Essay about teamwork

A Third Reich Past: Why I Cannot Answer Questions about My Grandfather. Bestselling German crime author Ferdinand von Schirach is the grandson of Baldur von Schirach, who was head of the Hitler Youth. In an essay for SPIEGEL, he writes for the first time about his relationship to his grandfather and about why he cannot explain his grandfather's deeds. Baldur von Schirach (right), the head of the Hitler Youth, is seen with Adolf Hitler in 1936. Essay Blood Donation Camp? An Essay by Ferdinand von Schirach. My grandfather was released from prison when I was a small boy. I was two years old at the time. My family lived in the Schwabing district of Munich in a lovely 18th-century house covered with ivy. The hallways were a bit slanted, a few of the flagstones were broken and the front door would jam. A dark-green door led outside to a cobblestone street.

Behind the house was a maze of about rose bushes and a fountain with a naked statue of cover letter in essay style Cupid, the essay, god of essay blood love. Essay Teamwork? He still had the bow, but the arrow had gone missing. I don't remember my grandfather's release. Everything I know comes from things I've been told, from photographs and from films. My father and his brothers picked him up outside the prison entrance in a black car. A wooden press stand had been erected out front just for this single day. Essays? My father wore a tightly fitted dark suit. He was very young and very unsure of himself. My grandfather was thin.

Then there are the images from the garden in Munich. Essay? The prominent German journalist Henri Nannen sits next to my grandfather on an old iron garden chair. He conducted the first major interviews with him. Research Paper Topics? My family is sitting in the background beneath a chestnut tree. About Teamwork? My grandfather speaks slowly and social research with a peculiar Weimar accent. When one listens to the interviews, one is surprised to hear that these people spoke in dialect.

Albert Speer, Hitler's chief architect, spoke the dialect of his native Baden region. About Teamwork? At the social studies paper, time, everybody said my grandfather spoke in essay, a way that was print-ready. But that's nonsense. He and the journalists had agreed on the questions in advance, and he had practiced his answers. My grandfather did not say anything that I can relate to. Cover Written Style? When I was four, we moved in essay, with my mother's family outside Stuttgart. Social Research Paper? We lived in a large estate that my great-grandfather had designed before World War I. It had tall old trees, a house with columns and stairs leading up to the entrance, ponds and a nursery. My father used to take me fishing and essay about teamwork hunting.

It was a world unto itself. I was usually alone. I still didn't know who this grandfather was. He had a collection of walking sticks, some of which had built-in schnapps flasks or little clocks. One contained a fencing foil. Surrounded by Something I Couldn't Explain. Every day, we would take a walk to a kiosk outside the grounds. He had to walk slowly because he was almost blind in one eye; his retina had become detached in donation, prison.

People occasionally addressed him in the street, but I didn't like that. We played the board game Nine Men's Morris every day. He would always win using the same trick. At a certain point, I thought about it long enough to figure out how he did it. After that, he didn't play with me anymore.

I was five or six at about the time. Talking with children wasn't something one did very much in our family. Letter Style? But that also had a good side: We were left alone; we lived in our own world. Still, I felt surrounded by teamwork, something I couldn't explain. I didn't grow up like the essay blood donation camp, other kids in teamwork, the area; in fact, I hardly had any contact with them. Things continued to essays, be foreign to me, and I never felt completely at teamwork home.

I couldn't say that to anyone; perhaps children can never say things like that. At home, no one said the word prison; it was just called Spandau. But, at control cover a certain point, I heard from a visitor that my grandfather had been locked up for a long time. I found that thrilling because I'd just read a book about the pirate Sir Francis Drake. I admired Drake very much, and he had been imprisoned for a long time. I asked my mother what my grandfather had done.

I don't remember what she said. It was a very long explanation with a lot of words I didn't know. But I can still recall her voice; it sounded different than it normally did. It must be something bad, I thought, perhaps a curse like the about teamwork, ones in fairy tales. All of a sudden, he was gone. He hadn't said goodbye to me. Much later, I learned he'd wanted to be alone.

He moved to a small guesthouse in the Mosel region. I suppose it was all too much for lessons on persuasive essays, him after 20 years in a cell. Shortly before he died, I saw him there one more time. That day, my attention was focused on the river, the vineyards and a donkey that lived there and constantly bared its teeth. My grandfather was an old man with an eye patch, a man I didn't know. I don't recall whether he even spoke with me that day. He had the phrase I was one of you put on his gravestone.

It's an appalling sentence. Like Creatures from a Tolkien Book. When I was 10, I began attending a Jesuit boarding school. Of course, I was much too young to do so, but somehow it worked out because all of essay about us were too young. We received postal savings books with our allowance: four deutsche marks a month. On the first Monday of the cover in essay style, month, the priests would give us our books, and we would go down to the post office to withdraw our money.

A long line would form every time as the clerk still entered the figures by essay, hand. On the third or fourth visit, he waved me forward. Score Essays? With glistening eyes, he said he'd known my grandfather and that, from essay, now on, I could always skip directly to the front of the line. I ran away. That afternoon, a priest tried to explain to me what National Socialism was, what my grandfather had done and why he'd gone to prison. It was still confusing and sounded like a story with strange creatures out of a book by J.R.R.

Tolkien. Cover Letter? At 12, I grasped for the first time who he was. About Teamwork? There was a photograph of him in quality control cover letter, our history textbook with the caption: Reichsjugendfuhrer Baldur von Schirach -- leader of the Hitler Youth. I can still see it in essay about teamwork, front of me: My name was really in our textbook. On the facing page was a photograph of Claus von Stauffenberg, the leader of the failed July 20, 1944 plot to assassinate Hitler, next to the caption resistance fighter. In Essay Style? The word fighter sounded much better. About? I sat in class next to style, a Stauffenberg, a grandson like me; we are still friends to this day. He didn't know anything more than I did. Teamwork? No Secrets at lessons on persuasive essays Home. It took a while before we got to essay about teamwork, the part in essays, the history textbook covering National Socialism.

At the time, there were also a Speer, a Ribbentrop and a Luninck in my class. Descendents of both the perpetrators and teamwork the resistance, all in the same classroom. My first big love was a Witzleben. History seemed to cover in essay, be one thing, my life something completely different. Later, I was able to speak with everyone at essay teamwork home about this period. Lessons On Persuasive? There were no secrets. Indeed, it might just be that the only advantage of teamwork having a name like mine was that nothing could remain hidden. We had endless discussions, and one of my uncles wrote a book about him. I have never grasped why my grandfather became the food quality control letter, man he was. When he was 18 years old, his older brother Karl committed suicide at essay about teamwork his boarding school in essays, Rossleben. It was said that he couldn't cope with the fact that the about, Kaiser had abdicated, but there was a book of the score essays, Buddha's sayings lying open on his desk when he died.

His sister Rosalind became an opera singer. His father was the essay about, director of the theater in Weimar; his mother was an score essays, American. I have a photograph of her: a pretty woman with a slender neck. She was a descendent of essay about teamwork immigrants who arrived on the Mayflower . One ancestor had been one of the signers of America's Declaration of Independence; another had been governor of Pennsylvania. The Schirachs were judges, historians, scholars and publishers. Most of them were employed by the state. They had been writing books for on orwell, 400 years. Essay About? My grandfather grew up in this bourgeois world as a sheltered, tender child. Food Quality Control? In early pictures, he looks like a girl. He only essay about spoke English until he was five.

At 17, he met Hitler. At 18, he joined the Nazi Party, the NSDAP. Why would someone who went horse-riding in lessons on persuasive essays, Munich's English Garden every morning during his studies be inspired by things that were dull and coarse? Why was he attracted by thugs, brutes with shaved heads and beer cellars? How could this man who wrote about Goethe and made Richard Strauss the godfather of teamwork one of his sons not have already understood at the time of the cover letter, book burnings in 1933 that he had sided with the barbarians? Was he too ambitious, too unstable, too young? And why was it even important? His last words were reportedly: What was I thinking? It's a good question, but it doesn't explain anything. Part 1: Why I Cannot Answer Questions about My Grandfather Part 2: Historians' Explanations Are No Use When It's Your Grandfather. All Rights Reserved.

Reproduction only allowed with the permission of SPIEGELnet GmbH. Serviceangebote von SPIEGEL-ONLINE-Partnern. Bitte deaktivieren Sie Ihren Adblocker! So schalten Sie Ihren Adblocker auf SPIEGEL ONLINE aus.

nsf format resume Proposals to the National Science Foundation. sfinger at teamwork cmu.edu. Carnegie Mellon University. Updated April 2015. The original version of lessons, this advice was written in the late 1980s. Teamwork? At a high level, the advice still applies, but some of the details have changed dramatically. What follows is a collection of on persuasive, advice for writing research grants to the National Science Foundation.

It includes some guidelines on how to write an NSF proposal and how to essay about teamwork, get the latest version of the NSF forms. Some required NSF forms, such as the score essays, Disclosure of teamwork, Lobbying Activities, will usually be provided by your institution’s grants office. This document focuses on writing proposals to score essays, NSF, but the general advice can be applied to writing any proposal. Always read the RFP (request for proposal) to essay about, find out what the funders want. They will give you money only on orwell, if you can help them reach their goals.

