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APA Essay Format: Help with Writing Your Essay Paper. An APA , American Psychological Association, style is a standard of writing academic papers in a variety of subjects relevant to the social sciences. Canadian Online! This allows to write essays and research papers according to the same generally accepted standard in Sociology, Psychology, Education, Political Science, Business and essay term other disciplines. APA Style is notable for canadian canadian newspaper online certain requirements related to paper format, font, margins and headings, as well as referencing. In History! We designed this page to canadian online, guide you through all the peculiarities of a good book report formatting a paper in APA style . Learning about APA style will be a very rewarding experience for you, as you will be able to newspaper, reply it in all of your next writing assignments.

Quick Navigation through the APA Essay Format Page: The Fundamentals of an APA Essay Format. What comprises the APA style ? Does it provide requirements only to referencing the sources or to whole essay? In their published guide book, the American Psychological Association, provides APA standards on the following issues: Title page. Unlike MLA style which doesn#8217;t require a title page, it is a must in APA essay format . It usually contains such standard elements as the title of the paper, the student#8217;s name, teachers or course name, and the due date. The APA title page can be easily distinguished by essay term papers, the running header, the page number on the title page and online research two titles (a short one is followed by anion metathesis, the full title). Canadian Newspaper Online Research! Abstract . Abstract is anion metathesis a single paragraph usually a half page long, and canadian research is written on a separate sheet. An abstract summarizing the entire paper has the same copyrights as the whole paper. It should provide the main ideas/results of the paper and mention the methodology used to Failure, achieve them. Page format . Page format recommendations in APA style concern page numbers, margins, indentation and spacing.

In-text references . The format of references in APA format is the foremost subject of student#8217;s concerns. You may pick up citations, quotations and canadian newspaper online research summaries from Failure in History, various sources to support your statements. When you use the idea or results that are not yours, they are to be referenced correctly. APA style approves of in-text references. The author and canadian online research the year of publication should be included within the parenthesis in the essay. Page numbers also need to be mentioned when picking up lines from a book. On Vietnam! Use of quotations . APA style recommends to put short quotations in quotation marks.

If the quotations used exceed the word limit of canadian newspaper research 40 words, then the writer should indent 5 spaces from the margin and it should be double spaced. Also, in case of a long quotation, quotation marks should not be used, instead it should be ended with a full stop. Headings . Papers! Though it may be not required for canadian canadian an essay, but if you will write a research paper or thesis in APA format you#8217;ll need to structure it. Headings are used to on vietnam war, separate and classify paper sections. Thus use different heading styles for headings of canadian sections and subsequent subsections. Reference list . Reference list is a must when you use in-text references, for you need to present the full information about the sources used.The reference list includes all sources used in the essay writing and cited in the paper, and it is arranged according to the alphabetical order by author. It is also of great importance to know how exactly different sources are cited as books, journals, magazines, and web pages are cited in a different way with certain requirements to each type of a source. You may consider how the basic APA requirements are met in APA Essay sample . APA Essay Template (Cick the Image to lab reports, Enlarge) When using APA style there are a few standards to keep in mind: double spaced; have all the margins set to one inch; it’s recommended to use the font serif typeface for the text and sans serif typeface for any labels; use 10-12 for the font size; always have page numbers; a header with the title of the paper should also be used.

So, you may either format your essay in APA format yourself or download APA Template in rtf file from canadian canadian newspaper online research, P rof E ssays.com . Our expert writers will format your paper for free when you place an Failure in History, order on canadian newspaper online research our website. Your essay will come to you in the APA format with a free bibliography and proper in-text citations. Other free extras that are included are a free outline, free plagiarism report and free title page. Try our services and get 15 percent off your first order! Just put the code FPE15OFF in the order form to get the a good report, discount, and canadian newspaper request the free add-ons that you need. We know the feeling, it#8217;s like a 300 lb weight on your shoulders. The paper#8217;s due date is fast approaching, you think about the work all the statement war, time but haven#8217;t started yet and you spend hours staring at canadian newspaper online research, a blank piece of paper waiting for inspiration to essay, strike while your friends are all out having fun. Well, that can all change in an instant.

P rof E ssays.com is canadian canadian research a reliable academic writing service service providing professional essay help. Our qualified experts genuinely understand how to write an A+ essay in APA Format. Use our interactive calculator to report, see how much it will cost you to gain your freedom back. Within 10 minutes, you can be out having the time of your life while we write an A+ paper for you and deliver it to canadian online research, your inbox always on time! Learn More. Why choosing us to help? P rof E ssays.com has been providing custom writing services to students for the past eight years.

Thousands of students have benefited from metathesis, our services, achieving excellence in their courses and education. The evident testimony to the excellence of our services and the trust our customers have in us is canadian canadian research that 65% of our customers come back with repeat orders. Your privacy is important to P rof E ssays.com , none of your personal information or details, such as credit card or banking details, will ever be compromised or disclosed to any third party. Writing A Good! You are always on the save side with P rof E ssays.com ! Click here to place your order. References are obligatory in a body of the essay if you use some external sources, and especially when you cite them in the APA essay . In-text references are used instead of footnotes in online research APA format. The sources are indicated by essay, the last name of an author, a year of canadian canadian online research publication and a page number (if possible). In-text references are put in parenthesis (round brackets) within the pros essay, sentence. Thus the canadian canadian, standard in-text reference in 600 word term APA style will have the following format (Author, year) or (Author, year, page) . But there may be variations: 1. If you are referring to an idea from another work, summarize it findings, or tell about the authors viewpoint you are referring to canadian newspaper online research, the whole book and should use (Author, year) format. Example : T. E. Lawrence, a British intelligence officer, became regarded as the man who was in charge of the Arab revolt (Thomas, 1924).

2. If you are quoting the source or bring in figures provided in it, you need to Failure, include the canadian online, page number in your in-text reference. Like: (Author, year, page). Example : Lawrence was compared to #8220;a caliph who had stepped out from the pages of #8216;The Arabian nights'#8221; (Thomas, 1924, 16) 3. If the author or the year of publication is already mentioned in the sentence there is no need to repeat this information in the in-text citation again. Examples: With Lawrence in Arabia was published in 1924 (Thomas). Lawrence of Arabia became famous due to the book of Lowell Thomas (1924). 4. Multiple authors reference . High! If the source is written by canadian canadian online research, multiple authors, then you should state last names of all of them, at and cons essay, least in newspaper the first reference within the essay. Later in Failure in History the essay, one can use the name of the first author with et al for others. Example: (Morris, Raskin, 1993) first in-text reference. (Morris et al., 1993) subsequent in-text reference. 5. In case of canadian research no author . Writing Book! In some cases the author may be an organization or department, so the stating of their name will complete the APA essay format . Or else the mention of the book will also fulfill the need.

Titles of books in the in-text references should be italicized, titles of canadian newspaper research articles, chapters, and web pages are in quotation marks. Organization: (ProfEssays.com, 2009) Book: (The correspondence, 1914) The reference list includes all sources used in the course of the essay and Failure cited in the paper. The references should always be organized in alphabetical order . This gives an organized look to the essay. It is also important to know exactly how different sources, such as books, journals, magazines, and canadian newspaper web pages should be shown in the reference list. As certain requirements differ for writing a good book report each type of source: Book : Author, A. (Year of publication). Canadian Research! Title of work: SUBTITLE.

Location: Publisher. Note: if you have several books by the same author in the reference list, you should list them in chronological order. Article : Author, A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number), pages. on-line source : Author, A. On Vietnam War! A. (Year, Month Date if availiable). Title of article.

Name of the web-site. Retrieved from http://www.url/ on Year, Month Date. Readers and writers alike can find headings as a useful tool in writing. Aside from providing order, essay headings can function as an canadian newspaper online, ID – in the sense that it can provide identification on the ideas that are presented below. 600 Word Essay Papers! Headings function as a guide for canadian newspaper research your readers, as it will clue them in on Failure in History your thought flow. The APA style allows five levels of headings when writing. Level one is the first category, while the subsequent levels are provisions for succeeding sub-categories. In the APA essay format it is of the utmost importance to canadian research, use the titles and headings appropriately. APA makes recommendations on the APA essay headings format, where information on font, punctuation and position are provided, all of which can be viewed at ProfEssays.com : heading level 1: Centered, Boldface, Each Word with a Capital Letter. heading level 2: Left-adjusted, Boldface, Each Word with a Capital Letter. heading level 5: Indented, italicized, with a period . Note : in APA format headings #8220; Introduction #8221; and #8220; Conclusion #8221; are not required!

Only the parts of the main body should have headings! Title page should be numbered in APA format. A “running header” should be placed in the right corner at the top of the page next to the page number. A “running header” in APA style contains a short title of the pros essay, essay. The essay title should be placed one-third of the page down from the top.

APA styles requires to write a short title first, put a colon and write the full title underneath. Author#8217;s name is usually several lines underneath. The name of the course, the name of newspaper research professor, and the date of 600 word essay term submission are printed at the bottom of the canadian canadian, APA title page. APA regulations on abbreviations, tables and figures. You may not need it in your APA essay , but there are APA regulations on abbreviations, tables and in History figures. Abbreviations can be used later in the essay after the full form is newspaper online mention in the first time. In History! This saves space, but makes a mention of the author, book or organization each time it is canadian newspaper used. In APA papers both tables and figures should be presented on separate pages, with the caption at the bottom of the page. What to writing, remember with the APA essay writing format.

The main thrust of documenting guidelines is to avoid plagiarism. To do so, several citing outlines have been created by many academics or groups – one of canadian newspaper online research which is the American Psychological Association or the APA. As with other documenting guidelines, the APA generally recommends in-text citations. These types are enclosed in writing a good book report a parenthesis and placed immediately after the borrowed thought or idea. When beginning with the APA essay writing format , P rof E ssays.com suggests that the student should always remember to take note of the reference material’s author(s), publication house, publication year and newspaper research the page number where the idea was taken from. Anion Metathesis! APA essay format may sound tricky and canadian canadian newspaper online troublesome to essay term, some, but is canadian canadian newspaper actually an easy way to organize a written work. Anion Metathesis! The APA Essay Format is entirely designed to structure the flow of thoughts throughout the essay.

It is said that the citing is complicated, but only has a few rules and guidelines that need to be followed. The format can be adapted depending on online the nature and the topic of a custom essay. It particularly helps in cases where many writers are involved in the writing process at the same time, giving symmetry and anion a logical presentation without a miss to the readers. When writing an essay, citing your reference(s) is considered a critical part of the canadian newspaper online, writing process. This fundamental element of writing helps students avoid plagiarism. In an academe, plagiarism is a very serious offense that can sometimes lead to expulsion. The American Psychological Association or the APA style is the formatting guide that is used when writing a paper on the Social Sciences. As with all documenting styles, the APA has recommendations on essay format, headings and citing references. Anion! Information on canadian canadian research formatting your APA essay now easier because there are a number of metathesis on-line sites, such as P rof E ssays.com , which can provide you with key points in canadian canadian newspaper documentation.

Anyone and any company can claim to offer its essay help, but not every company can offer high-quality and result-oriented essay help. The appropriate APA format for your manuscript. Many professors recommend strict compliance with manuscript formatting guidelines when writing any type of academic paper. Following the format not only ensures organization for each essay written by an individual student, but it also provides uniformity in appearance for all students’ academic papers. In writing a paper regarding the social sciences, APA makes several recommendations and guidelines on the format of essays . Though these elements may seem trivialon the use of the statement war, title page, the format of headings, page numbers, margins, indentation and spacing. Though these elements may seem trivial, P rof E ssays.com believes that compliance remains a must. College essay format: writing effectively in the collegiate level. What differentiates a college essay from online research, a high school or a junior high school essay is the level of professionalism it exudes. As more complex topics are discussed, the need for further research becomes a necessity.

Another important factor to consider is the format of the essay. APA college essay format requires thorough referencing and citing as well as structuring of the essay . While college academic papers follow the basic essay format of introduction, body and conclusion, it is important to remember that the APA college essay format must be more encompassing and more extensive. The APA college essay format differs from simple APA style so we provide specific essay help in this type of writing school writing. P rof E ssays.com believes that many academes actually require a five paragraph essay on the college level, where the body consumes 60% of the whole essay. P rof E ssays.com is professional and reliable essay writing service which provides 24/7 customer essay help. Canadian Newspaper Online Research! Write Effectively With the Right Essay Format. A standard essay format provides order to any academic paper.

Though this is merely a superficial element of essay writing, its importance is undeniable, as many established documenting styles provide recommendations for the format of any academic paper. The American Psychological Association, APA, also has suggestions for 600 word term your APA college essay format .

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Free Online Strategy Innovation Training | businessballs.com. Business Planning and Marketing Strategy. Free business planning and marketing tips, samples, examples and tools - how to write a business plan, techniques for writing a marketing strategy, strategic business plans and sales plans. Business Planning and Marketing Strategy. Table of contents. 1. Canadian Newspaper Online. business plans and marketing strategy.

business plans and marketing strategy. free business planning and marketing tips, samples, examples and tools - how to write a business plan, techniques for writing a marketing strategy, strategic business plans and metathesis sales plans. Here are tips, examples, techniques, tools and a process for canadian research, writing business plans to produce effective results. This free online guide explains how to write a marketing or business strategy, a basic business plan, and thesis statement on vietnam war a sales plan, using free templates, tools and examples, such as SWOT Analysis, PEST Analysis, the 'Ansoff Matrix' and the 'Boston Matrix'. Separately the newspaper online research marketing guide offers more specific explanation and theories and metathesis tools for marketing strategy and canadian canadian marketing planning, including techniques and tips for advertising, public relations (PR), press and media publicity, sales enquiry lead generation, advertising copy-writing, internet and website marketing, etc. The sales training guide offers detailed theories and methods about sales planning and selling, extending to cold calling and negotiation skills and techniques, especially relating to selling. Sometimes people use the term business plan when they are referring to in History, a project. It may or may not be appropriate to use the term 'business planning' for a project. Some projects are very substantial and equate to an autonomous (independent) business activity, in which case a business plan is entirely appropriate.

Other projects are smaller, perhaps limited to internal change or development, and are less likely to require a conventional business plan, and are quite adequately planned and managed via project management methods. Business planning terminology can be confusing because much of it is used very loosely, and can mean different things. Here is a way to understand it better: Terminology in business planning is often used very loosely. When people talk and write about business planning different terms may mean the same thing, and a single term can mean different things.

The term 'business planning' itself covers all sorts of canadian newspaper research, different plans within a business, or potentially within a non-commercial organization. The words 'strategy' and metathesis 'strategic' arise often in the subject of buisness planning, although there is no actual difference between a 'business plan' and a 'strategic business plan'. Canadian Newspaper Online Research. Every business plan is arguably 'strategic'. Metathesis. Everyone involved in planning arguably adopts a 'strategic' approach. Most businesses and plans are primarily driven or determined by canadian, market needs and report aims . This increasingly applies to canadian online research, many non-commercial activities (government services, education, health, charities, etc), whose planning processes may also be described as 'business planning', even though such organizations may not be businesses in the way we normally imagine. In such non-commercial organizations, 'business planning' might instead be called 'organizational planning', or 'operational planning', or 'annual planning' or simply 'planning'. Essentially all these terms mean the same, and increasingly the tendency is for 'business planning' to become a generic (general) term to anion metathesis, refer to them. I should clarify that finance is canadian canadian newspaper research, of course a major and unavoidable aspect of business and organizational activities, but in terms of planning, finance is a limiting or enabling factor; finance is a means to Failure in History, an end, or a restriction; finance in itself is not a basis for growth or strategy.

Markets/customers, product/service development, and canadian canadian newspaper research sales, provide the only true basis for businesses to define direction, development, growth, etc., and thereby business strategy and planning. Business planning always starts with or revisits the basic aim or need to provide products or services to customers - also called a market or 'market-place'. Lab Reports High School. Consequently business plans tend first to look outwards, at a market, before they look inwards, at finance and production, etc. This means that most business plans are driven by marketing, since marketing is the function which addresses market opportunity and need, and canadian online research how to fulfil it. Marketing in this sense is also called 'marketing strategy' - or more broadly 'business strategy'. In many simple, small, and/or old traditional businesses, 'marketing' is often seen instead to be 'sales' or 'selling' (usually because in such businesses selling is the only marketing activity), in which case a 'sales plan' may be the report main driver of strategy and the business plan. Many people use the words 'sales' or 'selling' and 'marketing' to mean the same thing - basically selling products or services to customers, in the broadest sense. Canadian Canadian Newspaper Online. In fact, marketing refers to essay papers, much wider issues than sales and selling. Newspaper Research. Marketing involves the strategic planning of a business (or other organizational provider) through to every aspect of customer engagement, including market reserach, product development, branding, advertising and promotion, methods of selling, customer service, and extending to the acquisition or development of new businesses. High School. Sales or selling is an canadian online, activity within marketing, referring to the methods and processes of pros to abortion, communicating and canadian newspaper online agreeing and completing the writing transaction (sale) with the online customer. Given all this, it is hopefully easier to understand why, depending on a person's role or standpoint or the department in which they work, 'business planning' may be referrred to in many and various ways, for thesis statement on vietnam war, example as 'sales planning', 'marketing planning', 'strategic planning', etc., and that all these terms might mean slightly different things, according to the situation.

If there is a technically correct definition of newspaper research, 'business planning', then perhaps we can best say that 'business planning' refers to the plan of the overall organization, or to a unit or division within an organization with responsibility for lab reports high school, a trade or profit. A business plan technically contains and reflects the individual plans for the different functions within the whole operation, each of canadian canadian, which may have its own detailed 'business plans', which might be called business plans, or more correctly departmental or functional plans according to anion, their purpose, such as a marketing plan, sales plan, production plan, financial plan, etc. Additional help regarding terminology is offered by the business planning definitions below. Other definitions and explanations are offered in canadian newspaper online research the business glossary, and in the shorter glossaries of the sales and marketing sections. Terminology will be further explained to writing lab reports high school, clarify meaning and avoid confusion throughout this article. Approached correctly, writing business plans and marketing strategy is canadian research, usually simpler than first seems. Business planning may seem complex and daunting but mostly it is common sense. Marketing strategy - which often drives the high school aims and 'shape' of a business plan - is mostly common sense too. Business plans, and the strategy which drives them, are based on logic, or cause and effect : I want to achieve a certain result - so what will cause this to happen? Even the biggest business plan is effectly built on a collection of lots of causes and effects.

A written business plan provides the narrative (explanation) of the numbers contained in a spreadsheet. When we see lots of numbers in a computer spreadsheet we can forget this, but the numbers are merely a reflection of scale and detail, and of computerised calculations and modelling, etc. In fact often when we are confronted with a complex planning spreadsheet containing thousands of numbers, what we are actually being offered is a ready-made planning tool. In many cases, where business planning is a continuation of an ongoing situation, the most frightening spreadsheets can provide a very easy template for future plans, especially with a little help from a colleague in the acciounts department who understands how it all works. Ironically, a blank sheet of paper - in other words a 'new business start-up' - is usually a much more challenging starting point.

It is generally more difficult to write a business plan for a start-up business (a new business) than for an existing business. This is because an existing business usually has computerised records of the results of past activities and trading (usually called 'accounts'). Spreadsheets are usually available showing previous years plans and actual results, which can be used as a template on online research, which new plans can easily be overlaid. Writing a new business plan for the continuation or development of essay term papers, such an existing situation obviously enables much of the planning to be based on existing figures, ratios, statistics, etc. New business start-up situations by their nature tend to have no previous results, so we often refer to this sort of planning as 'starting with a blank sheet of paper'. New business start-ups - especially if you are the owner or entrepreneur - present bigger planning challenges in some respects because we have no previous records to act as a guide, but in other respects they offer wonderful opportunities to canadian canadian online, create genuinely innovative and exciting founding principles - your own new business philosophy - on which your plans can be built and developed. On this page there is specific guidance for business start-up situations. See the simple business start-up principles. Depending on the constraints applying in the planning for existing continuous business activities, the principles are very similar for start-up and existing business planning. Writing Lab Reports. It's essentially cause-and effect, and using the computer to calculate the numbers. A slightly more detailed version is on the quick business/operational plan page. Canadian Newspaper Online. , and begins with.

To explore personal direction and change (for example for early planning of self-employment or new business start-up) see the passion-to-profit exercise and template on the teambuilding exercises page. See also the simple notes about starting your own business, which to an extent also apply when you are starting a new business initiative or development inside another organisation as a new business development manager, or a similar role. Here's a free profit and 600 word term loss account spreadsheet template tool (xls) for incorporating these factors and financials into a more formal phased business trading plan, which also serves as a business forecasting and canadian canadian newspaper online reporting tool too. Adapt it to 600 word essay term papers, suit your purposes. This plan example is also available as a PDF, see the Profit and canadian newspaper research Loss Account (PL) Small Enterprise Business Plan Example (PDF). Thesis Statement On Vietnam. The numbers could be anything: ten times less, ten times more, a hundred times more - the principle is the same. Towards the end of this article there is also a simple template/framework for a feasibility study or justification report, such as might be required to canadian online research, win funding, authorisation or approval for starting a project, or the continuation of a project or group, in pros essay a commercial or voluntary situation.

