the time has come when through this programme the non- violent social revolution may be brought to pass. A non-violent revolution can come about through education. The resolution goes on to say that having completed its task of placing before the country a pattern of thesis assessment, pre-basic, basic and post-basic education, it is the persuasive essay duty of the Sangh to enter with all humility into thesis portfolio, the work of non-violent revolution.

Another aspect of this growing consciousness that education must not remain isolated from the totality of social concern expressed itself in the discussions that led to the merger of all the various associations and institutions of essay, Gandhian constructive work into portfolio assessment, the Sarva Seva Sangh. From 1959 onwards the Hindustani Talimi Sangh was no longer a separate, autonomous body, but became part of this larger whole, as did the former All India Spinners Association and other similar bodies. Some workers however were inclined to doubt whether this formal merger was the best: way to express the essay sense of common purpose, whether the assessment cutting edge of a distinctive, specific task would not be lost. The need for shouldering specific responsibilities has been recognized by essay, the establishment of special committees of the Sarva Seva Sangh to deal with special interests, Nai Talim among them. During these years (1955-59) also it became increasingly clear that while Nai Talim was being developed in quality in the few centres, such as Sevagram, where it was being practised with faith and enthusiasm, it was not expanding into new areas in the way that might have been expected. Dr. K.L. Srimali, then Education Minister of the Government of India, pointed out at the Post-basic conference of 1956 that while one of the fundamental principles of Nai Talim is that all children should be treated with equal respect and given equal opportunity for thesis, their growth, the recognition of basic education by government had in fact resulted in accentuating class structures. Case. There had grown up three types of schools, basic schools for portfolio assessment, the poor, high schools for the middle classes, public schools for the privileged. We don't want uniformity, he said, but this division is fatal.

How right he was! Basic schools were recognized by government only up to of Fact, the fifth. grade and, in practice were often treated as inferior. No wonder that village parents avoided them if they possibly could, and. sent their children to schools of the old type to give them better chances of advancement. Throughout village India and portfolio assessment, especially among tribal peoples there sprang up a feeling of resentment, a suspicion that basic schools were a deliberate attempt by a new, the authorities to keep them in their place and deny equal opportunity. The failure to recognize even post-basic education as a qualification for college entrance meant that even parents who realised the value of Nai Talim feared, with good, reason, that if they sent their children to basic schools they would deprive them of the thesis assessment chance of higher education.

The conclusion was drawn very clearly by Shri Aryanayakarn in his presidential Address to the Nai Talim conference held at Rajpura, Punjab, in 1959: A state which does not accept the principles of social and economic equality for nation essay, its people, and equality of thesis portfolio assessment, educational opportunity for wharton mba apply, its children, cannot carry out a programme of portfolio, Nai Talim And, he went on, the failure was not only in the state, but also in legal case the people themselves The principle of education through productive work cannot be practised with success because as a nation we think that education loses caste if it comes into thesis, contact with productive manual labour. This attitude to work permeates all levels of society - the craftsman and the labourer long that their children should find a place among the educated classes who do not work with their hands. Legal Study. In his message to the previous conference in 1957 Jawaharlal Nehru had pinpointed a third fundamental difficulty, namely free India's failure to outlaw violence in the management of its internal affairs and external relationships. We talk of peace and non-violence, he said, but we indulge constantly in something the very opposite of it Vinobaji took up the point in his address to thesis portfolio assessment, the same conference :Education and defence are generally thought of as two different things. But in non-violence education and defence are one and the same; non-violence is not complete if they are thought of separately. At the legal case study Turki conference in assessment 1957 it was made clear, moreover, that the responsibility for the impasse could not all be laid at the door of the government or the general public.

Shri Aryanayakam reminded those present of the short-comings of the wharton mba apply essays workers themselves. We must own that after twenty years we are still very deficient. Portfolio Assessment. Would all the teachers who are working for Nai Talim today have the faith to go on alone, without government grant or the full backing of the community? Are they trying to follow Nai Talim principles in cataloguing dissertations their personal, family and thesis assessment, social life? If we apply such tests we should find very few whose lives are vehicles of Nai Talim.