The goals of funding agencies (public and private) vary dramatically. A successful proposal to NSF looks nothing like a successful proposal to NASA. Even within an agency, the essay about teamwork, style of proposals can be different among internal divisions. Find out about the agency, its goals, and its review system. All proposals should answer the following questions in one form or another. What is the problem being addressed? (What is the goal of the research being proposed?

What is the hypothesis being tested?) Why is the problem important and interesting? To the world? To the funders? What will you DO to address the problem? If you complete the plan, will that bring you closer to essay donation camp, an answer to the question? Do you have the resources (equipment, graduate students, access to industry . Essay About Teamwork? ) necessary to complete the research? NSF is organized a lot like a university, except that instead of social paper, departments and colleges it has divisions and directorates. The Program Directors (PDs, also equivalently called program managers and program officers) are like professors (and a lot of them are professors on leaves of absence).

They have areas of specialization which correspond to the research areas covered by their programs. The division directors are like department chairs. They oversee the broad research areas covered by the programs and deal with administrative issues. Essay? The Assistant Directors are like Deans of on persuasive, Colleges. They lead the teamwork, directorates and are responsible for score essays, the major research directions in Engineering, Physical Sciences, etc. The Director of NSF, who is like a university president or chancellor, is responsible for the overall direction of Science and Engineering Research. While the structure of NSF is similar to a university, unlike a university, NSF reorganizes constantly. This means that you may get to teamwork, know a program director who may suddenly return to his or her university or may be reassigned to another program -- or that your program may be merged with a different program. While this is disconcerting in the short run, in the long run it keeps programs from stagnating and helps NSF keep on essay blood donation the forefront of about teamwork, research areas. Find out which program supports your research area. (It's not always obvious). Score Essays? You can ask your colleagues to find out about which programs support your research area.

Find out essay about, if there are other people at lessons essays NSF you should talk to and what special initiatives might apply to you. You can find the list of telephone numbers and e-mail addresses from the about, NSF web site (http://www.nsf.gov/). Read the studies research, program announcements before you contact the PD so that your questions will be direct and specific. The easiest way to essay about, get started is to send a brief email to the program director stating which program you are interested in applying to, a short statement of essays, your relevant research interests, your availability by phone or email, and a one-page attachment that covers the essay about, first three questions above: what’s the problem, why it’s important, and what your key idea is. Don’t spend a lot of time/space giving the big picture on, e.g. cybersecurity; you are talking to an expert your area. Some PDs prefer e-mail; some prefer phone calls. Some like to talk to Principal Investigators (PIs); some don’t. Score Essays? PDs are as varied in their personalities as your other professional colleagues are. If you do talk to a PD on the phone, remember to essay teamwork, listen; don’t just pitch your idea non-stop. You are calling to get advice, not to sell your idea – that happens in the proposal itself.

Remember to essays, say thank you. (Don't be discouraged if they are rough on you. They spend most of the day on the computer and the phone and the rest of the time they're traveling and staying in government-rate hotels.) Treat the PDs as if they are intelligent people (even if you doubt it). The PD will assign the reviewers and will make the final decision. You don't have to be a sycophant, just be polite. (This advice comes from a former NSF program director.) Most of your correspondence with NSF will be through email, but if you call, you will probably get the PD's voice mail.

Most program directors let their calls roll to voice mail because the message is transferred into email, so they can listen no matter where they are. Also, if you are calling about a proposal or a grant, include the NSF proposal number so the about, PD has all the information at hand when returning your call. When you call, · clearly state who you are, · your institutional affiliation, · why you are calling, · give the proposal or grant number if you have it, and. · provide several times when you will be available for a call back. Also, oddly, the NSF phone system displays the caller ID when the call is in progress, but the number disappears after the call is over and, as far as I could tell, there is no way to essay camp, get it back. So don't count on essay about teamwork the program officer being able to see that you called. Leave a message if you want them to know that you called.

The instructions to cover letter written in essay, proposers get more specific every year, and essay, FastLane (the NSF submission system) gets better at rejecting proposals that don't meet the requirements. You are responsible for essays, ensuring that your proposal meets all the essay, particular program requirements. Follow the directions! (The NSF secretaries are often heard muttering things like: If they're so smart, why can't they read?) The number of proposals submitted to blood, NSF has increased dramatically over the last decade. Essay Teamwork? As a result, fewer proposals are funded. And as a result, each PI submits more proposals because the odds on each one are lower. DO NOT submit essentially the control letter, same proposal to teamwork, several programs. Camp? The proposal will probably go to at least one duplicate reviewer, who will get angry that you are burdening the system, will recommend that both proposals be rejected, and will put a black mark next to your name.

DO NOT submit a proposal that is rushed and not the essay teamwork, best that you can do. Not only are you burdening the essay camp, system by making everyone go through the work of declining your proposal, you are also damaging your reputation with your peers. No matter what incentives you have from your university for submitting proposals, poorly thought out proposals are not worth the about, damage done to you and to score essays, the peer review system. NSF recently revised the merit review criteria to emphasize the importance of broader impacts in the evaluation process. Essay Teamwork? The following excerpt is letter written in essay, from the instructions to NSF reviewers: When evaluating NSF proposals, reviewers should consider what the essay about teamwork, proposers want to do, why they want to do it, how they plan to do it, how they will know if they succeed, and what benefits would accrue if the project is successful. These issues apply both to the technical aspects of the quality control, proposal and the way in which the project may make broader contributions. To that end, reviewers are asked to evaluate all proposals against two criteria: · Intellectual Merit: The intellectual Merit criterion encompasses the potential to advance knowledge; and. · Broader Impacts: The Broader Impacts criterion encompasses the potential to benefit society and contribute to the achievement of specific, desired societal outcomes. The following elements should be considered in the review for both criteria:

1. What is the potential for about teamwork, the proposed activity to. a. advance knowledge and social studies, understanding within its own field or across different fields (Intellectual Merit); and. b. benefit society or advance desired societal outcomes (Broader Impacts)? 2. Essay? To what extent do the proposed activities suggest and explore creative, original, or potentially transformative concepts? 3. Is the plan for carrying out the proposed activities well-reasoned, well-organized, and based on a sound rationale?

Does the plan incorporate a mechanism to assess success? 4. How well qualified is the individual, team, or institution to conduct the proposed activities? 5. Are there adequate resources available to the PI (either at essays on orwell the home institution or through collaborations) to carry out the proposed activities? As you write your proposal, you should keep the review criteria in mind. As academics, we understand the intellectual merit criterion because that is about, how we have been evaluated throughout our careers. However, many academics struggle with the broader impacts criterion. You need to convince the reviewers that your question is food control cover letter, not just intellectually challenging, but also that the resulting knowledge will benefit society and that you have a feasible plan to get the knowledge out of the university and get it used in the world. IV. Putting together your proposal. This section follows the general flow of creating the forms and text for essay about teamwork, an NSF proposal.

Once you have a rough draft of your proposal, ask someone who is research, senior to you to read your proposal as if he or she were an NSF reviewer. The ideal reader is a senior trusted colleague in your field who has had NSF funding, who has served on NSF panels, and who will not be used by NSF as a reviewer. (See Section 2.5.e on conflicts of interest.) The formatting requirements for proposals are given in about teamwork the Grant Proposal Guide (GPG), which you can get from the NSF Web site. (The link changes with each new edition, so you will need to social research paper topics, search for essay, the GPG.) Before you start to put together your proposal, go to the NSF website and essays, be sure you have the latest version. The guide is updated almost every year and essay, you are expected to lessons essays, follow the current requirements. Your proposal may be returned without review if you don’t do this. In general, NSF lets the community know about research opportunities through two mechanisms: Program Descriptions and essay teamwork, Solicitations. A Program Description covers a broad research area such as Physical Oceanography or Science of Organizations. A program description usually gives you either a deadline or target date. Deadlines are hard dates, and cover letter in essay style, you must get your proposal in by midnight (your local time) on the given date or your proposal will not be considered in the current round of about, funding. On Orwell? Target dates are soft dates, and your proposal will still be accepted after the given date; however, there is no guarantee that your proposal will get a timely review if your proposal arrives after the target date.

If there are no due dates, then the teamwork, program accepts proposals continuously and probably uses more ad hoc reviews than panel reviews. (Section V explains the difference between these types of reviews.) A Solicitation is cover letter written style, more specific than a Program Description. Solicitations have a specified length of time for which they are active (usually 1 to 3 years). One of the major differences between solicitations and essay, program descriptions is that solicitations can include special requirements, such as letters of commitment from industrial collaborators or tables of specific data required for written in essay, review. When you respond to a solicitation be sure to read the solicitation in its entirety and to respond to any special requirements since they can differ from those given in the standard GPG. Essay About Teamwork? I often start by social studies research paper topics pasting the body of the solicitation into the draft of essay about, my proposal so that I am sure to social studies paper topics, cover all the requirements. NSF also issues Dear Colleague Letters (DCLs) when there is a special funding opportunity or when a policy change is essay about teamwork, made that affects the current GPG. You can stay up to date with NSF announcements of food quality control letter, new programs, solicitations and DCLs through the NSF News office. To receive email updates, go to http://www.nsf.gov/news/ and select Get News Updates by Email.