If you are starting a new business you might also find the tips and canadian online research information about essay term papers, buying a franchise business to be helpful, since they cover many basic points about choice of online research, business activity and early planning. (Note: Some UK-English and US-English spellings differ, for on vietnam war, example organisation/organization, colour/color. If using these materials please adapt the spellings to canadian canadian research, suit your situation.) how to write strategic marketing plans, business plans and sales plans. People use various terms referring to the business planning process - business plans, business strategy, marketing strategy, strategic business planning, sales planning - they all cover the same basic principles. When faced with business planning or strategy development task it's important to clarify exactly what is required: clarify what needs to in History, be done rather than assume the canadian online aim from the writing a good book description given to it - terms are confused and canadian canadian newspaper online mean different things to different people. Metathesis. You'll see from the definitions below how flexible these business planning terms are. a plan - a statement of intent - a calculated intention to organize effort and resource to achieve an outcome - in canadian canadian newspaper online research this context a plan is in written form, comprising explanation, justification and relevant numerical and financial statistical data. In a business context a plan's numerical data - costs and lab reports revenues - are normally scheduled over at least one trading year, broken down weekly, monthly quarterly and cumulatively. a business - an activity or entity, irrespective of size and autonomy, which is engaged in an activity, normally the provision of products and/or services, to produce commercial gain, extending to non-commercial organizations whose aim may or may not be profit (hence why public service sector schools and online research hospitals are in this context referred to as 'businesses'). business plan - this is now rightly a very general and Failure flexible term, applicable to canadian online research, the planned activities and aims of any entity, individual group or organization where effort is anion metathesis, being converted into results , for example: a small company; a large company; a corner shop; a local window-cleaning business; a regional business; a multi-million pound multi-national corporation; a charity; a school; a hospital; a local council; a government agency or department; a joint-venture; a project within a business or department; a business unit, division, or department within another organization or company, a profit centre or cost centre within an canadian canadian newspaper online, an organization or business; the responsibility of a team or group or an individual.

The business entity could also be a proposed start-up, a new business development within an existing organization, a new joint-venture, or any new organizational or business project which aims to convert action into results. The extent to which a business plan includes costs and overheads activities and resources (eg., production, research and development, warehouse, storage, transport, distribution, wastage, shrinkage, head office, training, bad debts, etc) depends on the needs of the business and the purpose of the plan. Large 'executive-level' business plans therefore look rather like a 'predictive profit and loss account', fully itemised down to the 'bottom line'. Business plans written at business unit or departmental level do not generally include financial data outside the department concerned. Most business plans are in effect sales plans or marketing plans or departmental plans, which form the main bias of report, this guide. strategy - originally a military term, in a business planning context strategy/strategic means/pertains to why and canadian newspaper online research how the plan will work , in in History relation to all factors of influence upon the business entity and activity, particularly including competitors (thus the use of a military combative term), customers and demographics, technology and canadian newspaper online communications. marketing - believed by anion, many to mean the same as advertising or sales promotion, marketing actually means and covers everything from company culture and positioning, through market research, new business/product development, advertising and promotion, PR (public/press relations), and canadian online research arguably all of the sales functions as well. Writing Report. Marketing is the process by which a business decides what it will sell, to whom, when and how, and then does it . marketing plan - logically a plan which details what a business will sell, to whom, when and how, implicitly including the newspaper online business/marketing strategy. To Abortion. The extent to which financial and commercial numerical data is included depends on the needs of the business. The extent to which this details the sales plan also depends on the needs of the business.

sales - the transactions between the business and its customers whereby services and/or products are provided in canadian newspaper research return for a good, payment. Sales (sales department/sales team) also describes the activities and canadian resources that enable this process, and pros essay sales also describes the revenues that the business derives from the sales activities. sales plan - a plan describing, quantifying and phased over time, how the the sales will be made and to whom. Some organizations interpret this to be the same as a business plan or a marketing plan. business strategy - see 'strategy' - it's the same. marketing strategy - see 'strategy' - it's the same. service contract - a formal document usually drawn up by the supplier by which the canadian canadian newspaper online research trading arrangement is a good, agreed with the customer. See the section on service contracts and trading agreements. strategic business plan - see strategy and business plan - it's a business plan with strategic drivers (which actually all business plans should be). strategic business planning - developing and writing a strategic business plan. philosophy, values, ethics, vision - these are the fundamentals of canadian, business planning, and determine the spirit and integrity of the business or organisation - see the writing guide to how philosophical and ethical factors fit into the planning process, and canadian research also the principles and materials relating to anion metathesis, corporate responsibility and ethical leadership.

You can see that many of these terms are interchangeable, so it's important to clarify what needs to canadian canadian online research, be planned for rather than assuming or inferring a meaning from the thesis on vietnam war name given to the task. That said, the principles explained here can be applied to business plans of all sorts. Business plans are often called different names - especially by canadian newspaper online, senior managers and Failure directors delegating a planning exercise that they do not understand well enough to explain. For example: sales plans, operational plans, organizational/organisational plans, marketing plans, marketing strategy plans, strategic business plans, department business plans, etc. Typically these names reflect the department doing the canadian canadian newspaper online planning, despite which, the Failure in History planning process and content required in canadian online the document is broadly similar.

Other useful and relevant business planning definitions are in the business dictionary; the sales and selling glossary; some are also in writing lab reports the financial terms glossary, and more - especially for training - are in canadian newspaper research the business and training acronyms listing, which also provides amusing light relief if this business planning gets a little dry (be warned, the acronyms listings contain some adult content). when writing a business or operating plan, remember. A useful first rule of business planning is to decide what you are actually trying to achieve and always keep this in mind . Write your aim large as a constant reminder to yourself, and to anyone else involved. Keeping your central aim visible will help you minimise the distractions and distortions which frequently arise during the Failure planning process. An increasingly vital and perhaps second rule of business planning is to canadian newspaper online, establish a strong ethical philosophy at the outset of your planning. This provides a vital reference for decision-making and strategy from the writing lab reports school start.

A strong clear ethical code communicates your values to staff, customers, suppliers, and creates a simple consistent basis for operations which conventional financials, processes, systems and even people, do not address. It is very difficult to introduce ethical principles later into an enterprise, especially when planning shifts into implementation, and more so if problems arise relating to canadian canadian research, integrity, honesty, corporate responsibility, trust, governance, etc., any of pros and cons, which can have massive impact on canadian canadian newspaper, relationships and reputation. See corporate social responsibility and ethics and the Psychological Contract. It is easy to address issues of ethics and corporate responsibility when you are the owner of anion, a new enterprise. Canadian Research. It is pros to abortion essay, more difficult if you are a manager in canadian online research someone else's company or a large corporation. Nevertheless ethics and writing high corporate responsibility are highly significant in planning, and strong justification for canadian canadian, their proper consideration can now be made.

There are now plenty of recent examples of corporations - indeed entire national economies and governments - which have failed because of poor regard to ethical considerations. The world is changing and learning, slowly, but it is, and anyone ignoring ethics in planning today does so at their own peril. A third crucial requirement for anion metathesis, business plans is canadian newspaper online research, return on investment , or for public services and non-profit organisations: effective use of investment and resources, which is beyond simple 'cost control'. For the vast majority of organisations, whether companies, public services, not-for-profit trusts and charities, all organisations need to be financially effective in what they do, otherwise they will cease to function . Ultimately - whatever the organisation and aims - financial viability is necessary to sustain any organised activity . While it's essential to manage ethical and Failure socially responsible aspects of organisational aims , these must allow for adequate return on investment (or in less traditional and 'non-profit' enterprises, must allow for the effective use of canadian newspaper online research, investment and resources , according to the financial requirements of the particular organisation). Remembering the need for financial viability is lab reports high school, vital also because business planning is often done - rightly - to achieve something new and canadian canadian newspaper online special. This tends to focus thinking on creativity, innovation, ambition, quality, excellence, perhaps even social good, etc., which can easily distract planning away from the basic need to be financially viable - and crucially not to make a loss. By treating return on thesis statement on vietnam war, investment as a vital requirement of canadian canadian newspaper online, planning we increase the likelihood that plans will be viable and therefore sustainable. Return on investment is however a variable feature of business planning. It is flexible according to the type of enterprise, its main purpose and thesis statement philosophy.

In a conventional profit-driven corporation return on investment (at an optimal rate) is typically a strong strategic driver for local planning and decisions, and by implication also a basic requirement of the canadian research enterprise as a whole. On the other hand, in a business or organization less focused on shareholder reward, such as a public services trust or charity, or a social enterprise or cooperative, return on investment (at a relatively lower rate), may be a requirement simply to sustain viable operations, according to the aims of the enterprise. In the first example, return on investment is the thesis statement on vietnam war aim; in canadian newspaper online the second example, return on investment enables some other higher aim to be achieved. In more detail: In a traditional profit-driven corporation, return on high, investment tends to canadian canadian newspaper online, be the main requirement of any business plan and also the main aim or purpose or driver of the plan. 600 Word Term. In most traditional corporations return on investment tends to be at canadian canadian research, the heart of all activities, since typically the corporation exists to maximize the yield (profit and growth effectively) of shareholder funds invested in the business. Planning in traditional corporations at times forgets this basic obligation, especially when a junior manager is asked to 'write a business plan' for the first time.

In traditional profit-driven corporations, when a new manager starts to write a business plan or operational plan for the first time (and for and cons to abortion, some experienced managers also, for the umpteenth time), the canadian newspaper online manager wonders: What is the writing lab reports aim? What am I trying to achieve? Often when they ask their own manager, the manager has the same doubts. Canadian Newspaper Online. The central aim is writing, usually return on investment . In businesses or 'non-profit' organisations where shareholder enrichment is not the main purpose, return on canadian canadian newspaper online research, investment is less of book, a driver in business planning, but is nevertheless a crucial requirement . Such enterprises are becoming more popular, and will continue to canadian newspaper online research, become so, since the collapse of the western economies in 2008, and increasing disillusionment with old-style business thinking. Here return on investment is in History, not the primary driver or objective of the canadian newspaper online research business. Instead the main driver of writing school, enterprise may be some other purpose. An example of 'some other purpose' might be the activities of a social enterprise or cooperative, or maybe an employee ownership company, or perhaps a trust or charity, whose main aim is (rather than the traditional profit generation for external/institutional shareholders) perhaps to benefit its members/staff, and/or to sustain local jobs, and/or to canadian newspaper, benefit the local community, or maybe to advance science or learning or health, etc. Here, while return on thesis war, investment may seem less crucial or appropriate to planning and operations, the enterprise must nevertheless remain financially viable , or it ceases to be able to operate at all. In such examples, return on investment in business planning is not usually maximized, but must still be treated as an underpinning requirement to planning, and flexed according to the fundamental aims and financial requirements of the enterprise. Before planning, therefore, it is helpful to understand clearly:

What are we actually aiming to achieve? What is our policy/position on corporate social responsibility and canadian canadian newspaper online research ethics, etc - our philosophy? And what return on investment (or alternative financial performance) does our activity/enterprise require - is this a strategic driver in itself, or simply the Failure in History means by research, which we maintain our activities in support of our (point 1) aims? The basic methodology of business planning is term, identifying causes and effects , according to your relevant business requirements (financials and ethics) and newspaper online research strategic drivers (what we are actually aiming to achieve). Here a cause is an input or action or resource; an effect is an outcome or result or consequence of war, some sort. We want to achieve xyz effect (for example a given return on investment, or a certain sales level or market share, whatever) - so what should we plan to canadian online, cause this to happen? Commonly big cause/effect elements are broken down into smaller activities, which also comprise a cause and effect. (The goal planning process and tools help explain how this subdivision works - where a big aim is broken down into smaller more measurable and achievable parts). Junior managers have responsibility for plans and activities which feed into larger departmental plans and pros and cons to abortion essay activities of senior managers.

The plans and activities of senior managers feed into the divisional plans of canadian canadian newspaper online research, executives and metathesis directors. Canadian Newspaper Online Research. There is a hierarchy or tree structure of cause and effects, all hopefully contributing to the overall organizational aim. In many good businesses a substantial business planning responsibility extends now to front line customer-facing staff, and the trend is increasing. In this context, the Failure business plan could be called also be called a marketing plan, or a sales plan - all departmental plans are basically types of business planning: What you are going to sell to whom, when and how you are going to sell it, how much contribution (gross profit) the sales will produce, what the marketing and/or selling cost will be, and what will be the return on investment. Where a department is a 'cost centre' not a 'profit-centre' - providing products or services internally to other departments rather than externally to customers - then the language and planning elements may alter, but the principles remain the same.

Also, these principles and methods apply to very large complex multinational organizations, which tend to entail more and different costs, fixed overheads, revenues, and consequently larger planning formats; more and bigger spreadsheets, more lines and canadian newspaper columns on each, more attention and essay people working on newspaper, the numbers, more accountants, and to abortion typically - especially at middle-management level and above - more emphasis on canadian canadian online, cashflow and the balance sheet, alongside basic 'profit and loss' planning. carry out your market research, including understanding your competitor activity. 'The market' varies according to the business or organisation concerned, but every organised activity has a market. Knowing the market enables you to 600 word term, assess and value and plan how to engage with it. A common failing of business planning or operational planning outside of the research 'business' world, is to plan in isolation, looking inward, when ideas can seem very positive and and cons essay reliable because there's no context and nothing to compare. Online Research. Hence research is anion metathesis, critical.

And this applies to any type of canadian canadian newspaper online, organisation - not just to businesses. See especially the guidance on marketing as it relates to business planning. Planning very much concerns processes. The principles of marketing will explain additionally how to put meaning and values into what you plan. Your market research should focus on the information you need, to help you to formulate strategy and make business decisions. Market research should be pragmatic and purposeful - a means to an end, and not a means in in History itself. Canadian Online. Market information potentially covers a vast range of data, from in History, global macro-trends and canadian newspaper research statistics, to very specific and detailed local or technical information, so it's important to report, decide what is actually relevant and necessary to know. Market information about market and industry trends, values, main corporations, market structure, etc, is important to know for large corporations operating on a national or international basis. This type of canadian online, research is sometimes called 'secondary', because it is already available, having been researched and published previously. This sort of on vietnam, information is available from the internet, libraries, research companies, trade and national press and publications, professional associations and institutes.

This secondary research information normally requires some interpretation or manipulation for your own purposes. However there's no point spending days researching global statistical economic and demographic data if you are developing a strategy for canadian research, a relatively small or local business. Thesis Statement War. Far more useful would be to carry out your own 'primary' research (i.e. original research) about the local target market, buying patterns and preferences, local competitors, their prices and service offerings. Canadian Online Research. A lot of useful primary market research can be performed using customer feed-back, surveys, questionnaires and pros and cons to abortion essay focus groups (obtaining indicators and views through discussion among a few representative people in canadian newspaper a controlled discussion situation). This sort of primary research should be tailored exactly for your needs. Primary research requires less manipulation than secondary research, but all types of research need a certain amount of analysis. Be careful when extrapolating or projecting figures to avoid magnifying initial mistakes or wrong assumptions.

If the Failure in History starting point is newspaper online, inaccurate the resulting analysis will not be reliable. For businesses of any size; small, local, global and everything in between, the term papers main elements you need to understand and quantify are: customer (and potential customer) numbers, profile and mix customer perceptions, needs, preferences, buying patterns, and trends, by sub-sector if necessary products and services, mix, values and newspaper research trends demographic issues and trends (especially if dependent on consumer markets) future regulatory and legal effects prices and values, and customer perceptions in these areas distribution and thesis statement war routes to canadian newspaper research, market competitor activities, strengths, weaknesses, products, services, prices, sales methods, etc. Primary research is recommended for local and niche services. Keep the anion subjects simple and the range narrow. If using questionnaires formulate questions that give clear yes or no indicators (i.e. avoid three and five options in multi-choices which produce lots of uncertain answers) always understand how you will analyse and measure the canadian canadian online research data produced. Try to book report, convert data to research, numerical format and manipulate on a spreadsheet. Use focus groups for more detailed work. For large research projects consider using a market research organization because they'll probably do it better than you, even though this is likely to writing, be more costly. If you use any sort of canadian canadian newspaper online, marketing agency ensure you issue a clear brief, and that your aims are clearly understood. Useful frameworks for research are PEST analysis and pros and cons to abortion essay SWOT analysis.

establish your corporate philosophy and the aims of your business or operation. First establish or confirm the canadian aims of the business, and if you are concerned with a part of writing book report, a business, establish and validate the aims of your part of the business. Canadian Newspaper Online Research. These can be very different depending on the type of business, and particularly who owns it. Refer to and consider issues of ethics and philosophy, corporate social responsibility, sustainability, etc - these are the to abortion foundations on which values and missions are built. Consider the canadian newspaper research Psychological Contract and the benefits of statement, establishing a natural balance and fairness between all interests (notably staff, customers, the organization). Traditional business models are not necessarily the best ones. Newspaper Online. The world is constantly changing, and establishing a new business is a good time to challenge preconceptions of fundamental business structure and purpose. Writing. A business based on a narrow aim of research, enriching a few investors while relegating the needs and involvement of everyone else may contain conflicts and tensions at a deep level.

There are other innovative business structures which can inherently provide a more natural, cooperative and self-fuelling relationship - especially between employees and the organization, and potentially between customers and pros and cons essay the organization too. When you have established or confirmed your philosophical and canadian online ethical position, state the objectives of the 600 word papers business unit you are planning to develop - your short, medium and long term aims - (typically 'short, medium and long' equate to 1 year, 2-3 years and 3 years plus). Canadian Newspaper Online Research. In other words, what is the business aiming to thesis statement on vietnam, do over the next one, three and five years? Bear in mind that you must reliably ensure the online success and viability of the business in Failure in History the short term or the long term is merely an academic issue. Grand visions need solid foundations. All objectives and aims must be prioritised and as far as possible quantified. If you can't measure it, you can't manage it. All businesses need a ‘mission statement'. It announces clearly and research succinctly to your staff, shareholders and customers what you are in business to thesis on vietnam, do.

Your mission statement may build upon a general ‘service charter' relevant to your industry. Canadian Research. You can involve staff in defining and refining the business's mission statement, which helps develop a sense of ownership and responsibility. In History. Producing and announcing the mission statement is also an newspaper online, excellent process for focusing attention on the business's priorities, and particularly the emphasis on Failure, customer service. Whole businesses need a mission statement - departments and smaller business units within a bigger business need them too. define your 'product offering(s)' or 'service offering(s)' - your sales proposition(s) You must understand and define clearly what you are providing to your customers. Canadian Canadian Newspaper Research. This description should normally go beyond your products or services, and critically must include the way you do business , and what business benefits your customers derive from your products and services, and from doing business with you.

Develop offerings or propositions for each main area of your business activity - sometimes referred to as 'revenue streams', or 'business streams' - and/or for the sector(s) that you serve. Under normal circumstances competitive advantage is increased the more you can offer things that your competitors cannot. Good research will tell you where the opportunities are to anion metathesis, increase your competitive advantage in areas that are of prime interest to your target markets. Develop your service offering to emphasise your strengths, which should normally relate to canadian newspaper online research, your business objectives, in turn being influenced by corporate aims and market research. The important process in developing a proposition is translating your view of these services into Failure in History, an offer that means something to your customer. The definition of your service offer must make sense to your customer in terms that are advantageous and beneficial to the customer, not what is technically good, or scientifically sound to you. Think about what your service, and the manner by which you deliver it, means to newspaper online, your customer. Traditionally, in sales and marketing, this perspective is referred to thesis statement on vietnam, as translating features into benefits. The easiest way to translate a feature into a benefit is to add the prompt ‘which means that. Research. '. For example, if a strong feature of a business is that it has 24-hour opening, this feature would translate into something like: We're open 24 hours (the feature) which means that you can get what you need when you need it - day or night. (the benefit).

Clearly this benefit represents a competitive advantage over other suppliers who only open 9-5. This principle, although a little old-fashioned today, still broadly applies. The important thing is to understand your services and proposition in terms that your customer will recognise as being relevant and beneficial to them. Most businesses have a very poor understanding of what their customers value most in the relationship, so ensure you discover this in the research stage, and reflect it in your stated product or service proposition(s). Customers invariably value these benefits higher than all others: If your proposition(s) cannot be seen as leading to pros to abortion, any of the above then customers will not be very interested in canadian canadian newspaper you. A service-offer or proposition should be an encapsulation of what you do best, that you do better than your competitors (or that they don't do at all); something that fits with your business objectives, stated in terms that will make your customers think ‘Yes, that means something to statement, me and I think it could be good for my business (and therefore good for me also as a buyer or sponsor).'

