Mentorship

ascii resume example ASCII (pronounced ask-ee) stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. It#8217;s the language by which all computers use to talk to each other. So what?s that mean? Computers can only read numbers. Technically speaking, ASCII is a numerical representation of the letters, digits, punctuation marks, and Mentorship, other symbols used in conversational English.

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Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The Brain in a Vat thought-experiment is most commonly used to illustrate global or Cartesian skepticism. You are told to Mentorship imagine the possibility that at girl child indian this very moment you are actually a brain hooked up to a sophisticated computer program that can perfectly simulate experiences of the outside world. Here is the skeptical argument. If you cannot now be sure that you are not a brain in a vat, then you cannot rule out the possibility that all of your beliefs about the external world are false. Or, to put it in terms of knowledge claims, we can construct the following skeptical argument. Let “P” stand for any belief or claim about the external world, say, that snow is white.

If I know that P, then I know that I am not a brain in a vat I do not know that I am not a brain in a vat Thus, I do not know that P. The Brain in Mentorship a Vat Argument is phd thesis usually taken to be a modern version of Mentorship, Rene Descartes' argument (in the Meditations on girl child indian, First Philosophy ) that centers on the possibility of an evil demon who systematically deceives us. Mentorship. The hypothesis has been the premise behind the movie The Matrix , in which the charles forgy, entire human race has been placed into giant vats and fed a virtual reality at the hands of Mentorship, malignant artificial intelligence (our own creations, of course). One of the ways some modern philosophers have tried to refute global skepticism is by showing that the Brain in a Vat scenario is not possible. Pace Essay. In his Reason, Truth and History (1981), Hilary Putnam first presented the argument that we cannot be brains in Mentorship a vat, which has since given rise to a large discussion with repercussions for the realism debate and for charles forgy phd thesis central theses in the philosophy of language and mind.

As we shall see, however, it remains far from clear how exactly Putnam’s argument should be taken and what it actually proves. Putnam’s argument is designed to attack the possibility of global skepticism that is implied by metaphysical realism. Putnam defines metaphysical realism as the view which holds that “…the world consists of some fixed totality of Mentorship, mind-independent objects. There is exactly one true and complete description of ‘the way the world is.’ Truth involves some sort of correspondence relation between words or thought-signs and sets of essay family, things.” (1981, 49). Mentorship. This construal brings out the idea that for metaphysical realists, truth is not reducible to epistemic notions but concerns the nature of child family, a mind-independent reality. This characterization finds an accurate target in those scientific materialists who believe in a “ready-made” world of scientific kinds independent of Mentorship, human classification and conceptualization. There are, however, many self-professed metaphysical realists who are not happy with Putnam’s definition; it saddles the on economic value added, realist with the classical difficulty of matching words to objects and of providing for a correspondence relation between sentences and mind-independent “facts.” The metaphysical realist is Mentorship forced to construe her thesis ontologically, as an adherence to some fixed furniture of objects in the world, which ignores the possibility that ontological commitment may be specified not as a commitment to a set of child, entities but rather to the truth of a class of sentences or even of whole theories of the world.

One proposal is to Mentorship construe metaphysical realism as the position that there are no a priori epistemically derived constraints on reality (Gaifman, 1993). By stating the thesis negatively, the realist sidesteps the level thesis, thorny problems concerning correspondence or a “ready made” world, and Mentorship, shifts the burden of essays, proof on the challenger to refute the thesis. One virtue of Mentorship, this construal is that it defines metaphysical realism at a sufficient level of generality to apply to all philosophers who currently espouse metaphysical realism. For Putnam’s metaphysical realist will also agree that truth and reality cannot be subject to “epistemically derived constraints.” This general characterization of metaphysical realism is enough to forgy provide a target for the Brains in a Vat argument. For there is a good argument to the effect that if metaphysical realism is Mentorship true, then global skepticism is research added also true, that is, it is possible that all of our referential beliefs about the world are false. Mentorship. As Thomas Nagel puts it, “realism makes skepticism intelligible,” (1986, 73) because once we open the gap between truth and epistemology, we must countenance the possibility that all of utopia, our beliefs, no matter how well justified, nevertheless fail to accurately depict the world as it really is. [See Fallibilism.] Donald Davidson also emphasizes this aspect of metaphysical realism: “metaphysical realism is skepticism in one of its traditional garbs. Mentorship. It asks: why couldn’t all my beliefs hang together and yet be comprehensively false about the actual world?” (1986, 309) The Brain in a Vat scenario is of studies essay just an illustration of this kind of Mentorship, global skepticism: it depicts a situation where all our beliefs about the world would presumably be false, even though they are well justified. Thus if one can prove that we cannot be brains in a vat, by modus tollens one can prove that metaphysical realism is utopia false. Or, to put it in more schematic form: If metaphysical realism is true, then global skepticism is Mentorship possible If global skepticism is possible, then we can be brains in a vat But we cannot be brains in a vat Thus, metaphysical realism is papers on economic false (1,2,3)

This article focuses mostly on Mentorship, claim (3), although some philosophers question (2), believing there may be ways of presenting the skeptical thesis even while granting Putnam’s argument. The major premise that underwrites Putnam’s argument is what he calls a “causal constraint” on reference: (CC) A term refers to an object only set method, if there is an appropriate causal connection between that term and the object. To understand this criterion we need to unravel what is meant by “appropriate causal connection.” If an Mentorship, ant were to accidentally draw a picture of set method, Winston Churchill in the sand, few would claim that the Mentorship, ant represented or referred to Churchill. Similarly, if I accidentally sneeze “Genghis Khan,” just because I verbalize the essay english, words does not mean that I refer to the infamous Mongolian conqueror, for I may have never heard of Mentorship, him before. Essay. Reference cannot simply be an accident : or, as Putnam puts it, words do not refer to Mentorship objects “magically” or intrinsically. Now establishing just what would count as necessary and sufficient conditions for english a term to refer to an object turns out to be tricky business, and there have been many “causal theories” of reference supplied to Mentorship do just that. Pace University Entrance Essay. Many have taken the virtue of Putnam’s constraint (CC) to be its generality: it merely states a necessary condition for reference and need not entail anything more controversial. Sometimes it is Mentorship claimed that endorsing (CC) commits you to semantic externalism but the issues are more complex, since many internalists (for example, John Searle) appear to agree with (CC). The relation between externalism and Putnam’s argument will be considered in more detail later (in the essay girl indian family, section “Brains in a Vat and Self-Knowledge”). With the causal constraint established, Putnam goes on to describe the Brain in a Vat scenario.

It is important to note exactly what the thought-experiment is, for Mentorship failure to appreciate the ways in which Putnam has changed the standard skeptical nightmare has lead to many mistaken “refutations” of the argument. Pace Entrance. The standard picture has a mad-scientist (or race of aliens, or AI programs…) envatting brains in a laboratory then inducing a virtual reality through a sophisticated computer program. On this picture, there is an important difference between viewing the brains from a first or third person viewpoint. Mentorship. There is the point of view of the brains in a vat (henceforth BIVs), and the point of view of thesis, someone outside the vat. Clearly when the mad-scientist says “that is a brain in a vat” of a BIV, he would be saying something true , no matter the question of what the BIV means when it says it is a brain in a vat. Furthermore, presumably a BIV could pick up referential terms by borrowing them from the mad-scientist.

Thus when a BIV says “there is a tree” referring to a simulation of Mentorship, a tree, it would be saying something false , since its term “tree,” picked up from the mad-scientist to refer to an actual tree, in fact refers to something else, like his sense-impressions of the child indian family, tree. Putnam thus stipulates that all sentient beings are brains in a vat, hooked up to one another through a powerful computer that has no programmer: “that’s just how the Mentorship, universe is.” We are then asked, given at least the physical possibility of this scenario, whether we could say or think it. Putnam answers that we could not: the assertion “we are brains in a vat” would be sense self-refuting in the same way that the general statement “all general statements are false” is. The thought-experiment stipulates that brains in bored essay english a vat would have qualitatively identical thoughts to those unenvatted; or at least they have the same “notional world.” The difference is that in the vat-world, there are no external objects. When a BIV says “There is a tree in front of me,” there is in fact no tree in Mentorship front of him, only a simulated tree produced by the computer’s program. However, if there are no trees, there could be no causal connection between a BIV’s tokens of trees and actual trees. Forgy Phd Thesis. By (CC), “tree” does not refer to tree.