In addition, we have failed to make the essays theory draghi teachers master-craftsmen : we have taken matriculates and thesis, graduates from the existing system, and it was not reasonable to essays on economic and applications, expect from them something as revolutionary as this. It is interesting to thesis, see how this Turki conference took up, after a gap of 16 years, issues that had been before the conference at Jamia in 1941. Gandhiji's message to wharton mba apply essays, Jamia Nagar, that the experiment should be tried out unalloyed and without outside interference, was echoed in Aryanayakamji's call at Turki for a programme that was pure and unadulterated, limited to the number of genuine teachers available. When he said at Turki that we should seek for our teachers among the peasants and craftsmen of our countryside and city streets, he was repeating a suggestion made at Jamianagar and ignored ever since. These men, he said, are the heirs of thesis portfolio, fine traditions; their humility, honesty, skill and joy in achievement are great qualities. Where these are united with an on economic theory and applications, alert mind and a quick sympathy, we have the makings of assessment, a teacher of the calibre we need.

The time has come for a fresh vision and a fresh start. Another theme which echoes the Memorandum concerns of assessment, 1941 is that of the control of the state over education. In the intervening years the old white-skin rule in Delhi had been replaced by a brown-skin rule, but the general framework of bureaucracy remained unchanged. In 1941 the obligation of the on economic draghi state to provide education had been, by and large, accepted. In 1957, following Vinoba's lead, it was strongly challenged. Should not education be independent of Government authority? Should it not be a natural function of a responsible local society? The question had been asked, more than fifty years earlier, by Rabindranath Tagore as he shared his dream of an India that there was little chance that society would be ready to resume its natural obligations for the welfare of its children except in portfolio the context of the wharton mba apply essays non-violent social revolution to portfolio, which Gandhiji had devoted his life.

The years 1959-61 mark a tuning-point in the history of Sevagram, but not, at least outwardly, any turning towards the fresh vision and fresh start'' for which Aryanayakamji had called. Partly because of the wider perspectives set before them by Vinoba, partly for more personal reasons, a number of those who had shared the and applications developments of the thesis last twelve years moved on to other areas of essays theory draghi, constructive work. Radhakrishna went to the Gandhi Peace Foundation, Parsaiji to contribute his knowledge and assessment, experience of nation, cattle breeding in a wider field, Banwarilal Choudhury to live and work in his own native village and district. Shri M.A. Sathianathan, who had done much to build up the post-basic laboratory and. set its scientific standards, also moved on to other fields. Devi Prasad accepted the assessment invitation of the War Resister International to work for non-violence in the international field. The writer herself spent the study next few years experimenting with the training of thesis portfolio, workers on a smaller, more intensive scale in the Nilgiri Hills and of Fact / rewrite, later at Jayaprakash Narayan's suggestion, in the Peace Centre in Nagaland, where she renewed her friendship with a number of Nagas who had formerly been her students in Nai Talim Bhavan. The Nai Talim Bhavan was carried on for a number of thesis portfolio, years under the mba apply essays faithful and expert guidance of Shri K.S. Acharlu; in thesis portfolio assessment a sense it gradually worked itself out of a job as men and women who had been trained and inspired there assumed the full responsibility for essays, teacher training in one state after another. No new craftsmen-teachers such as had been envisaged at the Turki conference were found to take their place. Shankar Prahlad Pande also continued to devote his wisdom and experience to the Anandaniketan school, but both that and the Uttara- bunivadi Bhavan were slowly undermined by forces beyond their control.

Sevagram (Segaon) village was not exempt-how could it be? - from the pervasive failure of portfolio, confidence in Basic Education which was described earlier in this chapter. In 1960-61, while Aryanayakam and Asha Devi were absent on a fairly extended visit to Europe, a High School of the conventional pattern was opened in the village, and drew the children away from the Nai Talim schools, while with the development of local post-basic schools in a number of states the Uttara buniyadi Bhavan was no longer needed for other than local students. The Aryanayakams' foreign tour was the result of the case study convergence of a number of threads of interest-One was the thesis portfolio series of stimulating and happy contacts which Sevagram had developed with seekers from outside India in the fields of education and non-violence. The first of essays and applications draghi, these was Dr. Arthur Morgan, who visited in 1949 as a member of the Universities Commission, and developed as a result his picture of thesis, Rural Universities. He had been followed by the members of the Memorandum of Fact and Law World Pacifist Meeting, a number of whom, including Wilfred Wellock, found the experiments in Nai Talim of special interest.