This is the first 'brick in newspaper online the wall' in the process of business planning, sales planning, marketing planning, and thereafter, direct marketing, and particularly sales lead generation. write your business plan - include sales, costs of sales, gross margins, and if necessary your business overheads. Business plans come in all shapes and sizes. Pragmatism is essential. Ensure your plan shows what your business needs it to show. Essentially your plan is a spreadsheet of numbers with supporting narrative, explaining how the numbers are to be achieved. A plan should show all the activities and resources in terms of revenues and writing a good costs, which together hopefully produce a profit at canadian online, the end of the trading year.

The level of detail and complexity depends on the size and part of the writing a good book business that the canadian plan concerns. Your business plan, which deals with all aspects of the Failure resource and management of the business (or your part of the business), will include many decisions and factors fed in from the marketing process. It will state sales and profitability targets by activity. In a marketing plan there may also be references to image and reputation, and to public relations. All of these issues require thought and canadian online research planning if they are to result in improvement, and particularly increasing numbers of customers and revenue growth. You would normally describe and provide financial justification for the means of 600 word, achieving these things, together with customer satisfaction improvement. Research. Above all a plan needs to be based on actions - cost-effective and profitable cause and anion metathesis effect; inputs required to achieved required outputs, analysed, identified and canadian research quantified separately wherever necessary to be able to manage and measure the in History relevant activities and resources.

quantify the business you seek from each of your market sectors, segments, products and customer groupings, and allocate investment, resources and canadian online research activities accordingly. These principles apply to a small local business, a department within a business, or a vast whole business. Before attending to the detail of how to achieve your marketing aims you need to quantify clearly what they are. What growth targets does the business have? What customer losses are you projecting? How many new customers do you need, by size and type, by product and service? What sales volumes, revenues and contributions values do you need for each business or revenue stream from each sector? What is your product mix, in terms of customer type, size, sector, volumes, values, contribution, and distribution channel or route to market? What are your projected selling costs and net contributions per 600 word term papers, service, product, sector? What trends and percentage increase in revenues and online contributions, and volumes compared to last year are you projecting?

How is your market share per business stream and sector changing, and how does this compare with your overall business aims? What are your fast-growth high-margin opportunities, and lab reports high school what are your mature and canadian online research low-margin services; how are you treating these different opportunities, and anion anything else in between? You should use a basic spreadsheet tool to canadian canadian newspaper, split your business according to pros to abortion, the main activities and profit levers. See the simple sales/business planning tool example below. ansoff product-market growth matrix - strategic tool. A useful planning tool in respect of markets and products is the matrix developed by Igor Ansoff (H Igor Ansoff, 1918-2002), who is regarded by online, some as the thesis war 'Father of Strategic Management'. Fully titled the Ansoff Product-Market Growth Matrix, the tool was first published in Harvard Business Review, 1957, in canadian newspaper online research Ansoff's paper Strategies for thesis statement on vietnam war, Diversification. The Ansoff product-market matrix helps to understand and assess marketing or business development strategy. Any business, or part of a business can choose which strategy to employ, or which mix of strategic options to use.

This is a fundamentally simple and effective way of canadian canadian newspaper online, looking at strategic development options. Each of these strategic options holds different opportunities and downsides for different organizations, so what is right for one business won't necessarily be right for thesis statement on vietnam, another. Think about what option offers the best potential for your own business and market. Think about the strengths of your business and what type of growth strategy your strengths will enable most naturally. Generally beware of diversification - this is, by its nature, unknown territory, and carries the highest risk of canadian canadian online, failure.

Here are the thesis Ansoff strategies in summary: market penetration - Developing your sales of existing products to your existing market(s). This is fine if there is plenty of market share to canadian newspaper online research, be had at the expense of your competitors, or if the market is anion metathesis, growing fast and large enough for the growth you need. If you already have large market share you need to consider whether investing for further growth in this area would produce diminishing returns from your development activity. Canadian Online Research. It could be that you will increase the profit from this activity more by metathesis, reducing costs than by actively seeking more market share. Strong market share suggests there are likely to be better returns from extending the range of products/services that you can offer to the market, as in the next option. product development - Developing or finding new products to take to your existing market(s).

This is an attractive strategy if you have strong market share in canadian canadian newspaper online research a particular market. Thesis Statement. Such a strategy can be a suitable reason for acquiring another company or product/service capability provided it is relevant to canadian canadian newspaper, your market and your distribution route. On Vietnam. Developing new products does not mean that you have to do this yourself (which is normally very expensive and frequently results in simply re-inventing someone else's wheel) - often there are potential manufacturing partners out there who are looking for their own distribution partner with the sort of market presence that you already have. However if you already have good market share across a wide range of products for your market, this option may be one that produces diminishing returns on your growth investment and activities, and instead you may do better to seek to develop new markets, as in the next strategic option. market development - Developing new markets for your existing products.

New markets can also mean new sub-sectors within your market - it helps to stay reasonably close to canadian newspaper online, the markets you know and which know you. Moving into completely different markets, even if the product/service fit looks good, holds risks because this will be unknown territory for you, and almost certainly will involve working through new distribution channels, routes or partners. If you have good market share and good product/service range then moving into associated markets or segments is likely to be an attractive strategy. diversification - taking new products into pros, new markets. Canadian Newspaper Online Research. This is high risk - not only do you not know the products, but neither do you know the new market(s), and to abortion essay again this strategic option is likely to entail working through new distribution channels and routes to market. This sort of activity should generally be regarded as additional and supplementary to the core business activity, and should be rolled out carefully through rigorous testing and piloting. Consider also your existing products and services themselves in terms of their market development opportunity and profit potential. Some will offer very high margins because they are relatively new, or specialised in canadian some way, perhaps because of special USP's or distribution arrangements.

Other products and writing services may be more mature, with little or no competitive advantage, in which case they will produce lower margins. The Boston Matrix is a useful way to understand and assess your different existing product and service opportunities: boston matrix model - product/service development. The Boston Matrix model (also called the BSG Matrix, Growth-Share Matrix, and variations around these titles) is a tool for assessing existing and development products in terms of their market potential, and thereby implying strategic action for products and canadian canadian newspaper research services in each of the four categories reflected in term the model. Canadian. The Boston Matrix model was devised by Bruce Henderson (1915-92), founder of the Boston Consulting Group in the 1960s. It has been adapted in Failure many ways. A simple version is canadian canadian online research, shown here below.

Like other four-part 2x2 matrix models, the Boston Matrix is a very quick and easy method for metathesis, analysis, thinking and decision-making, while being unavoidably limited in its handling of subtlety and detail. Canadian Canadian Online. Often in business and strategic thinking too much detail is unhelpful - instead, clarity and ease of understanding are extremely helpful, especially in communicating ideas to teams and groups, in which circumstances the Boston Matrix is an excellent aid. cash cow - The rather crude metaphor is metathesis, based on newspaper online research, the idea of 'milking' the returns from previous investments which established good distribution and anion metathesis market share for the product. Canadian Online. Products in this quadrant need maintenance and protection activity, together with good cost management, not growth effort, because there is thesis on vietnam war, little or no additional growth available. dog - This is any product or service of yours which has low market presence in canadian newspaper a mature or stagnant market. There is no point in developing products or services in this quadrant. Many organizations discontinue products/services that they consider fall into this category, in which case consider potential impact on overhead cost recovery. Businesses that have been starved or denied development find themselves with a high or entire proportion of their products or services in this quadrant, which is Failure, obviously not very funny at all, except to canadian newspaper online research, the competitors. problem child (also called question marks or wildcats ) - These are products which have a big and growing market potential, but existing low market share, normally because they are new products, or the application has not been spotted and acted upon yet. New business development and anion metathesis project management principles are required here to research, ensure that these products' potential can be realised and disasters avoided.

This is likely to be an area of business that is quite competitive, where the papers pioneers take the risks in the hope of securing good early distribution arrangements, image, reputation and market share. Gross profit margins are likely to be high, but overheads, in the form of canadian newspaper online research, costs of research, development, advertising, market education, and in History low economies of canadian, scale, are normally high, and can cause initial business development in this area to be loss-making until the product moves into the rising star category, which is by no means assured - many problem children products remain as such. rising star - Or 'star' products, are those which have good market share in a strong and growing market. As a product moves into this category it is commonly known as a 'rising star'. When a market is strong and still growing, competition is not yet fully established. Writing Lab Reports School. Demand is strong; saturation or over-supply do not exists, and so pricing is relatively unhindered.

This all means that these products produce very good returns and online research profitability. The market is receptive and educated, which optimizes selling efficiencies and margins. Production and manufacturing overheads are established and costs minimised due to high volumes and good economies of scale. These are great products and worthy of continuing investment provided good growth potential continues to exist. When it does not these products are likely to move down to cash cow status, and the company needs to writing report, have the next rising stars developing from its problem children.

After considering your business in terms of the Ansoff matrix and Boston matrix (which are thinking aids as much as anything else, not a magic solution in themselves), on a more detailed level, and for canadian newspaper online, many businesses just as significant as the Ansoff-type-options, what is the significance of your major accounts - do they offer better opportunity for growth and development than your ordinary business? Do you have a high quality, specialised offering that delivers better business benefit on anion metathesis, a large scale as opposed to small scale? Are your selling costs and investment similar for large and small contracts? If so you might do better concentrating on developing large major accounts business, rather than taking a sophisticated product or service solution to smaller companies which do not appreciate or require it, and newspaper online cost you just as much to report, sell to as a large organization. This customer matrix model is used by many companies to canadian online, understand and determine strategies according to 600 word essay term, customer types. Assessing product type is canadian newspaper online research, helped by writing, reference to the Boston matrix model. There is a lot of flexibility as to what constitutes 'good' and 'not so good customers' - use your own criteria. A good way to do this is to devise your own grading system using criteria that mean something to online, your own situation. Typical criteria are: size, location, relationship, credit-rating and payment terms, is the customer growing (or not), the security of the pros supply contract, the service and support overhead required, etc. This kind of customer profiling tool and canadian online exercise is often overlooked, but it is a critical aspect of marketing and sales development, and of optimizing sales effectiveness and business development performance and profitability. Each quadrant requires a different sales approach.

The type of customer also implies the type of sales person who should be responsible for anion metathesis, managing the relationship. A firm view needs to canadian online, be taken before committing expensive field-based sales resources to 'not so good' customers. Focus prospect development (identifying and contacting new prospective customers) on the profile which appears in the top left quadrant. Identify prospective new customers who fit this profile, and allocate your business development resources (people and advertising) to thesis on vietnam, this audience. Consider also What are your competitor weaknesses in terms of sectors, geographical territory and products or services, and canadian newspaper online research how might these factors affect your options?

Use the SWOT analysis also for assessing each competitor as well as your own organization or department. Many organizations issue a marketing budget from the top down (a budget issued by the Centre/HQ/Finance Director), so to anion metathesis, speak, in which case, what is your marketing budget and how can you use it to produce the best return on investment, and to help the company best to meet its overall business aims? Use the models described here to canadian canadian online research, assess your best likely returns on anion metathesis, marketing investment. The best way to begin to newspaper, model and plan your marketing is to lab reports, have a record of your historical (say last year's) sales results (including selling and advertising costs if appropriate and available) on a spreadsheet. The level of detail is canadian canadian research, up to metathesis, you; modern spreadsheets can organize massive amounts of data and canadian newspaper online make very complex analysis quick easy. Data is vital and will enable you to term papers, do most of the analysis you need for marketing planning. In simple terms you can use last year's results as a basis for planning and modelling the next year's sales, and canadian canadian newspaper research the marketing expenditure and activities required to achieve them. simple business plan or sales plan tools examples. These templates examples help the planning process.

Split and analyse your business or sales according to 600 word essay term papers, your main products/services (or revenue streams) according to the profit drivers or 'levers' (variables that you can change which affect profit), e.g., quantity or volume, average sales value or price, % gross margin or profit. Add different columns which reflect your own business profit drivers or levers, and to provide the most relevant measures. Do the same for each important aspect of canadian canadian research, your business, for example, split by pros and cons to abortion, market sector (or segment): And, for canadian newspaper online research, example, split by pros essay, distributor (or route to market): These simple split analysis tools are an extremely effective way to plan your sales and business. Construct a working spreadsheet so that the bottom-right cell shows the total sales or gross margin, or profit, whatever you need to newspaper research, measure, and by changing the and cons to abortion figures within the split (altering the mix, average prices, quantities, etc) you can carry out 'what if?' analysis to develop the best plans. If you are a competent working with spreadsheets it is normally possible to assemble all of newspaper research, this data onto a single spreadsheet and then show different analyses by lab reports high, sorting and graphing according to canadian canadian research, different fields. When you are happy with the overall totals for the year, convert this into a phased monthly plan, with as many lines and pros to abortion columns as you need and are appropriate for the business. Newspaper Research. Develop this spreadsheet by showing inputs as well as sales outputs - the quantifiable activity (for example, the thesis statement on vietnam war numbers of enquiries necessary to produce the canadian planned sales levels) required to produce the planned performance.

Large businesses need extensive and book multiple page spreadsheets. A business plan needs costs as well as sales, and will show profit as well as revenue and gross margin, but the principle is the same: plan the canadian research detailed numbers and values of what the business performance will be, and what inputs are required to achieve it. Here's a free MSExcel profit and Failure loss account template tool for canadian online research, incorporating these factors and financials into a more formal phased business trading plan, which also serves as a business forecasting and Failure reporting tool too. Adapt it to suit your purposes. This plan example is canadian online, also available as a PDF, see the Profit and Loss Account (PL) Small Enterprise Business Plan Example (PDF). The numbers could be anything: ten times less, ten times more, a hundred times more - the principle is the same. Consider also indirect activities that affect sales and business levels, such as customer service. Identify key performance indicators here too, such as customer complaints response and resolution levels and timescales.

Internal lead referral schemes, strategic partnership activity; the performance of pros to abortion, other direct sales activities such as sales agencies, distributorships, export activities, licensing, etc. Canadian Canadian. These performance factors won't normally appear on a business plan spreadsheet, but a separate plan should be made for them, otherwise they won't happen. write your marketing plan or business plan. Your marketing plan is actually a statement, supported by relevant financial data, of how you are going to statement on vietnam war, develop your business. Plans should be based on actions, not masses of historical data. The historical and market information should be sufficient just to explain and justify the opportunities, direction, strategy, and most importantly, the marketing actions, methods and canadian online measures - not to pros, tell the canadian online story of the past 20 years of writing lab reports, your particular industry.

What you are going to sell to canadian canadian newspaper online, whom, when and how you are going to sell it, how much contribution (gross profit) the sales produce, what the writing school marketing cost will be, and what will be the canadian newspaper online return on investment. As stated above it is easiest and a good book report best to assemble all of this data onto a spreadsheet, which then allows data to be manipulated through the planning process, and then changed and re-projected when the newspaper online trading year is under way. The spreadsheet then becomes the basis of your sales and Failure marketing forecasting and results reporting tool. As well as sales and marketing data, in most types of businesses it is also useful to include measurable aims concerning customer service and satisfaction. The marketing plan will have costs that relate to canadian newspaper research, a marketing budget in 600 word papers the overall business plan. The marketing plan will also have revenue and gross margin/profitability targets that relate to the turnover and profitability in the overall business plan. This data is essentially numerical, and so needs also some supporting narrative as to how the numbers will be achieved - the actions - but keep the canadian canadian newspaper online research narrative concise; if it extends to more than a half-dozen sheets make sure you put a succinct executive summary on the front. The marketing plan narrative could if appropriate also refer to indirect activities such as product development, customer service, quality assurance, training etc., if significantly relevant to achieving the marketing plan aims. Be pragmatic - marketing plans vary enormously depending on the type, size and maturity of business. Above all create a plan that logically shows how the business can best consolidate and grow its successful profitable areas. The marketing plan should be a working and truly useful tool - if it is, then it's probably a good one.

sample business plan, marketing plan or sales plan sample structure and example format/template. Keep the written part of the business plan as concise and brief as possible - most situations and high-ranking executives do not need to see plans that are an inch thick. If you can make your case on essay, a half dozen pages then do so. Particularly if your plan is more than 5-6 pages long, produce an executive summary (easiest to do when you have completed the plan) and canadian newspaper online insert it at the beginning of the document. If you need to include lots of reference material, examples, charts, evidence, etc, show these as appendices at the back of the document and make sure they are numbered and referenced during the main body of the plan. Each new section should start at the top of a new page.

Number the pages. Important plans should be suitably bound. All business plans should be professionally and anion neatly presented, with no grammar and spelling errors, clearly laid out in an easy to read format (avoid lots of upper-case or fancy fonts or italics as these are all difficult to read). Your business plan contents and canadian canadian newspaper online structure should be as follows: business plans structure - a business planning template. Title page: Title or heading of the plan and anion brief description if required, author, date, company/organization if applicable, details of circulation and confidentiality. Contents page: A list of contents (basically the canadian canadian sections listed here, starting with the Introduction page) showing page numbers, plus a list of appendices or addendums (added reference material at the back of the document) allowing the reader to find what they need and navigate the document easily, and to refer others to particular items and page numbers when reviewing or querying. Introduction page : Introduction and purpose of the plan, terms of reference if applicable (usually for formal and large plans or projects).

Executive summary page: Optional and lab reports high usually beneficial, this should normally be no more than a page long (or it's not an executive summary) - the key points of the canadian whole plan including conclusions, recommendations, actions, financial returns on investment, etc., clearly readable in a few minutes. Main body of plan: sections and book headings as required, see template below. Acknowledgments and bibliography/reference sources: if relevant (only required normally for canadian newspaper research, very large formal plans) Appendices: appendices or addendums - additional detailed reference material, examples, statistics, spreadsheets, etc., for reference and not central to the main presentation of your plan. business plans - main body sections examples template. This sample template is a good report, typical for a sales/marketing/new business development business plan. (A business plan for a more complex project such as an international joint-venture, or the formation of a new company including manufacturing plant or other overhead activities would need to include relevant information and financials about the overheads and resources concerned, and the financials would need to show costs and canadian newspaper online research profits more like a fully developed profit and loss account, with cashflow projections, balance sheet, etc.) Where appropriate refer to your position regarding corporate ethics and social responsibility and the Psychological Contract. While these aspects are not mechanisms within the plan, they are crucial reference points.

Define your market - sector(s) and segment(s) definitions Quantify your market (overview only) - size, segmentation, relevant statistics, values, numbers (locations, people/users, etc) - make this relevant to you business Explain your market(s) - sector trends, eg., growth, legislation, seasonality, PEST factors where relevant, refer to Ansoff matrix, show the strategic business drivers within sector and segments, purchasing mechanisms, processes, restrictions - what are the factors that determine customers' priorities and 600 word essay term papers needs - this is a logical place to refer to ethics and CSR (corporate social responsibility Explain your existing business - your current business according to sector, products/services, quantities, values, distributor, etc. Canadian. Analyse your existing customer spread by customer type, values and products/services including major accounts (the 'Pareto Principle' or the '80:20 rule' often applies here, eg., 80% of your business comes from 20% of your customers) Explain your products and term services - refer to Boston matrix and especially your strategic propositions (what these propositions will do for your customers) including your USP's and UPB's (see sales training section and canadian newspaper acronyms) Explain you routes to market, gatekeepers, influencers and strategic partners - the other organizations/individuals you will work with to develop your market, including 'what's in it for them', commissions, endorsements, accreditations, approvals, licenses, etc. Case studies and track record - the credibility, evidence and proof that your propositions and thesis strategic partnerships work Competitor analysis, eg., SWOT analysis of your own business compared to SWOT analysis of each competitor Sales/marketing/business plan (1 year min) showing sales and margins by product/service stream, mix, values, segment, 'distributor', etc, whatever is canadian canadian research, relevant, phased monthly, in as much detail as you need. This should be on a spreadsheet , with as many different sheets as necessary to writing a good book, quantify relevant inputs and outputs. List your strategic actions (marketing campaigns, sales activities, advertising, etc) that will deliver the above, with costs and returns. This should be supported with a spreadsheet, showing cost and return on investment for each activity.

Tip: If the business plan concerns an existing activity, use the previous year's sales/business analysis as the basis for the next year's sales/business plan. Adapt as necessary according to your new strategic plans. other business planning and canadian newspaper marketing issues. staffing and training implications. Your people are unlikely to have all the skills they need to help you implement a marketing plan. You may not have all the a good book people that you need so you have to canadian research, consider justifying and writing lab reports high school obtaining extra. Customer service is acutely sensitive to staffing and training. Are all of your people aware of the canadian canadian newspaper aims of the in History business, its mission statement and your sales propositions? Do they know what their responsibilities are?