You can select which research areas you are interested in, whether you want a daily digests or individual emails, etc. I get a daily digest, and essay teamwork, I over- rather than under-select options. That way, I am sure to get all of the lessons on persuasive, announcements I’m interested in, and essay about, it’s all contained in one email a day. The summary is a one page overview of the proposal. Essay Blood Camp? It is not an abstract. It is about teamwork, a self-contained, third-person description of objectives, methods, significance. If you are funded, this goes into NSF's Summary of lessons, Awards publication as well as being published on the research.gov website. It will be read by your colleagues, the general public, and Congress. Because PIs were not explicitly addressing Intellectual Merit and Broader Impacts as instructed, NSF has changed the summary page to a form with separate sections for the overview, the statement of Intellectual Merit and the statement of Broader Impact. Note: the Project Summary form accepts ASCII text only. Essay Teamwork? If you copy and paste from a Word document, all the cover in essay, special characters like left and right quotation marks, hyphens, etc. will show up as question marks in essay about teamwork the final version.

Be sure to written style, proofread the PDF copy of your project summary before you submit your proposal. Reviewers often unconsciously make the implicit assumption that if you are sloppy in essay your writing and can’t be bothered to proofread, then you are also sloppy in your research. There is a provision to upload a PDF if your project summary requires special formatting for equations or other technical content; however, the PDF must follow the project summary requirements with separate headings for the overview, statement of Intellectual Merit and the statement of Broader Impact. The project description has a 15 page limit. Proposals over this limit are returned without review. You can include links in your proposal, but the reviewers may or may not follow them. All of the information they need to evaluate your proposal must be contained within the 15 page limit. If you do include links, be sure they are active, informative, and up-to-date just in score essays case a reviewer does decide to about, follow them. 2.1 Objectives and Expected Significance. This part of the proposal should answer the question: What are the main scientific challenges? Emphasize what the new ideas are.

Briefly describe the project's major goals and their impact on score essays the state of the art. Essay? Give the reviewer the context for the proposal. Clearly state the question you will address: Why is score essays, it important? What makes something important varies with the about, field. For some fields, the intellectual challenge should be emphasized, for others the practical applications should be emphasized. Essays On Orwell? Why is it an interesting/difficult/challenging question?

It must be neither trivial nor impossible. What long-term technical goals will this work serve? What are the essay, main barriers to progress? What has led to success so far and what limitations remain? What is the missing knowledge? What aspects of the current state-of-the-art lead to this proposal? Why are these the right issues to be addressing now? What lessons from past and current research motivate your work? What value will your research provide? What is it that your results will make possible? What is the relation to the present state of knowledge, to current work here and elsewhere?

Cite those whose work you're building on (and who you would like to food quality letter, have review your proposal). Don't insult anyone. For example, don't say another’s work is inadequate; rather, identify the issues the work didn't address. Surprisingly, this section can kill a proposal. You need to be able to about teamwork, put your work in context. Often, a proposal will appear naive because the relevant literature is not cited. If it looks like you are planning to reinvent the wheel (and have no idea that wheels already exist), then no matter how good your research proposal itself is, your proposal won't get funded.

If you trash everyone else in your research field, saying their work is no good, you also will not get funded. One of the primary rules of proposal writing is: Don't piss off the reviewers. You can build your credentials in this section by summarizing other people's work clearly and concisely and by camp stating how your work uses their ideas and about teamwork, how it differs from letter in essay, theirs. This section should include a technical description of your research plan: the activities, methods, data, and theory. This should be equivalent to a PhD thesis proposal for the big leagues. Write to convince the best person in your field that your idea deserves funding. Simultaneously, you must convince someone who is very smart but has no background in your sub-area. The goal of your proposal is to persuade the reviewers that your ideas are so important that they will take money out of the taxpayers' pockets and hand it to you. This is the part that counts. WHAT will you do?

Why is your strategy an appropriate one to essay teamwork, pursue? What is the key idea that makes it possible for to answer this question? HOW will you achieve your goals? Concisely and coherently, this section should complete the arguments developed earlier and present your initial pass on how to solve the on orwell, problems posed. Avoid repetitions and digressions. In general, NSF is more interested in essay ideas than in deliverables. The question is: What will we know when you're done that we don't know now? The question is not: What will we have that we don't have now?

That is, rather than saying that you will develop a system that will do X, Y and Z, instead say why it is important to be able to essays on orwell, do X, Y and Z; why X, Y and Z can't be done now; what knowledge is needed to essay teamwork, make X, Y, and Z possible, your plan that will make it possible to do X, Y and Z; and, by the way, you will demonstrate X, Y and research topics, Z in a system. Right now, NSF is more open to application-oriented research. They need to show Congress that the essay teamwork, money spent on research benefits the US economy. Cover Letter Written? Some years ago, the word applied was a bad word at essay about teamwork NSF. Now it's a good word. The pendulum between focusing on basic or applied research has about a 20 year periodicity. You always need to check to find out where it is at the moment. Check with the PD and quality cover, knowledgeable colleagues. 2.4 Broader Impacts of the Proposed Work.

In the review criteria, Intellectual Merit and about teamwork, Broader Impacts have the same weight. From the GPG (emphasis mine): The Project Description must contain, as a separate section within the lessons on persuasive essays, narrative, a section labeled Broader Impacts of the about teamwork, Proposed Work. Broader impacts may be accomplished through the research itself, through the activities that are directly related to specific research projects, or through activities that are supported by, but are complementary to the project. NSF values the advancement of scientific knowledge and score essays, activities that contribute to the achievement of societally relevant outcomes. About Teamwork? Such outcomes include, but are not limited to: full participation of women, persons with disabilities, and underrepresented minorities in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM); improved STEM education and educator development at any level; increased public scientific literacy and research paper, public engagement with science and technology; improved well-being of individuals in society; development of teamwork, a diverse, globally competitive STEM workforce; increased partnerships between academia, industry, and cover, others; improved national security; increased economic competitiveness of the teamwork, United States; and enhanced infrastructure for research and education. Remember that all of the proposals going to blood donation camp, a review panel are in the same area of about teamwork, research, so you need to distinguish your proposal by what YOU are going to do to help NSF get the knowledge out of the academy and into the world.

You should think deeply and critically about activities that will enable your work to social studies, have a positive, measurable impact on the overall endeavor of STEM research. Present a plan for how you will go about addressing/attacking/solving the essay, questions you have raised. Discuss expected results and your plan for evaluating the results. How will you measure progress? Include a discussion of milestones and expected dates of completion. (Three months is the control letter, about the smallest time chunk you should include in an NSF research plan.) You are not committed to about, following this plan - but you must present a FEASIBLE plan to convince the reviewers that you know how to go about getting research results. For new PIs, this is often the hardest section to write. You don't have to write the food control letter, plan that you will follow no matter what. Essay? Think of it instead as presenting a possible path from where you are now to where you want to quality control, be at the end of the research. Teamwork? Give as much detail as you can. (You will always have at lessons on persuasive least one reviewer who is a stickler for details.) If any of the essay about teamwork, PIs have received NSF support in the past 5 years, you must include a summary of the results of previous work. The pages in this section count toward the essay blood donation camp, total 15 pages.

You can use this section to discuss your prior research and how it supports your current proposal. Note that you must report both on the results for Intellectual Merit and Broader Impacts. One of the purposes of this section is to essay, help the reviewers evaluate your track record, so be sure to make a strong case for score essays, your results in both categories. Award #, amount, period Title Summary of results: The results must be separately described under two distinct headings: Intellectual Merit and Broader Impacts ; List of publications acknowledging NSF; if none, state No publications were produced under this award. To save space, you do not need to include the complete citations in this section. You can cite them as references, included in the References section. Evidence of research products and their availability, including, but not limited to: data, publications, samples, physical collections, software, and models, as described in any Data Management Plan; and For renewals: relation to proposed work. The references are a separate section that lists the pertinent literature that has been referenced within the project description. Remember to proofread the essay about, reference list. Reviewers may follow up on food quality cover an interesting citation, so be sure author name, journal name, year etc. are correct.

Program directors often look in the bibliography for potential reviewers, and reviewers often look in the bibliography to about teamwork, see if their work is cited. Social Studies Research Paper? If your bibliography has a lot of peripheral references, your proposal may be sent to reviewers whose work is essay about teamwork, not directly related to yours and who may not understand your proposal. On the other hand, if you do not cite the relevant literature, your proposal may be sent to reviewers who are not cited and who will criticize you for social research, not knowing the literature. The references do not count in the 15 page proposal limit. Check the GPG for the specific requirements for biographical sketches because the requirements change occasionally. The goal of the biosketch is to provide reviewers with your credentials that will help them evaluate whether you have the about, background, knowledge and skills to perform the proposed research. The biosketch also helps identify your conflicts of interest. Your biographical sketch should include the highlights that a reviewer of the on orwell, proposal needs to know about you. Be sure your name, institution, professional email and phone number appear prominently at the top of your biosketch.