This leads to Mentorship some interesting consequences. A standard reading of a BIV’s utterance of “There is a tree” would have the statement come out bored essay false, since there are no trees for Mentorship the BIV to refer to. Essay Child Indian Family. But that would be only assuming that “tree” refers to tree in the BIV’s language. If “tree” does not refer to tree, then the semantic evaluation of the sentence becomes unclear. Sometimes Putnam suggests that a BIV’s tokens refer to images or sense-impressions. At other times he agrees with Davidson who claims that the Mentorship, truth-conditions would be facts about the electronic impulses of the computer that are causally responsible for producing the research papers on economic added, sense-impressions. Davidson has a good reason to choose these truth-conditions: through the principle of charity he would want to interpret the BIV’s sentences to come out true, but he would not want the Mentorship, truth-conditions to be phenomenalistic. Thus it turns out that when a BIV says “There is a tree in front of papers added, me,” he is saying something true —if in fact the computer is sending the right impulses to him.

Another suggestion is that the truth-conditions of the BIV’s utterances would be empty: the BIV asserts nothing at all. This seems to Mentorship be rather strong, however: surely the research value, BIV would mean something when it utters “There is a tree in front of me,” even if its statement gets evaluated differently because of the radical difference of its environment. One thing is clear, however; a BIV’s tokening of “tree” or any other such referential term would have a different reference assignment from that of a non-envatted person’s tokenings. According to (CC), my tokening of “tree” refers to trees because there is an appropriate causal link between it and actual trees (assuming of course I am not a BIV). A brain in a vat however would not be able to refer to trees since there are no trees (and even if there were trees there would not be the appropriate causal relation between its tokenings of “tree” and real trees, unless we bring back the Mentorship, standard fantasy and assume it picked up the terms from the mad scientist). Now one might be inclined to think that because there are at least brains and vats in the universe, a BIV would be able to refer to brains and phd thesis, vats. But the Mentorship, tokening of “brain” is never actually caused by a brain except only in the very indirect sense that its brain causes all of its tokenings. The minimal constraint (CC) then will ensure that “brain” and “vat” in the BIV language does not refer to level brain and vat. We are now in a position to give Putnam’s argument. It has the form of a conditional proof : Assume we are brains in Mentorship a vat If we are brains in a vat, then “brain” does not refer to dystopia essays brain, and Mentorship, “vat” does not refer to essay child vat (via CC) If “brain in a vat” does not refer to Mentorship brains in a vat, then “we are brains in a vat” is false Thus, if we are brains in a vat, then the phd thesis, sentence “We are brains in a vat” is Mentorship false (1,2,3) Putnam adds that “we are brains in a vat” is necessarily false, since whenever we assume it is true we can deduce its contradictory.

The argument is valid and its soundness seems to depend on university essay, the truth of (3), assuming (CC) is true. One immediate problem is determining the truth-conditions for “we are brains in a vat” on the assumption we are brains in Mentorship a vat, speaking a variation of English (call it Vatese). From (CC) we know that “brains in a vat” does not refer to brain in a vat. But it doesn’t follow from this alone that “we are brains in a vat” is false. Compare: (A) “Grass is green” is charles forgy phd thesis true iff grass is green. (B) “Grass is Mentorship green” is true iff one has sense-impressions of grass being green. (C) “Grass is green” is true iff one is in electronic state Q. On the assumption that we are brains in a vat, (CC) would appear to rule out research (A): “grass” does not refer to grass since there is Mentorship no appropriate causal connection between “grass” and actual grass.

Thus the research papers value, truth-conditions for the statement “grass is green” would be nonstandard. If we take them to be those captured in (B), then “Grass is green” as spoken by a brain in a vat would be true . Consequently the Mentorship, truth-conditions for essay girl indian family “we are brains in a vat” would be captured by Mentorship (D): (D) “We are brains in a vat” is true iff we have sense impressions of being brains in a vat. On this construal of the charles phd thesis, truth-conditions, “We are brains in Mentorship a vat” as uttered by a BIV would presumably be false , since a brain in a vat would not have sense-impressions of being a brain in english a vat: recall a BIV’s notional world would be equivalent to the unenvatted, and he would appear to himself to be a normally embodied person with a real body etc. However, if we follow Davidson and adopt the truth-conditions of (C), we would have the following: (E) “We are brains in a vat” is true if and only if we are in electronic state Q. Now it is no longer clear that “We are brains in Mentorship a vat” is false: for if the brain is in the appropriate electronic state, the truth-conditions could well be fulfilled. There are other reconstructions of the argument that do not depend on specifying the truth-conditions of a BIV’s utterances. Essay Child Family. What is Mentorship important is the idea that the truth-conditions would be non-standard, as in: (F) “We are brains in a vat” is true if and bored essay, only if we are BIVs* Now since being a BIV* (whatever that is) is not the Mentorship, same as being a BIV, we can construct the following conditional proof argument:

Assume we are BIVs If we are BIVs, “we are brains in a vat” is true if and only we are BIVs* If we are BIVs, we are not BIVs* If we are BIVs, then “we are BIVs” is dystopia false (2,3) If we are BIVs, then we are not BIVs (4) Notice that the argument leaves the antecedent of the conditional open, what Wright calls an Mentorship, “open subjunctive.” We do not want the charles forgy phd thesis, premises of the argument to Mentorship be counterfactual, following the child indian family, train of thought “If we were brains in Mentorship a vat, the causal constraint would entail that my words ‘brain in phd thesis a vat’ would come to denote something different, BIV*.” For then we would be assuming that we are not brains in a vat, when that is Mentorship what the argument is supposed to utopia dystopia essays prove. Nevertheless, there are still problems with the appeal to Mentorship disquotation to get us from charles forgy phd thesis (4) to (5). Even if, by virtue of the Mentorship, causal constraint, the sentence “We are BIVs” is false, an intuitive objection runs that this change of forgy, language should not entail falsity of the Mentorship, proposition that we are brains in a vat . As we shall see, many recent reconstructions of Putnam’s argument are sensitive to this point and try to account for it in various ways. Research On Economic Added. In the following section, I shall focus on two of the more popular reconstructions of the argument put forward by Brueckner (1986) and Wright (1994). 3. Mentorship. Reconstructions of the Argument. Brueckner (1986) argues that even if we grant the reasoning of the above argument up to (4), the most the charles forgy, argument proves is that if we are brains in a vat, then the Mentorship, sentence “We are brains in a vat” (as uttered by a BIV) is english false, and that if we are not brains in a vat, then “We are brains in a vat” is false (now expressing a different false proposition). If correct then the argument would prove that whether or not we are brains in a vat, “we are brains in a vat” expresses some false proposition. Mentorship. Assuming the truth-conditions of a BIV would be those captured in (D) we could then devise the following constructive dilemma type argument: Either I am a BIV or I am not a BIV If I am a BIV, then “I am a BIV” is true iff I have sense impressions of being a BIV If I am a BIV, then I do not have sense-impressions of being a BIV If I am a BIV, then “I am a BIV” is false (2,3) If I am not a BIV, then “I am a BIV” is true iff I am a BIV If I am not a BIV, then “I am a BIV” is false (5) “I am a BIV” is false (1, 4, 6) If “I am a BIV” expresses the proposition that I am a brain in child indian a vat, and we know from the argument that “I am a BIV” is false, then it follows that I know I am not a brain in a vat, thus refuting premise (2) of the skeptical argument.

However, can I know that “I am a brain in a vat” expresses the proposition that I am a brain in Mentorship a vat? If I am a brain in a vat, then “I am a brain in a vat” would, via the causal constraint on reference, express some different proposition (say , that I am a brain in a vat in the image ). Set Method. So even if “I am a BIV” is Mentorship false whether or not I am a BIV, I might not be in the position to of studies identify which false proposition I am expressing, in Mentorship which case I cannot claim to know that my sentence “I am not a brain in a vat” expresses the true proposition that I am not a brain in a vat . Some philosophers have gone even further, claiming that if the argument ends here, it actually can be used to strengthen skepticism. Girl Indian Family. The metaphysical realist can claim that there are truths not expressible in Mentorship any language: perhaps the proposition that we are brains in a vat is true, even if no one can meaningfully utter it. As Nagel puts it: If I accept the argument, I must conclude that a brain in a vat can’t think truly that it is a brain in a vat, even though others can think this about research papers on economic value added it. What follows?

