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Ireland Coursework - Natinalists vs unionists - GCSE History - Marked

anniversary speech Tribute to coursework Parents on 50th Anniversary. Tribute to My Parents on their 50th Wedding Anniversary. by Rosalind Wright Picard. They say that you don't really appreciate your parents until you become one, but that is jack to build, not true. Ireland! While I admit I probably never truly appreciated your cleaning up after me when I vomited all over business research, myself, my bed sheets, my stuffed animals, and the rug, until I had to do this for my own sons (parenting has significantly elevated my threshold for gross), there is coursework, much more to say. On this very special occasion of on food chains your 50th anniversary, I would like to share some ways that I have greatly appreciated both of you, and especially your staying married for half a century. Coursework! While most children appreciate their parents for giving them biological life, I don't know to whom I owe that. And while everything for which I am grateful is ultimately conditional upon the decision a teenage woman made, I was an accident, unplanned, and essays, my gratitude is ireland, that she believed that somewhere out there was somebody like you, with whom I would be so much better off. The fact is you are the kind of couple whom so many love, the kind who inspires others with your friendly welcome, generosity, and kindness to all. Your regular acts of goodness change the mood of those around you: they turn road-raged insensitive maniacs into the kind of essays drivers who not only let you merge in front of them without ramming you in ireland coursework the rear, but who stop on the road to to build essay give you a helping hand and a smile when in need.

You are a couple who has a positive impact on the world, and this impact has the power to coursework counter the jack to build essay, despair of a young women in trouble, helping her know that it is worth choosing life for her little one, because of coursework incredibly loving parents like you. Jack To Build A Fire! These are not empty words. First, let me give an example with Dad. This one never hit me until I moved to New England where people talk differently, to say the coursework, least. I'll never forget when I first noticed, when calling home from Boston, Gee, Dad is really starting to get a southern accent in the last year; he didn't have such a strong one when I lived in Atlanta. But a friendly southern accent only slightly captures the richness of essay duurzaam what Dad communicates through his voice.

When he answers the phone, it is in stark contrast to coursework most of the world. While a typical response when I call someone is violence, a harried hello? that usually prompts me to politely ask, Is now an ireland OK time to essays on sports violence talk? Dad's musical, Hello -- this is Bill Wright, sounds like I've reached a wonderfully warm and ireland coursework, welcoming soul. It has the essays, quality of making me feel like you are simply delighted I've called. In this day of Caller ID this may not be a big deal, but you sounded this way even years before caller ID, even when I might have been a telemarketer calling to try to sell you new vinyl siding at dinnertime.

You make everyone who calls feel wonderful. And phone calls are just one example where you achieve this. What a kind gift you give to our world. Here's an example with Mom. Ireland Coursework! Once when we were out shopping (I have a hard time thinking of outings where we didn't sneak in at least a little shopping) we got hungry. Actually, we always got hungry shopping, but this time we decided to have lunch in a fancy little cafe with white tablecloths and on food, a well-dressed waiter.

In those days, Mom didn't wear a warm-up suit and sneakers to shop, but looked like she was dressed for a ladies tea, the perfect modern southern belle in her coordinating winter white suit, shoes and ireland coursework, bag. Now, I don't recall exactly what went wrong after we sat down, but I do recall that there were some real problems. The waiter did not handle things properly. Julia Child! It wasn't something like forgetting to bring tea, or merely keeping two low-blood sugar women waiting 30 minutes without so much as bringing the menu, but that is probably how it began. I think some things were spilled on ireland, Mom, without apology and essay on food and webs, without help cleaning up the mess. Perhaps it was split pea soup. And then maybe one of our lunches came 20 minutes after the other, and they did not prepare it as requested, so most of it could not be eaten.

Maybe he then overcharged us for other things that were not what we asked for, and was surly. Ireland! I don't remember the details, but I do remember we were in a hurry, we were both getting increasingly irritated, and I was ready to go complain to the manager so he would know what had been happening. Mom told me she would handle it, and essays on sports violence, trusting her, I accompanied her to the manager's desk. Coursework! To my shock, Mom completely suppressed her anger, and was positively charming, downright sweet. Oh, she did not mince her words: She spoke quite clearly about what happened. She simply did so with no flames, no harsh words, and no spite. And this really got his attention.

She was effective, not only in getting an essays on sports apology, but more so in getting the respect and admiration of us, who witnessed her grace. I don't recall if he gave us the lunch for free or what the outcome was, perhaps because a free lunch never covers the ireland coursework, cost of on food chains and webs being mistreated. What I do remember clearly was how she modeled what I learned later was called emotional intelligence. I admire how you both have tremendous skills of ireland emotional intelligence, including empathy, compassion, love, and grace. You make others feel welcome, and always seem to enjoy doing so. You are always willing to lend a hand and to reach out to someone who is lonely, troubled, or could use a sandwich. Violence! And, you make the coursework, best sandwiches any of jack to build essay us have ever had (although I miss those incredible tomatoes that Dad used to grow.

I can't seem to grow them as well. I wish I could get some of that Georgia red clay up here to coursework mix with our soil.) Not only is Mom a great cook, but Dad, you also make great Campbell's soup and grilled cheese sandwiches. I know this because once when Mom was in julia essays the hospital for over a week, we ate this every day. Coursework! Dad, you also make delicious homemade soup, awesome boiled peanuts and cheese straws, and research assignment, homemade dill bread and wine and cheese bread. I will never forget the coursework, beginning of the essays, bread-baking years, when we had that Sourdough starter and ireland, it almost took over the house. It kept multiplying, and we had to make new things with it every week. After we had made all kinds of business research breads, biscuits, and rolls, Dad decided to try to make cinnamon rolls with that really yummy and sticky sugary sauce. The first cinnamon roll he made rose so much it was larger than a 3-layer birthday cake. The request, Can I have a cinnamon roll? has made me think twice ever since. For some reason, after the ireland, basketball-sized cinnamon rolls, the sourdough starter disappeared and we didn't have to essay duurzaam toerisme make countertops full of bread every week.

Parents teach their children whether they try to or not. Mom, I am grateful that you made sure I could plan and cook nutritious meals; you made it clear to me that ketchup was not a vegetable, even if the Georgia schools said it was. You not only helped me earn girl scout badges in all the basic camping and ireland coursework, domestic stuff, but also taught me how to make icing roses on cakes, how to arrange flowers for seasonal centerpieces, and how to cut out little shapes to make fancy tea sandwiches with designs inlaid into the bread. When it came to things like sewing, you didn't just teach me to hand-stitch and machine-stitch and essay chains, put in buttonholes, and such, you demonstrated learning to sew by ireland, tackling enormous projects such as teaching yourself how to reupholster the living room furniture. The sofas and chairs came out magnificently, despite it being your first time. I won't say there wasn't any cursing, and maybe that's why I stuck to sewing simple sundresses, but I did get the more important message that I did not have to know how to do something before trying to do it. This kind of lesson is a truly profound one, and probably accounts for a large part of my willingness to tackle big things. My parents taught me by doing: They were not afraid to tackle enormous projects and learn things through trying. Napoleon Bonaparte Hero Essay! Dad, you taught me similarly, but as an engineer. You took a real interest in the math I would bring home, and loved to pull out your old slide rule.

I never once felt that it was bad for a girl to be good at math; you were proud of my work, and let me know. I really appreciated when you enrolled me in the local YMCA how engines work and how to tune up your car classes, and let me tune up our cars. I especially appreciated when you came to my rescue that time when I accidentally dropped the vise across the terminals of your car's battery and stood stunned, as I watched large electrical arcs shooting across the ireland, battery. You quickly ran over and knocked the tool onto on sports, the driveway. I think you then calmly explained how the battery was going to explode if I continued to stand there with my mouth open and eyes wide. (Mom, did he ever tell you about ireland coursework this?) You both also helped teach me to drive, despite the time that I confused the accelerator with the brake when Dad let me drive his golf cart down a really steep hill at Big Canoe. I never knew a golf cart could go so fast! I remember how excited I was when I was 16, and you helped me pick out assignment my first car, that bright yellow V6 Mercury Capri, which had been lovingly cared for by its previous owner.

I recall how nice it was after we had finished our negotiations and coursework, Dad and I went to child essays pick up the coursework, car, and essays on sports, saw the previous owner had washed and waxed it so it was gleaming bright. When I got in it was freshly vacuumed and ireland, filled with gas. Napoleon Hero Essay! Dad is not only ireland a good judge of cars, he is napoleon bonaparte or tyrant, a great judge of character, and a superb model of ireland coursework it as well; whenever he sold a car, or any item, he practiced the same honesty and care in his dealings. Bonaparte Hero Or Tyrant Essay! I have parents of integrity, and this is a precious gift. Dad and Mom, while you are different in many ways, and the tension between your styles can make its own kind of ireland spark, it has been a good example in helping me find enjoyable balances in essays my own life. Dad, I think of you as not just an engineer, but also a risk-taker, with your Navy Pilot background. Also, your tendency to take risks is revealed by the fact that when you met Mom for ireland the first time, she was dating your roommate. Mom, your background as a teacher and your refreshing artistic ability, together with your refined style, bring creativity and sparkle to jack to build your life together.

Your diverse ways had direct impact on me. While Dad encouraged me to get grease under my fingernails, Mom encouraged me to conduct a proper manicure, painting my nails to hide those last bits of grease that were hard to wash away. While Dad's favorite store is K-Mart, Mom taught me about coursework quality, and essays, yet showed me how to be a bargain shopper. While Dad struggled with smoking for many years (boy was I impressed when he quit cold turkey), Mom emphasized nutrition, exercise, and health. Mom taught me yoga postures and breathing long before it was normal (and even cool) for Americans to do yoga.

Today I see the influence of both of you in ireland coursework so much of what I do. Now I'm a risk-taking professor who loves to learn, and who mixes engineering with art and design. I never realized till writing this that I adopted so many of napoleon bonaparte essay your interests, although I do prefer to pass on the golf, football, antique furniture refinishing, and tomato aspic. Mom and Dad: of the things I value most is that you never pressured me to show interest in any particular directions, or to pursue anything just to please you. I especially remember you saying that I could go to school wherever I wanted to, even an expensive private school, and you would find a way to ireland coursework help me afford to go there.

This was spoken during some very difficult years financially, and showed your love and trust for me, and your willingness to essays sacrifice. You always made me feel loved and supported to do whatever I wanted. Unlike some of my friends' parents who told them just what to do and never let them talk back, you always listened to what I had to say. In doing so, I felt that what I had to say mattered, and that I mattered. I also remember during High School when times were tight and coursework, many of essay chains and webs my friends had to get jobs in fast food restaurants. While I tutored kids and babysat and did some chores that paid, I wondered if I should consider getting a job with substantial hours. I remember Mom telling me that high school is a special time and ireland, a rare chance to engage in clubs and other activities you'll never get to do again. You both told me you'll have to work the napoleon hero, rest of your life and encouraged me to ireland get involved in school activities instead.

You started an business allowance for Rob and me, despite that money was scarce. Ireland! This was a generous gesture and enabled me to really enjoy exploring lots of things that most kids never get to try, like skydiving(!). I had so much fun. I never felt like I needed to rebel against essay, you. I appreciate so much your faith in me during those high school years.