How will you measure their performance? Many of canadian newspaper, these issues feed back into the business plan under human resources and training, where budgets need to be available to 600 word term papers, support the investment in these areas. You should formulate a customer service charter, extending both your mission statement and your service offer, so as to inform staff and customers what your standards are. These standards can cover quite detailed aspects of your service, such as how many times the telephone will be permitted to ring until the caller is gets an answer. Other issues might include: How many days between receipt and response for written correspondence.

Complaints procedure and canadian online timescales for each stage. This charter sets customer expectations, so be sure you can meet them. Statement On Vietnam War. Customers get disappointed particularly when their expectations are not met, and canadian canadian when so many standards can be set at arbitrary levels, think of each one as a promise that you should keep. And Cons. Business-to-business customers would expect to agree these standards with their suppliers and have them recorded as part of their contracts, or as SLA's (service level agreements). Canadian Newspaper Online. Increasingly, large customers demand SLA's to be tailored to their own specific needs, and the process of developing these understandings and agreements is lab reports high school, absolutely crucial to canadian canadian online, the maintenance and development of large contracts. Remember an important rule about pros, customer service: It's not so much the failure to meet standards that causes major dissatisfaction among customers - everyone can make a mistake - the biggest cause of upset is the failure of suppliers to inform customers and keep them updated when problems arise.

Not being told in advance, not receiving any apology, not getting any explanation why, and canadian canadian newspaper research not hearing what's going to thesis statement on vietnam war, be done to newspaper research, put things right, are key areas of customer dissatisfaction, and therefore easy areas for suppliers to focus their efforts to achieve and writing a good book report communicate improvements. A special point of note for businesses that require a strong technical profile among their service staff: these people are often reactive by nature and so not good at taking initiative to canadian newspaper research, identify and anticipate problem areas in writing lab reports high school customer service. It's therefore helpful to establish suitable mechanisms and responsibility to pick up problems and deal with them - a kind of trouble-shooting capability - which can be separately managed and monitored at a strategic level. Do not assume that technically-oriented staff will be capable of proactively developing customer service solutions and revisions to SLA's - they generally need help in doing so from staff with high creativity, empathy, communications and initiative capabilities. establish systems to measure customer service and staff performance. These standards and the SLA's established for large customers need to be visible, agreed with customers, absolutely measurable.

You must keep measuring your performance against them, and preferably publishing the results, internally and externally. Customer complaints handling is a key element: Measuring customer complaints is crucial because individual complaints are crucial areas to resolve, and newspaper also as a whole, complaints serve as a barometer for the quality and performance of the business. You need to thesis statement on vietnam, have a scheme which encourages, not discourages, customers to complain, to open the channels as wide as possible. Canadian Newspaper Online Research. Most businesses are too defensive where complaints are concerned, preferring to minimise their importance, or to seek to justify and excuse them.

Wrong. And Cons Essay. Complaints are the opportunities to turn ordinary service into unbeatable service. Moreover, time and again surveys suggest that anything up to nine out of ten people do not complain to the provider when they feel dissatisfied - they just keep their dissatisfaction to themselves and the provider never finds out there's a problem, even when the customer chooses to go elsewhere. Canadian Canadian Online Research. But every complaining customer will tell at least a couple of their friends or relations. High School. Every dissatisfied staff member in the customer organization will tell several of their colleagues. Unreported complaints spawn bad feelings and the breakdown of relationships. It is imperative that you capture all complaints in order to: Put at ease and canadian research give explanation or reassurance to the person complaining. Reduce the chances of them complaining to someone else. War. Monitor exactly how many dissatisfied customers you have and what the causes are, and that's even more important if you're failing to newspaper research, deliver your mission statement or service offer!

Take appropriate corrective action to prevent a re-occurrence. If appropriate (ie for large customers) review SLA's and take the pros and cons to abortion essay opportunity to agree new SLA's with the customer. implications for IT, premises, and reporting systems. Also relating to your business plan are the issues of: Information Technology - are your computers and communications systems capable of giving you the information and analysis you need? How do you use email - is it helping or hindering your business and canadian newspaper online the quality of service you give to your customers? What internet presence and processes do you need?

How should your voice and data systems work together? What systems need to 600 word papers, be available to mobile staff? What customer relationship management (CRM) systems should you have? How should you consider all these issues to see the needs and opportunities? IT and newspaper research communications systems increasingly offer marketing and pros competitive advantage to businesses in all sectors - make sure you know hat IT can do for you and for your customers. Premises - Review your premises and canadian research sites in book report light of canadian newspaper research, your customer service, distribution, and customer relationship requirements. Pay particular attention anywhere in your organization that your customers visit - the impression and service you give here is critical. Reporting systems - If you can't measure it you can't manage it, and where finance and business performance is concerned this is writing lab reports, certainly true.

First you must identify and agree internally your key performance indicators (KPI's). Identify every aspect of your service or performance that is canadian online, important - then you need to be able to measure it and report on it, and where people are involved in performing to certain standards then the standards and the reporting needs to be transparent to them also. How do you report on sales, marketing and business performance and interpret the results? Who needs to know? Who needs to anion metathesis, capture the newspaper online data? communications and ongoing customer feedback are essential. Having an a good book, open dialogue with your customers is vital. There's a double benefit to your business in ensuring this happens: You nip problems in the bud and stay aware of how you're performing. Your customers feel better about the canadian canadian newspaper online research service you provide as a result of the communications, or from the fact that the channel is open even if they don't use it - it's human nature.

Try to devise a standard feedback form. It can double as a promotional tool as well if it's made available on a wider scale. The form can carry details of your mission statement, service offer and Failure in History your customer service charter. Consider carrying out a customer satisfaction and perceptions survey. There are many ways to do this on a small or large scale, and valuable feedback is always obtained from customer survey exercises. tips for starting a small business or self-employment - for canadian newspaper, non-financial people. Some of us are not naturally inclined towards the sort of detailed financial thinking that is anion, required for traditional detailed business planning. If this is you, you'll possess other valuable capabilities that will be useful in your own enterprise, and you'll maybe find it helpful to use this alternative approach to planning a new enterprise or self-employment. It can be stressful and counter-productive to try to use methods that are not natural or comfortable. If you are helping or advising others about starting their own enterprise or self-employment, the same principles apply.

Not everyone is canadian newspaper, naturally good at business planning, but everyone who dreams of thesis statement war, being self-employed or who wants to start and canadian canadian newspaper online research run their own independent enterprise is capable of doing so, provided they work to and cons essay, their strengths, capabilities and passions. People running successful enterprises come in all shapes and online sizes, from anion, all backgrounds, all ages, with skills, passions, and capabilities in any field you can imagine. Anyone can run their own business or be successful in self-employment given the simple determination to do so. Business and enterprise is not just for stereotypical 'business-types'; the benefits and advantages of being your own boss are available to canadian newspaper online research, us all. Here are some pointers for high, people considering starting their own new enterprise, or for canadian canadian newspaper, helping others to do the same. First, and especially if you are not clear of your own real strengths, or what direction to pursue, focus on using tools to understanding your own personality style and strengths. Then use this knowledge to imagine and realise how your natural capabilities can be used to best effect in anion defining and providing your own services or running your own enterprise. The VAK and Multiple Intelligences tools on this site are helpful for this purpose. They assess people's strengths completely differently to traditional IQ or academic evaluations, which are extremely narrow and generally not relevant at all for canadian canadian newspaper, people who want to essay, be their own boss. Understanding personality is also useful since personality-type greatly influences the way that a person approaches self-employment or running an enterprise, and canadian canadian what sort of service or business to offer.

The Personality Styles page provides a lot of explanation about this. Many people are conditioned by schools and over-cautious parents to under-estimate their own potential and capabilities, which is a big reason to take a fresh look at 600 word essay term, what you are good at, and to canadian research, re-think and understand better the ways that your personality type tends to pros and cons to abortion, be successful in life and canadian canadian newspaper business. There are many ways to be successful and thesis independent in life aside from building and running a conventional business and adhering to conventional financial planning methods. The basic economics of becoming successfully independent in any sort of venture are actually extremely simple, and focusing on the following simple fundamentals (a process really) can help many folk turn your dream or an idea into a successful enterprise or self-employment reality. It's usually easiest to think first of these factors in canadian canadian newspaper research terms of daily, weekly or monthly numbers and values, and then to extend the figures to give totals for a whole year:

1. What's your product or service? (What's good/special/different about your products or service that enough people will buy it? And importantly is this something that you have a real passion for? All successful enterprises are built on doing something the owner enjoys.) 2. What does it cost to make/buy in/provide the product or service? (If you are buying and thesis statement on vietnam selling products or using materials consider the canadian newspaper online research cost prices. If the main resource is your own time then attach a cost to anion metathesis, your labour that reflects your available time for the work and canadian newspaper research the wage you need to draw. Divide your required annual wage by the number of work hours available to you, and this is your notional hourly labour cost.) 3. What price will the writing a good book report product/service sell for? (Ideally small businesses need a healthy profit margin or mark-up - doubling the cost is good if the canadian online research market will accept it. A mark-up of less than 50% is cause for metathesis, concern unless you are selling products in canadian newspaper research relatively high volumes or values. Price your products/services according to what the market will pay, not according to your costs.

Take into account your competitors and what they charge and their relative quality. Service businesses that use only the essay person's time are often very attractive and profitable because there is no added complication of buying and holding stock - hence why window-cleaning, sign-writing, repairs, gardening, decorating, tutoring, writing, therapy, training, coaching and canadian online research consultancy, etc., are such good businesses for people who prefer a simple approach to self-employment and enterprise. Consider the effect of VAT especially for 'consumer' businesses - ie., selling to the general public - assuming your business is or must be VAT registered. Private consumers of course are more sensitive to VAT than business customers who can generally reclaim VAT should you have to add it to your prices.) 4. Who will buy the product/service? (Identify your customers and 600 word market. Do you know this for sure? Test your assumptions: this is a critical part of the proposition and canadian online generally benefits from more thought and research to confirm that a big enough market exists for your idea. Consider your competition - what are people buying currently and why will they buy from you instead?) 5. Thesis. How much/many do you need to sell in a year?

And how many customers do you need? (This is a vital part of the proposition to confirm that the gross profit (the difference between costs of bought in products/labour and canadian newspaper sales revenues) covers your/their financial needs (including a living wage and other fixed costs of running the enterprise. Again remember the affect of VAT on your selling prices if applicable.) 6. How will people know about the service/product? (You need to writing lab reports, understand what advertising/marketing/enquiry-generation is necessary - activity and cost. Canadian Newspaper. There is usually a cost for in History, generating new customers, especially in the early stages of a new enterprise. Once the business is established, say after six months to a year, 'word-of-mouth' referrals are for some businesses all that is required to canadian online, produce new customers - especially those based in a local community, but virtually any new enterprise requires marketing at Failure in History, its launch. See the articles on marketing and online selling.) 7. Does all this add up, and better still provide a cash surplus at the end of a year? - if so then it's probably a good business model. These basic questions represent the typical 'table napkin' business proposition that is the start of most businesses, including very large complex ones. Essay Term Papers. People who dislike and are not fluent in detailed business calculations might find the above process a useful starting point when thinking about newspaper online, how to begin a new enterprise or a venture in self-employment.

If this is you, you are not alone: many visionary entrepreneurs can run a huge profitable business but have great difficulty putting together a proper business plan. Hence many highly successful business leaders rely heavily on their financial directors to take care of the financial details, leaving them free to get on with the business activity that makes best use of their natural skill, be it creativity, selling, service-provision, people-skills, technical skills, or whatever. Incidentally the above factors are the a good book essential components which make up a basic Profit and online research Loss Account, which is the anion metathesis primary management tool for a business of any scale and canadian newspaper online complexity. Here's a free MSExcel profit and loss account template tool for extending these factors and 600 word essay term financials into a more formal phased plan, which also serves as a business forecasting and reporting tool too. Canadian Canadian Newspaper Research. If in writing high doubt about this seek some help from an canadian online, experienced business person or your accountant. Adapt it to on vietnam, suit your purposes. The example PL trading plan is also available as a pdf. The numbers could be anything - ten times less, ten times more, a hundred times more - the principle is the same. company types and financial set up - quick guide. When you have confirmed and refined the basic viability of your business idea you can then begin getting to grips with the canadian newspaper research more detailed aspects of anion metathesis, forming the canadian canadian newspaper online research business itself.

This necessarily includes deciding your type of business constitution - the legal format of pros and cons to abortion, your company - or 'company type' as it is often described. The Psychological Contract is increasingly significant within and relating to business constitution. Small (UK) businesses are most commonly one of the following: sole-trader - essentially a self-employed owner - no limited personal liability - relatively easy set up and administration. partnership - essentially a group of self-employed partners/owners - no limited personal liability - easy-ish set up and administration, although ultimately dependent on the complexity of the canadian canadian newspaper company and partnership. limited liability partnership (LLP) - as above, except that liability is limited to personal investments and 600 word term papers guarantees. limited company (abbreviated to Ltd after the canadian canadian newspaper research company name) - liability is writing book report, limited to the assets of the company - registered with Companies House and legally obliged to publish accounts. There are less common variations of limited companies, and other business structures and constitutions, for example: social enterprise - various structures including , trusts, associations and especially cooperatives - these are not common typical or traditional business structures, but social enterprises are growing in canadian online popularity, and will be explained in more detail on this website in due course. Meanwhile here is useful information about cooperatives. public limited company (plc) - not appropriate for small companies. Sole-trader and partnership companies are very easy to set up and administer, but the owner/partners are personally liable for writing lab reports, all business debts and potential claims, so good insurance cover (including professional indemnity and canadian research public liability) is essential especially if business liabilities are potentially serious. A limited liability partnership offers protection to partners in terms of personal liabilities, in that liabilities are limited to the extent of personal investment and any other guarantees. This is considered to be too much personal exposure by many business people, in which case a limited company is the Failure obvious alternative. A limited company exists in its own right - a tricky concept to canadian research, understand for many people - basically meaning that financial liabilities belong to the company (its shareholders, to the value of their shares in other words) rather than the directors and executives of the business, as would apply in a partnership. Limited companies ultimately offer more flexibility for pros to abortion, large complex businesses but can be over-complicated and administratively heavy if all you want to canadian newspaper online research, do is run a local shop or landscape gardening business or modest training or coaching business.

Whatever, consider carefully what type of company framework will suit you best. Once established it can be quite difficult to Failure in History, unravel and change if you get it wrong - not impossible, but a nuisance if you could have got it right first time with a bit of extra thought at the planning stage. A good accountant will help you decide what is best for your situation from a legal and financial standpoint, although before this you should think for yourself what sort of canadian canadian online, business structure best fits your wider business situation, and especially your business aims and philosophy. Broad guidelines about writing report, business types are available from the UK Government business information Businesslink website. You'll need a business bank account. In fact it is canadian newspaper online research, a legal requirement of anion, all limited companies to have a business bank account. Shop around. Newspaper Research. There are wide variations in services and costs offered by the different banks. You must also understand and organize the writing school tax implications for your type of business. Before starting any business ensure also that you have the information and controls to account for and pay all taxes due.

Helpfully to learn more about this in the UK, most tax affairs are within the responsibilities of canadian, HM Revenue and Customs - until they too change their name to something very silly. That said, the relevance today of anion, HM (Her Majesty's) is canadian newspaper online research, a bit puzzling when you stop to think about it and surely due for updating to the modern age. HMRC is another weird example of quirky UK Government departmental names and to abortion essay branding. Canadian Canadian Newspaper Online Research. God help us all, our country is run by alien wannabe noblemen from the middle ages. VAT (Value Added Tax or your national equivalent) is an issue warranting serious thought if your business is small enough to have a choice in the matter. Beyond a certain turnover (?68,000 as at 2010) any UK business must register for metathesis, VAT. Canadian Newspaper Online. Check the HMRC website for the current position.

Being VAT registered means you must charge VAT on all VAT-rated supplies, which means also that the VAT you receive on writing, payments from your customers must be paid to HM Revenue and Customs. (No you cannot keep it, even though some accidentally try to, and others think they are entitled to.) Being VAT registered also enables you to reclaim VAT that you pay on business costs, although there are some notable exceptions, like company cars. Retail and consumer businesses are especially affected by VAT. Private consumers cannot claim back VAT, so the canadian effect of VAT on pricing and statement margins needs careful thought in planning any consumer business. Up to a certain level of turnover (in the UK) becoming registered for VAT is canadian newspaper online research, optional. If your business turnover is likely to be below the threshold for mandatory VAT registration, you must decide for yourself if the writing a good book advantages outweigh the disadvantages. The main advantages of VAT registration are: your business will be perceived by certain people - especially other businesses - to be larger and more credible (not being registered for VAT indicates immediately that your turnover is online, below the VAT threshold) you will be able to reclaim VAT that you are charged on legitimate allowable business costs.

The main disadvantages of being VAT registered are: the administrative burden in keeping VAT records and metathesis submitting VAT returns (although this has been enormously simplified in recent years so that for small simple businesses it is really not a problem at canadian newspaper online, all) risks of getting onto cashflow difficulties if you fail to set funds aside to writing lab reports high school, pay your VAT bills (see the tax tips below) Information about VAT (and all other tax issues) is at the UK Government HM Revenue and Customs website: http://www.hmrc.gov.uk. VAT is canadian canadian newspaper, not the only tax. Taxes are also due on company profits (sole-traders or partnerships profits are taxed via personal earnings of the sole-trader or partners) and on staff salaries (national insurance). A sole-trader or partnership can employ staff, in which case national insurance tax is due on salaries paid to employees, which is different to the tax that employees pay themselves.

Failing to essay, retain funds in a company to canadian online, pay taxes is in History, a serious problem that's easily avoided with good early planning. Canadian Canadian Research. Contact your tax office. Essay. Inform them of your plans and seek their help. Newspaper Research. Tax offices are generally extremely helpful, so ask. Lab Reports. You can even talk to canadian, a real person on the phone without having to breach a six-level automated menu system. Ideally find a decent accountant too.

Preferably one who comes recommended to you. With all the greatest respect to accountants everywhere, accountants are quite commonly very intense people, like solicitors and thesis on vietnam scientists, very much focused on process, accuracy, rules, etc., which in terms of personality fit can be a little at odds with the style of many entrepreneurs. So again shop around and find an accountant with whom you can share a joke and a beer or something from the human world. The relationship between a business person and his/her accountant is canadian online, crucial if the business is to grow and develop significantly. Accountants might seem at times to be from another planet, but I can assure you the in History good ones are bloody magicians when it comes to business development, especially when the canadian online figures get really interesting. Writing A Good. The statement that one stroke of an accountant's pen is mightier than the world's most successful sales team, is actually true. For many entrepreneurs, the ideal scenario is to grow your business large enough to support the cost of newspaper online research, a really excellent finance director, who can take care of all the detailed legal and financial matters for you, and leave you completely free to concentrate on growing the business - concentrating your efforts and ideas and writing school strategy externally towards markets and customers, and canadian newspaper online research internally towards optimizing innovation and statement your staff. See the canadian canadian online quick tax tips below, especially for small businesses which might not easily be able to achieve immediate and accurate control of their tax liabilities, which is one of the lab reports major early risks for a new successful small business. tax tips - understanding and accounting for taxes from the start.

A significant potential problem area for newly self-employed people, and for canadian newspaper online, new business start-ups, is failing to budget and save for inevitable taxes which arise from your business activities. N.B. These tips are not meant to be a detailed comprehensive guide to business taxation. This section merely addresses a particular vulnerability of new start-up businesses in failing to set aside sufficient reserves to meet tax liabilities, especially small businesses, and even more especially sole-traders and partnerships and small limited companies, which lack expertise in accounting and consequently might benefit from these simple warnings and tips related to anion, tax liabilities. In general these issues would normally be managed via a cashflow forecast, together with suitable financial processes to allocate and make payments for all costs and canadian online liabilities arising in the course of trading.

I recognise however that many small business start-ups do not begin with such attention to on vietnam, financial processes, and it's primarily for those situations that these particular notes are provided. These notes in no way suggest that this is the research normal fully controlled approach to thesis statement war, planning and organizing tax liabilities and other cashflow issues within any business of significant scale. This is simply a pragmatic and canadian canadian online practical method aimed at averting a common big problem affecting small business start-ups. While your type of company and business determines precisely which taxes apply to you, broadly taxes are due on sales (for VAT registered businesses in the UK, or your VAT equivalent if outside the UK), and on writing a good book, the profits of your business and your earnings. If you employ staff you will also have to pay national insurance tax on employees' earnings too. Generally sole-traders and canadian newspaper research partnerships have simpler tax arrangements - for example, profits are typically taxed as personal earnings - as compared with the more complex taxes applicable to limited companies, which also pay taxes on company profits and writing staff salaries. Whatever, you must understand the canadian newspaper tax liabilities applicable to your situation, and budget for them accordingly. You must try to seek appropriate financial advice for your situation before you commence trading.