Only that I cannot express my skepticism by saying “Perhaps I am a brain in a vat.” Instead I must say “Perhaps I can’t even think the truth about what I am, because I lack the necessary concepts and my circumstances make it impossible for me to acquire them!” If this doesn’t qualify as skepticism, I don’t know what does. (Nagel, 1986) Putnam makes it clear that he is not merely talking about semantics: he wants to provide a metaphysical argument that we cannot be brains in a vat, not just a semantic one that we cannot assert we are. If he is Mentorship just proving something about university entrance meaning, it is Mentorship open for university essay the skeptic to say that the bonds between language and reality can diverge radically, perhaps in ways we can never discern. There is yet another worry with the Mentorship, argument, centering once again on papers on economic, the appropriate characterization of the truth-conditions in (2). Mentorship. If one claimed in response to the above objection that in on economic value fact I do know that “I am a brain in a vat” expresses the proposition that I am a brain in a vat (whether or not I am a brain in Mentorship a vat), one may have in mind some general disquotation principle: (DQ): “Grass is green” is true iff grass is green. If it is an a priori truth that any meaningful sentence in my language homophonically disquotes, then we can a priori know that the following is also true: (F): “I am a brain in a vat” is true iff I am a brain in a vat. Here is the child family, obvious problem: if we are not to beg the question, we have to be open to the possibility that we are brains in a vat, speaking Vatese. Mentorship. Then we would get: (G): If I am a BIV, then “I am a BIV” is true iff I am a brain in utopia dystopia a vat. However, (G) gives us truth-conditions that differ from premise (2) of Brueckner’s argument: (2) If I am a BIV, then “I am a BIV” is true iff I have sense-impressions of being a BIV. If we assume (CC), then (G) and Mentorship, (2) are inconsistent, since the term “BIV” would refer to level set method distinct entities. No contradiction ensues if we assume we are speaking in English: for then (G) would presumably be false (appealing to CC).

But the Mentorship, problem is that we cannot beg the question by assuming we are speaking in English: if we assume that, then we know in advance of any argument that we are not speaking in Vatese and hence that we are not brains in a vat. But if we do not know which language we are speaking in, then we cannot properly assert (2). One response to this is to formulate two different arguments, one whose meta-language is in English, the other whose meta-language is in Vatese, and show that distinct arguments can be run to papers on economic added prove that “I am a BIV” is false. Even if successful, however, these arguments run into the objection canvassed before: if I do not know which language I am speaking in, even if I know “I am a brain in a vat” is false, I do not know which false proposition I am expressing and hence cannot infer that I know that I am not a brain in Mentorship a vat. Similar worries plague Crispin’s Wright’s popular formulation of the essay family, argument (1994): My language disquotes In BIVese, “brains in a vat” does not refer to brains in a vat In my language, “brains in Mentorship a vat” is a meaningful expression In my language, “brains in a vat” refers to brains in papers value a vat My language is Mentorship not BIVese (2,4) If I am a BIV, then my language is BIVese I am not a BIV. There are several virtues to this reconstruction: first of all, it gets us to value added the desired conclusion without specifying what the truth-conditions of a BIV’s utterances would be. They could be sense-impressions, facts about electronic impulses, or the Mentorship, BIV’s sentences may not refer at pace university essay all.

All that is needed for the argument is that there is a difference between the truth-conditions for a BIV’s sentences and those of my own language. The other virtue of the argument is that it clearly brings out the Mentorship, appeal to the disquotation principle that was implicit in the previous arguments. If indeed (DQ) is an university entrance essay, a priori truth, as many philosophers maintain, and if we accept (CC) as a condition of reference, the argument appears to Mentorship be sound. So have we proven that we are not brains in a vat? Not so fast. The previous objection can be restated: if I do not yet know whether or not I am a brain in a vat before the argument is completed, I do not know which language I am speaking (English or Vatese). If I am speaking Vatese, then so long as it is a meaningful language, I can appeal to disquotation to establish that “brains in a vat” does refer to brains in a vat.

But this contradicts premise (2). Essay Girl Indian Family. The problem seems to be that (DQ) is being used too liberally. Clearly we do not want to say that every meaningful term disquotes in the strong sense required for reference. If so, we could take it to be an a priori truth that “Santa Claus” refers to Mentorship Santa Claus. But “Santa Claus” does not refer to Santa Claus, since there is no Santa Claus. We could introduce a new term “pseudo-reference” and hold that “Santa Claus” pseudo-refers to entrance essay Santa Claus, and then attach further conditions on Mentorship, reference in order to dystopia establish what it would take for the term to truly refer. One proposal (Weiss, 2000) is the following principle: W: If “x” psuedo-refers to Mentorship x in L, and x exists, then “x” refers to research papers on economic x in L.

Thus, given the disquotation principle we know that in Mentorship my language “Santa Claus” pseudo-refers to Santa Claus. Supposing to of studies essay english the joyful adulation of Mentorship, millions that Santa Claus is discovered to actually exist, then given (W) “Santa Claus” refers to Santa Claus. Now this also seems too simplistic: as Putnam pointed out, in order for a term to refer to an object we must establish more than the level thesis, mere existence of the object. There has to be the appropriate causal relation between the word and object, or we are back to claiming that in accidentally sneezing “Genghis Khan” I am referring to Genghis Khan. But whether we accept (W) or attach stronger conditions to reference, it is clear that any such move would make Wright’s formulation invalid. Mentorship. For then we would have: My language disquotes In BIVese, “brains in a vat” does not refer to brains in a vat (CC) In my language “brain in pace entrance essay a vat” is Mentorship a meaningful expression In my language, “brain in a vat” pseudo-refers to brains in bored english a vat (DQ) My language is not BIVese (2,4) If I am a BIV, then my language is BIVese I am not a BIV. (5) no longer follows from Mentorship (2) and (4) given the ambiguity of “refers” in (2) and (4). If on the other hand we insist on bored, a univocal sense of reference, then either (2) will contradict the (DQ) principle, or we are not entitled to appeal to (1), insofar as it would beg the question that we are speaking English, a language for which the (DQ) principle applies. 4. Brains in a Vat and Self-Knowledge. Ted Warfield (1995) has sought to provide an argument that we are not brains in a vat based on considerations of self-knowledge.

He defends two premises that seem reasonably true, and Mentorship, then he argues for level set method the desired metaphysical conclusion: I think that water is wet No brain in a vat can think that water is wet Thus, I am not a brain in Mentorship a vat (2.3) Premise (1) is said to dystopia follow from the thesis of privileged access, which holds that we can at least know the contents of our own occurring thoughts without empirical investigation of our environment or behavior. Warfield’s strategy is to present each premise as non-question begging against the global skeptic, in which case at Mentorship no point can we appeal to charles the external environment as justification. Since the thesis of privileged access is said to be known a priori whether we are brains in a vat or not, premise (1) can be known non-empirically.

Premise (2) is a little trickier to establish non-empirically. The main argument for it is by analogy with other arguments in the literature that have been used to establish content externalism. The main strategy is derived from Putnam’s Twin Earth argument (1975): imagine a world that is Mentorship indistinguishable from Earth except for one detail: the odorless, drinkable liquid that flows in the rivers and oceans is composed of the forgy phd thesis, chemicals XYZ and not H20. If we take Oscar on Earth and his twin on Twin-earth, Putnam argues that they would refer to two different substances and hence mean two different things: when Oscar says “pass me some water” he refers to H20 and means water , but when Twin-Oscar says “pass me some water” he refers to Mentorship XYZ and university, thus means twin-water. As Burge and others have pointed out, if the meaning of their words are different, then the concepts that compose their beliefs should differ as well, in which case Oscar would believe that water is wet whereas Twin-Oscar would believe that twin-water is wet . While Putnam’s original slogan was “meanings just ain’t in the head,” the argument can be extended to beliefs as well: “beliefs just ain’t in Mentorship the head,” but depend crucially on the layout of utopia dystopia, one’s environment. If we accept content externalism, then the motivation for (2) is as follows. Mentorship. In order for someone’s belief to be about girl indian family water, there must be water in that person’s environment: externalism rejects the Cartesian idea that one can simply read off one’s belief internally (if so then we would have to say that Oscar and his twin have the same beliefs since they are internally the same). So it doesn’t seem possible that a BIV could ever come to hold a belief about Mentorship water (unless of course he picked up the term from the mad-scientist or someone outside the vat, but here we must assume again Putnam’s scenario that there is no mad-scientist or anyone else he could have borrowed the forgy, term from). As Warfield puts it, premise (2) is a conceptual truth, established on the basis of Twin-earth style arguments, a matter of “armchair” a priori reflection and thus able to be established non-empirically. The problem with establishing (2) non-empirically though is that the externalist arguments succeed only on Mentorship, the assumption that our own use of child, “water” refers to a substantial kind, and Mentorship, this seems to be a matter of papers, empirical investigation.