From your love of the coursework, ocean, and us always living near a coast -- Boston, Monterey, Key West, Keflavik, and finally Atlanta (well. we went to the gorgeous mountain lakes) -- I find myself drawn to coasts too. Julia Essays! I have many fond memories of our times in the water, Dad teaching me to swim in the canal in our backyard off Raccoon Key: Swim just a little further, just swim to me as he would keep backing up, keeping the distance between us constant until, with weary arms, I protested. Coursework! I'll never forget Mom teaching me (on the rock slide in essay Big Canoe) to ireland be very careful where I stepped because it was really slippery if I stepped on the shiny part. I remember how you went the chains and webs, extra mile and demonstrated this, stepping there and slipping, hurting your tailbone (ouch). I have fond memories of vacations, especially trips to ireland the beach. Rob and I especially loved when you would let us have those inflatable rafts and we could ''surf'' the waves. I remember once in Jacksonville, FL, getting wiped out by a big wave and going under for some time. Business Research! Dad rushed to my rescue, pulling me out of the coursework, water, saving my life. I seem to recall he also stepped on jack a fire, me first, while trying to find me, so I had a large bruise on my thigh, but I was immensely grateful for his action nonetheless. I love seafood and I'm sure this is in part due to how both of ireland coursework you love seafood and how much of it we ate. I have fond childhood memories of you tickling lobsters to get them to come out essay on food and webs from the holes in our seawall in coursework Key West, and then filling laundry baskets with them to hose them off before supper.

Our beloved Snuffy would join me in making a lot of noise when they climbed out of the napoleon bonaparte hero, baskets and we chased them around the yard. Mom, I'll never forget how you indulged me in my purple phase. Ireland Coursework! I felt like a princess on a fire, my 7 th birthday when you threw me that party in ireland the dining room with purple goblets, fine china with painted violets and gold trim, and a homemade cake with violet frosting and flowers on top. You also made me my favorite purple clothes. While I struggled with shyness for a number of julia essays years, I have never struggled with security. I always felt loved, and very special. I have fond memories of sitting in Daddy's lap as a little girl, while he read me The World of Pooh, by ireland, A. A. On Food Chains And Webs! Milne, and taught me poems by Rudyard Kipling. I hope my children will have as happy and healthy a childhood.

I also feel grateful that you always enjoyed entertaining, and ireland, passed this love on napoleon or tyrant, to me. I remember you both going to many black-tie and white-tie events when we lived in ireland Iceland, and once hosting a fancy event at jack to build a fire, our home, where you let me serve caviar and colorful drinks to ireland coursework guests. You are always the perfect hosts, not because everything you serve is perfect or the duurzaam, house is perfect (although Mom comes as close as anyone I know) but because your guests feel loved and welcome. I hope some of this has rubbed off on me. I admit to feeling pleasantly surprised and even a bit proud yesterday when Michael and Chris came in coursework with two new boys in the neighborhood (almost their ages, 6 and child essays, 4). They welcomed them into our home, saying This is our house, and then Please come over ireland coursework, here and meet our little brother. Then they walked the jack to build a fire essay, guests politely over to Luc and ireland coursework, made introductions, Luc, this is Scott and this is Patrick; Scott and Patrick, this is hero or tyrant, our little brother Luc, who is 2. I don't remember ever teaching them this, but if they learned it from Len and me it's because we learned it from our wonderful parents. It's so nice when good things get handed down without even trying. I once heard someone say that they had never heard their parents fight. While I don't recall you ever throwing anything at each other and I suspect you did your best to hide problems from us, there were times when I really worried that you might give up on ireland, each other.

I think a 50th wedding anniversary is a kind of a miracle deserving of a very special tribute. To Build A Fire Essay! Not only do most marriages not last that long, but few people last that long! (OK, I'm almost done). I admire so much how you have worked to stay together in ireland good times and in bad, in sickness and in health, for richer for julia child essays poorer, and in raising Rob and me. Mom and Dad, your honesty, integrity, love, patience, gentleness, kindness, commitment, and willingness to forgive shine as a strong inspiration to me to strive for coursework the same in my marriage. You have been blessed with the fortitude and faith to stay together, despite a multitude of forces that aim to pull a couple apart. Research Assignment! The example of your marriage reveals something much greater than any individual can ever attain. On this very special occasion of your 50th wedding anniversary, with a heart of deepest gratitude, I give you my honor, appreciation, admiration, and ireland coursework, love.

May God continue to essay on food chains and webs bless your marriage, and coursework, may you enjoy your celebration on April 16, and bonaparte essay, throughout this Golden Year.

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Ireland background Coursework summary sheet - Ireland in Schools

richard ii essay This study guide is intended for students taking exams at GCE Advanced (A2) and Advanced Supplementary (AS) level in the UK, but is suitable for university students and the general reader who is ireland coursework, interested in on food, Shakespeare's plays. Please use the hyperlinks in the table above to ireland coursework navigate this page. If you have any comments or suggestions to on food and webs make about this page, please contact me by clicking on this link. This guide is written to support your study of Richard II . The guide indicates the terms in which examiners will expect you to understand the play. It should be used in conjunction with study of ireland Richard II in performance, as far as possible, and of the text in napoleon bonaparte or tyrant essay, one or more editions designed for study at your level. What other resources should you use? This depends on your own aptitude and readiness for study.

But any serious Advanced level student should expect to use at least some of the following: Editions of the play: The most authoritative version is the Arden edition. Most students will find this challenging, although the introduction is well worth reading. The New Cambridge edition is ireland coursework, good (but uses archaic spelling of names) while sound editions are published by Penguin and Macmillan. For critical writing about the essay duurzaam play, you should use the ireland Casebook anthology (Ed. Nicholas Brooke, Macmillan, 1973): read the violence introduction, and study essays selectively, but those by E. Coursework! H. Kantorowicz and A. P. Rossiter are strongly recommended. The introductions to the Cambridge and Macmillan texts are recommended, especially Cambridge edn. pp. 16-43 ( Structure, Imagery, Language and Staging ) and Macmillan pp. Business Research Assignment! 4-14 ( When degree is ireland, shak'd - the political background ) and pp. Toerisme! 23-37 ( People and pattern in Richard II ). At a more basic level the ireland guides from Brodie's Notes (Pan, 1985) and York Notes (Longman) may help you.

For general background information about Shakespeare, Ms. Marchette Chute's Shakespeare and his Stage (University of research assignment London, 1953) is hard to beat. Literature reference: Useful handbooks for the general study of English literature include The Cambridge Guide to ireland coursework English Literature and to build a fire, The Oxford Guide to English Literature , J. A. Cuddon's Dictionary of Literary Terms (Penguin, 1982) and Richard Gill's Mastering English Literature (Macmillan, 1985). Use these books effectively: do not try to ireland coursework read them for extended periods like a story (unless you have unusual intellectual powers!) Study for short periods, then write down simple statements of what you want to napoleon or tyrant remember, or questions to raise in ireland, class discussion. Other people's study guides (like this one) are never as effective as your own. You may wish to essay duurzaam toerisme use any or all of the coursework following ways of owning your study of this play: Customize books/guides with pencil markings, icons, inserts or highlighting. If you have access to suitable computer software, ask for copies of files, and adapt them for hero or tyrant essay your learning. Make audio tapes of parts of the coursework play and your comments on essays on sports, them, as well as recording spoken essays. Put essential information/quotation on ireland coursework, Post-It notes, and display these where you will see them frequently. Richard II is the first play in a series of essay four (the others are Henry IV, Parts i and ii and Henry V ), the second such series which Shakespeare wrote (the first - perhaps his very first work - was the coursework three parts of Henry VI, followed by Richard III ). In these Shakespeare examines questions of julia child politics (especially kingship, authority and order) which we meet in others of his plays.

Here, however, these issues are considered in relation to real events as known to the writer or his public. At this point, it makes sense to consider whether Shakespeare is a truthful or inaccurate historian, and what a history play is. If you don't know, find out! As a term to describe a category (kind) of play, tragedy (which means goat song in classical Greek!) originates in Athens in ancient times. Aristotle (a philosopher and scientist, but no playwright) describes rules or principles for the drama which tragedians should follow. These rules have proved helpful as a working description, but should not be seen as absolute: Shakespeare, in practice, ignores them more or less. Comedy is a term applied to the humorous plays of Greek (e.g. Aristophanes) and later Roman (e.g. Terence) dramatists.

For Shakespeare, a comedy is a play with a happy ending - it may or may not be comical in the modern sense of being humorous. In trying to ireland coursework arrange Shakespeare's work into categories (as for publication in book form) editors have produced a third category, of histories . More recently critics have noted that Shakespeare's latest plays do not fit any of these categories easily. Thus we have problem plays (or tragi-comedies) in Measure for on food Measure and All's Well that Ends Well and pastoral plays or romances in Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter's Tale and The Tempest . You should know that these labels were not consistently or even commonly applied in Shakespeare's time. Plays classed as tragedies (such as Macbeth ) may have a clearly historical subject. Many of our #147;histories#148; were advertised as tragedies at the time of their performance. This has led to ireland pointless arguments, as to whether Shakespeare wrote Richard II or Richard III as history or tragedy: the dispute implies a distinction which may not have existed for the writer. For the julia modern student it does, however, pose a question which is worthy of consideration: how historical subjects may allow the playwright to develop tragic themes. When our play appeared in print the title page read: The Tragedie of King Richard the Second.

The modern student has better access to detailed and accurate accounts of the ireland coursework events depicted in the history plays than Shakespeare did. We do know, however, that he had a good outline knowledge of the essay history, and that at points he referred to ireland coursework known sources which are extant (that is, still available to us). Most school editions of the plays will list these. It is clear that in places, Shakespeare will change details to suit his needs as a dramatist. There is a good example of napoleon hero this in Richard II and the Henry IV plays: as he wishes to present Prince Hal (later Henry V) and Henry Hotspur Percy as rivals for power in the realm, Shakespeare depicts them as of the same age; in ireland, fact, Percy was a contemporary of Henry IV, old enough to be Hal's father.

In these same plays, we meet a character called Mortimer (after Richard's death, Henry IV's rival claimant to the throne): two (related) historical Mortimers have been conflated (made into one) to suit the purposes of the essays drama. There is a genuine question for scholars in how far the change was knowingly made, but it seems Shakespeare will not let the facts get in the way of a good story! The dramatic form enables Shakespeare to present characters who voice all kinds of opinions, from which we may, if we wish, attempt to infer the ireland playwright's own view. Such inference is at best tentative: it may lead to a muddled attempt to understand the plays in terms of a modern political outlook. Thus, individualists like Richard II or Hotspur (Harry Percy) are seen as dashing and essay duurzaam, romantic (in 19th or 20th century terms) while the pragmatic Henry Bolingbroke (Henry IV) is seen as devious and ireland, dishonest: almost certainly these are judgements which would not have occurred to Shakespeare or his audience. Shakespeare writes at a time when a period of peace at home has created the very conditions in England which have allowed the professional theatre to emerge and flourish, but where this peace is threatened by the ageing queen Elizabeth's lack of an heir. There is no doubt that his plays (history, comedy and essay, tragedy) all reflect a horror of ireland anarchy and a preoccupation with finding a balance between toleration of harmless pleasure and restraint of harmful lawlessness. In order to explore these themes, Shakespeare locates his stories in other (real or imagined) times and places.

In referring to his own times (as at the end of Richard III and child essays, the very late history Henry VIII ) he is ireland, careful to praise the essay on food Tudors generally and ireland, Elizabeth particularly, as he also does by implication in business, A Midsummer Night's Dream in the figure of the childless Titania. In the ireland second history cycle, beginning with Richard II , Shakespeare considers the on food chains and webs king's divine (God-given) right to rule. Though given by God, this right may be forfeited by the king's failure to exercise it (this is Richard's fault). Technically, Henry is ireland, neither usurper nor rebel, because Richard freely abdicates. While he lives, however, Richard will always be a figurehead for new rebellions of the discontented.

Henry, seeing this, reluctantly gives the hint which leads to Richard's murder. This is the murder of a man only (he is no longer king) yet the murderer receives not thanks but banishment from the kingdom, on pain of death: Henry's genuine grief at Richard's killing is jack to build essay, something most modern audiences find difficult. In the two parts of Henry IV , we see how Henry, though his claim to the throne is weaker (on paper) than that of his rival, Mortimer, proves his right to rule by ireland uniting the country, resisting many attempted revolts and providing a model heir, in his son, Hal. Feeling guilty for Richard's death, Henry intends to launch a crusade, but never finds a safe time. He wrongly thinks Hal to be a delinquent and, even more wrongly, admires Hotspur, the son of his friend-turned-enemy, Northumberland. When Hal becomes king, he has no blood on his hands, and the intended religious crusade becomes more a national expedition of conquest.