Indeed understanding tax basics also helps you decide what type of company will best suit your situation, again, before you begin trading. The potential for nasty financial surprises - notably tax bills that you have insufficient funds to pay - ironically tends to increase along with your success. This is because bigger sales and anion profits and canadian research earnings inevitably produce bigger tax bills (percentage of tax increases too in the early growth of a business), all of which becomes a very big problem if you've no funds to pay taxes when due. The risks of getting into pros and cons essay, difficulties can be greater for the self-employed and small partnerships which perhaps do not have great financial knowledge and experience, than for newspaper, larger Limited Company start-ups which tend to have more systems and support in financial areas. Start-ups are especially prone to tax surprises because the first set of tax bills can commonly be delayed, and if you fail to account properly for pros to abortion, all taxes due then obviously you increase the chances of spending more than you should do, resulting in not having adequate funds to cover the payments when they are due.

Risks are increased further if you are new to canadian newspaper research, self-employment, previously having been employed and accustomed to pros essay, receiving a regular salary on newspaper online, which all taxes have already been deducted, in other words 'net' of tax. It can take a while to appreciate that business revenues or profits have no tax deducted when these earnings are put into your bank account; these amounts are called 'gross', because they include the tax element. Therefore not all of your business earnings belong to writing lab reports high school, you - some of the canadian money belongs to the taxman. It's your responsibility to deduct the Failure in History taxes due, to set this money aside, and to canadian canadian newspaper online research, pay the tax bills when demanded. Additionally, if you are a person who is in the habit of high school, spending everything that you earn, you must be even more careful, since this tendency will increase the risks of your being unable to pay your taxes. Failing to get on top of the reality of research, taxes from the very beginning can lead to serious debt and cashflow problems, which is a miserable way to run a business. So you must anticipate and set aside funds necessary to meet your tax liabilities from the very start of your business, even if you do not initially have a very accurate idea of what taxes will be due, or you lack effective systems to calculate them - many small start-ups are in this position. Nevertheless it is too late to start thinking about tax when the first demands fall due. If when starting your business you do not have information and systems to identify and account accurately for your tax liabilities, here are two simple quick tax tips to avoid problems with the taxman: You must estimate your tax liabilities and book report ensure that you set aside funds to cover these liabilities while you are banking your payments received into the business. The easiest way to canadian newspaper, do this is to identify the taxes applicable to your business, for example VAT and writing lab reports high your own personal income tax and national insurance.

Identify the newspaper percentages that apply to pros to abortion, your own situation and earnings levels. You can do this approximately. It does not need to be very precise. Newspaper Online Research. Add these percentages together, and then set aside this percentage of a good book, all your earnings that you receive into canadian online, your business. Put these monies into a separate savings account where you can't confuse them with your main business account, i.e., your 'working capital' typically held in a current account.

Always over-estimate your tax liabilities so as to set aside more than you need. Having a surplus is not a problem. Having not enough money to pay taxes because you've under-estimated tax due is a problem; sometimes enough to kill an otherwise promising business. Here's an example to show how quickly and easily you can plan and set aside a contingency to pay your tax bills, even if you've no experience or systems to and cons to abortion essay, calculate them precisely. This example is based on a self-employed consultancy-type business, like a training or coaching business, in canadian newspaper online which there are no significant costs of sales (products or services bought in) or overheads, i.e., revenues are effectively the profits too, since there are minimal costs to offset against writing, profits: example of estimating and setting aside money to pay taxes. 1. In the UK VAT on most products and canadian research services is 17.5%. Metathesis. This equates (roughly) to 15% when calculating the VAT element within a VAT-inclusive amount. This means that you can set aside 15% of your revenues and canadian canadian online research reliably be sure of covering your VAT liabilities. 2. In the anion metathesis UK personal income tax and national insurance combined is roughly 30% of earnings up to about ?30,000 (a little over in canadian research fact), rising to anion metathesis, 49% - call it 50% - of earnings above ?30k - roughly. N.B.

Income tax and national insurance are calculated on taxable earnings, which exclude money spent on research, legitimate business costs, and VAT received. These figures in the above example are approximate I emphasise again, which is all you need for this purpose, moreover the approximations are on the high side of what the precise liabilities actually are. Metathesis. Accountants call this sort of canadian online, thinking 'prudent'. It's a pessimistic approach to forecasting liabilities rather than optimistic, which is fundamental to good financial planning and a good report management: if the pessimism is wrong then you end up with a surplus (which is good), but if you are wrong in making optimistic forecasts and canadian newspaper online estimates (over-ambitious sales, and 600 word essay term papers lower-than-actual costs and liabilities), then you run out of money (which is bad). Back to online, the percentages.. Knowing the income tax percentages enables you to set aside a suitable percentage of your earnings when you receive them into the business. Roughly speaking, for earnings up to papers, ?30k you need to set aside 30% to cover income tax and national insurance.

For earnings over ?30k you need to set aside 50% to cover your income tax and national insurance. (Earnings below ?30k remain taxable at 30%). Remember you can arrive at these figures based on the VAT exclusive revenues, but to keep matters simpler it is easier to canadian newspaper research, use an adjusted total percentage figure to apply to the total gross earnings. If it's kept very simple and quick you'll be more likely to do it - and/or to communicate the essay papers method effectively to your partner if they are responsible for handling the canadian canadian online financials, as often happens. Given this example, if in your first year your gross revenues (banked payments received) are say ?50,000, assuming you are VAT registered, then your tax liabilities will be (roughly): From this example you can see that setting aside 45.5% of earnings (yes it's a lot isn't it - which is why you need to anticipate it and set the anion money aside) would comfortably cover VAT and income tax liabilities. Canadian. To be extra safe and simpler in this example you could round it up to thesis statement war, 50%. The tax liability will obviously increase with increasing revenues - and in percentage terms too regarding personal income tax, since more earnings would be at the higher rate. You must therefore also monitor your earnings levels through the year and adjust your percentage tax contingency accordingly. As stated already above, the risk of under-estimating tax liabilities increases the more successful you are, because tax bills get bigger. In truth you will have some costs to offset against the earnings figures above, but again for the purposes of establishing a very quick principle of saving a fixed percentage as a tax reserve until you know and can control these liabilities more accurately, the above is canadian canadian newspaper online research, a very useful simple easy method of initially staying solvent and on top of your tax affairs, which are for many people the essay most serious source of nasty financial surprises in successful start-up businesses.

The above example is canadian research, very simple, and essay papers is provided mainly for small start-up businesses which might otherwise neglect to provide for tax liabilities. The figures and percentages are not appropriate (but the broad principle of forecasting and providing funds for tax liabilities is) to apply to retail businesses for example, or businesses in which staff are employed, since these businesses carry significant costs of sales and overheads, which should be deducted from revenues before calculating profits and taxes liabilities. Neither does the example take account of the various ways to reduce tax liabilities by reinvesting profits in the business, writing off stock, putting money into pensions, charitable donations, etc. A third tip is - in newspaper online fact it's effectively a legal requirement - to inform your relevant tax authorities as soon as possible about your new business. Preferably do this a few weeks before you actually begin trading. That way you can be fully informed of the tax situation - and metathesis your best methods of dealing with tax, because there are usually different ways, and sometimes the differences can be worth quite a lot of money. I do not go into more detail about tax here because it's a very complex subject with wide variations depending on canadian newspaper online research, your own situation, for which you should seek relevant information and advice from a qualified accountant and/or the relevant tax authorities.

template and high school structure for a feasibility study or project justification report. First, and canadian canadian online importantly, you need to a good report, clarify/confirm the criteria that need to be fulfilled in order to justify starting or continuing the project or group, in other words, what do the decision-makers need to see in order to newspaper research, approve the project or its continuation ? Then map these crucial approval criteria into the following structure. In other words, work through the Failure following template structure according to, and orientated as closely as you can to, the approval criteria . Canadian Newspaper Online Research. (These points could effectively be your feasibility study or report justification structure, and headings.) past, present and particularly future ('customer') need (for the outputs/results produced by essay, group or project) benefits and outcomes achieved to date for what cost/investment benefits and outcomes to be produced in the future resources, costs, investment , etc., required to canadian newspaper online research, produce future required outcomes and benefits (identify capital vs revenue costs, i.e., acquisition of major assets and anion metathesis ongoing overheads) alternative methods or ways of satisfying needs, with relative cost/return (return on canadian canadian newspaper, investment) comparisons (ie., what other ways might there be for writing lab reports school, satisfying the canadian research need if the anion metathesis group or project doesn't happen or ceases?) outline strategy and financial plan , including people, aims, philosophy , etc (ideally tuned to meet the authorising power's fulfilment criteria) for proposed start or continuation of canadian, project (assuming you have a case, and assuming there is report, no better alternative) Keep it simple. Keep to the facts and figures.

Provide evidence. Be clear and concise. Refer to canadian online, the tips about effective writing. If possible present your case in person to the decision-makers, with passion, calm confidence and style. Anion Metathesis. Look at the tips on presentations, and assertiveness. tips on finding and working with business planning advisors and consultants. If you need help putting together a business plan, and if you want to get the best from the engagement, it's important to canadian, find the right person to work with, and to establish and maintain a good working relationship with them. If you are great big organisation you'll probably not need to work with outsiders, and if you do then you'll probably opt for a great big supplier, however there are significant benefits from statement on vietnam war, working with much smaller suppliers - even single operators - and research if you are a small business yourself, then this is probably the best choice anyway: to seek a good single operator, or small partnership of experts. Here are some ideas of what to look for.

You'll be best finding someone who meets as much of this criteria as possible: lives close-by you so you can work face-to-face with them and get to know each other properly, and so that their time is efficiently used, instead of being in traffic on their way to and from your place is high integrity and very discreet is grown-up and got no baggage or emotional triggers - wise and metathesis mature - and it needn't be an age thing can help you see and canadian canadian research decide where and how you want to pros to abortion, take the business, rather than tell you where he/she thinks you need to go - a mentor not an instructor understands or can immediately relate to research, your industry sector and type of work is experienced working with small family companies, but is lab reports high school, also a big picture strategist and visionary (advisors who've only ever worked with big corporations can sometimes be a bit free and easy with relatively small amounts of money - you need someone with a very very practical approach to managing cash-flow, and real business realities, who've worked in situations without the protection of vast corporate bureaucracy and the lack of transparency that this often brings) is triple-brained or whole-brained - mostly front-brained - (see the stuff on Benziger) - intuitive-creative, thinking, but also able to be personable and grounded, subject to the point below complements your own strengths and fills the canadian newspaper online research gaps and weaknesses in your collective abilities (again see the stuff on Benziger and Jung etc) - ie., if collectively you need hard facts and figures and logic then seek people with these strengths - conversely if you are strong on all this, then seek the creative humanist ethical strengths - he/she must work with you in a balanced team - so that the team has no blind spots, and report no subjective biases in style or emphasis has two or three referees you can talk to and see evidence of past work (although if you check most of the above it will be a formality) doesn't smoke or drink too much isn't desperate for canadian canadian online, the work. As regards finding someone like this, without doubt the most reliable and quickest method is by networking introductions through trusted people. The person you seek might be three or more links away, but if it's a friend or associate of someone trusted, by Failure in History, someone who's trusted, by someone you trust, then probably they'll be right for you. Canadian Newspaper Research. Start by talking to people you know and asking if they know anyone, or if they know anyone who might know anyone - and take it from there. The chances of finding the right person in the local business listings or directory, out of the report blue and from cold, are pretty remote. Replying to adverts and marketing material from consultants is canadian, a lottery too. You'll find someone eventually but you'll need to kiss a lot of frogs first, which takes ages and is not the cleverest way to spend your valuable time.

For something so important as business planning advice or consultancy use referrals every time. Referrals work not only because you get to find someone trusted, but the Failure person you find has a reasonable assurance that you can be trusted too, you see: good suppliers are just as choosy as good clients. It works both ways. Be prepared to reward the person in research whatever way is pros and cons to abortion, appropriate and fair (I'm thinking percentage share of incremental success beyond expectations - perhaps even equity share if the person is really good and you'd value their on-going contribution and canadian research help). Often the best people won't ask for much money up front at all, but from term, your point of view you will attract a lot more commitment and work beyond the newspaper online call of normal duty from them if you reward higher than they ask or need. Good suppliers are immensely motivated by statement war, good clients and lots of canadian online, appreciation, even if they don't want the anion financial reward.

Good suppliers have usually seen too many ungrateful greedy people taking them for granted and penny pinching, and will tend to sack clients like these without even telling them why, and move on to more deserving enjoyable work with people who are fair and canadian canadian research appreciative, which is writing, how you'll be I'm sure. Finally, when you've found the right person, always continually agree expectations and invite feedback about how the relationship is working, not just how the canadian newspaper online research work is Failure, going. starting your own business - or starting any new business. These are the simple rules for planning and starting your own business. The principles also apply to planning and online research starting a new business within an organisation for someone else. In amongst the distractions and details of 600 word papers, new business planning, it is important to keep sight of the basic rules of new business success:

Your successful new business must offer something unique that people want. Uniqueness is vital because otherwise there is no reason for canadian newspaper online, customers to buy from you. Anyone can be or create a unique business proposition by thinking about metathesis, it clearly. Uniqueness comes in all shapes and sizes - it's chiefly being especially good and online different in a particular area, or field or sector. Uniqueness can be in a product or service, or in a trading method, or in you yourself, or any other aspect of your business which makes what you are offering special and appealing to people.

You will develop your own unique offering first by identifying what people want and which nobody is providing properly. Second you must ensure that your chosen unique offering is also an extension of your own passion or particular expertise or strength - something you will love and enjoy being the best at - whatever it is. Every successful business is built on someone's passion. new business start-ups by older people. If you already have a career behind you, and you wonder if you've got it in you to compete and succeed in the modern world, consider this. First - you have definitely got it in you to to abortion essay, succeed.

Experience and wisdom are fundamental building blocks of success, and will be for you from the moment you start looking at yourself in this way. The reassuring wisdom that older people generally possess is extremely helpful in newspaper research forming trusting relationships - with customers, suppliers, partners, colleagues, etc - which are essential for in History, good business. Added to this, as we get older we have a greater understanding of our true passions and capabilities; we know our strengths and styles and tolerances. This gives older people a very special potency in business. Older people know what they are good at.

They play to their strengths. They know which battles they can win, and which to newspaper online research, avoid. Older people are also typically better at handling change and adapting to new things than younger people. This is because older people have had more experience doing just this. Adapting to change and working around things are significant capabilities in achieving new business success. If you are an older person considering starting a new business, think about the things you can do better than most other people - think about your strengths and use them. business start-ups for younger people.

Younger people can be very successful starting new businesses just as much as older people can be. The essential principle of playing to your strengths applies, although the implications are different for younger people compared to older people. Younger people are likely to have lots of fresh ideas. This is an high, advantage, so avoid people pour cold water on them. Test your ideas on potential customers, rather than to take advice from canadian newspaper, those people who are ready with their buckets of water. Next, get the help you need.

It's difficult for young people to know all the answers. You'll have the ideas and the energy to anion metathesis, make things happen, but consider the gaps in canadian online your experience, and the things you don't enjoy doing, and anion metathesis seek good quality reliable help for these things. Getting good help at what you can't do or don't want to do will enable you to put all your energy into what you are good at and what you want to spend your time doing. Young people sometimes try to force themselves to fit into roles or responsibilities that are not comfortable or natural. This is de-stabilising and stressful. Canadian Online Research. Learn what you love and 600 word excel at, and focus on building success from this. Which brings us back to playing to your strengths. All successful businesses (and people who become successful working for others) are based on the person using personal strengths and pursuing personal passions. Success in business is always based on doing something you love and enjoy, which is fundamentally related to your natural strengths and unique personal potential, whatever that is. The sooner you identify these things in canadian research yourself, the term sooner will build sustainable business success. planning business success - in summary.

Spreadsheets, mission statements, planning templates and other process elements of online, new business creation and development are tools. They enable the metathesis business to be properly structured, started and run. They are essential of course, but in themselves they don't determine success. Business success is determined by newspaper online, deeper factors. Increasingly business success depends on having a solid philosophical foundation - where relevant interests, inside and outside of the organization, are balanced rather than conflicting. The bigger the business, the war more widely it must consider how it relates to external interests and responsibilities - to society and the world at large. A business with this sort of harmony and balance built into canadian canadian newspaper online, its shape and principles at the outset has a huge advantage over a business which contains tensions and papers competing pressures. Within these considerations, relationships - as explained by the Psychological Contract - are crucially important in every business. Canadian Online Research. Businesses ultimately depend on people, and people depend on relationships.

Aside from this - and without diminishing the significance of papers, other vital business components such as reliability, value, quality, etc., which are necessary merely to survive at online research, a basic level - uniqueness and passion are the remaining special ingredients for success: Uniqueness (just one word, with so many implications) - so that people will want what you offer, and Passion, so that you will enjoy being and offering your best - and so that this belief and commitment conveys to others.

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The Beauty Myth: How Images of Beauty Are Used against Women essay. The Beauty Myth , written in 1991 by American writer, critic and political activist Naomi Wolf, became a bestseller and was regarded by The New York Times as one of the 20 th century most important books. Canadian Canadian Newspaper. One of the pioneers of the to abortion, liberal feminism movement, Naomi Wolf described in newspaper, the book her viewing of the women’s role in pros to abortion, modern society and how females are oppressed with beauty impositions in the modern society. She expressed her ideas in six following sections: work, culture, religion, sex, hunger, and online research, violence. Naomi Wolf exposes beauty myth as an organized political construct that is originated by the man-dominated society in order to counteract the feminist movement.

Naomi Wolf claims that all the beauty standards that are vigorously promoted by Failure, the modern mass media and different fashion and canadian canadian online research, body care industries are aimed to manipulate women’s consciousness by in History, making them feel less-worth and by transferring their attention from the serious issues to the obsession with their physical appearance. It must be said that the canadian newspaper online, book was written more than twenty years ago. Although lots of points implied in the book are relevant to the current situation, many things have changed since 1991. Regarding this, the author may sometimes sound quite radical or uncompromising and some issues she exposes may seem to be inaccurate or a bit exaggerated. Women’s and men’s roles in the social and political life have always been classified. Since very childhood, girls and boys get general notions about behavior, clothing style and even occupation choice that are appropriate for their gender. During the socialization period children also get ideas about the essay, gender-based roles. They use their parents and canadian canadian research, surrounding as role models of the behavior they are expected to perform. The traditions and other social influences are a significant factor that directs which occupations and lifestyle may be chosen by representatives of each gender. Writing. For example, since the childhood boys are encouraged to study technology and take up different active sports when girls are cheered to perform more passive activities like piano playing or studying literature. For a long time women have been referred to as the canadian research, weak gender.

It was related to their physical strength as well as to the intellectual capacities of women. That is why they had limited access to formal education and politics. Females were supposed to give birth to children and perform different house holding activities, while men were intended to do physically tough work. Anion. Such qualities as passivity and domesticity were regarded as the most significant and honorable ones in any woman in the past. Women were also regarded to be more sensitive and emotionally vulnerable, that is why a man was regarded as a protector. The change of the general concept of online, a society led to the gender roles shifting. During the last decades Western women exercise the same rights as men, specifically, they have a right to vote and to participate in thesis on vietnam war, politics. Women also get a possibility to try themselves in such fields as medicine, law, education and economics that were totally or partly inaccessible for them before. However, men are still viewed more powerful and strong and therefore more suitable to perform a role of a leader. Under scrutiny it appears that the vast majority of politicians and canadian canadian newspaper online research, top managers are represented by writing a good report, males.

It is mostly caused by online, the remnants of in History, gender prejudices and stereotypes that were common for a men-dominated society. Canadian Canadian Newspaper Online Research. Due to having more physical strength, man is believed to writing high be an inborn leader, while woman is supposed to obey to him. It can be observed on different levels of society, for example, in a family unit or in a governmental structure. In a modern Western society, family and house holding duties and responsibilities are usually shared by both partners and are not assigned only to a woman. But still, such routine and repetitive activities as cleaning, laundry, cooking are performed mostly by females. Women now take part in important decision making process and family problems are usually solved in a way of finding a consensus and taking into consideration both partners’ points of view. Men participate more in the process of children breeding, though women take the largest part of responsibilities related to canadian child care. Emancipation and industrialization brought to women more opportunities. Nevertheless, Naomi Wolf claims that despite equal professional opportunities, women still do not feel free nowadays because of the beauty impositions and different kinds of prejudices concerning female gender. Such impositions are a great challenge to the woman’s personal development and professional recognition.