Shortly afterwards, the involvement of Service Civil International (SCI) in the rehabilitation work at Faridabad and Rajpura opened the way for some of its workers to spend shorter or longer periods at Sevagram during the portfolio early fifties, and to cataloguing dissertations, participate in thesis portfolio its work. A notable contribution had been made by Max Parker, especially in the applied science of the of Fact and Law / rewrite workshop. It was agreed that any University level work should be primarily concerned with serious research into real village technology, such as the possibility of thesis assessment, a bullock-operated irrigation pump as a substitute for the Persian wheel. The need for research, and for a mutual bond of give and take between practical work and legal case study, scientific investigation, was one of the major concerns which Aryanayakamji had placed before the portfolio Turki conference. That was nearly thirty years ago. Why was it that during the next ten years the Sevagram story seemed to some of persuasive essay, its best friends to have come to an end? Why did they feel that after about thesis portfolio assessment 1961 a period of stagnation had begun, rather than a new and exciting phase of non-violent revolution? While the Kothari Commission in legal study 1966 paid tribute to thesis, the creative ideas embodied in Nai Talim. and, spoke strongly of the need for its ethical and spiritual ideals to be incorporated in the education of the nation, nothing significant actually happened. Travesties of the work-experience recommended by the report soon became as common as, at an earlier period, the Memorandum of Fact and Law travesties of basic craft-education had been. In 1967 Aryanayakamji died, unexpectedly but peacefully during a happy relaxed holiday spent in his own boyhood home in Sri Lanka.

Asha Devi did not long survive him. One of her last efforts was to thesis, make an appeal for a memorial to his thirty years of devoted service, in a new nation essay the shape of thesis portfolio, a five-fold programme of non-violent education and research, using the land, buildings and case, equipment of the educational base at Sevagram. She proposed, first a Nai Talim Vidyalaya, a residential school with an integrated, complete eleven-year course from the seventh to the eighteenth year, based on community self-sufficiency in food, clothing, health and sanitation, cultural and recreational opportunity, and the management of its affairs by the full democratic participation of all its members. Secondly, there should be a department of agriculture and animal husbandry, combining practical work and scientific research, thirdly a similar department of rural technology for village-based industries and engineering, and fourthly a safai vidyalaya conducted in the same spirit, and following up the work begun by Dr. Elton Kessel in the fifties. Lastly there should also be an thesis assessment, international centre where short- term and cataloguing, other visitors might have facilities for studying Gandhiji's principles and their development in thesis portfolio assessment practice. The appeal fell on deaf ears; nothing was done. Since 1969 the face of Sevagram has been slowly changed, partly by the building up of the Medical College to which Dr.

Sushila Nayyar devoted so much of mba apply essays, her energy, and partly by the expansion of portfolio assessment, Wardha town and the building of the Wardha industrial estate along the Sevagram road. Dissertations. The Medical College was modelled on city lines; its hostels are of the conventional type; they have not been built, as some of us dreamed they might have been, as a model Marathi village, using the best of village traditions and village materials, and demonstrating the possibility and beauty of a cleanly simplicity. It seems that the time may not be far distant when the thesis once remote and inaccessible Segaon village may be little more than an out-lying, largely middle-class suburb of Wardha. Memorandum Of Fact. In 1974 the thesis portfolio Anandaniketan school was closed; the Kasturba Health Society now runs a school, in English and dissertations, Hindi, which follows the assessment conventional pattern. In that same year 1974, at a Basic Education conference in Tamil Nadu, a sympathetic outsider, Dr. Malcolm Adiseshiah, suggested that for any successful work-based education there were two pre-conditions. His pre-conditions were the same as those that had been pin- pointed by Vinoba : that there should be real democracy, real mass participation in decision-making, and that all colleges and high schools should be closed down for two years, and their students set to regular labour on farms and in factories. There still seems little likelihood that either of these pre-conditions will be fulfilled in the foreseeable future.

Reflections on a Jubilee. What now, in 1957? After the stagnation described in the last chapter, do we celebrate the Jubilee of Nai Talim by cataloguing, preaching its funeral oration? Is there nothing left except to mourn its untimely death? Shall we resign ourselves to maintaining the vicinity of Gandhiji's ashram, with his own cottage at its centre, as a museum and thesis assessment, national memorial, perhaps utilising its strategically central position in India, and its physical amenities, as a conference and study centre for those who are, and will continue to legal, be, inspired by thesis assessment, Gandhiji's vision of a just, non-violent, happy human world? Before attempting to suggest any answers to such questions it seems needful to record, along with the of Fact and Law / rewrite achievements of Nai Talim in thesis assessment Sevagram, a personal reflection on essays the ways in which we seem, looking back, to have taken a wrong turning. The assessment which follows is an evaluation of actions and omissions for which the writer herself must accept her full share of our common responsibility.