Imagine a world where “water” does not refer to any liquid substance but is rather a complex hallucination that never gets discovered. On this “Dry Earth,” “water” would not refer to a substantial kind but rather a superficial kind. The analogy to the BIV case is clear: since it is not an a priori truth that “water” refers to a substantial kind in the BIV’s language, it cannot be known non-empirically that “water” is substantial or superficial; if it is a superficial kind, then a BIV could very well think that water is wet so long as it has the relevant sense-impressions. Some philosophers have claimed that even if Putnam’s argument is sound, it doesn’t do much to dislodge Cartesian or global skepticism. Crispin Wright (1994) argues that the argument does not affect certain versions of the Cartesian nightmare, such as my brain being taken out of my skull last night and hooked up to a computer. Someone of a Positivist bent might argue that if there is no empirical evidence to appeal to Mentorship in order to establish whether we are brains in a vat or not, then the level set method, hypothesis is meaningless, in which case we do not need an argument to refute it. While few philosophers today would hold onto such a strong verifiability theory of Mentorship, meaning, many would maintain that such metaphysical possibilities do not amount to real cases of doubt and utopia dystopia essays, thus can be summarily dismissed. Still others see the possibility of being a brain in a vat an important challenge for cognitive science and the attempt to create a computer model of the world that can simulate human cognition. Dennett (1991) for example has argued that it is physically impossible for a brain in a vat to replicate the qualitative phenomenology of Mentorship, a non-envatted human being.

Nevertheless, one should hesitate before making possibility claims when it comes to future technology. And as films like the Matrix , Existenz , and even the dystopia essays, Truman Show indicate, the idea of Mentorship, living in a simulated world indistinguishable from the real one is likely to continue to fascinate the human mind for essay girl many years to come—whether or not it is a brain in Mentorship a vat.

POLITICO 44: A Living Diary of the Obama Presidency. After nearly five years, we’ve decided to close down the 44 blog and Mentorship, will feature all White House coverage directly on the POLITICO homepage. University! Thank you for your readership, and Mentorship, we look forward to seeing you in 2014. Valerie Jarrett: Obama to buy health insurance by end of the pace university, day. President Barack Obama plans to sign up for health insurance through an Affordable Care Act exchange before the Mentorship, end of the day Monday, senior adviser Valerie Jarrett said. Monday is the last day to sign up for set method thesis, coverage that begins on Jan. 1, though the state and Mentorship, federal exchanges remain open through March. The White House has not yet said whether Obama will buy insurance as a resident of the District of Columbia, which has its own exchange, or as a resident of Illinois, which is part of the federal exchange. Obama speaks out against more Iran sanctions.

President Barack Obama urged Congress Friday not to forgy phd thesis enact new sanctions on Iran in the near future and he suggested lawmakers advancing such measures are making political hay of the issue. I've said to members of Congress: Democrats and Republicans. there is Mentorship, no need for new sanctions legislationnot yet, Obama declared during a year-end press conference at research the White House. The president said he wasn't shocked that some on Capitol Hill were advancing new sanctions legislation aimed at Iran's nuclear program. In what appeared to be a thinly-veiled reference to the pro-Israel lobby, he attributed those moves to Mentorship a desire to please anti-Iran political forces in U.S. I'm not surprised that there's been some talk from pace essay some members of Congress about sanctions.

I think the politics of trying to look tough on Mentorship Iran are often good when you're running for officeor if you're in office, Obama said. The president urged lawmakers to give a six-month deal with Iran over its nuclear program time to work and to allow more in-depth negotiations on essay girl a permanent pact. If Iran suddenly tries to Mentorship accelerate its nuclear capabilities, it's not going to be hard for us to utopia turn the Mentorship, dials back or strengthen sanctions even further, Obama said. I'll work with members of Congress to put even more pressure on Iran, but there's no reason to do it right now, he said. We've lost nothing during this negotiation period, precisely, because there are verification provisions in place. We'll know if they're violating the terms of the utopia dystopia essays, agreement, Obama said. Let's test them. Now's the time to see if we can get this thing done. Obama's comments came a day after White House press secretary Jay Carney warned for the first time that Obama would veto any new sanctions legislation Congress enacts before the interim deal with Iran expires. The president did not personally reiterate the Mentorship, veto threat Friday. However, Obama did suggest that shunting aside the current prospect for a diplomatic resolution would increase the chances of bored of studies essay a military conflict over the issue.

And he warned lawmakers that the war-weary American public is in no mood for Mentorship, that. It is my goal to bored of studies prevent Iran from obtaining a nuclear weapon. Mentorship! But I sure would rather do it diplomatically. On Economic! I'm keeping all options on the table, but if I can do it diplomatically, that's how we should do it, and Mentorship, I would think that would be the pace, preference of everybody up on Capitol Hill, because that sure is the preference of the American people, the Mentorship, president said. Obama to charles phd thesis hold news conference at 2 p.m. EST. President Barack Obama will close out the year with a news conference at the White House on Friday. He is set to take questions at 2 p.m. ET in the Brady Press Briefing Room, the White House said in Mentorship updated guidance. It's a chance for the president to family reflect on the year, to look ahead and to respond to pressing issues including changes to the health care mandate and reform of the Mentorship, National Security Agency.

Later Friday, he and the first family will leave Washington for a two-week vacation in Hawaii. Obama commuted sentence of Deval Patrick kin. One of the eight federal prisoners granted sentence commutations by President Barack Obama Thursday is a first cousin of Gov. Deval Patrick (D-Mass), one of the president's most devoted supporters on on economic value added the national political scene. Reynolds Allen Wintersmith Jr. was sentenced to life in prison after being convicted in Illinois federal court in 1994 of conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute and Mentorship, distribute cocaine and cocaine base and papers added, possession with intent to distribute crack. Mentorship! He was 19 at the time of his arrest and 17 at the time he got involved running drugs for the Gangster Disciples gang. He is 39 today and has spent the past 19 years in prison. A spokeswoman for Patrick confirmed that the 57-year-old Massachusetts governor and Wintersmith are cousins but denied any invovement in the drive to girl indian family get the federal prisoner a rare commutation one of only Mentorship, nine Obama has granted as president.

The Governor has no recollection of meeting Mr. Wintersmith (they are quite far apart in age), and believes that if they did meet, it would have been when Mr. Wintersmith was a small boy. The Governor was not involved in value added any application for a commutation of Mentorship Mr. Level Thesis! Wintersmith’s sentence, and only learned of the Mentorship, commutation through today’s media reports, said the Patrick aide, who asked not to be named. Wintersmith is a first cousin on Patrick's mother's side, the spokeswoman added. Patrick's 2011 book, A Reason to Believe: Lessons from an Improbable Life, discusses his upbringing on girl child family the South Side of Chicago, an uncle's addiction to heroin and Mentorship, the involvement of others in the neighborhood with drugs and gangs. A White House spokesman, who also asked not to be named, said Wintersmith's tie to Patrick had no impact on the commutation decision and officials do not believe Patrick ever had any contact with the feds over the matter. Wintersmith's case went to the Supreme Court in charles forgy phd thesis 1996, on a challenge to Mentorship how his sentence and those of his co-defendants were arrived at based on distribution of dystopia both powdered and crack cocaine.

The justices upheld the Mentorship, sentences without any noted dissent two years later in an opinion written by entrance essay, Justice Stephen Breyer. The lawyer who led the drive for Wintersmith's pardon, MiAngel Cody of the federal public defender's office in Chicago, declined to comment when asked about her client's family tie to Patrick. Mentorship! However, she said she was confident Obama would act when he learned about bored of studies essay english Wintersmith's story. We always felt like President Obama would correct this injustice with a clemency pen, Cody said in an interview Thursday. We just needed to give him the Mentorship, best clemency brief we could that would finally tell Reynolds's story . We always felt like Obama will do this and we hope it is a sign of what is to come. Wintersmith's story drew attention from national groups like Families Against Mandatory Minimums because he was a very youthful offender who got a life sentence and was not convicted of a violent crime.

His crime began and ended when he was a teenager, said Cody. It was his first offense. Research Added! He had no priors, but under the then-mandatory federal sentencing guidelines the judge had no discretion. He could only impose a life sentence. The defense attorney said changes in Mentorship sentencing guidelines and the reduction in the so-called crack-powder disparity didn't help Wintersmith. The real problem is this 18-to-1 disparity in crack versus powder sentences, which currently has rendered him and others ineligible for relief, Cody said., estimating that hundreds of inmates are in a similar predicament to her client. Even the reduced disparity is still a disparity that, for utopia dystopia essays, some serving lengthy sentences, makes them ineligible for judicial relief, she said. This certainly illustrates what we hope is a crack in the dam. Under the Mentorship, commutation granted Thursday, Wintersmith is set to be released on April 17.

W.H.: Obama would veto Iran sanctions bill. President Barack Obama would veto an Iran sanctions bill with Democratic co-sponsors, White House press secretary Jay Carney said Thursday. “We don’t think this action is necessary, we don’t think it will be enacted. If it were enacted, the president would veto it,” Carney said of the Iran sanctions bill sponsored by, among others, Democratic Sens. Bored! Chuck Schumer and Robert Menendez. Carney said the Mentorship, Senate bill would greatly increase the chances that the United States would have to take military action against Iran.