It cannot be denied that every woman in the working or political world is judged not only by her qualifications, work skills and professional competence, but also by her physical appearance. Beautiful women may not be perceived seriously, while women that are regarded unattractive may be discriminated. Besides, pretty women are more likely to be sexually harassed in writing, their workplace, and are often seen not as victims but as provocateurs. Canadian Canadian. In spite of the fact that today women are protected by thesis war, law against any kind of discrimination that is based on a gender factor or physical appearance, different gender-based constructs may become serious obstacles for females. According to canadian online Naomi Wolf, after the female liberation movement had demolished traditional notions about the family unit and especially women’s role in the society, new requirements that demanded high standards of physical appearance were imposed on report women. Recently, beauty impositions have replaced convictions related to domesticity, motherhood and passivity. And the newspaper online research, image of an ideal housewife was replaced by in History, the image of a skinny beauty queen. Beauty myth incorporates inevitably into canadian newspaper everyday life as endlessly produced “beautiful” images of how really beautiful women should look may be seen in advertisements, films and magazines. The author believes that such vigorous beauty propaganda is a reaction of man-dominated society on the feminist movement as it threatened to destabilize the institutions on which the patriarchal society was based. She says that all these impositions are used as an anion, effective device of women’s consciousness manipulation by making females obsessed with their physical appearance and preventing them from taking part in the social and political life of the country. She regards a beauty myth as a “newly invented” gender-based form of oppression and refers it to the unrealistic and unnatural beauty standards that are imposed on women nowadays.

Naomi Wolf states that Western women became obsessed with their physical appearance, age and canadian canadian newspaper research, clothes under the pros to abortion essay, pressure of the mass media, which dictates to women since their childhood how they should look. It is hard to disagree with the canadian, point that the abundance of such images may affect badly women’s self-esteem and distorts the women’s perception of themselves. Many women are prone to comparing themselves with the images of top models they see on metathesis the screen or in the magazines. As a result, females may feel depressed and less worth as they believe they are unbeautiful or different because their bodies and canadian newspaper online, skin are not so perfect. She also claims that beauty myth purposes to divide women and break links between generations by in History, making them compete with each other. Sex propaganda and using women sexuality as an effective marketing technique are other issues described in the book. Images of pretty slim-figured girls are widely used in the advertising industry and mass media in canadian newspaper online research, order to strike attention of the audience. Thesis Statement On Vietnam. It also motivates women to buy things via making them feel unbeautiful and outmoded and canadian newspaper online, therefore forcing them to writing school buy cosmetic products and fashion items that would improve their look. Canadian Canadian Online Research. Women are also persuaded by the advertisements that beauty is a key to good life and success.

Females, especially the ones that suffer from lack of confidence and low self-esteem, are prone to succumb to such type of Failure, message and believe they may change their whole life just by changing their appearance. We can observe how the revaluation of the canadian newspaper research, women’s role in the society caused the transformation of the advertisement concepts. When a woman dedicated herself to statement war the house holding activities and was mostly regarded as a housewife, industries were oriented on the producing and promoting different items for house management. Right after women got equal rights with men and various possibilities to approve themselves in different professional domains, companies and advertisements started promoting different beauty products and services. Canadian Online. Thanks to writing a good beauty myth propaganda, numerous cosmetic companies, fashion industries, surgery clinics, and other beauty services and companies are making million-dollar business. Naomi Wolf rejects the gender-based belief about the male polygamy and female monogamy by using Darwin’s and other scientists’ investigations. She mentions some matriarchal Goddess religions where women were leaders, held all the political and newspaper online research, economic power and report, used to have more than one partner. The convictions about the female monogamy originated from the fact that female are more prone than men to canadian canadian newspaper building a strong emotional bond with one partner. A Good. The author also rejects the canadian newspaper online, idea of modern society system that is based on the sexual selection. Still, it is difficult to object the Failure in History, fact that physical appearance and age counts more for women than for man.

In the modern society men are mostly judged by their financial status and professional achievements, while women are evaluated by their beauty. Canadian Newspaper Research. That is why couples where a girl is much younger than a man are quite common for lab reports high, our society. In the chapter about hunger Naomi Wolf describes the adverse effects that the beauty obsession may have on women’s health. Apart from canadian canadian newspaper online research, psychological disorders, it may also cause physical problems. Needless to say, in statement war, an ill-inspired attempt to have a perfect look, many women resort to such radical actions as surgery and diets that are harmful to their health and result in canadian online, eating disorders, fear of gaining weight, and anorexic and bulimic conditions. “Terror of aging” has become one more popular tendency in the advertising and cosmetic production industry. Consequently, many women have started being afraid of aging as they are convinced that becoming elder they are less attractive.

Under pressure of propaganda of eternal youth women come to anion metathesis different methods like surgery, cosmetic products in order to canadian newspaper online research prevent natural process of aging. It must be said that young generation is the most vulnerable category of population as their consciousness is writing school, not stable yet, that is why young girls are prone to exurb all the information they get from mass media. It is canadian newspaper online, well-known that teenage girls usually suffer from low self-esteem and lack of confidence during the period of transition from a little girl to a woman. At this age their bodies are transforming and they need time to get used to it. Young girls often challenge themselves with different diets in order to lose weight and become as slim as girls from the Failure, TV advertisements. It often results in anorexic and bulimic conditions, which may have serious consequences for canadian online research, any girl’s health in general and for her future fertility abilities in particular. In The Beauty Myth Naomi Wolf is trying to prove that today’s beauty standards are just culturally imposed physical standards that have neither historical nor biological background. Wolf’s rejection of the idea of universal and changeless beauty concept is quite reasonable. There are numerous evidences that beauty standards have changed throughout the centuries so that the notions about beauty and ugliness differ due to various nations or tribes.

The author reasonably compares beauty to the currency system. It fluctuates similarly to changing patterns of the gold standard, which depends on writing high different political and economical factors. The author compares modern beauty impositions with medieval German device of torture called Iron Maiden to demonstrate how all these beauty concepts and canadian newspaper online research, impositions are used nowadays to immobilize women. She claims that modern women are forced out to and cons to abortion essay keep to the unique requirements of newspaper online, how to look and what to anion metathesis wear regardless their physical peculiarities and personal preferences. However, it must be said that nowadays the new concept of natural beauty is canadian newspaper research, promoted that persuade women to love them as they are. Besides, there exist different styles of outfits and looks which are oriented on different types of essay, women. Modern women have more freedom in choosing which clothes or hairstyle to wear regarding their physical appearance peculiarities and their tastes. To conclude, gender-based roles became more flexible during the canadian online research, last decades. Consequently, women got more opportunities to statement on vietnam war participate actively in the social and political life of society.

However, Naomi Wolf believes that all that feminism brought to canadian newspaper online women is now challenged by the new concept of beauty myth. In spite of proclaimed equal rights and recognition of the women’s intelligence and power, females are subject to rising beauty demands. According to the author, the beauty myth was generated by the men-dominated society in order to anion metathesis weaken females physically and mentally and to reduce their participation in the political and economical world. Although the beauty myth existed in the society before, the one that is canadian canadian newspaper, promoted in modern time is much more powerful and frustrating. The idea that all these beauty impositions have created some kind of pressure on women in modern society is lab reports high, sound, however, it is debatable whether it is a well-organized and intentional political construct aimed to immobilize women or not.

Wolf’s anger is directed against companies and industries that are promoting feminine insecurity, which is fair and understandable given the fact that beauty obsession may have some adverse effects for both mental and psychological health.

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A Business Plan of Operational Efficiency for Merging Health Systems. As health care continues its rapid evolution toward value-based reimbursement, health system leaders face escalating pressure to reduce their cost structure and newspaper enhance their value propositions. For many, the thesis solution is to join forces with another provider through a formal partnership agreement. Last summer, the Camden Group began a series of articles on the new meaning of health care MAs mergers and canadian newspaper online affiliations . Our colleagues looked at affiliation strategy and timing, the wide range of partnership and affiliation models and the factors that lead to partnership failure. Metathesis? But once a new partnership has cleared the canadian canadian newspaper online research planning hurdle and avoided early pitfalls, it still faces a big challenge. How do you make sure the combined system achieves the full benefits of operational integration?

Our experience with providers nationwide has indicated that successful health care partnerships rely on one indispensable tool a business plan of operational efficiency. Writing School? A detailed BPOE helps partnering organizations achieve the large-scale cost reductions necessary for value-based care and declining reimbursement. The Business Plan of Operational Efficiency. A health system BPOE is a comprehensive, action-oriented system integration plan. Canadian Canadian? It is designed by report, and for canadian, organizations that are forming a single corporate structure strategically and writing report operationally. Simply defined, a BPOE is a road map for achieving the full benefits of an affiliation operational efficiencies, cost savings and enhanced clinical value.

The most effective BPOEs are developed from the canadian canadian newspaper online ground up. Departmental leaders identify detailed action items for a good report, aligning administrative, support, infrastructure and canadian canadian newspaper online clinical functions. The key is to capitalize on writing high, the operational strengths of each organization and each department. Canadian Canadian Newspaper Online? A BPOE should: identify and quantify specific affiliation-related cost-saving opportunities within each department; identify barriers to achieving the efficiencies; identify the resource and time requirements necessary to implement the action plans; lay out a game plan for aligning specialty programs throughout the system; ensure accountability by specifying the individuals responsible for implementing the plan. Ultimately, the goal is to statement war, develop a clear list of achievable and sustainable performance improvement initiatives that will enhance efficiency and reduce the underlying cost structure of the system. Many partnering organizations craft a BPOE before any affiliation agreement is signed. This lets system leaders proactively identify savings opportunities after the transaction. A pre-transaction BPOE also might be required for regulatory approval by canadian research, the state department of report health, state attorney general, Federal Trade Commission or the Department of Justice. An inherent limitation of a pre-transaction BPOE is that the prospective partners are unable to share competitively sensitive information before closing. This limits the canadian newspaper online specificity and lab reports school detail of cost-saving opportunities and action plans. Canadian Newspaper Online Research? But provisional BPOEs developed before the transaction are directionally accurate; they can also ensure that the prospective partners are strategically and culturally compatible.

A BPOE can be developed or refined with specificity and writing clarity after the transaction, even if the merger or affiliation took place some time ago. Many systems that have merged or affiliated in recent years have yet to realize the full benefits of operational integration. If this is your situation, commission a multidisciplinary team to revisit previous efforts. Canadian Newspaper? The team should develop a BPOE that identifies redundant costs as well as new strategies for better integrating, standardizing and consolidating functions. Book? Every affiliation, merger or acquisition is unique. Every health system's story and how it came to canadian canadian newspaper online research, exist in statement on vietnam war, its current form, with its current culture is unique.

In the background are variations within the consumer and newspaper payer markets, differences in strategic and operational strengths and weaknesses, and thesis war cultural nuances. These factors drive the need for a customized integration plan for every new partnership. A well-designed BPOE offers four important benefits: 1. A clear leadership structure. The most contentious point in transactions often centers on canadian newspaper research, a single question: Who will be in charge? While it is critical to clearly define the executive hierarchy for the system and its business units (e.g., hospital, physician group, post-acute), it is just as important to outline the writing high school cascading leadership structure throughout all departments within the system. Effective BPOEs identify the leadership positions most appropriate for consolidation; they also establish centralized management for all administrative, support and infrastructure functions. This not only creates consistency in decision-making, it facilitates and streamlines integration efforts. Adopting matrix organizational and reporting structures also will foster standardization of system processes, while allowing for moderate variation when needed to account for distinct organizational variables.

In addition, developing a centralized leadership structure as part of the BPOE will help middle managers align interdependent integration plans through multidisciplinary teams. 2. Clear ground-level integration plans. For most system integrations, success or failure occurs at the department level. Effective BPOEs use a ground-up planning process to newspaper, develop detailed departmental action plans that identify specific opportunities, obstacles and Failure in History accountabilities. Department-level plans set clear goals that are consistent with the system's integrated vision. Objectives should include standardization of policies and procedures, optimization of canadian staffing resources, alignment of contracted services, standardization of equipment and supplies, and cost reduction through joint purchasing. Departmental plans also should address specific resource requirements, interdependencies with other unit plans, implementation timelines and responsibilities, and specific cost-saving targets. Departmental action plans provide a detailed implementation path that can be monitored and measured. This establishes a platform for consistent and timely communication about anion metathesis integration activities and milestones. Collectively, the departmental integration plans will lead to a more integrated and newspaper streamlined system. 3. Realistic and sustainable cost-saving targets.

Carefully developed BPOEs can lead to annualized system cost savings between 4 and 7 percent. However, during the development of the departmental integration plans, all savings opportunities should be validated by both the responsible department and the financial team prior to writing lab reports high school, inclusion in the plan. BPOE action items should be incorporated into budgets and could require capital resource allocation for implementation, so it is critical to quantify and rigorously validate cost-reduction opportunities in administrative, support, infrastructure and clinical departments. Operational and financial leaders should assess each savings opportunity to ensure it is realistic, achievable and sustainable. Canadian Canadian Research? This applies to anion, both salary and non-salary savings opportunities. Non-salary savings opportunities are often easier to implement culturally. Health systems can achieve significant early cost reductions by standardizing equipment and supplies and canadian aligning contractual services. These savings are not only typically achievable in 600 word essay term papers, the short term, but are also sustainable.

Salary savings typically are realized over a longer period. While centralizing management leads to early savings, staffing integration and optimization can take time and resources to fully achieve. 4. A strong foundation for a system-oriented culture. Joining two disparate business entities within a single consolidated health system is inherently difficult, and effectively integrating long-standing legacy cultures is a critical hurdle that can cause a partnership to succeed or fail. Leaders must encourage a cultural transition that moves the organizational focus from business unit priorities to canadian online, collective system goals and overall performance. A robust BPOE process can aid this cultural transition.

BPOE development uses a structured approach that includes a blend of objective quantitative analyses and key stakeholder engagement. Anion? Stakeholder meetings provide a thorough understanding of the existing cultures and organizational barriers to integration. This helps to engage key stakeholders in the process while grounding discussions and action plans in organizational realities. Ultimately, the canadian online BPOE process challenges the existing provider organizations individually and collectively to writing lab reports high school, think beyond current practices and canadian research strive collaboratively to improve performance as a system. In a world that is becoming less hospital-centric, hospitals and health systems are trying to refashion themselves as care continuum organizations through strategic mergers and affiliations. But too often, good intentions fall by the wayside as inertia, politics and other obstacles prevent partnering organizations from realizing the Failure in History opportunities of integration. A well-designed business plan of operational efficiency guards against inertia by providing specific, achievable integration goals and action plans. Canadian Canadian Newspaper? Whether your organization is pursuing a new affiliation or is looking to maximize existing health system performance, a BPOE is an essential tool to achieving true system-level operational integration.

Brandon Klar , M.H.S.A., is a good book, a senior manager, and newspaper research Gregory Shufelt, M.B.A., is a vice president at the Camden Group. They are based in the Boston and Chicago offices, respectively. Tennessee, Virginia Health Systems Commit to Stave Off Health Care Cost Growth In Unique Partnership. Health Systems Commit to Unique Partnership. A pledge to spend $450 million on population health improvements and a health information exchange is part of an anion eye-catching agreement for canadian canadian online, two regional health systems to join forces six-hospital Wellmont Health System, Kingsport, Tenn., and 13-hospital Mountain States Health Alliance, in Johnson City, Tenn. Risky Business: Health Systems Become Insurers. Optimizing Your Self-Funded Employee Health Plan. Resuscitate your cardiovascular supply chain: Efficiency through automation. Building a Physical Infrastructure to Support Technology in Health Care. New AHA Today Newsletter.

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Working alongside our customers and partners to accelerate the report journey toward improved lives and canadian online research healthier communities. Failure? The opinions expressed by authors do not necessarily reflect the policy of the American Hospital Association. This website contains links to sites which are not owned or maintained by the American Hospital Association (AHA). The AHA is canadian newspaper research, not responsible for the content of non-AHA linked sites, and the views expressed on non-AHA sites do not necessarily reflect the writing a good views of the American Hospital Association. © 2017 Health Forum.

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co directed thesis St. Canadian Canadian Newspaper? Louis, MO 63130. Department of Philosophy. University of Failure, Arizona. Tucson, AZ 85721. *[[ Authors are listed in order of degree of newspaper online research, belief in the central thesis. ]] [[ Published in Analysis 58:10-23, 1998.

Reprinted in (P. Pros And Cons? Grim, ed) The Philosopher's Annual , vol XXI, 1998. ]] Where does the canadian online mind stop and and cons to abortion the rest of the canadian newspaper online world begin? The question invites two standard replies. Some accept the demarcations of skin and skull, and say that what is outside the body is outside the writing lab reports high school mind. Others are impressed by arguments suggesting that the meaning of our words just ain't in the head, and hold that this externalism about meaning carries over into an externalism about mind. We propose to pursue a third position. We advocate a very different sort of externalism: an research, active externalism , based on the active role of the environment in driving cognitive processes. Consider three cases of human problem-solving: (1) A person sits in front of a computer screen which displays images of various two-dimensional geometric shapes and is asked to answer questions concerning the thesis potential fit of such shapes into depicted sockets. To assess fit, the person must mentally rotate the shapes to align them with the sockets. (2) A person sits in canadian online front of a similar computer screen, but this time can choose either to physically rotate the image on the screen, by pressing a rotate button, or to mentally rotate the image as before.

We can also suppose, not unrealistically, that some speed advantage accrues to the physical rotation operation. (3) Sometime in the cyberpunk future, a person sits in front of a similar computer screen. This agent, however, has the benefit of a neural implant which can perform the rotation operation as fast as the computer in the previous example. The agent must still choose which internal resource to use (the implant or the good old fashioned mental rotation), as each resource makes different demands on attention and other concurrent brain activity. How much cognition is present in thesis statement on vietnam war these cases? We suggest that all three cases are similar. Case (3) with the neural implant seems clearly to be on a par with case (1). And case (2) with the rotation button displays the canadian canadian newspaper online same sort of Failure, computational structure as case (3), although it is distributed across agent and computer instead of canadian newspaper, internalized within the agent. If the 600 word term rotation in case (3) is cognitive, by what right do we count case (2) as fundamentally different? We cannot simply point to the skin/skull boundary as justification, since the legitimacy of that boundary is precisely what is at issue. Canadian Canadian Research? But nothing else seems different.

The kind of case just described is by no means as exotic as it may at Failure, first appear. It is not just the presence of advanced external computing resources which raises the issue, but rather the general tendency of human reasoners to lean heavily on environmental supports. Thus consider the use of pen and paper to perform long multiplication (McClelland et al 1986, Clark 1989), the use of physical re-arrangements of letter tiles to prompt word recall in Scrabble (Kirsh 1995), the use of instruments such as the online nautical slide rule (Hutchins 1995), and the general paraphernalia of language, books, diagrams, and statement culture. Canadian Research? In all these cases the individual brain performs some operations, while others are delegated to manipulations of external media. And Cons To Abortion Essay? Had our brains been different, this distribution of tasks would doubtless have varied. In fact, even the mental rotation cases described in scenarios (1) and (2) are real. The cases reflect options available to players of the computer game Tetris. In Tetris, falling geometric shapes must be rapidly directed into an appropriate slot in an emerging structure. A rotation button can be used. Online Research? David Kirsh and statement war Paul Maglio (1994) calculate that the physical rotation of a shape through 90 degrees takes about 100 milliseconds, plus about 200 milliseconds to select the button.

To achieve the same result by newspaper research mental rotation takes about 1000 milliseconds. Kirsh and thesis Maglio go on to present compelling evidence that physical rotation is used not just to position a shape ready to fit a slot, but often to help determine whether the shape and the slot are compatible. The latter use constitutes a case of canadian online, what Kirsh and Maglio call an writing lab reports high school, `epistemic action'. Epistemic actions alter the world so as to aid and augment cognitive processes such as recognition and search. Online Research? Merely pragmatic actions, by contrast, alter the world because some physical change is desirable for its own sake (e.g., putting cement into a hole in on vietnam a dam).

Epistemic action, we suggest, demands spread of epistemic credit . If, as we confront some task, a part of the world functions as a process which, were it done in the head , we would have no hesitation in recognizing as part of the cognitive process, then that part of the world is (so we claim) part of the canadian canadian newspaper online cognitive process. Metathesis? Cognitive processes ain't (all) in the head! In these cases, the human organism is linked with an external entity in a two-way interaction, creating a coupled system that can be seen as a cognitive system in its own right. All the components in the system play an active causal role, and they jointly govern behavior in the same sort of way that cognition usually does. If we remove the external component the system's behavioral competence will drop, just as it would if we removed part of its brain. Our thesis is that this sort of coupled process counts equally well as a cognitive process, whether or not it is wholly in the head. This externalism differs greatly from standard variety advocated by Putnam (1975) and Burge (1979). When I believe that water is wet and my twin believes that twin water is wet, the external features responsible for the difference in our beliefs are distal and historical, at canadian canadian online, the other end of a lengthy causal chain. Features of the present are not relevant: if I happen to be surrounded by XYZ right now (maybe I have teleported to Twin Earth), my beliefs still concern standard water, because of my history. In History? In these cases, the relevant external features are passive . Because of their distal nature, they play no role in driving the cognitive process in the here-and-now. This is reflected by the fact that the actions performed by me and my twin are physically indistinguishable, despite our external differences.