Henry V is a celebration of Hal's almost legendary exploits in business assignment, France, culminating in the great reversal of the odds at ireland coursework Agincourt. In this play, Shakespeare shows a great interest in dramatic rhetoric and in symmetry or balance . For the on sports violence audience (then as much as now) it has two potential weaknesses: these are the lack of ireland comic interludes, and the lack of action. Essays! Of the second of these, since there is ireland coursework, action of a kind, but much of it ritualized, ceremonial or in formal gesture , more must be said later. The plot of the play in outline is that of the contrasting fortunes of the research assignment principals: King Richard , at the height of his powers, banishes Henry Bolingbroke (Bullingbrook, in early editions) Earl of Derby and Duke of Hereford, and heir to the estate of John of Gaunt , Duke of ireland Lancaster. Henry is banished as a result of Richard's treachery: his (and Richard's) uncle, the Duke of Gloucester, has been killed by Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, almost certainly on Richard's orders. Bolingbroke accuses Mowbray of treason, a charge he denies, but which is to be proved or refuted in a tournament. Richard sets the time (St. Lambert's Day) and place (Coventry) for the tournament. Bonaparte Or Tyrant Essay! He presides over it but halts it at ireland coursework the last moment: if Bolingbroke wins, Richard's guilt will emerge; if Mowbray wins, he will have the king at a disadvantage. So Richard banishes both, but remits the essay on food chains and webs sentence to coursework a shorter time in Henry's case. On the death of Gaunt, Richard seizes his estates to fund a military expedition to on sports Ireland.

Powerful lords, notably the Northumberland Percy family and other northern lords, observing Richard's mismanagement of the country and his unjust dealing, encourage Henry to return in Richard's absence (in Ireland). Ireland! The forces Richard has left to guard against business such an event either melt away or join Henry, who justifies returning before his sentence is coursework, complete by a technicality: he was banished as Hereford; he returns as Lancaster. Richard's actions have been influenced by his favourites, three of whom Henry executes. On his return, Richard virtually surrenders to Henry. While Henry is reluctant to julia child essays assume the office of king, Northumberland pushes him to exploit his power and popularity, and Richard is ireland coursework, all too ready to abdicate.

Once he has given up his throne, Richard, imprisoned in Pomfret (Pontefract) castle becomes a problem which Henry can only solve by murder, though he wishes to research assignment have no part in it. The play ends with an coursework, anticipation of Henry's worries about duurzaam, his son, Hal, who has acquired a reputation for foolish and degenerate behaviour. Although he shows us how Henry gains and Richard loses power, Shakespeare is careful not to express a single judgement on the (real) events he depicts. Rather, a range of viewpoints can be found, of which more must be said later. Shakespeare wrote plays to be seen in a complete performance which would (for Richard II ) last about two hours. The play would be performed by daylight (between about ireland, two and four o'clock) in the purpose-built open air theatres, or with artificial light (lanterns and candles) in private houses of napoleon hero wealthy patrons. The plays were not written to ireland be read or studied and copies of the text were originally made (hand-written) for the use of the performers. It is important to bear this in mind when you are required to study the play as a text (with extensive editorial comment) on duurzaam toerisme, which you will be examined. Shakespeare's company was the most successful of its day, and his plays filled the theatres.

Many (most?) of the audience in ireland, a public performance would lack education and be technically illiterate, but these were people for business research whom the spoken word was of greater value than is the case today: they would be more attentive, more sensitive to patterns of ireland coursework verse and rhyme, and to imagery (word pictures). Shakespeare's scenes represent changes in time or place, but not of scenery, which would be minimal or non-existent. Basic stage furniture would serve a variety of purposes, but stage properties and costume would be more elaborate and napoleon bonaparte, suggestive. A range of gestures and movements with conventional connotations of meaning was used, but we are not sure today how these were performed. In order to understand a play, we have to work harder than did the Elizabethan audience.

To see a play entire (in the theatre or on film), without interruption save for the interval, may be needed for us to appreciate Shakespeare's strong sense of narrative drive, and to see how the ireland text is not the work but a (loose) blueprint for performance . On the other hand, study of text and bonaparte hero essay, editors' notes may be necessary for us to appreciate some of the attitudes the contemporary audience brought into the theatre. Such notes may explain images and highlight patterns or structures which otherwise we might not hear, or explain semantic change (changes of meaning) in words or phrases used by the playwright to convey important ideas to his audience. The instant pleasure of experiencing a work of art (say a feature film or soap-opera or first-person novel) which uses conventions and a range of cultural references which we at ireland once understand is essays, unlikely ever to be found by us in watching Shakespeare in ireland, performance. Child Essays! What is amazing is that so much is still accessible, and that by ireland adapting the delivery of lines, and giving some visual clues, performers can make the plays work today. The division of plays into five acts is more apparent to the dramatist (to whom it gives an idea of how the play's narrative structure will appear in performance) than to the audience (though modern audiences often know act and on sports, scene numbers). For the ireland student, the numbering of acts and essay on food chains, scenes is of enormous importance in identifying a given point in the narrative.

When quoting a passage, always give act and coursework, scene number, while line numbers are helpful, too. When you begin revision, make a mental map of the play, so you know what occurs in essays violence, each scene. List the scenes down the page. After the scene number write no more than ten words about what happens. Follow this with a phrase from coursework, a notable speech. e.g. I, iii: The tournament - halted; the disputants banished: . A Fire! such is the breath of kings (line 214) II, i: Death of Gaunt - Richard seizes his estates: This royal throne of kings. Ireland Coursework! (line 40) IV, i: The deposition scene: Are you contented to resign the crown? (line 199) These are only suggestions.

Choose a speech which is a clue to you. Business! For an outline which you can adapt or customize, click here. The structure of the play in acts. This is not rigid or mechanical, but there is a fairly simple scheme one can see, whereby Richard's fortunes decline as Bolingbroke's go up (he gains ascendancy). But the play ends with hints of trouble to ireland coursework come for the new ruler. You also should be aware of the relationship between public/ceremonial and private/intimate scenes or episodes.

Finally it is worth making a plan of each act, identifying episodes/speeches in which the principal themes are presented. None of this is a guarantee of on sports violence success in an exam. Ireland! It is essential preparation, to on food and webs give you the material you need to succeed. General comment on each act of the play. This act establishes a pattern which Shakespeare more or less sustains for the whole play, of alternating scenes of a public or formal character with private, informal or intimate scenes. This is important in ireland coursework, establishing a sense of the characters we meet as occupying a public rôle or office and of the private person behind the public face.

This will be an important idea in this play, as in the subsequent Henry plays. The ceremonial of the opening at Richard's court and the third scene (the aborted tournament at Coventry) alternates with two intimate scenes: in the second scene we see Gloucester's widow unable to move the patient Gaunt to vengeance, while the last scene of the act shows the bonaparte hero or tyrant cynicism of Richard in private with his flatterers. This marks another contrast: in private, Gaunt speaks with exemplary honour and ireland, complete integrity, but Richard's private conversation reveals his public ostentation to be showy and insincere - he emerges as a cynical opportunist, ready to disregard the law to offset his financial imprudence and wishing the valiant Gaunt into an early grave. For the contemporary audience this last would be the most offensive of his errors: to essay toerisme the Elizabethans, Gaunt, like his grandson, Henry V, is a national hero, of legendary stature - it is almost as if we have seen Richard planning to deface a public monument. A lot of the characters in the play have several names or titles: while this helps speakers avoid repetition it can confuse the coursework modern audience.

Make sure you know who's who. If not, ask a teacher! Bolingbroke's quarrel appears to us to be as much a quarrel with Richard as with Mowbray. Explain, as far as possible, why his challenge is directed exclusively at Mowbray, but not at bonaparte or tyrant the king. Can we see more than one reason for Richard to ireland coursework wish to reconcile the two men? Please note that when Richard says we he speaks of himself (a man) and of his majesty (a metaphysical expression of his kingly office, derived from God). Can you explain the nature of Gaunt's refusal of the Duchess's plea? Why should Shakespeare show us this private conversation at this point? This is the key scene in the act. Note the extreme formality of the language, determined by rules of chivalry, and child, the number of people on stage, as well as the ceremonial garments and ireland coursework, weapons which would appear in such a tournament. All of this is required by the tournament which is to take place: the courtesy of the language conceals the enmity of the disputants.

What is the effect on all this display (of rhetoric, clothing, weapons and action ) of the king's halting of the tournament? Later on, you may wish to consider whether this action, taken to safeguard his position in the short term, is an error from which Richard cannot recover. Here we see Richard with his supporters, three of julia child essays whom, Bushy, Bagot (who does not speak) and Green, appear for the first time. Can you think why they do not appear in Act I, scene iii? What do Richard's various remarks about Bolingbroke tell us? In the first scene of this act, Richard spurns the advice of the dying Gaunt, and seizes Gaunt's estates to fund his wars in ireland, Ireland. Bolingbroke's supporters speak of a plan for the exile to return in Richard's absence, and the next scene brings news, as Richard's flatterers try to bonaparte hero or tyrant essay comfort the queen, of Henry's return and ireland coursework, the enormous support he has received. In the third scene we see this support as Bolingbroke and his allies come to child Berkeley in Gloucestershire, where they are confronted by the Duke of York, who has been appointed lord governor in Richard's absence: he rebukes Bolingbroke but is placated by his statement of his limited ambition.

In contrast, the coursework final (brief) scene shows how the forces left by Richard to defend the country have dispersed and gone home. This scene makes clear the power politics of the jack a fire essay time. In a country with no standing or professional army, real power lies in the feudal system whereby great lords can rely on lesser local magnates (lords of the manor, sheriffs and so on) to raise armies from their estates, and possess the means to pay them for their service. Richard has no extensive estates of his own, but Bolingbroke owns the largest of all (Lancaster) and is backed by the major landowners of the north of England, led by the Northumberland Percy family. These have mustered a large army, against which the returning Richard will be powerless to act. This scene is notable for Gaunt's great patriotic speech (which is often quoted out of its context in the play, and ireland coursework, without the child last two lines of the ireland coursework long sentence which are required for it to make grammatical sense, as they contain the main verb, and which give the point of the preceding images). Essays! What does this scene tell us of the state of England, the character or Richard, and how far these two are connected? This scene starts with the ireland private conversation of York and Gaunt, moves to the public formal interview with Richard, and ends in the intimacy of the business plotting by Richard's enemies.

How does Shakespeare use this scene in which nothing really happens (though some important news arrives) as a commentary on events occurring elsewhere? Do the words of the queen in any way modify our view of Richard, and if so, how? At this time, the queen was only ireland coursework ten: why does Shakespeare present her as an violence, adult? This is Bolingbroke's first appearance in ireland, the play since his banishment (we are shown scenes neither of on food and webs Henry in France nor of ireland Richard in Ireland). Is there any difference in the way he appears to the audience now? What are his plans for Bushy, Bagot and Green, and how does he characterize these three men? Is his quarrel merely personal or more honourable and disinterested? How does this scene serve as an julia essays, appropriate sequel to scene iii?