Attention has already been drawn. in chapter IV, to the ambiguity of the seven year period designated for basic education. Thesis Portfolio Assessment. Although in 1945 the plan for mba apply, the Sevagram school had been extended to eight years, it was all too easy to equate the eight-year period with what were called in assessment the old parlance the primary and middle school stages of schooling, and to lose sight of Gandhiji's insistence that Basic National Education should include in one integrated course the high school stage also. The Talimi Sangh seems to have forgotten its own recommendation that this integrated, programme should extend to case, the sixteenth year. The result was that post-basic education became accepted, even in Talimi Sangh resolutions, as being equivalent to thesis portfolio, the old High School, instead of a new, being thought of, as was surely Gandhiji's intention, as a new and thesis assessment, better alternative to the wasteful system of college education. The long-term effect of this distortion of the original vision seems to me to have been a progressive lowering of standards of achievement, especially in Memorandum of Fact and Law / rewrite the basic schools and to some extent in the post-basic schools also.

Another result of this confusion of portfolio, thought was to my mind, the weakening of the natural links between the village and the village school. Cataloguing. There was in the early years in Segaon a strength derived from the fact that the school was anchored in the social environment of the village. This was largely lost when its higher grades were transferred to the Talimi Sangh premises and organised as the Anandaniketan residential school. No doubt, at the time, there seemed to be compelling reasons for such a step. It seems nevertheless to have been a step in the wrong direction, because the school was no longer a model that any village could build on from within its own resources. Thesis Portfolio Assessment. We were reminded in wharton mba apply essays the early chapters of this book of the high value Gandhiji had always placed on the home life of the children. If there were some whose circumstances made residence away from home necessary, could not the community have provided some kind of foster-home for them, and sent them, along with the village children, to the village day-school?

This is not a judgment, which the writer has no right to make, but a query. If the post-basic school had been pictured and planned whole-heartedly as an education for self-reliant young people from the 16th year onwards, it might have developed even better than it did. When a son reaches the age of sixteen, says Manu, he should be treated as a friend - that is, a responsible adult. Vinoba, commenting on thesis portfolio assessment this, has written as follows :We should be satisfied with making: boys enterprising and ready for wharton essays, self- support from their sixteenth year. Then, if we are truly the boys' friends and portfolio assessment, not their enemies, we should show them how they can continue their education by their own efforts. We shall make sure that they have a good education up to the age of wharton, sixteen; after that neither government nor society nor parents should provide ally financial support. Thesis Assessment. This seems to me to be a valid extension of Gandhiji's educational thought, but it is not one that we have been able to follow because, as was pointed out in chapter V, we teachers have not been serious enough about learning to support our- selves by the practice of a productive craft. And yet this is surely fundamental? How can we urge on the children of the nation a goal which we do not accept for ourselves?

As we have seen, this weakness in our own teaching skills was pointed out both in persuasive 1941 and in 1957 - and nothing was done. And yet it is not quite an impossible goal, even for those of us who were educated in the old ways. The writer came nearest to it in the early sixties, when in thesis portfolio a little gurukul with a' family of about eight students at a time; she and they farmed four or five acres of steeply terraced slopes in on economic the Nilgiri Hills, producing their food, but not (in that climate) the cotton for their clothing. This brings me to another query. The so-called gurukul mentioned above was a deliberately small-scale enterprise. When the post-basic community was first organised at Sevagram it was a small group of fifteen to portfolio assessment, eighteen boys, no more. And it was in those days that it most clearly and satisfyingly earned its own keep by its own labour, and the daily chores were accomplished with the least expenditure of time and energy. Were we right to Memorandum and Law, organise the whole Talimi Sangh community, as we did shortly afterwards, round one central kitchen, catering for most of the year to two hundred people or even more. If we took is thesis assessment our ideal a school-village'' such as Lye talked of in connection with the Uttara Buniyadi Bhavan, would it not have been better education, more relaxed and realistic education, for each cottage in the village to have a little kitchen for a little family? The large numbers meant a continual danger, not always avoided, that the work would degenerate into mba apply essays, drudgery, there was also the likelihood that the post-basic students, as the most experienced group, would have to portfolio, carry a disproportionate and nation, unfairly time-consuming share of the overall responsibility. An occasional large-scale get-together, a common meal for the whole community, could be good fun, good educational fun: but there might be neither fun nor education in carrying the burden of such an unnaturally large family day in and day out.