Be sure that you do not include any personally identifying information including your cell phone number, home address, private email address, etc. If your proposal has multiple PIs, you will look more like a team if your biosketches all use the same format. The current requirements are: a) Your professional preparation: undergraduate, graduate nd postdoctoral. Essay? Include the institution, major, degree and year. b) Appointments: List in reverse chronological order all of your academic and professional appointments. Include your current appointment.

c) Publications: List up to five publications, patents, copyrights, or software systems relevant to the current proposal , plus up to five other significant publications. Lessons Essays? You should fine tune the first five publications to be sure they demonstrate your knowledge in the proposed research area. Essay Teamwork? Sometimes grants offices keep biosketches on file to include in proposals. However, you want to be sure that you include your most recent archival work; you don’t want it to cover letter, look like you stopped publishing 10 year ago. Also, if you work in several areas or want to highlight a particular area of expertise, be sure to select your five works most relevant to about, the current proposal. d) Synergistic Activities: List up to five examples of your professional and scholarly work that demonstrate your participation in and commitment to the broader impact goals of NSF. e) Collaborators and other affiliations; Conflicts of Interest (COI): This section has three parts: a) collaborators and co-editors; b) your graduate and essays on orwell, post graduate advisors and c) the current and former students who you advised as graduate or post graduate students. About Teamwork? (See the GPG for the exact requirements.) The information in lessons essays this section serves many purposes.

A reviewer may be interested in the number of PhD students you have advised and what kinds of essay teamwork, careers they have gone on to; they may look at your collaborators to see whether you work with industry, with people from other fields, or with people at score essays other universities. PDs use this information to teamwork, identify those with whom you have a Conflict of Interest (COI). The people listed in part a) have a limited duration COI (24 to essay blood, 48 months depending on the nature of the collaboration.) The people listed in b) and c) have a life-time COI. You also have a COI with anyone at essay your current institution, at an institution you have just left, or an institution to which have applied for employment. NSF will not send your proposal to your close colleagues, your thesis advisor, your advisees, nor to anyone at your current institution.

You may list such people explicitly, if you wish. In general, NSF grants are for essay blood donation, three years and most of the money goes toward supporting PhD students. A typical budget for essay about teamwork, a single PI grant is about $100K/year, which will pay for a graduate student (tuition and stipend), about 10% of the professor's time to supervise the student, a little bit of essay donation, travel, copying, and overhead. However, the essay teamwork, grant size varies from lessons, division to division. Ask someone in about teamwork your area what is typical. Be sure to include all the support costs that you will need including computer services, travel, supplies, etc. Score Essays? NSF may cut your budget, but they'll never give you more than you ask for, so be sure to ask for everything you need.

Describe, justify, and estimate cost of equipment items $5000 or more. (Double check the GPG for the current dollar limit.) If your equipment needs change between the about teamwork, time you submit the on orwell, proposal and the time it is granted, you can still buy what you need -- But be sure to talk to the university grants office BEFORE you buy the new equipment. There are special rules about essay teamwork, equipment money because it is usually exempt from overhead charges. Also, NSF will only provide equipment money for research computers. Under normal circumstances, you cannot use NSF funds to purchase a general-purpose computer that is used by only one person. The business manager in your department or grants office will usually help you fill out the budget form once you have identified your direct costs. However, you should be sure that the Budget Justification pages are complete and correct. Reviewers often look at the budget pages because they give insights into the research plan. Who is being paid to do the work? What priorities are reflected in the budget? Are the resources requested sufficient to carry out the plan?

Does the budget look padded or lean? For example, if you ask for thousands of dollars in score essays international travel which isn’t justified within your proposal, this will raise red flags with the essay about teamwork, reviewers. Note that NSF does not allow voluntary cost sharing. Unless a solicitation gives special instructions for overhead rates, you must use the overhead rate negotiated by essay blood your university; you cannot reduce the bottom line on your budget by changing the teamwork, overhead rate. List all current and pending support on the given forms. Your institution’s grants office can probably help with these. If you have submitted the same proposal to more than one agency, be sure that you declare it on the cover page and in essay blood the current and pending support section. If you don't and the same reviewer is picked by teamwork both agencies, you won't get funded and your reputation will be damaged.

Remember that only a few people, most of whom you probably already know, are qualified to control, review your proposal. 8. Facilities and teamwork, Special Considerations. This section should focus on the facilities available to you that you need to do your research. If you will rely on any specialized equipment, describe it. The question in the reviewer's mind is: Do you have the studies research topics, necessary resources to carry out the research? In addition, if you are asking for essay teamwork, equipment in your proposal, you will want to make clear what equipment you don't have.

If some of the work will occur off-campus, you should describe the facility where the work will take place. 9. Postdoctoral Researcher Mentoring Plan. If your proposal includes funding for postdoctoral researchers, you must include a one-page supplementary document that describes the mentoring activities that will be provided for such individuals. In this document, you should discuss specific activities designed to advance the careers of letter written style, post-docs supported by essay about teamwork the grant. Examples of activities are given in the GPG and you can find examples on the web; however, you should tailor the plan for your research area and your university.

All proposals to donation, the NSF must include a two-page supplementary document that describes how the results of the research will be made available to the public. The plan should cover: the types of data, samples, physical collections, software, curriculum materials, and essay about, other materials to be produced in the course of the project; the standards to food cover, be used for data and metadata format and about, content (where existing standards are absent or deemed inadequate, this should be documented along with any proposed solutions or remedies); policies for access and sharing including provisions for appropriate protection of privacy, confidentiality, security, intellectual property, or other rights or requirements; policies and letter written, provisions for re-use, re-distribution, and the production of derivatives; and teamwork, plans for archiving data, samples, and other research products, and for preservation of access to them. Check to see if there is special guidance for essay, the program you are applying to. Some programs and directorates have specific data-archiving requirements. Even though this section’s title uses the word “data,” you should think of it as “results.” NSF gives you the option to include just the statement that no detailed plan is needed, but you should not use this option because you are basically saying that you will have no results to disseminate. If you are collecting data that is covered either by FERPA or the Privacy Act, be sure that you discuss how sensitive data will be protected. Be careful how you write this section; you want to be able to publish your results while still maintaining the privacy of your subjects. NSF’s goal is to get the research results out to the public (who are the ones who paid for it), while maintaining privacy and intellectual property rights. Again, you can find many sample data management plans on about the web. Food Cover? Be sure that your plan is relevant to your research and your university.

V. What happens to your proposal after it is submitted to NSF? All proposals arrive at NSF electronically - mostly through www.fastlane.nsf.gov and occasionally through www.grants.gov. The proposals are routed based on the program announcement number or the essay teamwork, NSF division given by the PI. (On the cover page you are asked to identify what division in NSF should consider your proposal.) Occasionally after the initial sorting is done, program directors will assign proposals to a different program if the proposed research doesn't match what is funded in the named program. Once the letter written in essay style, proposal has been assigned to a program director, it is ready for review. There are two basic review mechanisms used at essay about NSF: ad hoc review and lessons essays, panel review. Essay? Both are single blind peer review mechanisms: that is, the reviewers (who are the score essays, PI's peers) know who the PI is, but the essay teamwork, PI does not know who the reviewers are. Panel reviews are the most common because of the large volume of proposals that NSF receives. Here's the math: Most reviewers will not write reviews for more than 10 proposals a year without revolting (reviewing a proposal is a lot of essay blood donation camp, work). If 150 proposals are submitted to a program, then 900 review requests must be sent out.

That means a minimum of 180 reviewers must be sent at most 5 proposals each. Three reviews per person per year is more realistic - so that means the program director must have access to 300 of the proposal writers' peers in order to get the peer review system to work. And that's just for one program. All the other program directors are working with the same numbers -- and the expertise of many reviewers overlaps several programs. Panel review: For a panel review, the program director selects 10 to 15 experts in a field and essay teamwork, asks them review a set of related proposals. These panelists are a mix of academics, industry and government reviewers, with academics being the majority. Each panelist reviews a subset of the proposals ahead of time through the Fastlane system. Essay? The panelists then come together to discuss which proposals should get funded.

Most reviewers find it easier to rank a set of proposals than to write a detailed review of essay, each proposal. The reviews from a panel are often not as detailed as the ones from an blood donation camp ad hoc review (described below) -- but they usually are more directed. If one reviewer completely misses the point of a proposal (which they sometimes do), this will come out during the panel discussion so you get fewer out-in-left-field reviews from panels than from ad hoc review. The panel makes a recommendation to the program director about about, which proposals should be funded. Ad hoc review: The program director can assign an essays on orwell individual to review a proposal outside the essay teamwork, panel system. Ad hoc reviews may be used when the expertise of a panel does not cover a particular aspect of a proposal. Lessons On Persuasive Essays? They may also be used when a proposal arrives outside the normal funding cycle.

The proposal is assigned to ad hoc reviewers through the Fastlane system. The reviewer is given about two weeks to a month to review the proposal. Essay About Teamwork? Again, the review happens within the Fastlane system. Reviewers are usually a mix of university, industry, and government researchers. Almost always, the majority are academics. The PD reviews the proposal, the panel recommendation, and any ad hoc reviews, then makes a decision to fund or decline the essays, proposal. Essay About? The PDs must exercise judgment. For example, a reviewer might appear to be a perfect match for on orwell, a proposal -- but when the about teamwork, review comes in, it may be obvious that the PI's work conflicts with the reviewers work, and score essays, the reviewer is biased. Often the decision to fund involves deciding whether to fund the proposal at the full or reduced amount. The PD makes the decision based on about the program budget, the proposals that have been funded, and the pending proposals.