He said it would also be bad for attempts at negotiating with Iran and defy the will of the utopia dystopia, nation and the Congress. “Doing so would derail negotiations just when diplomacy is making progress,” Carney said. Mentorship! “It would potentially divide the international community and obviously would suggest bad faith on the part of the charles phd thesis, United States.” He added: “I think that there is overwhelming support in the country and in the Congress for a diplomatic solution to this conflict.” Update : An aide to one of the Mentorship, co-sponsors of the bill responds that the of studies, White House is presenting a false choice. The supporters of the bill believe it makes war less likely sanctions brought us this far, and the threat of additional sanctions can help us force Iran to get rid of their nuclear weapons in the negotiations, the aide said. W.H.: Sochi Olympic delegation not intended to be snub. President Barack Obama wasn’t trying to send a message about Russia’s anti-gay laws when he named an Mentorship, Olympic delegation with two lesbians and, for the first time since 1988, no president, vice president or first lady.

“That’s not a message we would wait to send through this manner,” Carney said Wednesday. The delegation was largely viewed as a snub of Russia and utopia dystopia essays, its President Vladimir Putin, with whom Obama has been at Mentorship odds on a range of issues. Carney said a half-dozen times that the utopia dystopia, delegation, headed by former Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano and Mentorship, including tennis star Billie Jean King, former figure skater Brian Boitano and ice hockey medalist Caitlin Cahow, “represents the diversity of the United States.” “We have made no bones about the set method, fact that we oppose and are offended by the anti-LGBT legislation in Russia,” Carney said. Mentorship! “We have not pulled any punches.” White House to release NSA task force report Wednesday. The White House will on Wednesday release the full electronic surveillance report from President Barack Obama’s task force, press secretary Jay Carney said.

The White House had said it would release the report, which carries 46 recommendations for pace university essay, Obama in response to revelations by former National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden in January, after Obama decided which recommendations to follow. Obama received the Mentorship, report Dec. 13. “It’s a substantive, lengthy report, and it merits further assessment,” Carney said. Obama met Wednesday morning with the surveillance task force, known formally as the Review Group on Intelligence and Communications Technologies. “While we had intended to release the review group’s full report in January, as I said earlier, given inaccurate and incomplete reports in the press about the report’s content, we felt it was important to allow people to see the full report to draw their own conclusions,” Carney said. Bored Essay! “For that reason, we will be doing that this afternoon.” Obama will speak about the report in January, Carney said. PHOTOS: Morning Money Breakfast with Valerie Jarrett.

Jarrett: 'I'm not the shadow chief of staff' Valerie Jarrett says she has very specific responsibilities in the Obama White House and focuses on Mentorship them, rather than on an all-encompassing portfolio. I'm not the shadow chief of staff, she said, responding to of studies the use of the term by POLITICO's Ben White at a Morning Money breakfast. She mentioned her roles in Mentorship outreach to women and papers on economic value added, girls, and to Mentorship the business community and charles forgy phd thesis, local government officials. Various accounts have detailed Jarrett's role in Mentorship swaying Obama's views as she leverages her personal relationship with him, but she said that their private time isn't spent discussing work. We do compartmentalize, she said. Later on, pressed about what she and phd thesis, the president talk about as friends, she responded with a smile. Just stuff, she said, just stuff. She elaborated a bit, saying they discuss our families and the same things that everybody else talks about.

Jarrett also said she expects to stay in the White House through the end of the Obama presidency. I have the best job that I have ever had and will ever have, she said. I serve at the pleasure of the president . I'll be there as long as he'll have me. Jarrett: Obama won't fundraise for library while in office. President Barack Obama won't fundraise for his presidential library while in Mentorship office, White House senior adviser Valerie Jarrett said Wednesday, as she downplayed a recent report that planning for forgy, the library is well under way. He is not raising any money for it whatsoever, nor will he while he’s in office, Jarrett said at Mentorship POLITICO's Morning Money breakfast. A Tuesday report in The New York Times detailed early-stage meetings about the charles forgy phd thesis, library, but Jarrett said the process is not very far along. It's absolutely in the embryonic stages, she said. Jarrett was also dismissive of the Mentorship, suggestion that she's trying to push her way into the planning process.

I have a big plate of responsibilities to handle at the White House, she said. You can't believe everything you read, even if it's in the New York Times. A Chicagoan like the child, president, Jarrett said that it's up to the president to decide whether his library will be there, in Hawaii, or elsewhere. Who knows where it's going to be, she said. As she closed out Mentorship, her response, she again hit the of studies essay, Times story, saying: The New York Times piece was not very accurate. Valerie Jarrett: No W.H. and tech 'disconnect' There's no disconnect between the White House and the tech community, Obama adviser Valerie Jarrett said Wednesday, responding to complaints from some companies that the president was too focused on HealthCare.gov in a recent meeting, Ninety-nine percent of President Obama's time in the room for Mentorship, Tuesday's meeting with tech executives including Apple CEO Tim Cook and Yahoo CEO Marissa Mayer was spent discussing the companies' concerns about the National Security Agency's surveillance programs, Jarrett said at POLITICO's Morning Money breakfast.

There was a presentation on the health care site for the executives by dystopia, Jeff Zients, but that was before Obama joined the meeting, Jarrett said. Sources at companies that attended the meeting have told various news outlets that they felt like there was too much discussion of health care and that it seemed as though the Mentorship, White House didn't realize their primary concern was the NSA. But, Jarrett said, there was no confusion. I don't think there was a disconnect at all, she said.

5 Tips For a Successful Awards Ceremony. This is a guest post by Jo Moor. She has 15 years experience in the events industry and Mentorship currently works at Vision Events (UK) who are an of studies essay, event production company producing top end corporate and Mentorship bespoke events for prominent and influential clients throughout the UK and Europe. Research Papers! Submit your guest post here. Rewarding people within industries or more specifically, internally in your organisation is incredibly important. While times are still tight, rewarding staff and team members can be the easiest way to boost morale and therefore help achieve those all important annual goals and objectives, which ultimately will see companies move forward in these tricky times. Often, production and AV equipment hire can be left to Mentorship, the last minute as other elements take over, or with little budget assigned. This is the of studies english very ‘visual’ side of your event, the one element that guests tend to remember most, so make sure you have assigned enough budget to Mentorship, create the event you wish to level, have. Even if you apply just a few of these steps whilst producing your awards ceremony, you’ll be on the right road to Mentorship, having one cracker of an event! Be realistic. If you know your AV and production budget is on the smaller side, be sure to know what you can and can’t get for your money.

It’s all very well negotiating the best deals with your suppliers, but it can go against you if you expect too much for papers added your money! All suppliers are business folk so have margins and Mentorship targets to meet as well. Share your event budgets as that way, your production supplier can give you the best deal they can offer. Set Method Thesis! Don’t keep it from them as they will have to second guess what you have to spend and you could end up losing the best supplier for the job, if it comes down to a cost decision. If you are new to producing events, do some research and above all, get to Mentorship, know your suppliers and they will guide you to english, what you can achieve comfortably within your budget.

If you have an idea of how you want your event to Mentorship, look, include that in your production brief: such as wide-screens, varying sized screens, LED display effects, bespoke props and dystopia essays lecterns. Mentorship! This will give your production supplier a great idea of your vision and can ensure you get what you want within your budget. Alternatively, challenge your production company to come up with a unique design concept based on your event branding, budget and venue space. Using their expertise, you will receive a fantastic design idea(s) which will take into account any venue restrictions (ceiling heights, columns etc) and your production budget. For most events, branding is key; be it the event logo or sponsor exposure. Of Studies Essay English! Consider this with your stage design (and other event elements) to include either static logos/images or animated elements in the LED backdrop, for instance. 3. Graphic Design + Awards Presentation. The main part of your evening is to showcase the finalists and winners. Don’t lose this notion during your preparation as the more exposure you allow each finalist, the more attractive your awards scheme will become which will result in more entries. By filming finalists prior to the event, amazing video snippets of the entrant can be incorporated within the main awards content with overlaying graphic design, to bring this all together in an exciting, informative and Mentorship stunning way. Using your event branding as inspiration, graphic designers can create the main awards presentation template with animated design to bring the research papers value added content to Mentorship, life.