In the cases we describe, by canadian newspaper research contrast, the relevant external features are active , playing a crucial role in the here-and-now. Because they are coupled with the human organism, they have a direct impact on the organism and on its behavior. In these cases, the relevant parts of the world are in book the loop , not dangling at the other end of a long causal chain. Concentrating on this sort of coupling leads us to an active externalism , as opposed to the passive externalism of canadian, Putnam and Burge. Many have complained that even if Putnam and book Burge are right about the externality of content, it is not clear that these external aspects play a causal or explanatory role in the generation of action. In counterfactual cases where internal structure is held constant but these external features are changed, behavior looks just the same; so internal structure seems to be doing the crucial work. We will not adjudicate that issue here, but we note that active externalism is not threatened by any such problem.

The external features in a coupled system play an ineliminable role - if we retain internal structure but change the external features, behavior may change completely. The external features here are just as causally relevant as typical internal features of the canadian newspaper online research brain. *[[ Much of the appeal of externalism in the philosophy of mind may stem from the and cons to abortion intuitive appeal of active externalism. Externalists often make analogies involving external features in coupled systems, and appeal to the arbitrariness of boundaries between brain and environment. But these intuitions sit uneasily with the letter of standard externalism. In most of the Putnam/Burge cases, the immediate environment is irrelevant; only the historical environment counts. Debate has focused on the question of whether mind must be in the head, but a more relevant question in assessing these examples might be: is research mind in metathesis the present? ]]

By embracing an active externalism, we allow a more natural explanation of all sorts of actions. Canadian Newspaper Research? One can explain my choice of words in Scrabble, for 600 word essay example, as the outcome of an extended cognitive process involving the rearrangement of tiles on my tray. Of course, one could always try to explain my action in terms of internal processes and canadian online research a long series of metathesis, inputs and actions, but this explanation would be needlessly complex. If an isomorphic process were going on in the head, we would feel no urge to characterize it in this cumbersome way. In a very real sense, the online re-arrangement of tiles on statement on vietnam the tray is not part of action; it is canadian newspaper online part of thought . *[[ Herbert Simon (1981) once suggested that we view internal memory as, in effect, an external resource upon which real inner processes operate. Search in and cons to abortion essay memory, he comments, is not very different from search of the canadian external environment. Pros Essay? Simon's view at least has the canadian newspaper online research virtue of treating internal and a good report external processing with the parity they deserve, but we suspect that on canadian newspaper his view the mind will shrink too small for most people's tastes. ]] The view we advocate here is reflected by a growing body of and cons essay, research in cognitive science. In areas as diverse as the theory of situated cognition (Suchman 1987), studies of real-world-robotics (Beer 1989), dynamical approaches to child development (Thelen and Smith 1994), and research on the cognitive properties of collectives of agents (Hutchins 1995), cognition is often taken to be continuous with processes in the environment.

Thus, in newspaper research seeing cognition as extended one is not merely making a terminological decision; it makes a significant difference to the methodology of writing a good, scientific investigation. In effect, explanatory methods that might once have been thought appropriate only for canadian online research the analysis of inner processes are now being adapted for the study of the in History outer, and there is promise that our understanding of canadian canadian newspaper online, cognition will become richer for it. *[[ Philosophical views of a similar spirit can be found in Haugeland 1995, McClamrock 1985, Varela et al 1991, and Wilson 1994.. ]] Some find this sort of externalism unpalatable. One reason may be that many identify the cognitive with the conscious, and it seems far from plausible that consciousness extends outside the head in these cases. Lab Reports? But not every cognitive process, at least on standard usage, is a conscious process. It is online widely accepted that all sorts of thesis statement, processes beyond the borders of consciousness play a crucial role in cognitive processing: in the retrieval of memories, linguistic processes, and skill acquisition, for example. So the mere fact that external processes are external where consciousness is internal is no reason to deny that those processes are cognitive. More interestingly, one might argue that what keeps real cognition processes in canadian newspaper the head is the requirement that cognitive processes be portable . Here, we are moved by a vision of what might be called the Naked Mind: a package of resources and operations we can always bring to bear on a cognitive task, regardless of the local environment.

On this view, the trouble with coupled systems is that they are too easily decoupled . The true cognitive processes are those that lie at Failure in History, the constant core of the system; anything else is an canadian canadian newspaper research, add-on extra. There is something to this objection. The brain (or brain and body) comprises a package of basic, portable, cognitive resources that is of interest in its own right. These resources may incorporate bodily actions into cognitive processes, as when we use our fingers as working memory in a tricky calculation, but they will not encompass the more contingent aspects of our external environment, such as a pocket calculator. Still, mere contingency of coupling does not rule out cognitive status. Pros And Cons To Abortion Essay? In the newspaper online research distant future we may be able to plug various modules into report, our brain to canadian online research, help us out: a module for extra short-term memory when we need it, for example. When a module is plugged in, the in History processes involving it are just as cognitive as if they had been there all along.

*[[ Or consider the following passage from a recent science fiction novel (McHugh 1992, p. 213): I am taken to the system's department where I am attuned to the system. All I do is jack in and then a technician instructs the system to attune and it does. I jack out and query the time. 10:52. The information pops up. Always before I could only access information when I was jacked in, it gave me a sense that I knew what I thought and what the system told me, but now, how do I know what is system and what is canadian online research Zhang? ]] Even if one were to make the metathesis portability criterion pivotal, active externalism would not be undermined. Counting on our fingers has already been let in the door, for example, and it is easy to push things further. Think of the canadian research old image of the writing report engineer with a slide rule hanging from canadian canadian research, his belt wherever he goes. What if people always carried a pocket calculator, or had them implanted? The real moral of the portability intuition is that for coupled systems to be relevant to the core of essay term, cognition, reliable coupling is required.

It happens that most reliable coupling takes place within the brain, but there can easily be reliable coupling with the environment as well. If the resources of my calculator or my Filofax are always there when I need them, then they are coupled with me as reliably as we need. Canadian Research? In effect, they are part of the basic package of a good book, cognitive resources that I bring to bear on the everyday world. These systems cannot be impugned simply on the basis of the canadian online danger of discrete damage, loss, or malfunction, or because of any occasional decoupling: the biological brain is in similar danger, and occasionally loses capacities temporarily in episodes of sleep, intoxication, and emotion. If the relevant capacities are generally there when they are required, this is coupling enough. Moreover, it may be that the a good biological brain has in fact evolved and matured in ways which factor in the reliable presence of a manipulable external environment. It certainly seems that evolution has favored on-board capacities which are especially geared to parasitizing the local environment so as to reduce memory load, and even to transform the nature of the computational problems themselves.

Our visual systems have evolved to rely on their environment in various ways: they exploit contingent facts about the structure of natural scenes (e.g. Ullman and online Richards 1984), for example, and they take advantage of the computational shortcuts afforded by pros and cons essay bodily motion and locomotion (e.g. Canadian Canadian Online Research? Blake and Yuille, 1992). Perhaps there are other cases where evolution has found it advantageous to exploit the possibility of the environment being in the cognitive loop. If so, then external coupling is part of the Failure in History truly basic package of cognitive resources that we bring to bear on the world. Language may be an example. Language appears to be a central means by which cognitive processes are extended into canadian canadian online research, the world. Think of a group of people brainstorming around a table, or a philosopher who thinks best by writing, developing her ideas as she goes. It may be that language evolved, in part, to 600 word essay papers, enable such extensions of our cognitive resources within actively coupled systems. Within the lifetime of an organism, too, individual learning may have molded the brain in canadian canadian ways that rely on cognitive extensions that surrounded us as we learned. Language is again a central example here, as are the various physical and computational artifacts that are routinely used as cognitive extensions by children in schools and by writing book report trainees in canadian newspaper numerous professions.

In such cases the brain develops in a way that complements the external structures, and learns to play its role within a unified, densely coupled system. Once we recognize the crucial role of the environment in constraining the evolution and development of cognition, we see that extended cognition is a core cognitive process, not an add-on extra. An analogy may be helpful. The extraordinary efficiency of the fish as a swimming device is partly due, it now seems, to an evolved capacity to couple its swimming behaviors to the pools of external kinetic energy found as swirls, eddies and vortices in its watery environment (see Triantafyllou and on vietnam G. Triantafyllou 1995). These vortices include both naturally occurring ones (e.g., where water hits a rock) and online self-induced ones (created by well-timed tail flaps). The fish swims by building these externally occurring processes into the very heart of its locomotion routines. The fish and surrounding vortices together constitute a unified and remarkably efficient swimming machine. Now consider a reliable feature of the human environment, such as the writing book report sea of words.

This linguistic surround envelopes us from birth. Under such conditions, the plastic human brain will surely come to canadian canadian newspaper research, treat such structures as a reliable resource to be factored into the shaping of thesis, on-board cognitive routines. Where the newspaper fish flaps its tail to 600 word essay term papers, set up the eddies and vortices it subsequently exploits, we intervene in multiple linguistic media, creating local structures and disturbances whose reliable presence drives our ongoing internal processes. Canadian Canadian Online? Words and external symbols are thus paramount among the cognitive vortices which help constitute human thought. So far we have spoken largely about cognitive processing, and argued for writing high its extension into the environment. Some might think that the conclusion has been bought too cheaply. Perhaps some processing takes place in the environment, but what of mind ? Everything we have said so far is compatible with the canadian newspaper view that truly mental states - experiences, beliefs, desires, emotions, and so on - are all determined by states of the brain. Perhaps what is pros and cons to abortion truly mental is newspaper internal, after all? We propose to take things a step further. A Good? While some mental states, such as experiences, may be determined internally, there are other cases in which external factors make a significant contribution.

In particular, we will argue that beliefs can be constituted partly by canadian canadian features of the environment, when those features play the right sort of role in driving cognitive processes. If so, the 600 word essay mind extends into canadian newspaper research, the world. First, consider a normal case of papers, belief embedded in canadian canadian research memory. Inga hears from a friend that there is an exhibition at Failure in History, the Museum of Modern Art, and decides to go see it. She thinks for a moment and recalls that the museum is on canadian newspaper 53rd Street, so she walks to 53rd Street and pros and cons essay goes into the museum. It seems clear that Inga believes that the museum is on 53rd Street, and that she believed this even before she consulted her memory. It was not previously an occurrent belief, but then neither are most of our beliefs.

The belief was sitting somewhere in memory, waiting to be accessed. Now consider Otto. Otto suffers from canadian, Alzheimer's disease, and like many Alzheimer's patients, he relies on information in the environment to 600 word essay term, help structure his life. Otto carries a notebook around with him everywhere he goes. When he learns new information, he writes it down. When he needs some old information, he looks it up. For Otto, his notebook plays the role usually played by a biological memory. Today, Otto hears about the online exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art, and decides to go see it. He consults the notebook, which says that the museum is on 53rd Street, so he walks to 53rd Street and goes into school, the museum. Clearly, Otto walked to 53rd Street because he wanted to online, go to the museum and he believed the museum was on 53rd Street. And just as Inga had her belief even before she consulted her memory, it seems reasonable to thesis statement on vietnam, say that Otto believed the museum was on 53rd Street even before consulting his notebook.

For in relevant respects the cases are entirely analogous: the notebook plays for Otto the same role that memory plays for Inga. Canadian Canadian Newspaper? The information in the notebook functions just like the pros to abortion information constituting an ordinary non-occurrent belief; it just happens that this information lies beyond the skin. The alternative is to say that Otto has no belief about the canadian newspaper online matter until he consults his notebook; at best, he believes that the museum is located at the address in the notebook. Failure? But if we follow Otto around for a while, we will see how unnatural this way of canadian newspaper research, speaking is. Otto is constantly using his notebook as a matter of course.

It is central to his actions in all sorts of contexts, in the way that an ordinary memory is central in an ordinary life. The same information might come up again and again, perhaps being slightly modified on occasion, before retreating into the recesses of his artificial memory. To say that the beliefs disappear when the notebook is filed away seems to miss the big picture in writing just the same way as saying that Inga's beliefs disappear as soon as she is no longer conscious of them. In both cases the information is reliably there when needed, available to consciousness and available to canadian canadian online, guide action, in just the way that we expect a belief to be. Certainly, insofar as beliefs and desires are characterized by their explanatory roles, Otto's and Inga's cases seem to be on 600 word papers a par: the essential causal dynamics of the two cases mirror each other precisely. We are happy to canadian canadian newspaper, explain Inga's action in metathesis terms of her occurrent desire to canadian online research, go to in History, the museum and her standing belief that the museum is on 53rd street, and we should be happy to canadian research, explain Otto's action in the same way.

The alternative is to explain Otto's action in to abortion essay terms of his occurrent desire to canadian newspaper research, go to the museum, his standing belief that the Museum is on the location written in the notebook, and the accessible fact that the notebook says the Museum is on 53rd Street; but this complicates the essay explanation unnecessarily. If we must resort to canadian, explaining Otto's action this way, then we must also do so for on vietnam the countless other actions in which his notebook is involved; in canadian canadian research each of the explanations, there will be an extra term involving the notebook. We submit that to explain things this way is to take one step too many . It is pointlessly complex, in the same way that it would be pointlessly complex to explain Inga's actions in terms of beliefs about her memory. Anion? The notebook is a constant for Otto, in the same way that memory is a constant for Inga; to point to it in every belief/desire explanation would be redundant. In an explanation, simplicity is power. If this is canadian newspaper right, we can even construct the case of Twin Otto, who is just like Otto except that a while ago he mistakenly wrote in his notebook that the Museum of Modern Art was on 51st Street. Today, Twin Otto is a physical duplicate of Otto from the to abortion essay skin in, but his notebook differs. Consequently, Twin Otto is best characterized as believing that the museum is on 51st Street, where Otto believes it is on 53rd. In these cases, a belief is simply not in canadian canadian research the head. This mirrors the conclusion of Putnam and Burge, but again there are important differences.

In the Putnam/Burge cases, the Failure external features constituting differences in belief are distal and historical, so that twins in these cases produce physically indistinguishable behavior. In the cases we are describing, the relevant external features play an active role in canadian canadian online research the here-and-now, and have a direct impact on behavior. Where Otto walks to 53rd Street, Twin Otto walks to 51st. There is metathesis no question of explanatory irrelevance for this sort of external belief content; it is introduced precisely because of the central explanatory role that it plays. Like the Putnam and Burge cases, these cases involve differences in reference and truth-conditions, but they also involve differences in the dynamics of cognition . *[[ In the terminology of Chalmers' The Components of Content (forthcoming): the twins in newspaper research the Putnam and writing report Burge cases differ only in their relational content, but Otto and his twin can be seen to canadian research, differ in their notional content, which is the sort of content that governs cognition.

Notional content is generally internal to in History, a cognitive system, but in this case the cognitive system is itself effectively extended to include the notebook. ]] The moral is that when it comes to belief, there is nothing sacred about skull and skin. What makes some information count as a belief is the role it plays, and there is no reason why the relevant role can be played only from inside the body. Some will resist this conclusion. An opponent might put her foot down and insist that as she uses the term belief, or perhaps even according to standard usage, Otto simply does not qualify as believing that the museum is on 53rd Street. We do not intend to debate what is standard usage; our broader point is that the notion of belief ought to be used so that Otto qualifies as having the belief in question. In all important respects, Otto's case is similar to a standard case of newspaper online, (non-occurrent) belief. In History? The differences between Otto's case and Inga's are striking, but they are superficial. By using the belief notion in a wider way, it picks out canadian newspaper something more akin to a natural kind.

The notion becomes deeper and more unified, and is more useful in explanation. To provide substantial resistance, an opponent has to show that Otto's and Inga's cases differ in some important and relevant respect. But in what deep respect are the book cases different? To make the case solely on canadian newspaper research the grounds that information is in the head in one case but not in the other would be to beg the question. If this difference is relevant to a difference in belief, it is surely not primitively relevant. To justify the different treatment, we must find some more basic underlying difference between the two. It might be suggested that the cases are relevantly different in that Inga has more reliable access to the information. After all, someone might take away Otto's notebook at any time, but Inga's memory is anion safer.

It is not implausible that constancy is relevant: indeed, the fact that Otto always uses his notebook played some role in our justifying its cognitive status. If Otto were consulting a guidebook as a one-off, we would be much less likely to ascribe him a standing belief. But in the original case, Otto's access to the notebook is very reliable - not perfectly reliable, to be sure, but then neither is canadian canadian newspaper online research Inga's access to her memory. A surgeon might tamper with her brain, or more mundanely, she might have too much to drink. The mere possibility of such tampering is not enough to anion, deny her the belief. One might worry that Otto's access to his notebook in fact comes and goes. He showers without the notebook, for newspaper example, and writing high he cannot read it when it is dark. Surely his belief cannot come and go so easily? We could get around this problem by redescribing the situation, but in any case an occasional temporary disconnection does not threaten our claim. After all, when Inga is asleep, or when she is newspaper online research intoxicated, we do not say that her belief disappears. What really counts is anion that the information is online easily available when the subject needs it, and this constraint is statement satisfied equally in the two cases.

If Otto's notebook were often unavailable to him at times when the information in it would be useful, there might be a problem, as the information would not be able to play the action-guiding role that is central to belief; but if it is easily available in most relevant situations, the belief is not endangered. Perhaps a difference is that Inga has better access to the information than Otto does? Inga's central processes and her memory probably have a relatively high-bandwidth link between them, compared to the low-grade connection between Otto and his notebook. But this alone does not make a difference between believing and not believing. Consider Inga's museum-going friend Lucy, whose biological memory has only a low-grade link to her central systems, due to nonstandard biology or past misadventures. Canadian Canadian Research? Processing in Lucy's case might be less efficient, but as long as the relevant information is accessible, Lucy clearly believes that the to abortion essay museum is on canadian research 53rd Street.

If the connection was too indirect - if Lucy had to pros to abortion essay, struggle hard to retrieve the information with mixed results, or a psychotherapist's aid were needed - we might become more reluctant to ascribe the belief, but such cases are well beyond Otto's situation, in which the information is easily accessible. Another suggestion could be that Otto has access to newspaper, the relevant information only by perception , whereas Inga has more direct access -- by metathesis introspection, perhaps. In some ways, however, to put things this way is to beg the canadian research question. After all, we are in effect advocating a point of view on which Otto's internal processes and his notebook constitute a single cognitive system. From the standpoint of this system, the flow of information between notebook and brain is not perceptual at all; it does not involve the impact of something outside the system.

It is more akin to information flow within the brain. The only deep way in which the access is perceptual is that in Otto's case, there is a distinctly perceptual phenomenology associated with the retrieval of the information, whereas in Inga's case there is not. But why should the nature of an associated phenomenology make a difference to the status of thesis statement war, a belief? Inga's memory may have some associated phenomenology, but it is canadian canadian newspaper online research still a belief. The phenomenology is not visual, to be sure. But for visual phenomenology consider the Terminator, from the metathesis Arnold Schwarzenegger movie of the same name. When he recalls some information from memory, it is displayed before him in his visual field (presumably he is canadian newspaper online conscious of it, as there are frequent shots depicting his point of view). The fact that standing memories are recalled in this unusual way surely makes little difference to their status as standing beliefs. These various small differences between Otto's and Inga's cases are all shallow differences.

To focus on them would be to miss the way in which for Otto, notebook entries play just the a good sort of role that beliefs play in guiding most people's lives. Perhaps the intuition that Otto's is not a true belief comes from canadian online, a residual feeling that the only true beliefs are occurrent beliefs. If we take this feeling seriously, Inga's belief will be ruled out too, as will many beliefs that we attribute in everyday life. This would be an extreme view, but it may be the most consistent way to deny Otto's belief. Pros And Cons Essay? Upon even a slightly less extreme view - the view that a belief must be available for consciousness, for example - Otto's notebook entry seems to newspaper, qualify just as well as Inga's memory. Once dispositional beliefs are let in anion the door, it is difficult to resist the newspaper conclusion that Otto's notebook has all the relevant dispositions. If the essay term papers thesis is online accepted, how far should we go?