The action here moves from Bristol, where Bolingbroke executes Bushy and Greene (not Bagot, who has fled) to Harlech, in ireland coursework, Wales. Here Richard, returning from Ireland, meets the remnants of his supporters, and learns of the dispersal or defection of business others, and passes on to Flint Castle, where he confronts Bolingbroke and ireland coursework, submits to his greater force. Business! Although Richard speaks of being deposed, Henry has so far only claimed his right to the title and estates of Lancaster. In an interlude in coursework, York's garden (near St. Alban's) the queen learns from the gardener of Bolingbroke's triumph over her husband. How does the essays audience see the execution of Bushy and Greene in terms both of Bolingbroke's private concerns and public duty? Compare Bolingbroke's long speech here with that in coursework, I, i, 87-108: how does the charge against the two caterpillars differ from that against Mowbray? At the heart of this scene is Richard's receipt of bad news and his response to it. The bad news comes in stages (what are the duurzaam toerisme important details?) from Aumerle, Salisbury and Scroope. Bushy and Greene stay loyal to the king, and meet death with dignity: what do we think of Richard's response to Scroope's ambiguous statement that the two have made peace with Bolingbroke?

Comment also on ireland, Richard's two long speeches beginning at lines 36 and 144, respectively. Richard's appearance on the ramparts of the castle (using the balcony of the theatre) allows the dramatist to symbolize the king's loss of status as he literally comes down to meet his rival. How does Richard make this explicit in his speech throughout the scene? Comment on the attitudes shown to Richard by Bolingbroke (e.g., lines 31-67) and by Northumberland (who omits his title and chooses not to kneel before the king). Comment on essay duurzaam toerisme, Richard's tendency to reflect (in melodramatic or exaggerated fashion) on his loss of power. There is no reason to suppose that the coursework gardener, as a master of his craft, would be unlikely to on sports violence compare the government of the country to the tending of a garden. He elaborates the metaphor, to show Richard has neglected his gardening but Bolingbroke has begun to pluck up the ireland weeds. A Fire Essay! root and all. Ireland! The reference to caterpillars reminds us of Bolingbroke's earlier description of Bushy, Bagot and Greene. Comment on essay duurzaam toerisme, the introduction of the gardener, as a kind of ireland coursework detached or chorus * figure. How far do we believe in his objectivity, and what weight do his words carry?

*In the classical drama of ancient Athens, the chorus is a group (of people, animals or spirits) which observes the action on stage, and essays on sports violence, comments about it to ireland coursework the audience. Chains And Webs! The function of the chorus is to suggest or challenge the audience's understanding. Coursework! Shakespeare rarely uses a chorus as such (he does, for instance, in essay duurzaam, Romeo and Juliet ), but often transfers its functions to a character in the play (Iago, Puck, Lennox). Where the previous act moves hundreds of miles in four scenes, this act is a single scene, arguably the most important in the whole play, set in Westminster. It divides into three clear episodes: First Bagot (who has evidently been spared by Henry in return for his information) accuses Aumerle of a part in Gloucester's murder. This leads to a series of accusations and rebuttals, compounded by ireland a series of challenges (Bagot, a commoner, may not answer Aumerle's challenge, so Fitzwater takes it up, only for Surrey to research assignment challenge him, while another lord issues a further challenge to Aumerle). To help clarify matters, Bolingbroke repeals Norfolk's banishment, only to learn that Mowbray has died. In the second part, York, supported by Northumberland but opposed by Carlisle, presides over Richard's abdication and Henry's accession.

In a brief sequel, the ireland coursework Abbot of Westminster, ostensibly holding Carlisle under arrest, invites the bishop and Aumerle to supper, to learn of a plot against Bolingbroke. In what way is bonaparte or tyrant essay, Bagot's appearance here surprising? How does the scene compare with I, i in ireland coursework, terms of the way in which the essay duurzaam challenges are issued and taken up? How does Bolingbroke's handling of the challenges compare with Richard's earlier? What is the effect on the audience of ireland coursework Henry's words about Norfolk here? How does Shakespeare express contrasting political attitudes in the conduct of Northumberland and Carlisle in this episode? Comment on the importance of York, as an honest man, in the audience's eyes, here.

How much does Bolingbroke say in essay toerisme, this scene (as opposed, say, to Northumberland)? What is the reason for this, and what is its effect? At line 222, Richard asks: What more remains? What is our view of Northumberland's insistence on Richard's answering accusations of crime, and ireland coursework, Bolingbroke's decision (line 271) to save Richard from this humiliation? Is Northumberland insisting merely that justice be seen to be done, or gloating over a defeated enemy? What is the effect of Richard's use of the mirror in this episode? What do you find interesting in Richard's rhetoric here? In what ways does this episode remind us of the end of II, i? In what ways is business research, it significantly different from the earlier scene? Do we see this plot as more or less justified than the earlier one? Why (apart from the audience's historical knowledge) does the abbot's scheme seem unlikely to prosper?

It is appropriate that the final act of the play should both conclude the depiction of Richard's struggles, and ireland coursework, tell of the beginning of Henry's difficulties. Richard, en route, for the Tower of London, takes his farewell of Isabel (who is to return to her native France), only to learn that Bolingbroke has decided to send him, instead, to Pomfret (Pontefract). York discovers his son, Aumerle, to be privy to a plot to kill Henry, and rushes to inform the king, who is also troubled by stories of the riotous behaviour of child his son, Hal (who does not appear, but is the chief character of the three plays which follow in this cycle). The plot is frustrated, Aumerle pardoned and Carlisle banished. On a hint from the king, Sir Piers Exton murders Richard, but is banished for his pains. Troubled by ireland coursework feelings of violence guilt, but, for the moment, safe from his enemies, Henry declares his wish to go on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, though later (in the next play) he speaks more of ireland a crusade. How, in describing her husband's plight, do Isabel and Richard provide a résumé of the changing fortunes of the former and current rulers? Comment on Richard's prophecy of Northumberland's rebelling against Henry.

Both Shakespeare and the audience know that the earl did rebel, but, within the world of the assignment play, as in coursework, historical fact, Henry did not have prior knowledge of this (though eventually he is able to see it coming). The two parts of duurzaam this scene express in quite different ways York's belief that it is the will of God that the failed king, Richard, give way to the new ruler, Henry. Noting that York has paused, in his distress for Richard, the coursework duchess summarizes the gist of essay his speech so far, allowing him to describe the popular acclaim of Henry, and the contemptuous rejection of Richard. On Aumerle's entry, his nonchalant remarks about the proposed tournament at Oxford conceal his real interest, which is discovered when his father seizes the letter he sees his son to be carrying. How does the audience view the ireland coursework conduct of the essays on sports violence two parents and their son in this episode? What is the effect of the king's conversation with Percy about his son? What is the audience's view of Henry's situation on the arrival of ireland his cousin, uncle and aunt, and of how he deals with this? How important is York to the audience as a touchstone or measure of correct political judgement? The short scene iv is by way of an explanation of what is to follow.

Why does Henry wish Richard dead? Why should Shakespeare take the trouble, in so few lines, to state twice (what Henry supposedly said twice) the king's exact words, and then to give Exton's gloss as to what the essay duurzaam toerisme words mean? Of what incident in Richard's reign are we reminded at this point? Richard's long soliloquy at the start of scene v is ireland coursework, arguably more moving than his earlier comments on his situation, both because it is made in private, and because it is more measured and less excessively self-pitying. How far do you support this view, and why?

What is the point of the groom's words to Richard, and the latter's response to these? Henry's fears about the rebels, which he explains to York, are at once resolved by news brought by essays on sports Northumberland and Fitzwater, who have executed the ringleaders, save for Westminster (who appears to have died naturally, possibly in coursework, prison) and Carlisle, who is essay chains and webs, banished. This is the cue for Exton's arrival with Richard's body. Ireland Coursework! What is the audience's view of Henry's treatment of Exton? How far are we persuaded by the king's justification of his words and his wish for Richard's death? His desire to earn forgiveness by means of a pilgrimage seems genuine.

What obstacle lies in the way of the fulfilment of this desire? How effective, and in what ways, do you find the essay play's ending? General comment on all acts and scenes of the play appears above. This section deals more extensively with the most critical parts of the play. The importance of each scene (and, thus, its likely appeal to examiners) is indicated by the star (#42;) rating: the more stars, the more important! Relationship with the play and its general themes. At the start of the play, these two scenes are dramatically effective in introducing the historical situation and characters, and indicating the relationship between the public duty and the private concerns of the king and others. The play's first scene outlines the nature of the quarrel between Bolingbroke and Mowbray, which is really a quarrel between the king and the house of Lancaster. We see how the king, seemingly fully in control, attempts to reconcile the adversaries, then determines to settle their dispute by chivalrous means.

This very public scene is followed by an intimate exchange between Gaunt and Gloucester's widow, in ireland, which Gaunt refuses to napoleon essay act against Mowbray, but indicates Richard's responsibility for Gloucester's death: since the king is coursework, God's deputy, God's is the quarrel and it is honourable, in essay, spite of the duchess's pleas, to show patience. We see at once a discrepancy between Richard's public persona (the just and powerful monarch) and his dubious actions; this contrasts with Gaunt's dignity and loyalty in public and private. To see Richard's behaviour in private, we should look to scene iv of this act. The stage directions at the start of these scenes make the most important point. Scene i is ireland coursework, full of ceremonial, as the stage is to build a fire, filled with nobles and attendants. The scene has a quasi legal character, which we will see more fully developed in I, iii. The scene is full of ireland coursework opportunities for display of duty and chivalry - thus both Mowbray and jack to build, Bolingbroke state their allegiance to Richard, at which point they may be expected to kneel.

It is not clear whether Mowbray's I spit at ireland him (l. 60) should be a literal insult. Jack! Though Richard eventually appoints the ireland day for to build the trial by combat, it is Bolingbroke who issues the challenge in throwing down his gage, which Mowbray readily takes up. Having heard the charge and Mowbray's answer, Richard twice orders Mowbray to give up the ireland coursework gage, but is unable to compel him to do so. By contrast, scene ii is very intimate and private, with only business research two characters on stage; Gaunt says little but listens patiently, while conveying the impression that this private interview takes place in the sight of God. In the first scene Shakespeare skilfully exploits the etiquette of the court to convey information. As in scene iii, we hear the names of the principal characters stated repeatedly. As later they may be known by name or one of their titles, it is useful to hear all of these. Although Richard's words are at this point sustained by the authority of his office, even here we see very real limits: ultimately his we were not born to sue, but to command is ireland, hollow, since his suit has failed (Mowbray has not resigned the gage) and what he commands is simply the time and place of the show-down which Bolingbroke has prompted and Mowbray accepted. Given that three of these characters (Richard, Gaunt, Bolingbroke) are closely related, it is also worth noting at every point what form of address is used (intimate: my son, Harry; personal: Thomas Mowbray; familiar: Thomas, Edward or formal: the Duke of Norfolk).

Perhaps most interesting is the title John of Gaunt: this name, associated with his personal history and the subject of a series of puns through this act, apparently has a special honorific status, and he is happy to be known by it, rather than the formal Duke of chains Lancaster. Relationship with the play and its general themes. This is the key scene in the first act. Ireland Coursework! Richard's decision in I, i, to resolve the dispute between Bolingbroke and Mowbray by means of a tournament, seems, when he makes it, to be a grand gesture, demonstrating his power and prestige. However, it appears only now that Richard realizes the practical implications of his decision: if Mowbray wins, he knows too much for the king's peace of mind; if Bolingbroke wins, Richard will be threatened by his increased status. Halting the proceedings and banishing the men lets Richard apparently retain control of things, but also appears to julia child essays be a violation of the ireland laws of chivalry. As king, Richard is at the pinnacle of a hierarchy of hero essay laws and privileges; if he disregards these, as he repeatedly does, for reasons of ireland coursework expediency, he undermines his own position. As in I, i, Richard, while acting in essay duurzaam toerisme, a superficially authoritative manner, makes a hasty decision. He cannot foresee its consequences, but subsequent events appear to ireland coursework the audience to result from what happens here.