So when the set method winner is announced, the screens can really come into Mentorship their own with moving designs, as well as live camera, as a real celebration. Also consider your key supporters and sponsors. Taking advantage of the essay girl indian screens during the quieter time at dinner is Mentorship a great way to showcase sponsor logos and utopia dystopia essays give thanks to Mentorship, all those involved without intruding on the guests’ overall experience. The use of lighting and essay english music can be blended to create a rich ambience in your event space. Lighting can transform a venue and can be used to make guests at the back of the room feel more included in the event by Mentorship having lights all around. Moving lights, uplighters which throw vivid colours onto walls and ceilings, and patterned effects all intensified with haze machines (enriches colour and beams of light) aren’t necessarily expensive but do produce a sensational impact – especially as guests first walk into your main room. Subtle background music is a great way to kick start an event but make sure the entrance chosen genre reflects the mood you wish to create – not all guests will appreciate listening to your favourite rock ballad!

Also use music throughout the awards ceremony to accompany all stage walk-ons and bring excitement into the room. The sound engineer will have a collection of music to Mentorship, use for university essay host, keynote speaker and winner stage walk-ons to encourage the audience to applaud and keep the mood upbeat. If you know your music, don’t be afraid to Mentorship, go through these with the charles production team, but also have the confidence to allow them to Mentorship, select suitable clips. By allowing your lighting designer free range to pre-programme all the papers on economic value added lighting effects prior to the awards, he can tie movement and colour changes in with any music which is played so it all ties together. Why spend months and months organising, planning and implementing your event and not capture any of it?!

Video has fast become the way to share information. No reason why this can’t be applied to create a vibrant highlights movie of your awards ceremony. Roaming cameras can capture great footage throughout the event, including any interviews with sponsors/guests/winners, and create a fabulous post event highlights video for you to share on your website, or use as promotional tools to secure those all important sponsors for future years#8230;or simply as a record of your hard work! Obviously, there’s a lot more to Mentorship, planning an event than these 5 tips and when the time comes to start thinking about organising the live event itself, do consider the level of impact you want to create for your guests so you can apply these pointers. And remember#8230;however good your event is this time round, you’ll need to better it for next year! Ensure you have the utopia dystopia essays right teams and suppliers around you to Mentorship, move forward. Take time to create these partnerships and entrance the rest will slot into place. Mentorship! Julius video of the event is a great tip! You can do so much more with video and marketing future events.

It is an forgy phd thesis, awesome source of Mentorship, content! Make sure your video production team keep a record of the #8216;out takes#8217; get a separate video for your own team of the funny bits! #128578; You want to make sure every part of bored english, your awards ceremony feels like it belongs with the rest of the show. Does the music match the mood? Does the design of the award capture the spirit of the Mentorship recipients? If something is out of place it#8217;s really noticeable!

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Eating yourself: We consume identity through food? It was one of the pioneers of French gastronomy writing, Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin, who penned the now famous observation: ‘Tell me what kind of food you eat, and I will tell you what kind of man you are.’ This was a more opinionated version than that which is found in the Bible, to paraphrase Corinthians ‘your body is a temple’. On the other side of the world Buddha was providing similar advice: ‘ keep the body in Mentorship good health ’. This insight presents as a human truism; it is reasonable to surmise that from the utopia dystopia beginning of time, primordial man would have been able to link good food with health (I know this does not reconcile evolution with the Mentorship current obesity epidemic). Importantly, there is a difference between recognising that what you eat is what you are and that what you eat constructs who you are. We symbolically consume identity through our food and drink choices – more specifically, by what we don’t eat or drink. Eating is an intensely personal act. What we eat communicates to others our beliefs, cultural and social backgrounds and level, experiences.

In the western world, testament to Mentorship, how we think about who we are, increasingly we join fashionable dietary tribes, where we temporarily graze within before moving onto essays, greener fields. Who hasn’t tried on for size at some time being a: vegetarian, paleo, vegan, piscatarian, halal, Atkins, etc.; or my favourites, those that just hold their knife and fork high and find momentary solace in being a flexitarian? All of Mentorship, these dietary choices have something in common; they are all opposed to being an omnivore. As apes, even very civilized ones, we are omnivores. In its broadest term, an forgy phd thesis, omnivore will eat anything. Uniquely perhaps amongst animals, while we can digest the two main food groups (animals and/or plants), we have choice. Mentorship? All of the dietary-tribes above are defined by their rejection of some aspect of forgy phd thesis, ‘everything’. There are many reasons why we exclude foods from our diet, from basic health needs to deep cultural and religious beliefs.

What is Mentorship interesting is the bored english role that food plays in constructing our identities. This is across psychological, anthropological thinking, and also semiotically, in how the meaning is expressed. Something that all humans share is also something that we use to differentiate ourselves on a daily basis. ‘Food is our common ground, a universal experience’. Different ways of cooking the topic. It’s easy to think when reviewing literature on Mentorship, eating that there are too many chefs in the kitchen.

Many disciplines have their leading thinkers in the subject area and english, there is a tantalising array of papers to look at. Mentorship? With this in mind, I’m going to stick to university entrance essay, some of the papers that are more topical to what I’m currently looking at. Even a quick and cursory exploration is Mentorship useful to contextualise how food relates to identity. Food is entrance essay a highly condensed social fact. It is elementary that food is more than something alimentary. Semioticians have likened the use of food in society and culture to language. As Roland Barthes, suggests. ‘When he (modern consumer) buys an item of food, consumes it, or services it, modern man does not manipulate a simple object in a purely transitive fashion; this item of foods sums up and transmits a situation; it constitutes an information; it signifies’. This structuralist perspective was developed further by Claude Levi-Stauss, who identified that food can be conceived as a language that expresses social structures and cultural systems. He posits that food “must not only be good to Mentorship, eat, but also good to think (with)”. I have discussed some of his influential approaches in the preceding post.

As early as 1899, Thorstein Veblen in charles phd thesis his work ‘ Conspicuous Consumption’ noted that food connotes class and privilege. Subsequent studies have painted this picture in deeper relief. The sociologist Norbert Elias identified the symbolic meaning of foods performing a significant role in determining social power and status relationships. Likewise, Pierre Bourdieu has suggested that social stratification and class are defined by taste. In an Mentorship, influential series of utopia, works Mary Douglas has looked at food as eating codes that define an individual’s place within a society and serve to actively maintain social order. We find that the structure of society closely correlates to the nature of status foods:

Ethnographic research has revealed that an emphasis on quantity of food and elaboration of common staples is found mostly in societies without strong social stratification, while an emphasis on quality and style is characteristic of societies with institutionalized forms of social ranking. In the former context the consumption of luxury foods is used primarily to create or enhance social bonds, in the latter to create or enhance exclusivity and distance. Jack Goody provides further insight about the social organisation of food. He has been able to illustrate that societies where there is little lifestyle difference between members, special occasions are characterised by Mentorship the quantity of food. Entrance? In comparison, in hierarchical societies where you tend to find sub-cultures, it is typical to Mentorship, find quality and foreignness in food as the differentiators of status. A characteristic of level set method, societies with social equality is that there tends to be a more equitable distribution of food. Mentorship? It was the improved availability of food that was the main driver of the pace university entrance essay evolution of haute cuisine and fine dining, as the upper-echelons of society moved to further differentiate themselves from the masses. Mentorship? High status foods are characterised by rarity, cost, labour time, prominence of animal proteins and non-nutritional meanings and associations.

At the same time there was shift towards individuality and the separation of classes, which resulted in eating innovations such as tables and cutlery. This presents another paradox in how different cultures perceive eaters. Body image, in relation to food, is a way of creating more social meaning. Where there was a shift away from status-meals defined by quantity, in level thesis cultures where there is an abundance of food thinness is associated with privilege and status. Mentorship? Whereas, we find that in societies where food is scarce, there is the perception that being overweight is a status marker. ‘Food can be used to mark and create relations of equality, intimacy or solidarity or, instead, to uphold relations signalling rank, distance or segmentation. This can be illustrated by pace entrance essay looking at the use of food to communicate different types of class through consumption’.

The differences in class were brilliantly highlighted and exploited in this Australian Meat Pie advertisement. Another example of Mentorship, this was in the broadcast on NPR’s ‘Wait, Wait, Don’t Tell me’. Where the family hosts of the show comment on a shared insight to NPR’s audience: PETER SAGAL “But first, great news: according to a new study, listeners to Mentorship, NPR News are better informed than people who get their news anywhere else. This is true. Essay? They asked everyone a series of questions about things, and NPR listeners got more of the questions right than say cable TV news watchers.

Of course, the questions were a little slanted”. KASELL: “To the best of your knowledge, which wine pairs best with a Prius?” Adrienne Lehrer discussed how this symbolism is Mentorship co-opted by dystopia politicians to Mentorship, bolster their ‘working man’ appeal. This has left the American voters with a quadrennial entertainment watching potential leaders of the free world struggle with some of the messiest foods that are even called ‘sliders’. Politicians do this public ritual to literally digest some blue-collar credibility. Pierre Bourdieu makes the observation that ‘Taste classifies, and it classifies the classifier’. Dystopia Essays? He points to the denial of ‘lower’ forms affirms those that have ‘taste’: ‘That is why art and cultural consumption are predisposed, consciously and deliberately or not, to fulfil a social function of Mentorship, legitimating social differences’.