Just as thought should be, and was, given to the optimum size of a class learning through a productive craft, so thought should be given to the optimum conditions for assessment, the daily life of a self- sufficient, self-governing educational community. We didn't give enough thought to a new nation essay, that. One final comment before I share my dream of a possible, viable, purposeful future for a Nai Talim community at thesis portfolio assessment Sevagram. I do not think that as a group we were nearly as alert as we should have been to some aspects of rural life which have come to the forefront of our thinking in more recent years. Legal Case. There was a great emphasis on assessment the production and processing of food as a major contribution to urgent national need, but there was very little emphasis on the basic conditions for the long-term maintenance of soil fertility. A New. So far as I remember, there was hardly a word about the relationship between natural forest and healthy grassland and the well-being of agriculture. Planning for thesis portfolio assessment, Gramdan villages did not always include the preservation of their natural wealth of woodland and wilderness, or any realisation of the essay principle of a good ecological balance. There was hardly a mention of the principles of non-violence as they apply to human relationships with the other living creatures of thesis portfolio, all kinds that share this planet wit. us, and with, whose well- being our own well-being is so closely linked. Gandhiji himself was sensitive to these things, and I know from my own friendship with him how much reverence for legal case, life meant to Aryanayakamji.

But in general, it seems to me, there was far too little place given to these matters in the working out of our curriculum of work and study. And so I come to my dream for Sevagram. It is a dream which is closely related to the thoughts I have just shared about the weaknesses and shortcomings of our work there over the Last fifty years. It is a dream of 'now, during the next ten, twenty, fifty years, we might overcome our weaknesses and correct our shortcomings. It is a dream of thesis assessment, what might be done by a group of people in Sevagram itself to keep the pledge which Nai Talim workers took forty years ago, soon after Gandhiji's death. At that time we promised to devote the rest of cataloguing, our lives to thesis portfolio assessment, breathe into education the spirit of truth and non-violence, and to prepare children and adults for a society in which co-operation shall take place of competition, and justice of exploitation where freedom shall go hand in wharton mba apply essays hand with responsibility and material with moral progress. We have in Sevagram a wonderful inheritance of land and trees, of buildings and equipment. Above all we have tile imperishable memory of the man who in 1936 tramped into the village drenched to the skin, and inside it a light-house for all India and the world. Gandhiji's ashram at Sevagram was what our friends in western countries call an intentional community, because its members were bound together by a common intention; they were all committed to the same goal and the same way of life.

Their way of thesis assessment, life was symbolised by their acceptance of Gandhiji's eleven vows; their goal was to realise, in persuasive essay personal, social and national life, that true freedom which is based on non-violence and truth. I propose that we should mark the Jubilee, of Nai Talim by encouraging the thesis assessment growth, in Sevagram, of dissertations, a new intentional community, a Nai Talim community. 1 propose that the common intention, the accepted purpose, of this community should be three-fold; ; 1. to earn its own living from the soil by its own labour, in which all its members, adults and children together, should participate. In this way it should respond to Gandhiji's challenge that self-support is the acid test of Nai Talim. 2. to organise its own life as a community on the principle of portfolio, non-violence, both in Memorandum of Fact / rewrite the management of its own affairs and in its relations with its neighbours and the outside world. To discover by experience the meaning of Gandhiji's saying that organisation is the test of non-violence. 3. To express in its own daily life and labour that respect for the living soil, and the whole living fabric of the thesis world, which is an cataloguing, essential part of non-violent living. To express in thesis portfolio assessment its own organisation and interests an equal respect for a new nation, the local and national cultural traditions which reflect the experience and wisdom of the centuries. (Respect does not mean blind imitation, to respect the thesis portfolio assessment past is not to be enslaved by it, but to appreciate the wisdom and essays on economic theory, insight behind the traditions it has handed down to us.) I believe that if we set out seriously to carry out this three fold intention, we shall be amazed at the wonderful all-round education it will provide for the community as a whole and for every individual in it.

It will nourish whole human beings, in body mind and spirit together, build up character, and thesis portfolio assessment, draw out the full human potential of each. But to bring this dream to and Law, life we need new recruits-young people who are inspired by this vision and ready for the adventure and for the daily hard work which its realisation will demand. The. will need to be ready too for possible real hardship, when the rains fail and the storms destroy and everything seems to go wrong, they must be prepared to stick it out. And we need also the older men and women, we need the wisdom and the insight which the last fifty years have brought. We need bold sprits, old and young together - and I feel sure that: they are there, and can be found.

Such a community might develop, by hard work and the grace of God, into something akin to Asha Devi's vision of assessment, twenty years ago. Essays On Economic Theory Draghi. It might even come near to realising the dream Gandhiji dreamed for thesis, Phoenix Ashram in 1904, of a co-operative village of 3-acre family farms, with each family playing its part in the life of the whole-a model for the goal of mba apply, gram-dan. We older ones shall not live to see this task completed; we pass the vision on· In so far as it is a true vision, its time will come.