His banishing Bolingbroke leads him later to seize Henry's inheritance, which prompts the exile's return and effective assumption of business power in the realm. This scene can be compared with IV, i, in which Henry presides over events, but in very different manner: where Richard is showy, concerned with the impression he makes, Henry is silent but politically aware. The public, ceremonial character of the coursework tournament is or tyrant, shown in the theatre by use of costume and properties, and by the arrangement of the ireland actors on stage. The particular garments worn by the king, by his officers, Aumerle and the Marshal, by the heralds, and by the two disputants, indicate at napoleon hero or tyrant essay least the importance of the occasion, though the costume may show more exactly the status of the wearer. Actions are formal and ritualized: the ireland marshal approaches the defendant (Mowbray) and violence, the appellant (Bolingbroke) to address them. Weapons are presented to them (at line 100) and trumpets sound flourishes and a charge. The enemies occupy opposite sides of the stage (front) with Richard raised up on a das behind them.

All is prepared for the action of the tournament, which never comes: Richard's intervention (which the audience may expect) alters the ireland character of the proceedings, puts himself literally and metaphorically at the centre of the business assignment action, but is somewhat of an anti-climax. Ireland! To halt proceedings, he throws down his warder, which may remind us of the gages thrown down in I, i and IV, i. Napoleon Or Tyrant! Any actors not named in the scene will fill the stage as attendant nobles: a helpful sketch of this scene appears in ireland coursework, the New Cambridge edition (p. 38). The structure of the scene is, loosely: ceremonial of the tournament, Richard's intervention and sentence, the napoleon bonaparte reaction of the ireland coursework banished men, reduction of business assignment Bolingbroke's banishment, his farewell to Gaunt. The ceremonial quality noted above appears also in the language of this scene, where ritual forms are followed: the defendant and ireland, appellant are asked to essay duurzaam toerisme identify themselves and state their causes. Although ready to express bitter enmity, they are required to speak with dignity, and both show the utmost courtesy to their sovereign, though both know him to ireland coursework be implicated in Gloucester's death. Bolingbroke's request, that he kiss the king's hand, is relayed by the Marshal, though Richard has doubtless heard it directly, and, to indicate their lofty status there is constant repetition of the full names and titles of both disputants. (Between lines 100 and 112 each occurs three times, with slight variations, Bolingbroke's filling a complete pentameter line of verse!) Also worthy of note are images of discord or imprisonment, references to England and discussion of time and necessity. Finally, here, as elsewhere, it is always profitable to note the forms of address used, whether name, (Bolingbroke) relationship, rank or title (cousin Hereford, Norfolk) or honorific form (my most sovereign liege) - the Elizabethan audience will be alert to the nuances of these, as when Gaunt bluntly addresses Richard as king, at line 225. Relationship with the play and essay and webs, its general themes. In the previous scene we observe Richard with his sycophantic favourites: we are troubled by his contempt for Bolingbroke, and his readiness to pay for his Irish expedition through dubious taxation and coursework, seizure of Gaunt's estates: that he is concerned for Gaunt's wealth rather than his health is shocking. In this scene we see the contrast between the noble Gaunt who laments the results of Richard's poor administration, and the king's dismissing this honest man as a lunatic lean-witted fool.

Gaunt is motivated essentially by a love for his country and dismay at what it has become under Richard's rule; from his conduct in I, ii and I, iii we know that he subordinates his own concerns (as his brother York does later) to those of the kingdom. Yet Richard accuses him of insolence. Once Gaunt is essay, dead, York counsels Richard against the seizure of the Lancaster estates, but his remarks, too, fall on deaf ears: both in ireland coursework, his rebuke of Gaunt (lines 115 - 19) and business research, his rejection of York's request (lines 209 - 10) Richard gives no reason for his words. He resorts to crude assertion of his authority rather than justify his actions (perhaps because they cannot be justified - he may know this, or may not even have considered it). The brief sequel to this, where Northumberland draws Ross and Willoughby into his plotting follows naturally: the men discuss what they have witnessed, articulate other grievances and look for comfort, of which Northumberland duly speaks. Rebellion is shocking to Shakespeare's audience, but it has been well-established by now that Richard is, as we say, asking for it.

The structure of the scene is clear: first, Gaunt, hoping to correct his nephew's faults, foresees the ruin which will come on England if Richard cannot be dissuaded from his folly; this is followed by Richard's angry and contemptuous reaction to Gaunt, and his more polite, but effectively equally dismissive response to the kindly old duke of York. Then comes the conspiracy. The first three sections are public, using the full stage, but the final section involves an intimate huddle and hushed voices, speaking treason. There is coursework, no obvious use of properties, and essay duurzaam, Gaunt's condition requires him to be static as he delivers his judgement on Richard's rule. It should be noted that the ireland king does not hear the famous long speech. His actual rebuke to Richard is interrupted before he can complete it: perhaps we are to understand that Richard, had he been present would not have allowed the royal throne of essays kings speech to be uttered in full. The interest of this scene lies largely in its language. Even so small a thing as the ireland respective greetings of the queen and of Richard are significant: where the queen shows respect (noble uncle Lancaster), the king is disrespectful (What comfort, man?) and uses his uncle's nickname (How is't with aged Gaunt?).

The final part of the scene is notable for the business-like giving of information, and the sense of haste and bustle with which Northumberland speaks, but also for essay on food chains and webs an interesting series of images, whereby we move from coursework, a tempest (Northumberland) to (ship)wreck (Ross) to the ships which bring intelligence and will later bring soldiers, and the port in Brittany from which these come. Gaunt's long speech is essays, formal and rhetorical: it begins as a series of ireland epithets, most introduced by this (the pronoun occurs seventeen times), to indicate some excellence of on food and webs England. Gaunt sustains the series but delays the main verb clause, so we wait to hear what it is he has to coursework say about this England. When it comes, the effect is of incongruity: Gaunt asserts that this seat of Mars or other Eden now suffers the shame of on sports violence being bound in rotten bonds of ink-blotted parchment. The implied contrast is between the coursework military achievements of heroic rulers of the past (Edward III, and his sons, the Black Prince, and Gaunt himself, perhaps) and the ignoble tax-farming and blank charters with which Richard has sustained his spendthrift court. The Elizabethan audience would be struck by the juxtaposition of images of chivalry with those of petty land-ownership and doubtful transactions in law.

Relationship with the play and its general themes. When Richard leaves the stage in II, i, he informs us that he will leave for Ireland the next day. For several scenes now we have observed how others have responded to his absence: Bolingbroke has returned, while Richard's supporters have proved ineffectual to essay on food resist him. While Bagot has saved his skin by flight, Bushy, Greene and ireland coursework, Wiltshire have paid with their lives for misleading the king. On his return, Richard is at first defiant, then, as he receives more and more bad news, introspective and fatalistic. The audience notes a striking distance between the essay wisdom of Richard's general comments and his inability to rule wisely. While Richard's exploration of the nature of kingship may earn some sympathy, this is coursework, lessened by his attack on essays, his friends.

We have just seen them, under sentence of coursework death, exhibit commendable dignity and loyalty to Richard, whose haste to condemn them is undeserved. Just as he has been politically unwise in following the counsel of his supporters, so he shows a poor understanding of child essays their personal merits. This play is notable for its changing locations, as Shakespeare tries to depict events happening throughout the realm. The simplicity of the stage enables places to be indicated in conversation (we know that the tournament in I, iii is at Coventry, because we have been told this in I, i, for example). Bolingbroke, landing at Ravenspurgh, swiftly crosses the country, and we meet him near Berkeley. In this scene, Richard, returning from Ireland, arrives at coursework Harlech in north Wales. The structure of the business research assignment scene derives from Richard's initial expressions of confidence (before and coursework, after Carlisle's comment and Aumerle's elaboration of child it) and his responses to the news brought by Salisbury and Scroope. Apart from the ireland coursework entrances of Salisbury and Scroope, there are interesting actions at the start of the scene and jack, near its end. Coursework! First, Richard appears to on food and webs embrace the ground (salute. with my hand. greet. do. favours with my royal hands).

Later, as if symbolizing his resignation, he invites his followers to sit with him upon the ground, a course of (in)action from which Carlisle duly dissuades him (wise men ne'er sit and wail their woes. . This is coursework, one of the most interesting scenes in the play in terms of language, and perhaps the first of those in which Richard, deprived of political power, discovers a new rhetorical power, to essays dramatize his own loss. It contains many of the play's best-known and often-quoted speeches. In his first long speech Richard appeals to the earth to sustain the ireland rightful order of things by deploying its more sinister agents (spiders. toads. nettles. adder) against Bolingbroke. The request is fantastic (it would be at home in A Midsummer Night's Dream where such dangers lurk in the Palace wood) and comes ill from one who, as Gaunt has told us earlier, has so neglected his native land's best interest. That the earth is injured by the rebels' horses' hooves is a poetic conceit: it is Richard in jack, fact who is harmed. In the next long speech, Richard compares his return to the rising of the sun (an image to which Shakespeare returns in the next scene, and in Henry IV, Part i , where Prince Hal likens himself to the sun hidden behind clouds). This leads to a definitive statement of the inalienable right of the king to rule: Not all the ireland coursework water in the rough rude sea/ Can wash the balm off from an anointed king. The balm (actually a perfumed mixture of balm [balsam resin] and essays violence, oil) would be difficult (literally) to wash off (no modern soap or detergent being to hand) but its spiritual effect, says Richard, is permanent. Ireland Coursework! Where dangerous creatures are at first invoked by Richard to harm Bolingbroke, they are now likened unjustly to essays on sports his supporters whom he believes to have betrayed him (lines 129 - 34). He further offends by coursework comparing them to Judas Iscariot, clearly implying that he is like Christ (he is God's deputy but not His son).

There is no apology when he learns of on sports violence his error, but Richard reflects on the brevity of ireland life and the certainty of death in a notable speech which also acknowledges the common humanity he shares with his subjects: I live with bread. feel want/ Taste grief, need friends. Relationship with the play and its general themes. Shakespeare has kept Richard and Henry apart since II, i, but we have a sense in the preceding scenes of napoleon hero essay their imminent meeting, which occurs here. While Bolingbroke is eager to submit to Richard's authority, yet he demands that his banishment be revoked, and his estates restored. Richard is advised by Aumerle to be diplomatic in the hope that he may enlist allies against ireland Henry in assignment, the future. Although Bolingbroke makes a gesture of ireland submission to him, Richard seems to accept as certain the loss of business research his throne to ireland his rival. This is one of the most interesting scenes in the play in terms of its staging (see the sketch in the New Cambridge edition, p. 39). The balcony represents the ramparts of Flint Castle, and the stage below is the base court, to which Richard must descend. Richard's appearance is likened by napoleon or tyrant essay Bolingbroke to the rising of the sun: he appears most majestic here, yet there is pathos in the audience's awareness that his power is now to be eclipsed. He is invited to ireland come down, and research, his descent (line 183) vividly shows his loss of authority.

Gestures of submission are important here, too: Bolingbroke says (line 36) that he will kneel, and at line 188 he does so - Richard's response suggests either that he believes Bolingbroke is insincere (he isn't, clearly) or that he (Richard) recognizes the inevitability of Henry's seizing the ireland coursework throne. As with the tournament scene (I, iii) trumpets are sounded (line 61; see note in Macmillan edn., p. 170): the parley is less obviously ritualized than the essay tournament, but there is an etiquette. Ireland Coursework! Northumberland is rebuked by Richard, who has waited in vain for him to kneel (we see a similar disregard for traditional courtesy in IV, i). To Build A Fire! Northumberland speaks as Henry's envoy, Richard responds and accepts the invitation to parley. Bolingbroke, exemplary in observing the etiquette of the ireland coursework parley, acknowledges Richard's sovereignty, but Richard knows, as the audience does, that their rôles have effectively been reversed.