The PD writes an analysis of the proposal and the reviews to support the decision. The proposal goes to lessons on persuasive essays, the division director who must concur with the decision for it to be official. Essay About Teamwork? You are notified by email once the decision is final. If your proposal is funded, the NSF grants office deals with all the (electronic) paper work required to make a grant. NSF always releases the anonymous reviews to you after the decision is made. Cover Written Style? If you haven’t received notification within 6 months of your submittal, check your spam folder for about, email from NSF. (The email comes from a server and social studies paper topics, many people report that it ends up in about teamwork spam unless they white-list nsf.gov.) You can also login to Fastlane to check the status. Only call the PD as a last resort. Note: A grant from NSF goes to the institution, not to the PI.

If you change institutions, it is usually easy to take an NSF grant with you. However, you must negotiate with your current and score essays, future institution. NSF will not intervene in these negotiations. Declined proposals are confidential -- even the essay about, fact that a proposal was declined is confidential. For grants, the titles, abstracts, PIs, funding amounts, .. are public information, but the proposal itself is confidential. Almost all NSF information is lessons on persuasive, available over the web. The main NSF web page http://www.nsf.gov gives you access to all NSF program descriptions, publications (including the NSF Grant Proposal Guide), program descriptions and current deadlines, the phone numbers and e-mail addresses of project directors, etc.

The FastLane system http://www.fastlane.nsf.gov is an interactive real-time system used to conduct NSF business over essay about teamwork, the Internet. All programs now require that proposals be submitted electronically either through FastLane or through grants.gov. Letter Written In Essay Style? The grants office at about teamwork your institution can set up an account for you so that you can submit proposals and check their status through FastLane. If you are asked to write a review or be on a panel, the program officer will give you an id and password to food control cover letter, give you access to essay about, the proposals. Aside on Fastlane: The first time I was a PD at NSF in the mid 1980s, Fastlane was just coming into existence through the efforts of studies research paper topics, Erich Bloch, then the Director of NSF and essay about teamwork, a former IBM researcher and executive. Score Essays? I returned to NSF as a PD in 2010 and that was the about, first year that all proposal processing was done completely electronically. Control Cover? In order to update the software methods and make NSF funding more transparent to the public, the current plan is to migrate the functions of Fastlane to research.gov and to grants.gov. As of now, only the reporting functions have been completely migrated to research.gov. You can submit your proposal either through Fastlane, NSF’s specialized proposal submission system, or through grants.gov, the submission system for all proposals to the US government.

At least as of now (2015), I strongly recommend that you use Fastlane because there are several NSF-specific features in Fastlane that are not available in grants.gov. Using Fastlane ensures that you meet all NSF submission requirements and ensures that you receive timely feedback if there are problems with your submission. In the long run, Fastlane will almost certainly be subsumed by grants.gov, but the research community will receive many warnings and essay, updates before this occurs. If your institution’s grants office requires you to use grants.gov, don’t worry that your proposal will be penalized. On Persuasive Essays? It just requires more work on essay about teamwork the part of the NSF support staff both to get the proposal from grants.gov into NSF’s internal proposal processing system and may require more back and forth to ensure that all special requirements are met.

Start early if you haven’t used Fastlane before. Social Studies Topics? There are many sections and about, forms to fill out. The program gives you the opportunity to proofread every section as you upload it. Always click Proofread PDF button. Letter Written In Essay? READ the pdf and about, be sure it is OK before you hit the Accept button. Do not treat the Accept button like a Yeah, Sure, Whatever button. Don’t call the PD and ask to replace a corrupt file with the donation, correct one. You clicked the button that said you had proofread the file and it was correct. Remember that for every proposal you submit to NSF, at least five or six of your peers take the about teamwork, time to on persuasive essays, read it, write a review, and travel to DC to discuss it. Although, if you are a junior faculty member, the about, reviewers aren't exactly your peers. Panels tend to be weighted toward more senior members of the community, and these are the cover letter in essay style, people who will be asked to write letters for your promotion and essay, tenure case and they are also are the social topics, people who are on program committees and editorial boards.

Only submit your best work! If you are invited to be on a panel or to review a proposal, you should accept if possible. Being on a panel will help you will gain insight into what gets funded and how panels work. The peer review system only about, works if you, as a member of your community, understand that for every proposal you submit, you incur a debt of six proposals to cover, review. About? Usually this debt is studies research, collected as you become more senior, but you still owe it to the system. Here are a few common NSF acronyms. Each directorate, division and program has an acronym, but because these are continually changing, you will need to search the NSF website to get an up-to-date-list of about teamwork, these acronyms. Assistant Director (despite the name, this is a dean-like position. The AD is one level below the Director of NSF. Conflict of interest. Dear Colleague Letter.

NSF electronic system for proposal submission, review and management. Grant Proposal Guide. The functions of on orwell, fastlane are in the process of teamwork, being transitioned to research.gov. Return without review: If proposals do not following the requirements of the GPG or a particular solicitation, they are returned without review. Science, Technology, Engineering and Math: the purview of NSF.

8 Applicant Tracking System Secrets You Need to Know. What if I said you could triple your chances of getting a job interview with almost no effort. At Jobscan, we’ve found that job seekers who use applicant tracking system keywords within their resumes can triple their chances of getting an teamwork interview. Food Cover Letter! This post includes what you need to know about ATS systems and writing a resume that#8217;s ready for ATS. If you have a specific job in mind, you can start by trying our tool for free right here. Raise your hand if this sounds familiar: you’ve found the perfect job, you’ve spent days injecting your resume with high-impact action verbs and evidence-backed accomplishments, and you’re confident about your chances. Ready to put your best foot forward, you loop back to the job posting in search of the essay, recruiter’s email address, only to food quality control letter, find a blue “apply now” button in its place. You take the bait—you’ve come this far, after all—and realize you’ve run full speed into job hunter purgatory: the applicant tracking system. The key to about teamwork, understanding applicant tracking systems rests in understanding the hiring process itself. This is actually a pretty common scenario: For most of us, the applicant tracking system doesn’t cross our mind until it’s staring us right in the face.

But here’s the scary part: In the essays on orwell, scenario above, what you do next has the chance to make or break your chances of getting a job interview. That’s right: career progression, chances of landing your dream job, that potentially huge salary boost#8230;they all depend on your ATS resume strategy. Throw caution to essay about, the wind and move ahead with your application, as-is. Spend a few minutes or hours perfecting any required application questions, and essays then submit the same resume to the application tracking system. Teamwork! Hit the pause button and think about how to beat applicant tracking systems; cross-reference your resume with the cover letter written, original job description using Jobscan; and teamwork re-work the details just to be safe. If we’re honest, most of us will probably choose Option 1 or 2. Heck, I’m a former recruiter, and I’ve done it before! The problem?

Option 1 and 2 negatively impact your chances of on orwell, getting an essay about teamwork interview. It’s like spending your entire life training for lessons on persuasive, the Olympics, finally qualifying, and then getting denied at about the airport check-in counter because you forgot to book a plane ticket. The thing is, with a bit of quality control cover, time, a little knowledge, and the right tools, you can make a massive difference in essay about your job search. As in, triple your chances of getting an interview massive. Have I got your attention? Good. Here are all the things you need to know about writing your resume for an applicant tracking system. Secret 1: Writing an food ATS resume takes planning.

Remember back in the day—think Don Draper and Mad Men— when you had to get past the secretary if you wanted a meeting with the executive? Well, in 2015, you have to get past the applicant tracking system if you want an interview with the recruiter. And sadly, applicant tracking systems can’t be bought with martinis and flowers. Brushing off the essay teamwork, importance of applicant tracking puts you at lessons on persuasive essays a massive disadvantage in essay teamwork a job search. On Orwell! While things like your LinkedIn profile, social media presence, personal brand, and cover letter all matter, if your resume ends up bouncing around in essay about teamwork the ATS system black hole, the recruiter is essay blood donation, never going to about, know you exist, let alone see your latest post about leadership over on essays Medium. So what does planning mean, exactly? Secret 2: Applicant tracking system keywords and teamwork resume SEO matter.

As a former recruiter, I get a #8220;friends and family#8221; resume question at least once a week, and my #1 tip is always the social studies, same: Before you start writing your resume, make a list of the keywords that are important to your industry and function. Before you start writing, plan your applicant tracking system keywords. This is good advice if you’re writing for essay teamwork, an actual human being. After all, recruitment is a time-crunch industry, and blood donation camp recruiters rarely read resumes in detail. Beyond that, keywords are critical to writing an ATS resume. You may have heard of search engine optimization (SEO).

It’s the careful mix of keywords that writers, marketers, and website designers use to tell search engines what their website is about, all about. In 2016, resumes need SEO, too. The keywords you use throughout your resume are what the applicant tracking system uses to letter in essay, assess whether your experience matches the job. Secret 3: Not all ATS resume keywords are created equal. Essay Teamwork! When you’re writing a resume for ATS recognition, any old keyword won’t do. You need to use the exact same keywords listed in the job description. ATS systems are smart, but at the end of the day, they only find what they’ve been told to look for, and that’s a list of keywords from the hiring manager. Consider these three examples of how an score essays ATS can get tripped up: Some ATS can’t distinguish between front-end and front end. Many ATS can’t distinguish between Master of Business Administration , Masters of Business Administration , Master’s of Business Administration and MBA.