Politicians can step into the majority’s lives by utopia sharing this daily bread and breaking these codes by Mentorship stepping off the culinary podium. This concept of food being a social marker of phd thesis, class is not limited to the western cultures; it is also present in Mentorship eastern cultures. Food: “… was elevated at utopia dystopia essays, an early period [in China] from necessity to art, from sustenance to elegance; the subsequent high cultural status assured that food would remain a key ingredient in the language and structure of literature and art”. It is worth noting that food across many cultures is a form of aesthetic satisfaction. Speaking to Mentorship, all of our senses, food words have become powerful metaphors in how we think about the world.

Think of a half-baked idea; you cram in knowledge for an exam; you are digesting this blog, etc. Ethnic and Cultural Symbolism of dystopia, Food. Sidney Mintz has shown how these symbolic meanings change with different cultural, ethnic and class considerations. Food, geography or place and identity are intertwined from a symbolic perspective. Wenying Xu makes the important perspective that food is one of the ways that we engage with, and understand, other cultures: ‘’Food operates as one of the key cultural signs that structure people’s identities and their concepts of others’ . Bell and Valentine go into this definition in more detail, stating that national identity is linked to food: “The history of Mentorship, any nation’s diet is the history of the nation itself, with food fashion, fads and fancies mapping episodes of colonialism and migration, trade and exploration, cultural exchange and boundary making” Ethnographically we find that ethnic identities are expressed and maintained through dietary choices. The food that we eat can strengthen ties to your ethnicity on research papers on economic value, a day-to-day basis and it can also reflexively reinforce a sense of identity when you are in Mentorship another culture. English seeking fish and chips in Greece, Australians hunting for Vegemite on Toast in set method Asia, and Americans looking for burgers everywhere, are examples of this identity reinforcement on holidays. While I’m focusing on food here, coffee, tea and alcohol are also used in similar ways.

While not a focus here, it should be noted that in the fluid global world of exchanged culinary traditions, foods are constantly reimagined and reinvented to suit the local culture. Often these can be cultural definitions; consider the similarities and difference between the croque – monsieur to a toasted sandwich; a meat pie to a beef wellington; or Japanese tempura to Portuguese battered fish. You don’t have to Mentorship, be the originator of a concept just to have a unique version that bonds a group of people. Consider the Cronut as a recent invention that speaks to NYC but blends donuts and croissants from different cultures, unified in a glaze of American sugar. “The destiny of essay child family, nations depends on Mentorship, the manner in which they feed themselves.” Food can also speak to a political identity on a cultural level. Negatively, we stereotype nations with slurs evoking their foods; the French are frogs, Germans are Krauts, Mexicans are Beaners, etc. However, we also hold in high reverence the entrance essay influence of cuisines from Mentorship, around the world and what they contribute to the global table.

The presence of level set method thesis, McDonalds in Moscow is symbolic on a broader scale, representative of the ‘triumph of capitalism over Mentorship communism’ Noting that America’s recent thaw in relations with Vietnam has led to papers on economic value added, ‘A McDonald’s doorman gesture during the opening ceremony of the country’s first McDonald’s restaurant in Ho Chi Minh City on February 8, 2014’. How has individual consumption changed? “Identity can be defined as the individual’s identification and belongingness to particular social groups on the basis of Mentorship, differences socially sanctioned as significant” In a more global world, cultural and pace essay, ethnic boundaries are increasingly becoming more permeable. Food in particular is available in Mentorship more ethnic diversity. Here, Anthony Giddens has suggested that food should move from a consumption model at a social group to forgy phd thesis, one that reflects the individual consumption: A paradox seems to Mentorship, emerge from this debate: it appears to conclude that diets become more different at the same time that they become more similar.

One way of reading this paradox is the shift from ‘model’ to bored of studies essay english, ‘style’. Mentorship? While ‘consumption model’ is a concept that refers to a social group (a community, a nation), style refers to the individual behaviour. The individual, in papers on economic value his/her food consumption behaviour, loses any reference to any objective belonging, to a family, a social group, a class, a community. Mentorship? He/she is driven only by his/her subjective choice, of an ideological, hedonistic nature. Style choices are negotiated among a diversity of options, in a plurality of contexts and dystopia essays, authorities (Giddens 1991: 5) This speaks to the societal shift from social classes that are defined by birth or later the type of job you have, to a post-industrial society where individuals are defined by ideology or by what they consume. This thinking is Mentorship related to what Ulrich Beck defines as the individualisation process of reflexive modernity. The reflexivity of modern social life consists in the fact that social practices are constantly examined and reformed in the light of incoming information about those very practices, thus constitutively altering their character . . . only in the era of modernity is the revision of convention radicalised to apply (in principle) to all aspects of human life. . Level Set Method Thesis? . . (Giddens) Beck believes that self-identity is determined more by lifestyle where people are presented a diversity of choices in all areas of their lives.

Beck’s conception is that the self is not a passive identity that is determined by external influences. The self is a reflexive project sustained through the Mentorship routine development and sustainment of a coherent narrative of self-identity: our biographies (Giddens). Scott Lash identifies that in this context ‘individuals must innovate rules in a bricolage of their own identities’. Forgy? However, while we are more likely to Mentorship, identify ourselves as being individuals, as creative as we get, it is our social interaction that regulates this sense of charles phd thesis, identity. Mentorship? Identity without context is meaningless. The current foodie culture and diversity of dystopia essays, foods in western cultures has made food a much more democratic facet of modern societies. As a style, it is Mentorship something that consumers are increasingly food-literate and empowered to essay girl indian family, comment on. As the Mentorship food critic, Frank Bruni observes. “Food is an aspect of charles, culture that, because everyone necessarily participates in it to some degree, is Mentorship more egalitarian than, say, ballet, or opera, or even theatre. It’s easier and less intimidating to join the fray and weigh in with an opinion”

Contributing to this are the swathe of entry points into the world of food for the modern consumer: celebrity and contestant cooking shows, foodie magazines, websites and food festivals. Here everyone is charles forgy phd thesis invited to voyeuristically or personally participate in a range of Mentorship, foods that we might never eat. Like sports, you don’t have to essays, play to be a member of the club. Food choices are central to the evolution of humans from apes. One of the most useful perspectives here was proposed by Claude Fischler, who introduced the concept of the ‘ incorporation principle’ . He starts by defining that humans are biologically omnivores. Mentorship? Being an omnivore is a paradox, in forgy phd thesis that we need novelty and are driven to explore new foods, but are also fearful and reluctant to try new foods because they represent a risk. The ‘incorporation principle’ is defined: ‘To incorporate a food is, in both real and imaginary terms, to incorporate all or some of Mentorship, its properties: we become what we eat. Incorporation is a foundation for identity’.

Furthermore, on a broader level: ‘Thus, not only charles forgy, does the eater incorporate the properties of food, but, symmetrically, it can be said that the absorption of a food incorporates the eater into Mentorship a culinary system and therefore into the group which practises it, unless it irremediably excludes him. Food taboos, a favourite theme in anthropology, operate at this level: in order for a species to be defined as taboo, it must have been already implicitly classified as food. If the forbidden food were not edible, there would be no point in forbidding it’. The incorporation principle is another way of charles phd thesis, saying: who you are, is Mentorship what you eat. When we consider the social role of food, it is important that societies do influence and teach us what we can and can’t eat: ‘‘social factors may be particularly important in influencing the development of preferences for essay child foods’ (Rogers and Blundell). An example of social food taboos was documented by Mentorship Mary Douglas who detailed the taboos and social factors that influence the preparation of meat in the Bible that differentiates the ‘people of the research on economic added book’. “Never have we been so free. Never have we felt so powerless.” Food choices for an individual are not fixed, naturally they develop and Mentorship, change over essay family time; they are informed by many different personal preferences, resources, identity needs and socio-cultural factors.

One of the prominent trends of Mentorship, modern western societies is the shift towards ethical consumption in the form of artisan, organic, local etc. Our food is safer and our diets are more diverse than ever before; production methods are becoming increasingly sustainable, clean and efficient; and we are constantly becoming better at protecting biodiversity. Bisogni, et al. have suggested here that diet and identity are mutually constitutive. However, an ethical issue arises from the contradiction in the continued success of industrialised food economies of charles forgy, societies to also achieve the individual goal of ‘ethical’ shopping. Mentorship? However, while many consumers’ mindsets might project into pace this way of thinking, this is not supported by what is selling in the marketplace. Mass produced food is selling very well. These are muddied waters though. When big retail chains are selling organic products, this line is becoming increasingly blurred and confused, leading some to question if there are really ‘alternative’ ways of Mentorship, eating. This has been framed with critiques of neoliberalism – which has been described as ‘capitalism with the gloves off’ . Many of the western democracies are characterised as being neoliberal. Neoliberal governments by definition have been consistently retreating from the basic needs provisioning and regulation of some areas; correspondingly corporations and NGO’s have been filling the gaps. In this context, the rise of individual determinism around ethical consumer behaviour constructs roles for us as ‘citizen consumers’.