Northumberland's brusque manner towards Richard reveals this, where Bolingbroke is more courteous and deferential. Finally, we should note (by inference from Richard's comment to his uncle) how York weeps to see Richard's degradation. To emphasise the majesty of the soon-to-be-deposed monarch, Shakespeare repeatedly uses his proper title King Richard (not, as elsewhere, cousin, nephew and so on) with one notable exception (line 6) which earns Northumberland a rebuke from York. Napoleon Bonaparte! It is notable that the title is used most often by Bolingbroke, who later refers twice to his majesty and addresses Richard directly as my gracious lord and most redoubted lord. Richard inverts the usual forms of respect, showing mock deference (Most mighty prince, my Lord Northumberland; line 172) and calling his rival King Bolingbroke and his majesty in the next line, and speaking of himself in the third person as merely the king. Richard's fantasy of exchanging his royal privileges for the simple life of a poor pilgrim is pathetic: he is sorry for himself and articulates his sorrow eloquently enough to ireland coursework stir our sympathy, but this speech is self-indulgent and to build, inappropriate: he could take Aumerle's advice (lines 131 - 2), grant Henry's requests and save face. The symbolism of ireland Richard's coming down, in case the audience has missed it, is jack a fire essay, spelled out by the king in ireland, his exploration of the meanings of the words he repeats (down, base court and up). In his ironic rebuke of Bolingbroke for debasing himself by business research kneeling (lines 190 - 1) Richard reminds us of his own similar action (with a different symbolic meaning) in the previous scene. It would appear that his real objection is not that Bolingbroke has no need to ireland coursework kneel, but that his heart is not in it: Up, cousin, up.

Your heart is up, I know/Thus high at least, although your knee be low. As in the last scene the king is likened to the sun, but here it is his generous rival Bolingbroke who states the likeness. Relationship with the play and its general themes. In one sense nothing really happens in this scene, which is valuable chiefly as comment and explanation on events, at the mid-point in the drama. It is a very judicious scene in that understanding of the reasons for research assignment Richard's failure as a king is ireland coursework, mixed with sympathy for his plight. This is one of the series of intimate, private interludes which run through the play, culminating in the most private of all, Richard's meditation in Pomfret, in V, v. The scene is set in a garden: one the one hand this contrasts with the public settings of the play's most important scenes; on essay duurzaam, the other, the real garden here, reminds us of Gaunt's repeated metaphor (II, iii: This earth of majesty. this other Eden, demi-paradise. this blessd plot, this earth) in which the whole country is likened to a garden, an idea developed in the dialogue in this scene. The queen (in reality a child) is presented as a rather pathetic young woman. She is made aware of the realities of the political situation, but her helplessness may evoke sympathy for herself and, by association, for Richard. Shakespeare varies a stock device (narrative information being reported by a messenger or well-informed noble to ireland coursework others on stage) as the Gardener is napoleon bonaparte essay, able to divulge information which came last night/To a dear friend of the good Duke of York's yet which is coursework, already no more than everyone doth know: the queen has not been informed of what we would now call the word on the street.

Shakespeare takes some pains over duurzaam the dialogue here. Coursework! It is worth noting a number of statements which establish the outdoor setting (about bowls and dancing - which give rise to a series of weak puns on rubs, bias and keeping measure - or these trees: presumably the stage posts are used here). But mostly, Shakespeare gives the Gardener an opportunity to expand the child essays idea of England as a blessed plot or garden. A close study of all the imagery in the scene should be made, but some ideas can be noted here. When the Gardener instructs the Servant in his task, we may already note the ambiguity of his orders: he likens the ripe fruit to unruly children, while the servant is to be the executioner (we know that Bushy, Green and Wiltshire have just been executed by Bolingbroke's servants). Ireland! The garden is a commonwealth in the Gardener's government and the weeds are without profit in sucking fertility from the flowers. In case we miss the point, the julia child Servant now spells out the analogy: Richard has neglected his sea-walld garden. This gives the Gardener, continuing the Servant's metaphor, the chance to explain that the garden is now being tended by ireland Bolingbroke: Richard is business research assignment, likened to coursework a tree sheltering parasitic weeds which seemed in eating him to hold him up; the image is developed as the Gardener likens Richard's nobles to essay the boughs of ireland a fruit tree: these need regular pruning (cutting back) while in essay on food and webs, extreme cases, superfluous branches (useless or disloyal nobles) are lopped away.

Hearing this provokes the queen to join the conversation rebuking the Gardener who in Adam's likeness describes the expulsion from Eden of cursd man in the person of Richard. The extended metaphor of the scales, in which Bolingbroke now outweighs Richard, suggests the image of the two buckets (IV, i, 183-8) but in this case Richard is the heavier (with grief) while Bolingbroke mount(s) up on high. Relationship with the play and its general themes. In this scene what has been implied by Richard in III, iii and discussed by the Gardener in III, iv, is enacted, that is Richard's deposition. Coursework! There is a ceremony for the coronation of a monarch, but no established form for abdication (hitherto kings have been killed unlawfully by usurpers, but Bolingbroke wishes to act lawfully).

Thus, the principals have to napoleon bonaparte or tyrant essay make up the ritual as they go along. In an obvious reversal of the positions in the tournament scene, Bolingbroke presides, while others, Northumberland, York and chiefly Richard, enact the ireland ritual of on sports violence abdication. Richard has indicated his willingness to resign the crown, but, given a captive audience, seizes the coursework opportunity to dramatize his loss. This is the last scene in to build, which Richard and Bolingbroke appear together. Coursework! Shakespeare is concerned with the legality of the proceedings: Henry and York wish the abdication to be legal, while Carlisle thinks this impossible and Northumberland is more or less indifferent, but aware of where the research power lies.

The scene divides into ireland coursework three unequal parts (the series of accusations and counter-accusations relating to Gloucester's death; the abdication, and the plotting of Aumerle, Carlisle and Westminster). Of these, the central section can be divided further into Carlisle's objection to the proceedings (107 - 161); Richard's relinquishing the crown (162 - 222); his refusal to essay read the charges against him (222 - 272); the breaking of the mirror (273 - 304) and Richard's departure (305 - 318). The fourth act of Richard II is an ambitious example of another variety of big scene, the ireland ensemble-scene, in which a massive effect is obtained by the presence on stage of a large number of essay duurzaam actors, several of whom have prominent speaking parts. Ireland Coursework! Richard is given a carefully delayed entry. The scene opens with a short episode involving angry petty squabbling: the quarrel between Aumerle and Fitzwater; which is followed by bonaparte the excited throwing down of gauntlets. This leads into the next episode, more serious and deeper in coursework, tone, in which the Bishop of Carlisle is the essays violence chief actor. His impassioned protest against Bolingbroke's proceedings raises the scene to a new level of feeling. Only then does Richard himself appear, when the scene is ireland coursework, half-way through. The effect in the scene is that Richard II appears just before the crest of the wave: he inherits the excitement worked up in the preceding episodes, and he dominates his scene by riding the climax.

Emrys Jones, Scenic Form in Shakespeare (p. 15) The staging of the scene once again requires almost the full resources of the Elizabethan stage. Rival factions can be massed on either side of the business assignment stage, while the central area will in turn be taken by the various accusers, starting with Bagot, by Carlisle and by Richard. At some point (where is ireland coursework, not clear in napoleon hero or tyrant, the text) Bolingbroke will occupy the throne which was Richard's. The three conspirators at the end of the scene remind us of the plotters in II, i. This is a scene in which objects are important: as well as the throne, we must note the use of the gages at the start of the scene, the crown which Richard gives to Bolingbroke, the paper (line 269) on ireland, which Richard's alleged offences are listed, and the mirror. The throwing of the gages becomes almost silly before Bolingbroke halts it. It would appear from line 183 (On this side my hand and on that side thine) and essays on sports violence, subsequent remarks, that both men hold the coursework crown for some time before Richard lets it go. Research! In destroying the mirror, Richard enacts his own destruction while making his (shattered) image correspond truly to his kingship. Ireland! When Bolingbroke (line 113) states his intention of ascending the throne, he is defied by Carlisle: whether Henry takes the essay throne at once or is delayed by Carlisle is not given in the stage directions, any more than is the manner of his ascent. As elsewhere, titles are instructive: York addresses Bolingbroke as Duke of Lancaster before proclaiming him Henry, fourth of ireland that name.

Even Carlisle now refers merely to Richard, while Bolingbroke does likewise. Though Richard ironically cries God save the king, he notes that no-one present feels able to say Amen to his acclamation. Richard now associates Henry with the sun (221, 261) while recognizing that he once dazzled beholders as the sun does (283 - 4). As he looks into the mirror, Richard examines the symbolism of the king's face (the word is re-iterated and placed in a series of rhetorical questions: Was/is this the face. ). The term indicates his sense of the difference between the literal face of the ordinary man (he still has this) and the kingly authority others see in the face of the ruler (this has passed to Henry). This is Shakespeare's comment on the doctrine of the King's Two Bodies. For another reading of this scene click here. Relationship with the play and julia, its general themes.

This scene is a bridge between IV, i, where Richard's self-dramatization reaches a climax, and the philosophical acceptance of his situation which redeems and ireland, dignifies Richard in V, v. It is a sequel to essay on food chains and webs III, iv, as the appearance of the queen evokes sympathy for Richard, though he seems now not to ireland need this, and tells her so. And it prepares us for the next play in the sequence (Henry IV, Part i) as Richard correctly forecasts Northumberland's future dissatisfaction with his lot, and fomenting of rebellion. Outside the political process, Richard has the child shrewdness he lacked in ireland coursework, office. The action here precedes what York describes at the start of julia child essays scene ii, which is Henry's and Richard's coming into London. As with the queen's earlier appearance (III, iv) her opening words indicate the ireland coursework location (a street which Richard must take on his way to the Tower of London). Although this is a public place, the guard, who accompanies Richard but does not speak, evidently defers to the queen, who takes her leave of Richard before the Northumberland's arrival changes the mood. On Sports Violence! The queen's attendants are also silent. The queen is emotional but Richard is composed and serene; as Hamlet does to Horatio, and as Othello does in his final speech, Richard invites his queen, in time to come, to tell. the ireland lamentable tale of him, which will send the hearers weeping to their beds. The decorum and toerisme, pathos here contrast with the ireland brusqueness of what follows: throughout the drama, Northumberland acts for on sports Bolingbroke against Richard (rather as Norfolk did for Richard against Gloucester). In doing so, Northumberland has been more zealous than necessary, and his personal malice is evident: we can see Henry as an honest man in an impossible position; we cannot see Northumberland in coursework, this light. The force of Richard's stinging rebuke here is felt by essay toerisme the audience, most of whom will know its historical accuracy.

Whether Richard actually made this prediction is not important: in the series of history plays, Northumberland's ambition is apparent already; later it will be recognized (and punished) by Henry. In Henry IV, Part ii the king sees Richard's words here as an accurate prophecy. Northumberland's curt rejoinder shows that he cares nothing for Richard. My guilt be on my head tells the audience that this is a bad man. Note the contrast between the strained language of the queen, who invites her attendants (really, the audience) to wash her fair rose. with true love tears, and ireland, the stoicism of Richard, who is preparing for his death (does he guess how imminent this is?) and bids her take up the religious life.

At the essay end of this scene (81-86) we find the sequence, common in Shakespeare generally, but not in this play, of short alternating lines (known as stichomythia) which also introduce use of rhyme, to mark with pathos Richard's taking leave of the queen. Otherwise the scene is notable for Richard's comment on the deposing of coursework a rightful king, his likening of Northumberland to a ladder wherewithal. Bolingbroke ascends (his) throne (55), and Richard's quibble on the double divorce - from his queen and from his crown. Relationship with the play and its general themes. Since Richard is alone in his cell in Pomfret (Pontefract), his meditation on his misfortune has more pathos than his self-pity in IV, i. He has discovered poetic and philosophic insights into man's isolation, the nature of imprisonment, of imagination and assignment, of time. Richard is ireland, ready for business his death and confront his murderers with dignity and heroic defiance - he is at last the ireland man of action. The audience knows, as Richard does not until the end of the scene, that his murderers are already on the way.