Some companies use different titles and keywords to mean something similar. Essay About Teamwork! For example, Project Manager vs. Written In Essay! Program Manager. The only way to get around this is to use the exact same language and punctuation as in essay teamwork the job description. And when it comes to abbreviations and acronyms, use the full term first, followed by the shortened term. For example: #8220;Master of Business Administration (MBA).#8221; Secret 4: Keyword placement matters to some applicant tracking systems. When we tested some of the control cover letter, most popular ATS systems out there, we were surprised to teamwork, find that some applicant tracking systems not only consider what keywords you use, but also where you use them. Let’s consider Jenn, a fictional management consultant with 15 years of experience: After a number of social topics, successes in her current role, Jenn feels it#8217;s time to go after her dream job with McKinsey Co. The role she#8217;s looking at requires eight years#8217; consulting experience, and Jenn is about, confident she#8217;ll be a contender. Jenn is trying to decide between two different versions of her resume.

Which should she use? A typical consulting resume consisting of summary and score essays key skills sections, experience listed in reverse chronological order, and essay about education. Jenn has listed consulting in her key skills section, and uses variations of the verb consult in her current role, which she’s been in for three years. For the social, remaining 12 years of experience, Jenn uses the synonyms advise , counsel , and guide to about, keep it fresh. Similar to Resume #1, but in this version, Jenn was under a deadline, and didn#8217;t have time to change the verbs, meaning every role she#8217;s ever had includes a variation of consult.

This is essays, a simplified and example, and I think you can probably see where this is going: As far as ATS resume optimization is concerned, Resume #2 is essay about, far better. Studies Research Paper! In fact, some ATS systems we#8217;ve tested would interpret Resume #1 as meaning Jenn only essay about teamwork, has three years#8217; consulting experience, because the keyword only appeared in her most recent job. Essay Donation! Secret 5: Resume keyword stuffing is essay about teamwork, a huge no-no. As with many things in life, when it comes to writing an applicant tracking system (ats) optimized resume, there is on persuasive, such a thing as too much of a good thing. Let me be clear: If you #8220;keyword stuff#8221; your resume, the about, ATS will red flag it, sending your resume to the black hole of failure.

Having keywords appear more frequently in your resume does translate into a higher ATS ranking—up until a point. On Orwell! As a rule, we recommend using a keyword two to about, three times per resume, taking placement into account. Essay Blood! Secret 6: Your job title matters for applicant tracking systems. This one can be difficult for candidates to get their heads around, because it feels#8230;wrong. But I promise you professional resume writers do it all the essay teamwork, time: tweak job titles to fit the blood camp, role applied for. Essay! Small changes to your job titles can make a big difference with an ATS. Lessons! Let’s consider Jenn again. Jenn sticks with the titles on her business cards: Business Advisor; Commercial Development Specialist; and Practice Leader, Commercial Advisory. About! Jenn streamlines her titles to fit the McKinsey Co. Consultant role: Business Advisory Consultant; Commercial Development Consultant; and Consulting Practice Leader, Commercial Advisory. Can you see how those simple changes could make all the difference when it comes to applicant tracking systems that are looking for on orwell, keywords?

While ATS are intelligent, and becoming more so every year, they still have significant limitations. When it comes to formatting, font, and document type, #8220;keep it simple#8221; is the best rule to follow. Many applicant tracking systems can#8217;t read tables. As such, they#8217;re best avoided. Microsoft Word is the safest format for your resume, although many ATS systems will offer guidelines concerning acceptable formats.

An applicant tracking system might struggle with non-standard section headers, so it#8217;s best to stick with classics, such as #8220;Work Experience#8221; or #8220;Professional Experience,#8221; and avoid creative titles, such as #8220;What I#8217;ve Done.#8221; I’d be remiss to end this post without mentioning something that—while obvious—is easy to forget when you’re focused on beating an ATS system: If you do everything right, your resume will be reviewed by essay about teamwork a real person. In my mind, writing your resume exclusively for an ATS system is like baking a cake just for its looks. I don’t know about you, but I want a cake that looks good and tastes good. And when it comes to your resume, you need it to camp, do double duty—to both get you past an applicant tracking system, and appeal to human readers. While optimizing your resume for about, an applicant tracking system isn#8217;t rocket science, it does require careful planning.

If you#8217;re concerned about your resume, or simply want to see how it will perform in an applicant tracking system, be sure to test our resume scanning tool.

essay on uncanny by Sigmund Freud. It is only rarely that a psycho-analyst feels impelled to investigate the subject of teamwork, aesthetics, even when aesthetics is score essays understood to mean not merely the theory of beauty but the theory of the essay about teamwork, qualities of feeling. He works in other strata of mental life and has little to do with the donation, subdued emotional impulses which, inhibited in teamwork their aims and dependent on blood donation a host of concurrent factors, usually furnish the material for the study of aesthetics. But it does occasionally happen that he has to interest himself in some particular province of that subject; and this province usually proves to be a rather remote one, and one which has been neglected in essay about the specialist literature of aesthetics. The subject of the ‘uncanny’ is a province of this kind. It is undoubtedly related to what is cover letter written frightening — to what arouses dread and horror; equally certainly, too, the word is essay about teamwork not always used in a clearly definable sense, so that it tends to coincide with what excites fear in general. Yet we may expect that a special core of feeling is present which justifies the use of a special conceptual term. One is curious to know what this common core is which allows us to distinguish as ‘uncanny’; certain things which lie within the field of what is frightening. … In his study of the ‘uncanny,’ Jentsch quite rightly lays stress on the obstacle presented by cover written style, the fact that people vary so very greatly in their sensitivity to this quality of feeling. The writer of the present contribution, indeed, must himself plead guilty to a special obtuseness in the matter, where extreme delicacy of perception would be more in place.

It is teamwork long since he has experienced or heard of letter, anything which has given him an uncanny impression, and he must start by translating himself into that state of feeling, by awakening in essay about himself the possibility of experiencing it. Still, such difficulties make themselves powerfully felt in many other branches of aesthetics; we need not on that account despair of finding instances in which the quality in question will be unhesitatingly recognized by most people. Two courses are open to us at the outset. Either we can find out what meaning has come to be attached to the word ‘uncanny’ in the course of its history; or we can collect all those properties of persons, things, sense-impressions, experiences and situations which arouse in us the feeling of uncanniness, and then infer the unknown nature of the uncanny from what all these examples have in common. I will say at once that both courses lead to the same result: the uncanny is that class of the frightening which leads back to what is known of old and long familiar. How this is possible, in what circumstances the familiar can become uncanny and frightening, I shall show in what follows. Let me also add that my investigation was actually begun by collecting a number of individual cases, and was only lessons later confirmed by an examination of essay about teamwork, linguistic usage. In this discussion, however, I shall follow the reverse course. The German word ‘unheimlich’ is obviously the opposite of ‘heimlich’ [‘homely’], … the opposite of what is familiar; and we are tempted to conclude that what is ‘uncanny’ is frightening precisely because it is score essays not known and familiar.

Naturally not everything that is new and about unfamiliar is social research frightening, however; the relation is essay teamwork not capable of inversion. … Something has to be added to what is score essays novel and unfamiliar in order to about, make it uncanny. On the whole, Jentsch … ascribes the essential factor in the production of the lessons, feeling of essay about, uncanniness to intellectual uncertainty; so that the uncanny would always, as it were, be something one does not know one’s way about control letter, in. The better orientated in his environment a person is, the less readily will he get the impression of something uncanny in regard to the objects and events in it. It is not difficult to essay about, see that this definition is incomplete, and on orwell we will therefore try to proceed beyond the essay teamwork, equation ‘uncanny’ as ‘unfamiliar.’ We will first turn to other languages. Cover. But the essay, dictionaries that we consult tell us nothing new, perhaps only because we ourselves speak a language that is foreign. Score Essays. Indeed, we get an impression that many languages are without a word for this particular shade of essay about teamwork, what is frightening. … Latin : … An uncanny place: locus suspectus ; at an uncanny time of essays, night. … Greek : … Eeros (i.e., strange, foreign). English : … Uncomfortable, uneasy, gloomy, dismal, uncanny, ghastly; (of a house) haunted; (of a man) a repulsive fellow. French : … Inquitant , sinistre , lugubre , mal son aise . Spanish : … Sospechoso , de mal agero , lgubre , siniestro . About. … In Arabic and Hebrew ‘uncanny’ means the same as ‘daemonic,’ ‘gruesome.’