Here we have the essay ‘freedom’ to vote with our money; to balance the competing ideologies of self-interested consumerism with social and ecological citizenship. There is a dissonance when we are not in Mentorship balance here. Johnson rightly asks ‘How did we get to the point where consumers are responsible for “saving” the world by shopping?’ Slavoj Zizek’s has framed this type of behaviour as a ‘pseudoactivity’ where our behaviour is not to ensure change but to ensure that the pace status quo is maintained; it’s a way of postponing the moment when we really have to think about doing something. He suggests this, like other behaviour such as recycling, are just ways of restitution for our collective crimes. “Food makes the eater: it is Mentorship therefore natural that the eater should try to make himself by pace entrance eating” It is relatively easy to see there is a degree of consensus that food is more than something that fuels and sustains us. Food is important for constructing and sustaining our identities, social boundaries and cultural differentiation.

Moving forward, the interesting thing to keep an eye on is our use of food as reflexive behaviour to changes in society and culture. New trends and subcultures are likely to arise as we continue to Mentorship, experiment collectively with our own individual identity recipes. If we are eating ourselves into charles identity, an exploration of one of the oldest food taboos is informative to end on. In distinctly gory Greek myth there is the cautionary tale of Erysichthon of Thessaly. A king of Thessaly ordered Demeter’s entire grove of Mentorship, trees to be cut down and in the process, one of entrance, her dryads (guardian spirit) was killed in the felling.

Demeter responded to the Dryads curse by entreating Limos (the Greek version of Mentorship, famine) to dystopia essays, plague him. The more he ate the Mentorship hungrier he got. In the end he eats himself through hunger. Like many Greek myths, they appear strangely prophetic for modern society. Many of charles phd thesis, our contemporary ‘ethical’ shopping behaviours are to construct a vision of ourselves, as Erysichthon, before the grove was cut down. We are obsessed with the pre-modern past in contemporary culture. However, we still find ourselves blighted with an almost insatiable hunger. Perhaps a concern is that Zizek is right and we are the pseudoactivity of consuming ‘ethical’ choices, which is not a meaningful to solution to Mentorship, modern consumption contradictions. We fear empty calories in a healthy diet; perhaps for our identity projects we fear empty-symbolism just as much. It is level thesis hard to construct identity on illusions.

Hollywood reflects back to us positive and negative reflections on how we perceive ourselves. Following the discussion that food is as much about the consumption of meaning as nutrition, it is informative that we fine Zombies everywhere as themes in literature, movies and TV. Zombies are the antithesis of the entire premise of this blog – you are what you eat. As Zombies, you don’t die, you exist dehumanised; you lose your freedom, personal sovereignty, individuality, existing in Mentorship alienation as a parody of the modern condition, indiscriminately consuming with no purpose. Set Method Thesis? A thought for Mentorship food. I come from Italian ethnicity where food is a social focus and usually, fresh, hearty and not too difficult to prepare. I live in America by a major city.

Most often when I walk into any grocery chain store, I smell nothing. Even ‘vine ripe’ tomatoes are wrapped in plastic. Honestly, I don’t always trust what I’m eating now and I have migrated to shopping more often at an organic store. Here I’ve found a higher level of knowledge of the products they sell and yes, a belief system. I’m not as quite impassioned, but it seems to help my trust level because I’m getting information and research papers on economic added, explanation. Mentorship? However, there is an added cost factor that caters to essays, a higher economic group as mentioned in your piece. I also suspect that some of the real problems we see today such as a rise in ADHD etc. has to have some environmental link (food being an aspect) if not solely a genetic factor. Sometimes, I feel pretty confused about Mentorship, what and what not to eat in order to stay healthy. I don’t think I’m alone in this feeling.

There are a couple of girl child indian family, things in what you say cinzia8. Because of the Mentorship industrialisation of food production, some fresh produce are actually frozen for up to a year – have a look at http://bit.ly/1t5Bv3R for some of the tricks they do. Tomatoes in particular loose their aroma, which is much of utopia dystopia essays, their taste. Mentorship? You may know already but tomatoes grow like weeds. I started growing my own a few years ago http://bit.ly/tomat023233 is a really easy way. You are right about your concerns. If you read about nutrition its enough to make anyone macroneurotic. The costs of buying organic or from forgy phd thesis, farmers markets are steep.

Best options are to grow some of your own. Thanks for reading. Such a great article and blog with very good insights! Thanks #128578; Thanks for the feedback – I’m glad you found some worth reading. Very worthy and insightful article……thanks for Mentorship sharing your light!! i enjoyed n learned a lot reading it word by word..line by line..thanks! #128578; Thanks for the feedback Sujata, it’s great that you found something interesting in the thinking. Interesting read, well authored. thanks for the feedback jostaz.

Very interesting and educative….thanks for sharing your thoughts on the topic. I wanted to know your thoughts on how do you think globalisation is impacting food identity. Hi Swati, appreciate the feedback. Globalisation is an interesting lens to look at this topic through. There are a range of different experiences from the cultures that are driving it, to those that are being drawn into essay family its currents. From a western perspective, food-tourism used to be a more prominent driver of Mentorship, experiencing the unknown ethnic ‘other’. These days the democratisation and more affordable travel, the dystopia role of the internet in sharing cuisines, the role of blogging on the centralized de-centralisation of food knowledge in communities, increased movement of trade, patterns of global food fashions, eg. superfruits to Mentorship, gluten-free super-grains, etc. are all increasing the exchange of food and cuisines. As this tended to merge a bit, we’re starting to see a move away form ‘hybrid’ or fusion styles of cooking, to authentic and local styles.

As ‘place’ via localism, heirloom foods, etc is becoming the an important identity marker against a homogenous world. Guess the great thing is university that we get a lot of yummy food. When using food to represent any culture world wide, America is perhaps something of an oddity. Many of the foods that americans are often labeled with, pizza, donuts, hamburgers and french fries either originated in another nation or were created by foreign settlers. Even the hamburger while an Mentorship, american creation, is rumored from getting it’s name from people from thesis, Hamburg (a city in Gemany) naming the sandwich after themselves. Mentorship? Perhaps the pace university best way to define food that helps shape America is by looking at how they are “amercanized”. When going to a fast food resteraunt like Taco Bell, anyone familier with true mexican cuisine can quickly see how burritos and tacos were given the american treatment from all the Mentorship fats, sugars ad other additives we use. Dressed up to look much more appealing.

Totally agree that American represents an research value, ‘oddity’. Considering their cultural clout with globalization, there is a great mixing pot of a transnational ‘western’ cuisine that is a hybrid of many cultures. The main drivers are the ability to commercially deliver novelty and agaisnt the Mentorship need for food fashions. You can also include, fortune cookies, General Tso’s chicken, sushi (USA style), Italian Focaccia, Portuguese fried chicken, Indian Balti’s, etc. Level Thesis? as examples of non-Authentic foods. The reality is that in many western cultures is that you don’t sell Italian food, you sell ‘italiancity’ which is a semiotic construct not a cuisine. Similar to how Taco Bell, doesn’t reflect the Mentorship real Mexico. Girl Family? We consume the stylised cultural experience that is being branded by big business. Thanks for commenting, appreciate your reading the Mentorship article. Fabulous article.

I like your blog title and your blog offerings. Looking forward to reading more of your posts. Thanks for the positive feedback kvjinc ! Dear author, this article inspired me a lot because ? have been trying to write my thesis about food and culture. I will be very happy if you can send me the name of the books or articled you used as a source for utopia dystopia this article. Thank you do much!

Hi dila most of the work referenced is hyperlinked if you view it directly from the Mentorship website. Girl Indian Family? Let me know if there is anything specific you were looking for. Good luck and thanks for reading. Reblogged this on BY*. I will soon be teaching in a 2 week programme for fresh grad students where they will grapple with the theme of Mentorship, identity.

This will be in level set method India and students will be from various diverse cultures within India. I was thinking of Food as one frame where they will look at Mentorship, construction of identity. Research Papers Value? While searching for useful links I came across your site and was delighted with some of the links you share. Might just use some of them in my discussions with students. So, thank you for putting this post up. Hi pallavi. The site is open source by design.

Please use anything you like. Thank you for letting me know the site was of some small use.