Although Richard has many long speeches, and on sports violence, from Act III onwards these are increasingly perceptive and ireland, eloquent, this scene contains his only soliloquy in essay chains and webs, the whole play. In acquiring wisdom and stripped of privilege, Richard has acquired the ireland full humanity hitherto denied him by his kingly office and his melodramatic and self-pitying response to its loss. On Food And Webs! The long speech is ireland coursework, painful to us because we know what is to be its sequel. Bonaparte Hero Or Tyrant! In his last appearance Richard stood on ireland, a crowded stage, to some extent playing to the gallery. Now he has the whole stage to himself at first, followed by a touching and intimate encounter with an ordinary man whose affection for him is plain. Though the essays audience may accept that Richard is now only an ordinary man, yet his murder is an ugly act of violence which is hard to justify, though politically expedient. Richard's long speech is almost like a poem and important detail cannot readily be indicated here: it is advisable to study the whole soliloquy, looking out for the sequence of ideas and the principal images and conceits. Richard's love of ireland coursework puns is shown when he addresses the groom as noble peer (why?).

You should also note the discussion of roan Barbary, leading to Richard's observation that he was not made a horse but has borne a burthen like an ass, spurred on by jauncing Bolingbroke. Richard and Bolingbroke: the nature of a fire essay kingship. In an exam you may encounter a question about one or both of the principal characters, a question about the nature of kingship, or a statement (such as Richard's Not all the water in ireland coursework, the rough rude sea. ) with which you are invited to essay on food chains agree. Make sure you answer the question as set: if it specifies one character, you can only write (briefly) of the other to clarify your subject. The notes which follow should enable you to work out a structure for coursework any question in this area: be ready to arrange your material to support your argument. Structurally, the play charts Richard's loss of power and Henry's ascent: this is made explicit in metaphor (up/down, buckets, base court etc.). Chains! In the ireland case of Richard the loss of kingly authority leads to personal growth: Richard acquires humanity and humility, and the play is a tragedie as he acknowledges the universal nature of suffering.

As characters, the napoleon bonaparte hero or tyrant two are readily contrasted - Richard is ostentatious and fond of ireland coursework rhetorical flourishes; Bolingbroke says little, but means much. Or Tyrant! Richard is ireland, politically inept; Henry is a shrewd political operator. Richard has an early mediaeval belief in absolute monarchy; Bolingbroke understands modern power-politics and how to enlist others' support. Richard's Irish expedition is not well-managed (he leaves York to guard his interests); Henry's return is managed efficiently. Julia! Richard chooses friends who cannot help him in time of need; Henry's friends are able to deliver. Their attitudes to ireland kingship differ radically. Jack Essay! Richard sees the ireland coursework crown as his by right; because he is king, his decisions are almost by definition correct, approved by God and not to be resisted. Henry sees the kingship as a sacred duty which he reluctantly accepts, because he is napoleon or tyrant essay, competent to rule: he does not promote himself or show off, but works to defend the national interest, in the terms laid down by Gaunt in II,i, as he laments Richard's abuse of taxation. The drama gives Shakespeare licence to present a range of views about kingship. Two extreme views (those of Carlisle and Northumberland) meet with little support, but the pragmatic attitudes of Bolingbroke, York and Henry's allies (other than the Percy family) would appear to receive endorsement from the course of events, and the way in which they are presented.

Richard expresses the ireland view (in III, ii) that the crown is on food chains, inalienable: Not all the water in ireland, the rough rude sea/Can wash the balm off from an anointed king. This belief receives its most consistent support from Carlisle: when Henry is to ascend the royal throne in God's name, Carlisle cries God forbid. His covert response to Richard's abdication is to plot Henry's assassination: in essays on sports, his eyes murder is less serious than treason, which he believes Richard's supplanting by Henry to be. Since the coursework church is the guarantor of the king's divine right to rule, the church's authority is weakened by what has happened, so we may see self-interest at work. Northumberland is a very modern type; he may pay lip service to the sacred nature of kingship, but sees the king merely as a man who wields supreme power; Bolingbroke is more powerful than Richard, so he can take his throne. Henry repeatedly resists Northumberland's promptings: he does not wish to go so far, nor so quickly.

While Richard is in Ireland, York tries to essay defend the king's interests but recognizes his inability to counter Henry's military power. Coursework! He moves slowly, and when Richard effectively yields to his enemies in III,iii, York weeps (we know this from Richard's remark). But in IV,i, York is central to the deposition ceremony and in essays, V,ii pledges his loyalty to the new monarch whose state and honour he for aye allows. He shows his loyalty in reporting his son's treachery to Henry; where the duchess is moved by her feelings as a mother, York subordinates his paternal feelings to his high sense of ireland coursework duty. What York and Henry show the audience is a moderate view: the king is divinely appointed to assignment rule, but his kingship is an obligation to the country, not an opportunity for self aggrandisement.

The crown can be forfeited if the king fails to rule well. Since Henry's triumph is in a chain of historical events which leads to Elizabeth's accession Shakespeare is safe to depict Richard's overthrow, so long as it is clear that this is justified by the peculiar circumstances of the time, and by the fact that Richard freely abdicates. Exton's murder is the ireland killing of a good man, but not regicide (murder of a king). Julia Child! Shakespeare's history plays (especially Henry IV, Part i, the sequel to Richard II ) are quite explicit in condemning treason. Any discussion of these two characters may lead to consideration of recurrent images. Coursework! The sun and day represent kingly rule; in the first half of the play the sun image is claimed by Richard (III,ii and III,iii) but at Harlech Castle (III,ii), Richard speaks of Bolingbroke's fair day, as the crown is to pass to his rival. In the central part of the play (especially III,iii and IV,i) images of ascent and descent recur. We use these metaphorically in a loose everyday sense to express ideas of status (high and low; going up, coming down) but they are dramatized in III,iii by Richard's action in coming down from the battlements of Flint Castle, to essays which his words draw our attention (references to the base-court, kneeling and so on). Finally, as Henry kneels, Richard questions his fealty: Up, cousin, up, your heart is up, I know. Later (IV,i) he will compare himself and ireland coursework, Henry to julia two buckets: as one goes down (full of tears) the other (Bolingbroke) rises.

In any scene, it is instructive to ireland note the forms of address characters use to one another. Belief in Richard's continuing title to the throne can be discerned in these. Northumberland is the first to refer to Richard merely by and webs his Christian name; York rebukes him, but Bolingbroke suggests that it is a slip of the tongue: this may be charitable to Northumberland. After Henry accedes to the throne, characters may or may not refer to him as the King; be alert to this. This play is principally about Richard and in the middle and latter parts of the play, he becomes more prominent in the drama.

In Act III he seems by ireland coursework turns pathetic and defiant; his appeal to nature in julia child, III,ii is bizarre, his self-pity in this scene and III,iii may appear unattractive. In IV,i, as he loses the reality of power, Richard seeks to dominate the proceedings. Noting that his throne can be taken away, but not his grief, he performs a series of actions which dramatize his situation. These culminate in the smashing of the mirror, an action which suggests a lack of ireland coursework self-control. But in Act V, having taken leave of his wife, Richard gains in dignity. He is reconciled to his fate, sees the universal character of suffering and meets his death with courage and fortitude. Richard is never a good king, but he becomes a very good man. The king's two bodies and the royal we This should not confuse you too much. The king is believed to be two people in one: the ordinary man, and the king's majesty (God's deputy on earth). As these two are embodied in one person, the king refers to himself using the first person plural pronouns we/us to refer to bonaparte hero the king and his majesty.

When he is addressed (as king) it is the majesty to coursework whom people speak. This is one of Shakespeare's plays in which theatrical language is research assignment, not merely the narrative medium, but is also a subject of the drama: the play is about language. You should be aware that any essay in ireland, which you contrast the characters and fortunes of julia child Richard and Bolingbroke will involve comparison of ireland coursework their language, among other things. Briefly, Henry is capable of eloquence, as in his accusation of Mowbray in I, i, in his speeches before the jack a fire tournament in I, iii, and especially in his praise of Richard's sun-like majesty in III, iii. Ireland! But he can be silent, as in julia essays, his response to Northumberland's flattery in II, iii. His speech is business-like where it needs to be, and he has no time for ostentation: as he becomes more powerful, to ireland coursework simplify greatly, so he becomes more sparing of his words.

Richard, by contrast, loves the jack to build a fire sound of his own voice. When he has effective power, as at ireland coursework the start of the play, he has a liking for unnecessary display (I, i and I, iii) but is more ready to essays issue absolute commands than to ireland coursework give reasons (as in II, i). Before he gains power, Henry always tries to justify his actions; when he has power, he tries to present his actions as reasonable, which, mostly, they are. As his power wanes, Richard becomes eloquent in his introspection, engaging our sympathy but indulging in hero or tyrant, self-pity and jumping to rash conclusions (as in his condemnation of his friends in III, ii). His abdication is blatantly theatrical, but he achieves a more complete humanity and peace with himself in the play's last act. Richard, as ruler, fails to grasp that the display of authority needs to be backed up with the reality of power . This may mean cultivating his own popularity, as Bolingbroke is said to do (V, i, 7 - 21) but more importantly establishing a broad power base among the nobility and commons, rather than indulging a clique of sycophants while excluding many of the coursework most powerful in the land. Bonaparte Hero! From the start of the play, Shakespeare establishes a sense of utterances forceful in manner, but not backed up by ireland coursework real power. Richard believes in his majesty, a sacred, quasi-magical quality which comes from God and is inalienable (Not all the water in the rough rude sea/Can wash the balm off from an to build, anointed king; III, ii, 54 - 55) and so do others, Carlisle wholly and Henry to a point. But the moment powerful people cease to believe in this (as Northumberland has) the game is up.

There is a calculating quality in Bolingbroke's speech by contrast: he never threatens what he cannot deliver. In II, i, Richard rants at the dying Gaunt, speaking of punishment only forestalled by his uncle's age and sickness, then sets in ireland, train the seizure of his estates, wrongly supposing that he can do this without risk. But in III, i, Henry actually executes three of Richard's counsellors, one of them (Wiltshire) a noble, knowing that his action is sanctioned by his and Northumberland's soldiers. Discussion of the play's language can also be thought of in terms of the variety of business research poetic forms and of imagery , especially related groups of images (images of nature, the four elements, the sun) recurring throughout the drama. Space does not permit full discussion of these here, and you are directed for a more extensive treatment to Brodie's Notes , pp. 86 - 91 ( Style: Variety, Word-play, Rhyme, Imagery ) and the section headed Language (pp. 31 - 34) in the introduction to the New Cambridge edition of the play. You should have a clear sense of the different headings or categories under which you would organize comment on the play's language, and ireland, be aware that examiners might invite this comment in general or specific terms. It is quite likely, for example, that you might be asked about the theatrical effectiveness of the play's language - that is, how it works in conveying narrative, giving insight into research assignment character or attitudes, and engaging the sympathy or revulsion of the audience. The comment below is the outline of a lecture given at a study day for A level students.

notes from a lecture by Dr. Paul Hammond at Leeds University. Language is not just a medium of the play, but one of its subjects. Ireland! Language is used as an instrument of political control and manipulation. Chains And Webs! We are shown how power operates through language. Political uses of coursework language can be considered under these headings: The rhetoric of command: Richard uses this early in essay, the play, but not much hereafter. We were not born to sue, but to ireland coursework command. At the end of this statement Richard admits he is already losing power.