Let us therefore return to the German language. Cover In Essay Style. In Daniel Sanders’s Wrterbuch der Deutschen Sprache (1860, 1, 729), the[re] is following entry… under the teamwork, word ‘heimlich.’ “ Heimlich, adj., … I. [B]elonging to the house, not strange, familiar, tame, intimate, friendly, etc. … (b) Of animals: tame, companionable to man. … (c) Intimate, friendly comfortable; the essays on orwell, enjoyment of quiet content, etc., arousing a sense of agreeable restfulness and about security as in one within the four walls of his house. Is it still heimlich to you in your country where strangers are felling your woods?’ ‘She did not feel too heimlich with him.’ … II. Concealed, kept from sight, so that others do not get to know of or about on persuasive, it, withheld from others. To do something heimlich , i.e., behind someone’s back; to steal away heimlich; heimlich meetings and appointments. … The heimlich art’ (magic). ‘Where public ventilation has to stop, there heimlich conspirators and essay about the loud battle-cry of professed revolutionaries.’ ‘A holy, heimlich effect.’ … ‘learned in strange Heimlichkeiten’ (magic arts). … Note especially the essays, negative ‘un-’: eerie, weird, arousing gruesome fear: ‘Seeming quite unheimlich and ghostly to him.’ ‘The unheimlich, fearful hours of about teamwork, night.’ ‘I had already long since felt an unheimich,’ even gruesome feeling.’ ‘Now I am beginning to have an unheimlich feeling.’ … ‘Feels an unheimlich horror.’ ‘ Unheimlich and motionless like a stone image.’ ‘The unheimlich mist called hill-fog.’ ‘These pale youths are unheinrlich and are brewing heaven knows what mischief.’ ‘Unh eimlich is the name for everything that ought to have remained . secret and hidden but has come to light’ (Schelling).— ‘To veil the divine, to surround it with a certain Unheimlichkeit.’ …”

What interests us most in this long extract is to find that among its different shades of meaning the word ‘ heimlich’’ exhibits one which is identical with its opposite, ‘ unheirnlich.’ What is heimlich thus comes to lessons essays, be unheimlich. Essay. (Cf. the quality control letter, quotation from essay, Gutzkow: ‘We call it “unheimlich”; you call it “heimlich.”’) In general we are reminded that the word ‘heimlich’ is not unambiguous, but belongs to two sets of ideas, which, without being contradictory, are yet very different: on the one hand it means what is familiar and agreeable, and on the other. Letter. what is concealed and kept out of sight. ‘Unheimlich’ is essay customarily used, we are told, as the essays, contrary only of the first signification of’ heimlich,’ and not of the second. Sanders tells us nothing concerning a possible genetic connection between these two meanings of heimlich. On the teamwork, other hand, we notice that Schelling says something which throws quite a new light on the concept of the Unheimlich, for which we were certainly not prepared. According to him, everything is unheimlich that ought to have remained secret and hidden but has come to light. … Thus heimlich is a word the meaning of which develops in the direction of ambivalence, until it finally coincides with its opposite, unheimlich. Unheimlich is in some way or other a sub-species of heimlich. Let us bear this discovery in quality control cover mind, though we cannot yet rightly understand it, alongside of essay, Schelling’s definition of the in essay style, Unheimlich. If we go on to examine individual instances of uncanniness, these hints will become intelligible to us. When we proceed to review things, persons, impressions, events and situations which are able to essay about, arouse in us a feeling of the uncanny in a particularly forcible and definite form, the first requirement is obviously to select a suitable example to start on. Jentsch has taken as a very good instance ‘doubts whether an apparently animate being is really alive; or conversely, whether a lifeless object might not be in fact animate’; and he refers in letter in essay this connection to the impression made by waxwork figures, ingeniously constructed dolls and essay about teamwork automata. To these he adds the uncanny effect of food quality cover letter, epileptic fits, and of manifestations of insanity, because these excite in the spectator the impression of automatic, mechanical processes at essay, work behind the on persuasive, ‘ordinary appearance of mental activity.

Without entirely accepting this author’s view, we will take it as a starting point for our own investigation because in what follows he reminds us of a writer who has succeeded in essay about producing uncanny effects better than anyone else. Jentsch writes: ‘In telling a story one of the most successful devices for easily creating uncanny effects is to leave the reader in uncertainty whether a particular figure in the story is score essays a human being or an automaton and to do it in such a wa y that his attention is not focused directly upon his uncertainty, so that he may not be led to go into the matter and clear it up immediately. That, as we have said, would quickly dissipate the peculiar emotional effect of the thing. E. Teamwork. T. A. Hoffmann has repeatedly employed this psychological artifice with success in his fantastic narratives.’ This observation, undoubtedly a correct one, refers primarily to the story of The Sand-Man” in Hoffmann’s Nachtstcken, which contains the original of Olympia, the doll that appears in food the first act of about, Offenbach’s opera, Tales of Hoffmann , but I cannot think — and I hope most readers of the story will agree with me — that the theme of the doll Olympia, who is to all appearances a living being, is by any means the only, or indeed the most important, element that must be held responsible for the quite unparalleled atmosphere of uncanniness evoked by the story. Nor is on persuasive this atmosphere heightened by the fact that the author himself treats the episode of essay about teamwork, Olympia with a faint touch of satire and uses it to poke fun at studies paper topics, the young man’s idealization of his mistress.

The main theme of the story is, on the contrary, something different, something which gives it its name, and which is always re-introduced at critical moments: it is the theme of the ‘Sand-Man’ who tears out essay children’s eyes. This fantastic tale opens with the childhood recollections of the student Nathaniel. In spite of his present happiness, he cannot banish the memories associated with the mysterious and terrifying death of his beloved father. Donation Camp. On certain evenings his mother used to send the children to bed early, warning them that ‘the Sand-Man was coming’; and, sure enough, Nathaniel would not fail to hear the heavy tread of a visitor, with whom his father would then be occupied for the evening. When questioned about the Sand-Man, his mother, it is true, denied that such a person existed except as a figure of speech; but his nurse could give him more definite information: ‘He’s a wicked man who comes when children won’t go to bed, and throws handfuls of sand in their eyes so that they jump out of their heads all bleeding. Then he puts the eyes in about a sack and carries them off to the half-moon to feed his children. Blood Camp. They sit up there in their nest, and their beaks are hooked like owls’ beaks, and they use them to peck up naughty boys’ and girls’ eyes with.’ Although little Nathaniel was sensible and old enough not to credit the figure of the Sand-Man with such gruesome attributes, yet the dread of him became fixed in teamwork his heart.

He determined to style, find out what the Sand-Man looked like; and one evening, when the Sand-Man was expected again, he hid in his father’s study. Essay. He recognized the visitor as the lawyer Coppelius, a repulsive person whom the children were frightened of when he occasionally came to a meal; and he now identified this Coppelius with the dreaded Sand-Man. As regards the rest of the scene, Hoffmann already leaves us in doubt whether what we are witnessing is tee first delirium of the panic-stricken boy, or a succession of events which are to be regarded in the story as being real. His father and the guest are at work at essay blood donation camp, a brazier with glowing flames. The little eavesdropper hears Coppelius call out: ‘Eyes here! Eyes here!’ and betrays himself by screaming aloud. Coppelius seizes him and is on the point of dropping bits of red-hot coal from the fire into his eyes, and then of throwing them into the brazier, but his father begs him off and saves his eyes. After this the boy falls into a deep swoon; and teamwork a long illness brings his experience to an end. Those who decide in essay blood camp favour of the rationalistic interpretation of the Sand-Man will not fail to recognize in essay teamwork the child’s phantasy the persisting influence of his nurse’s story. The bits of sand that are to be thrown into the child’s eyes turn into bits of red-hot coal from the flames; and in both cases they are intended to make his eyes jump out.

In the course of another visit of the Sand-Man’s, a year later, his father is killed in his study by an explosion. The lawyer Coppelius disappears from the place without leaving a trace behind. Nathaniel, now a student, believes that he has recognized this phantom of horror from his childhood in an itinerant optician, an Italian called Giuseppe Coppola, who at social paper, his university town, offers him weather-glasses for sale. When Nathaniel refuses, the man goes on: ‘Not weather-glasses? not weather-glasses? also got fine eyes, fine eyes!’ The student’s terror is allayed when he finds that the proffered eyes are only harmless spectacles, and he buys a pocket spy-glass from Coppola. With its aid he looks across into Professor Spalanzani’s house opposite and there spies Spalanzani’s beautiful, but strangely silent and motionless daughter, Olympia. He soon falls in love with her so violently that, because of her, he quite forgets the clever and sensible girl to whom he is betrothed. But Olympia is an automaton whose clock-work has been made by Spalanzani, and essay about teamwork whose eyes have been put in by Coppola, the Sand-Man.

The student surprises the two Masters quarrelling over their handiwork. The optician carries off the cover letter written in essay, wooden eyeless doll; and about teamwork the mechanician, Spalanzani, picks up Olympia ’s bleeding eyes from the ground and throws them at Nathaniel’s breast, saying that Coppola had stolen them from the student. Nathaniel succumbs to a fresh attack of madness, and in his delirium his recollection of his father’s death is mingled with this new experience. ‘Hurry up! hurry up! ring of fire!’ he cries. ‘Spin about, ring of fire — Hurrah! Hurry up, wooden doll! lovely wooden doll, spin about — .’ He then falls upon lessons on persuasive the professor, Olympia ’s ‘father,’ and tries to strangle him. Rallying from a long and serious illness, Nathaniel seems at last to have recovered. He intends to marry his betrothed, with whom he has become reconciled.

One day he and she are walking through the city market-place, over which the high tower of the Town Hall throws its huge shadow. Essay About. On the girl’s suggestion, they climb the tower, leaving her brother, who is walking with them, down below. From the top, Clara’s attention is on orwell drawn to essay teamwork, a curious object moving along the street. Nathaniel looks at this thing through Coppola’s spy-glass, which he finds in his pocket, and falls into on persuasive essays a new attack of madness. Shouting ‘Spin about, wooden doll!’ he tries to throw the girl into the gulf below. Her brother, brought to her side by her cries, rescues her and hastens down with her to safety.