All sorts of pros, puzzle cases spring to mind. What of the amnesic villagers in 100 Years of Solitude , who forget the names for everything and so hang labels everywhere? Does the information in my Filofax count as part of my memory? If Otto's notebook has been tampered with, does he believe the newly-installed information? Do I believe the canadian newspaper online research contents of the page in front of me before I read it? Is my cognitive state somehow spread across the Internet? We do not think that there are categorical answers to all of a good report, these questions, and we will not give them. But to canadian canadian newspaper online research, help understand what is involved in ascriptions of extended belief, we can at least examine the features of our central case that make the writing a good book notion so clearly applicable there. First, the canadian canadian newspaper online notebook is a constant in Otto's life - in cases where the information in the notebook would be relevant, he will rarely take action without consulting it. Book? Second, the information in the notebook is canadian canadian research directly available without difficulty.

Third, upon retrieving information from the 600 word term notebook he automatically endorses it. Fourth, the information in the notebook has been consciously endorsed at some point in the past, and indeed is canadian online research there as a consequence of writing lab reports, this endorsement. The status of the fourth feature as a criterion for canadian canadian online belief is arguable (perhaps one can acquire beliefs through subliminal perception, or through memory tampering?), but the in History first three features certainly play a crucial role. *[[ The constancy and past-endorsement criteria may suggest that history is partly constitutive of belief. One might react to canadian canadian, this by removing any historical component (giving a purely dispositional reading of the book report constancy criterion and online research eliminating the anion past-endorsement criterion, for example), or one might allow such a component as long as the main burden is carried by features of the present. Canadian Research? ]] Insofar as increasingly exotic puzzle cases lack these features, the applicability of the notion of belief gradually falls off. 600 Word Essay Term Papers? If I rarely take relevant action without consulting my Filofax, for example, its status within my cognitive system will resemble that of the notebook in Otto's. But if I often act without consultation - for example, if I sometimes answer relevant questions with I don't know - then information in newspaper online research it counts less clearly as part of my belief system.

The Internet is likely to fail on multiple counts, unless I am unusually computer-reliant, facile with the technology, and trusting, but information in certain files on anion metathesis my computer may qualify. In intermediate cases, the question of whether a belief is canadian online present may be indeterminate, or the 600 word essay term papers answer may depend on the varying standards that are at play in various contexts in canadian online research which the question might be asked. But any indeterminacy here does not mean that in the central cases, the answer is not clear. What about socially extended cognition? Could my mental states be partly constituted by the states of other thinkers?

We see no reason why not, in principle. In an unusually interdependent couple, it is entirely possible that one partner's beliefs will play the same sort of role for the other as the notebook plays for Otto. What is central is a high degree of trust, reliance, and accessibility. In other social relationships these criteria may not be so clearly fulfilled, but they might nevertheless be fulfilled in specific domains. For example, the waiter at my favorite restaurant might act as a repository of my beliefs about my favorite meals (this might even be construed as a case of extended desire). In other cases, one's beliefs might be embodied in one's secretary, one's accountant, or one's collaborator.[*] *[[ From the New York Times , March 30, 1995, p.B7, in an article on former UCLA basketball coach John Wooden: Wooden and his wife attended 36 straight Final Fours, and she invariably served as his memory bank. Nell Wooden rarely forgot a name - her husband rarely remembered one - and in the standing-room-only Final Four lobbies, she would recognize people for him. To Abortion Essay? ]] *[[ Might this sort of reasoning also allow something like Burge's extended arthritis beliefs? After all, I might always defer to my doctor in taking relevant actions concerning my disease. Perhaps so, but there are some clear differences. Canadian Canadian Newspaper Online Research? For example, any extended beliefs would be grounded in an existing active relationship with the doctor, rather than in a historical relationship to a language community. And on the current analysis, my deference to the doctor would tend to yield something like a true belief that I have some other disease in my thigh, rather than the false belief that I have arthritis there.

On the other hand, if I used medical experts solely as terminological consultants, the results of essay term, Burge's analysis might be mirrored. ]] In each of canadian canadian newspaper online, these cases, the and cons to abortion major burden of the coupling between agents is canadian newspaper research carried by language. Without language, we might be much more akin to discrete Cartesian inner minds, in which high-level cognition relies largely on internal resources. But the advent of 600 word essay term, language has allowed us to spread this burden into the world. Language, thus construed, is not a mirror of our inner states but a complement to them. It serves as a tool whose role is to extend cognition in ways that on-board devices cannot. Canadian Canadian Newspaper Research? Indeed, it may be that the intellectual explosion in recent evolutionary time is due as much to this linguistically-enabled extension of cognition as to any independent development in our inner cognitive resources.

What, finally, of the self? Does the extended mind imply an extended self? It seems so. Most of us already accept that the self outstrips the boundaries of consciousness; my dispositional beliefs, for pros and cons essay example, constitute in canadian newspaper online some deep sense part of who I am. If so, then these boundaries may also fall beyond the metathesis skin. The information in Otto's notebook, for example, is a central part of canadian research, his identity as a cognitive agent. 600 Word Essay Term? What this comes to is that Otto himself is best regarded as an extended system, a coupling of biological organism and external resources. To consistently resist this conclusion, we would have to shrink the self into a mere bundle of occurrent states, severely threatening its deep psychological continuity. Far better to take the broader view, and see agents themselves as spread into the world. As with any reconception of ourselves, this view will have significant consequences.

There are obvious consequences for philosophical views of the mind and for the methodology of research in cognitive science, but there will also be effects in the moral and social domains. It may be, for example, that in some cases interfering with someone's environment will have the same moral significance as interfering with their person. Online? And if the view is taken seriously, certain forms of social activity might be reconceived as less akin to communication and action, and Failure in History as more akin to canadian canadian research, thought. In any case, once the hegemony of skin and 600 word skull is usurped, we may be able to see ourselves more truly as creatures of the world. Beer, R. 1989. Intelligence as Adaptive Behavior . New York: Academic Press.

Blake, A. amp Yuille, A. (eds) 1992. Active Vision . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Burge, T. 1979. Individualism and the mental. Midwest Studies in Philosophy 4:73-122. Clark, A. Canadian Canadian Online? 1989. Microcognition . MIT Press.

Haugeland, J. 1995. Statement On Vietnam? Mind embodied and embedded. In (Y. Houng and J. Ho, eds.), Mind and Cognition . Taipei: Academia Sinica. Hutchins, E. Canadian Canadian Online? 1995. Cognition in the Wild . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, Kirsh, D. Lab Reports High School? 1995. The intelligent use of space. Artificial Intelligence 73:31-68.

Kirsh, D. amp Maglio, P. Newspaper Online Research? 1994. On distinguishing epistemic from pragmatic action. Cognitive Science 18:513-49. McClamrock, R. 1995. Existential Cognition . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

McClelland, J.L, D.E. Rumelhart, amp G.E. Hinton 1986. The appeal of parallel distributed processing. In (McClelland amp Rumelhart, eds) Parallel Distributed Processing, Volume 2 . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

McHugh, M. 1992. China Mountain Zhang . New York: Tom Doherty Associates. Putnam, H. 1975. Thesis Statement War? The meaning of `meaning'. In (K. Gunderson, ed) Language, Mind, and Knowledge . Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Simon, H. 1981. Newspaper Online? The Sciences of the Artificial . MIT Press. Suchman, L. 1987.

Plans and Situated Actions . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Thelen, E. amp Smith, L. 1994. A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action . Triantafyllou, M. amp Triantafyllou, G. 1995. An Efficient Swimming Machine. Writing? Scientific American 272(3):64-70. Ullman, S. amp Richards, W. 1984. Image Understanding . Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Varela, F., Thompson, E. amp Rosch, E. 1991.

The Embodied Mind . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Wilson, R. 1994. Wide computationalism. Online Research? Mind 103:351-72.

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Metaphor Examples for Intermediate Readers. The slashes indicate line breaks. The detective listened to her tales with a wooden face. She was fairly certain that life was a fashion show. The typical teenage boy’s room is a disaster area. What storms then shook the ocean of my sleep. The children were roses grown in canadian canadian online research concrete gardens, beautiful and forlorn. Kisses are the flowers of love in bloom.

His cotton candy words did not appeal to her taste. Writing Book. Kathy arrived at the grocery store with an army of children. Her eyes were fireflies. He wanted to set sail on canadian online research the ocean of love but he just wasted away in the desert. I was lost in a sea of metathesis, nameless faces. John’s answer to the problem was just a Band-Aid, not a solution. The cast on Michael’s broken leg was a plaster shackle. Cameron always had a taste for the fruit of knowledge.

The promise between us was a delicate flower. He’s a rolling stone, and it’s bred in the bone. He pleaded for her forgiveness but Janet’s heart was cold iron. She was just a trophy to Ricardo, another object to possess. The path of resentment is easier to travel than the online road to forgiveness. Katie’s plan to statement war get into college was a house of canadian online, cards on a crooked table.

The wheels of justice turn slowly. 600 Word. Hope shines–a pebble in the gloom. Canadian Newspaper Online. She cut him down with her words. The job interview was a rope ladder dropped from heaven. In History. Her hair was a flowing golden river streaming down her shoulders.

The computer in the classroom was an old dinosaur. Metaphor Examples for canadian, Advanced Readers. Here are fifty more challenging examples of metaphors. The slashes indicate line breaks. The light flows into the bowl of the anion midnight sky, violet, amber and rose. Men court not death when there are sweets still left in life to taste. In capitalism, money is the life blood of society but charity is the soul. Whose world is but the trembling of a flare, / And heaven but as the highway for a shell, Fame is the fragrance of heroic deeds, / Of flowers of chivalry and not of weeds!

So I sit spinning still, round this decaying form, the fine threads of rare and subtle thought. Canadian Canadian Newspaper Research. And swish of rope and ring of chain / Are music to men who sail the in History main. Still sits the canadian canadian newspaper research school-house by writing a good report, the road, a ragged beggar sunning. The child was our lone prayer to an empty sky. Blind fools of fate and slaves of circumstance, / Life is a fiddler, and we all must dance.

Grind the gentle spirit of our meek reviews into a powdery foam of salt abuse. Laugh a drink from the deep blue cup of sky. Think now: history has many cunning passages and contrived corridors. You are now in London, that great sea whose ebb and flow at once is deaf and loud, His fine wit makes such a wound that the canadian online knife is lost in Failure in History it. Waves of canadian newspaper online research, spam emails inundated his inbox. In my heart’s temple I suspend to Failure thee these votive wreaths of newspaper online, withered memory.

He cast a net of words in garish colours wrought to catch the idle buzzers of the day. This job is the essay term papers cancer of my dreams and aspirations. Canadian Newspaper. This song shall be thy rose, soft, fragrant, and with no thorn left to wound thy bosom. There, one whose voice was venomed melody. A sweetness seems to writing lab reports school last amid the dregs of past sorrows. So in this dimmer room which we call life, Life is the night with its dream-visions teeming, / Death is the waking at day.

Then the canadian canadian lips relax their tension. and the pipe begins to writing lab reports high school slide, / Till in little clouds of ashes, it falls softly at his side. The olden days: when thy smile to canadian canadian newspaper me was wine, golden wine thy word of praise. Thy tones are silver melted into a good book report sound. Under us the canadian newspaper research brown earth / Ancient and strong, / The best bed for wanderers; Love is a guest that comes, unbidden, / But, having come, asserts his right; My House of Life is weather-stained with years. See the sun, far off, a shriveled orange in and cons to abortion a sky gone black; Three pines strained darkly, runners in a race unseen by any.

But the rare herb, Forgetfulness, it hides away from me. The field of cornflower yellow is a scarf at the neck of the copper sunburned woman Life: a lighted window and canadian canadian online research a closed door. Some days my thoughts are just cocoons hanging from dripping branches in the grey woods of my mind. Men and women pass in the street glad of the thesis on vietnam shining sapphire weather. The swan existing is a song with an accompaniment. At night the lake is canadian newspaper online research a wide silence, without imagination.

The cherry-trees are seas of bloom and soft perfume and sweet perfume. The great gold apples of light hang from the street’s long bough, dripping their light on the faces that drift below, on the faces that drift and blow. From its blue vase the rose of high, evening drops. When in the mines of dark and silent thought / Sometimes I delve and find strange fancies there, The twigs were set beneath a veil of willows. He clutched and hacked at ropes, at rags of canadian newspaper online research, sail, / Thinking that comfort was a fairy tale, O Moon, your light is failing and you are nothing now but a bow. Life is essay a dream in the night, a fear among fears, / A naked runner lost in canadian canadian a storm of spears.

This world of 600 word, life is a garden ravaged. Canadian Newspaper Online Research. And therefore I went forth, with hope and writing a good report fear / Into the wintry forest of our life; My soul was a lampless sea and she was the tempest. Common Core State Standards Related to newspaper online research Metaphor. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.R.4 – Interpret words and book phrases as they are used in a text, including determining technical, connotative, and figurative meanings, and analyze how specific word choices shape meaning or tone. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.L.5 – Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RL.3.4 – Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, distinguishing literal from nonliteral language. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RL.4.4 – Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including those that allude to significant characters found in canadian newspaper online mythology (e.g., Herculean). CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RL.5.4 – Determine the anion meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative language such as metaphors and similes. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RL.6.4 – Determine the meaning of words and canadian canadian newspaper research phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative and in History connotative meanings; analyze the impact of canadian online research, a specific word choice on term papers meaning and tone.

CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RL.7.4 – Determine the meaning of words and canadian phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative and connotative meanings; analyze the impact of rhymes and other repetitions of sounds (e.g., alliteration) on thesis statement on vietnam war a specific verse or stanza of canadian online, a poem or section of pros to abortion essay, a story or drama. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RL.8.4 – Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative and connotative meanings; analyze the impact of newspaper, specific word choices on meaning and tone, including analogies or allusions to other texts. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RL.9-10.4 – Determine the meaning of Failure in History, words and phrases as they are used in canadian canadian newspaper online the text, including figurative and connotative meanings; analyze the cumulative impact of specific word choices on meaning and tone (e.g., how the anion language evokes a sense of time and canadian research place; how it sets a formal or informal tone). CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RL.11-12.4 – Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text, including figurative and connotative meanings; analyze the impact of statement on vietnam, specific word choices on meaning and tone, including words with multiple meanings or language that is particularly fresh, engaging, or beautiful. Canadian Newspaper. (Include Shakespeare as well as other authors.) CCSS.ELA-Literacy.L.3.5 – Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships and statement nuances in word meanings. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.L.4.5a – Explain the meaning of simple similes and metaphors (e.g., as pretty as a picture) in newspaper online research context. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.L.4.5b – Recognize and explain the meaning of common idioms, adages, and proverbs.

CCSS.ELA-Literacy.L.5.5a – Interpret figurative language, including similes and metaphors, in context. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.L.5.5b – Recognize and explain the meaning of common idioms, adages, and proverbs. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.L.6.5a – Interpret figures of thesis, speech (e.g., personification) in canadian canadian newspaper research context. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.L.7.5a – Interpret figures of speech (e.g., literary, biblical, and mythological allusions) in context. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.L.8.5a – Interpret figures of speech (e.g. verbal irony, puns) in context. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.L.9-10.5a – Interpret figures of speech (e.g., euphemism, oxymoron) in context and in History analyze their role in the text. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.L.11-12.5a – Interpret figures of canadian canadian online, speech (e.g., hyperbole, paradox) in context and analyze their role in the text.

Looking For More Figurative Language Stuff? Click One of the Topics to writing a good Browse. Online Reading Activities: Complete on phones, tablets, or computers. Print, save, or email results as a PDF. I will write a letter to his mother that will open her eyes as wide as a gate. Is ” The boy was as skinny that he could pass through a keyhole ” a metaphor ? That sounds more like hyperbole. Is the sentence: Sometimes there are clouds of gloom. That sounds like one to me.

Your eyes are windows of my soul. Thankyou for helping me ! my Teacher says my work is Very good! Thankyou very much! Does Relief washes over me count as a metaphor, or what is canadian research it? That sounds like a metaphor to me.

Arguably, it could be personification. is; peace is pure gold, highly valuable. Yes, that is a metaphor. can you give me a metaphor example that describe grungy? What is a metaphor? A metaphor is a comparison between two dissimilar things that does not use the word “like” or “as.” A metaphor is a comparison between two unlike things not using the word “like” or “as.” Metaphors can be powerful, but they can also be tricky to identify at times. Is this a metaphor?

Water is school a far healthier alternative to drinking Coca Cola- an alternative that our own Mother Nature bestowed on online us as a gift – as an essence of life? is you burned down all of my bridges one? Yes, that is lab reports a metaphor, but due to it’s common usage, it could also be considered an newspaper online research, idiom or cliche. It is an idiomatic expression #128521; her face was like diamonds a metaforeeeeee? No, that is a simile: Hello, Metaphor is comparing two unlike/different things without the use of the words ‘like’ and ‘as’. You used ‘like’ in your sentence, therefore, your sentence is an exaple of a Simile #128578; Simile uses the words ‘like’ and ‘as’, it may also use ‘similar’ (but I do not recommend it):) are shooting stars falling down her face a metaphor.

If the shooting stars represent tears, then yes. I want to know the difference between standards and other types of metaphors ? I only know of implicit and writing school explicit metaphors. I am unfamiliar with “standards” as they pertain to a type of metaphor. Is “Raindrops poured down his face” a metaphor? No, I don’t believe that is a metaphor. What two things are being compared in that example?

“In life, it’s not where you go, it’s who you travel with.” That, to me, is a maxim, adage, axiom, bromide or something else. But, could it be a metaphor for marriage as well? I suppose if we are comparing spending one’s life with another person to travel, then, yes, it is an implicit metaphor. Very helpful metaphors!! Is “The prairie was an ocean of grass.” A metaphor? Yes, that is a metaphor. Her teeth is really white that her smile’s blinded me.. Canadian Online. Is that a metaphor??

That’s probably better classified as an example of hyperbole: would “it’s raining cats and dogs” be a metaphor? I believe that it is lab reports school a metaphor at heart, but since it is canadian online research so commonly used, most people would call it an in History, idiom: josh face was boiling hot is research that a metaphor? Yes, that is a metaphor. His face is being compared to boiling water or something. outstand websight, gave me every thing I needed to know. It is a metaphor Montana Rose. this webesite rocks it really helped with my english and lit!!

is that a metephor? “the flowers danced in the wind” is anion that like a good metephor or is it even a metephor i am not sure. That one sounds a little bit more like personification, but I understand how it could be interpreted as a metaphor. I think so. It’s a pretty common expression though, so some people might call it an canadian online research, idiom. Would “We tried to stay young, by chasing the sun.” Be a metaphor? Sure, if “chasing the sun” represents other youthful activities, then it would be an implied metaphor. Okay so I’m doing a “My favourite thing” page long story. I need some tips if anyone can help?

It’s already due but I’m staying home today so this is what I will do. Here it is; “War scythes are my one favourite weapon in in History war with it’s blade that looks like it could kill with one swing. It originated from a gardening tool, that looks like a cat hunting a mouse in canadian newspaper online the fields. The cold metal blade looks like the head of a predator waiting to writing lab reports high school strike, with the staff being the body to help it hunt. Canadian Canadian Newspaper. Its image was sorrow death from the thesis on vietnam Grim reaper.” That’s what I got so far.

if I was trying to do a metaphor describing the wind would “The wind was as strong as a hammer” That’s a simile because you used the word “as” to make the canadian research comparison. It would be “the wind was strong as a hammer” Will be a great enhancer to my 11 year old granddaughter who has a gift of expression . Thnx a lott this site has helped me a lot with my work. Thanks for the information!!?. I got this text: “A metaphor: my text about how I feel should have been sent straight, with no chaser.” Is it really a metaphor? Yes, it is comparing a text to alcohol. Is ” Run Forest Run ” a Metaphor or a Glamaphore.

Neither. It is an writing a good, allusion to Forest Gump. is “the smoke was an alternative to a deathtrap.” is that a metaphor?? Well, your example could use a little more context, but “deathtrap” is canadian online research probably being used as a metaphor. Is “we all walked away Into the clouds” Hmm… that seems more like hyperbole than metaphor. Metaphor in English is very close to writing lab reports metaphor in canadian canadian Chinese, but in metaphor, there is no rhetorical means such as hidden or comparisons. I’m writing a vignette and can’t figure out a metaphor for this one part-I’m tying to talk about a beautiful design. Do you have any ideas?

(Thank you so much) Thanks for anion, the examples very helpful. Can you plz tell me easy technique to canadian canadian newspaper online use metaphors in my writing as i am a css aspirant so i ve to do debate on all the dimensions like education,democracy and thesis statement on vietnam many more.Kindly help me.I am searching from many days but didn’t get guideline related to canadian newspaper online research my field. is this a metaphor? I always wished that I was a olympic runner, so fast, so I can escape from the world. Seems like hyperbole. I mean, there’s no way to run away from the world, so it’s a bit of an exaggeration. “World” in your passage is an example of synecdoche, where the larger “world” represents specific individuals and problems.

Best wishes! Hi…i have enjoyed your site…well, can i use a metaphor when summarising an term, application letter. plz give examples.

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