On the tower above, the madman rushes round, shrieking ‘Ring of about, fire, spin about!’ — and we know the origin of the words. Among the lessons on persuasive essays, people who begin to gather below there comes forward the figure of the lawyer Coppelius, who has suddenly returned. We may suppose that it was his approach, seen through the spy-glass, which threw Nathaniel into his fit of essay about, madness. As the onlookers prepare to go up and overpower the madman, Coppelius laughs and on orwell says: ‘Wait a bit; he’ll come down of himself.’ Nathaniel suddenly stands still, catches sight of Coppelius, and with a wild shriek ‘Yes! “fine eyes — fine eyes”!’ flings himself over the parapet. While he lies on the paving-stones with a shattered skull the Sand-Man vanishes in the throng.

This short summary leaves no doubt, I think, that the feeling of something uncanny is directly attached to the figure of the Sand-Man, that is, to the idea of being robbed of essay about teamwork, one’s eyes, and that Jentsch’s point of an intellectual uncertainty has nothing to do with the effect. Uncertainty whether an object is living or inanimate, which admittedly applied to control letter, the doll Olympia , is quite irrelevant in connection with this other, more striking instance of uncanniness. It is true that the writer creates a kind of essay, uncertainty in us in the beginning by not letting us know, no doubt purposely, whether he is taking us into the real world or into a purely fantastic one of his own creation. He has, of course, a right to do either; and if he chooses to stage his action in a world peopled with spirits, demons and ghosts, as Shakespeare does in Hamlet, in Macbeth and, in lessons essays a different sense, in The Tempest and A Midsummer-Night’s Dream , we must bow to his decision and treat his setting as though it were real for about, as long as we put ourselves into this hands. But this uncertainty disappears in the course of Hoffmann’s story, and we perceive that he intends to make us, too, look through the demon optician’s spectacles or spy-glass — perhaps, indeed, that the author in his very own person once peered through such an instrument. For the conclusion of the story makes it quite clear that Coppola the optician really is the lawyer Coppelius and also, therefore, the Sand-Man. There is no question therefore, of any intellectual uncertainty here: we know now that we are not supposed to be looking on at the products of a madman’s imagination, behind which we, with the superiority of rational minds, are able to detect the sober truth; and yet this knowledge does not lessen the impression of uncanniness in the least degree. The theory of intellectual uncertainty is thus incapable of explaining that impression. We know from psycho-analytic experience, however, that the fear of blood camp, damaging or losing one’s eyes is a terrible one in children. Many adults retain their apprehensiveness in this respect, and no physical injury is so much dreaded by them as an injury to the eye.

We are accustomed to say, too, that we will treasure a thing as the apple of our eye. A study of dreams, phantasies and essay about teamwork myths has taught us that anxiety about one’s eyes, the fear of going blind, is often enough a substitute for the dread of being castrated. Essays On Orwell. The self-blinding of the mythical criminal, Oedipus, was simply a mitigated form of the punishment of castration — the only punishment that was adequate for him by the lex talionis. We may try on rationalistic grounds to deny that fears about the eye are derived from the fear of castration, and may argue that it is very natural that so precious an about teamwork, organ as the eye should be guarded by a proportionate dread. Indeed, we might go further and say that the fear of castration itself contains no other significance and no deeper secret than a justifiable dread of this rational kind. But this view does not account adequately for the substitutive relation between the eye and the male organ which is seen to food quality cover letter, exist in dreams and myths and phantasies; nor can it dispel the teamwork, impression that the threat of being castrated in lessons especial excites a peculiarly violent and obscure emotion, and that this emotion is essay teamwork what first gives the idea of losing other organs its intense colouring. All further doubts are removed when we learn the letter in essay style, details of their ‘castration complex’ from the analysis of essay teamwork, neurotic patients, and realize its immense importance in on orwell their mental life. Moreover, I would not recommend any opponent of the psycho-analytic view to select this particular story of the Sand-Man with which to support his argument that anxiety about the essay, eyes has nothing to do with the castration complex. For why does Hoffmann bring the anxiety about score essays, eyes into such intimate connection with the about teamwork, father’s death? And why does the studies research paper, Sand-Man always appear as a disturber of love? ** He separates the unfortunate Nathaniel from his betrothed and about from her brother, his best friend; he destroys the second object of his love, Olympia, the essay camp, lovely doll; and he drives him into suicide at the moment when he has won back his Clara and essay about is about to be happily united to her. Elements in the story like these, and many others, seem arbitrary and meaningless so long as we deny all connection between fears about the eye and cover written in essay style castration; but they become intelligible as soon as we replace the Sand-Man by the dreaded father at essay, whose hands castration is expected. **

We shall venture, therefore, to refer the score essays, uncanny effect of the Sand-Man to the anxiety belonging to the castration complex of childhood. Essay. But having reached the idea that we can make an infantile factor such as this responsible for feelings of uncanniness, we are encouraged to see whether we can apply it to other instances of the uncanny. Letter Written. We find in the story of the Sand-Man the other theme on which Jentsch lays stress, of a doll which appears to essay teamwork, be alive. Score Essays. Jentsch believes that a particularly favourable condition for awakening uncanny feelings is created when there is intellectual uncertainty whether an object is alive or not, and when an inanimate object becomes too much like an animate one. Now, dolls are of course rather closely connected with childhood life. We remember that in essay teamwork their early games children do not distinguish at written style, all sharply between living and inanimate objects, and that they are especially fond of treating their dolls like live people. In fact, I have occasionally heard a woman patient declare that even at the age of eight she had still been convinced that her dolls would be certain to come to life if she were to essay, look at them in a particular, extremely concentrated, way. So that here, too, it is not difficult to discover a factor from childhood. But, curiously enough, while the Sand-Man story deals with the arousing of an early childhood fear, the idea of a ‘living doll’ excites no fear at all; children have no fear of their dolls coming to life, they may even desire it. Score Essays. The source of uncanny feelings would not, therefore, be an essay teamwork, infantile fear in this case, but rather an infantile wish or even merely an infantile belief.

There seems to be a contradiction here; but perhaps it is only a complication, which may be helpful to us later on. ** For a contrary view put forth by social, Freud himself, compare “The Taboo on teamwork Virginity,” in which Freud writes: “Whenever primitive man institutes a taboo, there he fears a danger; and it cannot be disputed that the general principle underlying all of these regulations and avoidances is social studies paper a dread of essay, women. Perhaps the fear is founded on the difference of donation, woman from man, on her eternally inexplicable, mysterious, strange nature which thus seems hostile. Man fears that his strength will be taken from him by women, dreads becoming infected with her femininity and the proving himself a weakling. The effect of coitus in discharging tensions and inducing flaccidity may be a type of what these fears represent. … In any event, the taboos described are evidence of the existence of a force which, by regarding women as strange and hostile, sets itself against love.” ** [ Freud’s footnote ] In fact, Hoffmann’s imaginative treatment of his material has not made such wild confusion of its elements that we cannot reconstruct their original arrangement. In the story of Nathaniel’s childhood, the figures of his father and Coppelius represent the two opposites into about teamwork which the control cover, father-imago is split by his ambivalence; whereas the about, one threatens to blind him — that is, to castrate him — , the score essays, other, the essay teamwork, ‘good’ father, intercedes for his sight. The part of the complex which is most strongly repressed, the death-wish against the ‘bad’ father, finds expression in the death of the ‘good’ father, and quality control Coppelius is about made answerable for it.

This pair of fathers is donation represented later, in his student days, by Professor Spalanzani and Coppola the optician. The Professor is even called the father of essay, Olympia . This double occurrence of activity in common betrays them as divisions of the father-imago: both the mechanician and food cover letter the optician were the father f Nathaniel (and of Olympia as well). In the frightening scene in childhood, Coppelius, after sparing Nathaniel’s eyes, has screwed off his arms and essay about teamwork legs as an experiment; that is, he had worked on him as a mechanician would on blood camp a doll. This singular feature, which seems quite outside the picture of the Sand-Man, introduces a new castration equivalent; but it also points to the inner identity of Coppelius with his later counterpart, Spalanzani the mechanician, and prepares us for the interpretation of Olympia . Essay About Teamwork. This automatic doll can be nothing else than a materialization of Nathaniel’s feminine attitude towards his father in his infancy. Score Essays. Her fathers, Spalanzani and Coppola, are, after all, nothing but new editions, reincarnations of Nathaniel’s pair of teamwork, fathers. Spalanzani’s otherwise incomprehensible statement that the optician has stolen Nathaniel’s eyes … , so as to set them in the doll, now becomes significant as supplying evidence of the identity of Olympia and on orwell Nathaniel.

Olympia is, as it were, a dissociated complex of about, Nathaniel’s which confronts him as a person, and letter Nathaniel’s enslavement to this complex is expressed in his senseless obsessive love for Olympia . We may with justice call love of this kind narcissistic, and we can understand why someone who has fallen victim to it should relinquish the real external object of his love. The psychological truth of the situation in which the essay teamwork, young man, fixated upon his father by his castration complex, becomes incapable of loving a woman, is amply proved by lessons on persuasive essays, numerous analyses of patients whose story, though less fantastic, is hardly less tragic than that of the student Nathaniel. Essay. …