The rhetoric of persuasion: Richard tries to patch up the differences of Bolingbroke and Mowbray. This, too, fails. The rhetoric of chains and webs authentication: Richard and others appeal to the source of their authority. Richard appeals to God. In doing this he reminds others of the ireland source of his power. Bolingbroke does so: In God's name I'll ascend the regal throne and jack to build, Carlisle retorts in like manner: Marry, God forbid. The rhetoric of display: The power of the ireland monarchy is hero essay, displayed through verbal imagery (compare also the visual stage imagery of pageantry, costume and theatrical display - use of throne, crown and so on: Richard is aware of both kinds of imagery). All these kinds of ireland rhetoric gradually cease to work for Richard. The implication is politically dangerous: that rulers have no power if their subjects refuse to essay and webs be manipulated. The play is very concerned with the use of language.

The audience lived in a society dependent on the spoken word. Those who were illiterate would be used to ireland hearing long sermons and stories. Those who were literate were trained at school in the arts of business research using language rhetorically to persuade. Having learned to argue effectively they would be well able to ireland judge others' rhetorical skills. Act I, scene i alerts us to the fact that this play is to be about language. Richard begins with the rhetoric of control and power.

He has a monopoly of command here: he is to be the arbiter of the dispute. Jack To Build Essay! In I, iii, the ireland coursework tournament is a ritual with a set order and essay on food, forms of expression (the closest modern equivalent would be a law court). The ritual here is ancient and ireland, traditional and has little to do with Richard's power as king. He chooses to use his temporal power to break the ritual of divine justice on which the tournament is to build essay, based (God decides in the trial by combat). Richard halts the ireland coursework contest, asserts his own power and dispenses with the essay on food and webs divine justice. He replaces the ritual language with his own personal language, and his words are no longer effective, only decorative. The (musical) flourish at line 122 matches the rhetorical flourish with which his judgement is delivered. The power of Richard's utterances appears as he easily remits four years of Bolingbroke's exile, but its limits are noted by Gaunt (226) who observes that Richard is powerless to extend his life. Though Richard's word is law in this scene, it will not be so for long.

From this point in the play we note the contrast between Richard's and Bolingbroke's speech. On his return from exile, Bolingbroke is plain, direct and forceful. In II, iii, line 70 he insist that Berkeley address him by his proper title - Lancaster. When York accuses him of treason in returning before his exile has expired, he justifies himself by a quibble, taking refuge in ireland, a legal nicety. Bolingbroke's actions appear honest for business a while, as he metes out justice to coursework Bushy, Greene and julia essays, Wiltshire, and his simple and effective words and actions are very different from Richard's flourishes and self-glorification. Bushy, Greene and ireland coursework, Wiltshire have razed out his imprese, the business assignment heraldic sign which declares his identity of Lancaster. However, the audience may be troubled in ireland, wondering by what authority Bolingbroke executes these men. On his return from Ireland (III, ii) Richard greets the earth using a familiar image of mother and child, yet reverses the usual rôles, as he tries to own the earth and direct it to act as an on food, effective agent of harm to his enemies.

This demonstrates Richard's compulsive tendency to coursework retreat into essay chains a fantastic world of ireland coursework excess and disproportion. As he invokes spiders and toads to child be his soldiers, we are aware that he lacks real forces (he is ireland, about to find this out). His language is grotesque and bizarre, not the rhetoric of jack essay realistic command or persuasion. In this scene, discussion of language becomes explicit: Salisbury, bringing bad news, says: Discomfort guides my tongue while Scroope refers to his own care-tuned tongue. Richard urges morbid conversation: Of comfort no man speak as he wants to ireland sit upon the ground and tell sad stories. While Aumerle's brief interruptions are all practical, Richard wants only to talk and write. His musings lead him (151) to question his and others' identity. His language isolates him from his supporters; it is no longer functional but self-consolatory. In III, iii, at toerisme line 144, Richard turns the ireland power game into a language game: first he asks a series of business research assignment questions and proceeds, in self-dramatizing fashion, to answer them (Must he submit?/ The King shall do it. Coursework! ) Then he changes from he to on food and webs I, indicating a problem of identity. He can no longer use language to display power, so uses it to display his spirituality, imagining himself as a humble hermit, but the language disturbs by its extravagance.

From line 161 on, the language becomes even more grotesque: Richard shows no interest in confronting Bolingbroke's army, but rather in using his and Aumerle's tears to cause foul weather and dearth or to make a pair of graves. He has retreated into image-making, but communication has broken down. In IV, i, Richard, on his entry, tries to invent a new ritual of uncrowning and to invent the language for this. While Bolingbroke presides over the ceremony it is largely Richard who enacts it, and uses the objects of ritual: he transfers the coursework crown, refuses Northumberland's paper, but improvises his own confession, and introduces the final ritual object in the mirror, giving a commentary on the destruction of himself which he enacts. In V, v, the solitary Richard recognizes how hard it is to conceive of images, as he tries to invent an imaginary world to julia people his cell. Ireland! He can now see the gap between his ideas and language and the real world; his isolation is explicit, and he is aware of it. He now has no audience. At the start of the essay and webs play everyone is obliged to acquiesce in Richard's language game. He now has no power, only language, which is decorative and consolatory. We have moved from a world in which images authenticate (real) power, through a struggle to sustain this, to language itself, which is all Richard has left.

Act IV, scene i (the deposition scene); summary of a lecture by David Lindley at Leeds University. Two questions to consider are: Why is the main action preceded by the sections in which Aumerle and Carlisle figure prominently? Why does the scene continue beyond Richard's renunciation of the crown, which is its natural climax? The scene begins the second half of the play. It recollects the opening of the whole play and points a parallel between Bolingbroke and Richard. It emphasises the clash of aristocratic pride with law and kingly power. It looks back to events before the ireland coursework play's opening, showing how present events are determined by the past, and the continuity of napoleon bonaparte or tyrant history.

It reminds us that the events of the play are historical. Henry IV faces difficulties similar to those of ireland coursework Richard, but he deals with them differently. By way of contrast, Carlisle sets forth a view of the king as above judgement. He foretells future events (in this play, other than prompting Exton's murder of Richard, Henry has avoided bloodshed, but it will come later in his reign). We see the events which cause the future. When Richard enters the scene a number of people are under suspicion or arrest: Aumerle and his supporters, Carlisle, Richard himself. Shakespeare added and invented this part of the scene.

There is no historical basis for it. Violence! There is no suspense involved in this scene, for its outcome is already known (Richard has earlier given up the crown). The focus is not on what is to happen, but how it will happen. It is a struggle for theatrical, not political dominance. Ireland! Richard tries to gain the audience's attention: note how he swamps Northumberland with words.

This is a play which seems deliberately not to napoleon bonaparte or tyrant indulge in action. Ireland! There is suspension or paralysis of action whenever it threatens. How then is our interest sustained? The focus of the scene is on objects rather than actions , to each of which objects Richard has a different attitude. He resigns the crown , the symbol of power. He refuses to read the paper listing his crimes, the symbol of real actions. He smashes the mirror , symbol of vanity and self-knowledge, and shadow of his face. It is a dramatic moment when Richard's wish to turn everything into images collapses. This prepares us for the prison scene (V, v). Coping with tasks in A level exams. In preparing for the exam you should be aware of the different kinds of question you will have to answer.

In studying the text closely you should simply realise that the material studied can be approached in different ways in napoleon bonaparte essay, the exam. Tasks based on ireland, a passage from the play. In theory any scene in the play could be chosen; in essay chains and webs, practice the number of suitable scenes is more limited, but of course the extract chosen will only be a brief part of ireland coursework a much longer scene. Because of the part of the julia question (usually) which refers to the themes of the play (not necessarily in ireland, so many words) and which implies consideration of before and after, scenes from the middle of the text are more likely to be chosen. What the examiners do NOT want is a gloss (prose paraphrase) of the extract given. This might make you feel secure, but you won't be.

What (usually) is business, required is as follows: Consideration of the scene's treatment of the play's general themes - the extract and its place in relation to the rest of the play. Matters of staging and theatrical presentation as implied in the text: use of objects; movements; relationships on stage (to whom are speeches addressed?) and coursework, the scene's structure (in episodes). Questions about theatrical presentation are NOT questions about character and the content of speeches. Napoleon Hero Or Tyrant Essay! How a character (or characters) is (are) revealed in the dialogue.

Again, this is not a question which invites paraphrase, but discussion of rhetoric. Usually, the examiners will give you an outline of how you should answer the question. You must organize your answer in these terms. Once again, remember not merely to ireland paraphrase or give a loose running commentary. Tasks based on themes and characters. The examiners want to essay chains and webs see lots of material but without irrelevance or sacrifice of depth and thoroughness. Ireland! In general, essays produced in julia child, trial examinations have shown too much narrowness of approach.

It is essential to plan your essay to ensure that sufficient range of comment appears. This plan need not be beautiful, nor take more than a few minutes, but should be comprehensive. Embody the ireland coursework plan in your opening sentence(s), e.g. In Richard II Shakespeare presents the audience with a range of essay ideas about the ireland coursework nature of kingship: to Carlisle the right to rule is God-given and inalienable, while for Northumberland the duurzaam throne is available to the candidate who wields most effective power; between these extremes we see how York, Bolingbroke and, above all, Richard, come gradually to modify their ideas. The example questions below come from past Advanced level papers: #147;It is the cynical and devious who prosper in Richard II .#148; Do you agree? How does Shakespeare present Richard and ireland coursework, Bolingbroke as contrasting personalities and essays, kings in Richard II ? By what means and with what success does Shakespeare attempt to secure our sympathy for Richard? In what ways do the minor characters serve to heighten the tragic effect of the play Richard II ? You should deal particularly with two or three characters (other than Richard and Bolingbroke). The examiners will play fair and certainly won't set an essay on the Second Herald or the Welsh Captain. Essays explicitly about a single character are comparatively rare at 'A' level (as they invite the prepared essay). Essays may well be about relationships and the theatrical presentation of characters.

In this play, questions about ireland, Richard and Bolingbroke must be expected. Questions about York, Aumerle and Northumberland are also possible. The queen, the caterpillars, Carlisle and Gaunt also contribute to how we see Richard, but are not in enough of the play to essay duurzaam sustain essays on their own. Questions on themes look harder but aren't, usually. And they inhibit the retelling-with-comment method you should avoid. The central theme of this play is the ireland coursework nature of kingship. Questions about julia child essays, kingship may appear as questions (or statements to which you respond) about order/disorder, anarchy, rule or government . For example, you may need to discuss the idea of the coursework King's two bodies or whether the play supports the view that not all the water in the rough rude sea/Can wash the balm off from napoleon hero essay, th'anointed king.

You may be asked in what sense the ireland coursework play is a history play (how does Shakespeare interpret history to and webs present a debate on ideas of coursework kingship) or how Shakespeare addresses political issues. Any order/disorder question is really a question about the contrasting approaches and fortunes of essays on sports Richard and Henry, which is qualified by the views (on the sources and nature of kingship) of ireland coursework these two, and of others, among them Carlisle, Bagot, Fitzwater, Aumerle, Northumberland, Gaunt and York, as well as the Gardener. If you are given a statement to respond to, do not suppose you must agree or disagree wholly. Usually, the essay on food chains statement will be more or less fair but will invite some qualification. Wholly wrong comments are never used. Often the accuracy of a statement may depend upon the interpretation given to the text in performance.

Questions about the play as theatre. A third kind of question will allow you to coursework examine the play in explicitly theatrical terms (note that discussion of dramatic qualities is perfectly in order in the other types of question). Subjects on which you should be ready to answer would include some of the things discussed in a context-based question, but seen in the perspective of the whole play (structure, actions, properties and language). Napoleon Bonaparte Hero Or Tyrant Essay! Other subjects would include the unity (or lack of it) of the play (organic coherence, consistency of tone - see, for ireland example, A. P. Rossiter's essay, Uncomformity in essays, Richard II , in the Casebook guide, pp. 214-229) and Shakespeare's use of oppositions or contrasting elements: Richard and Henry; public (formal, ceremonial) and private (informal) scenes; action and inaction; Northumberland's power politics and Carlisle's divine right of ireland kings, and so on: these things are not to be examined simply in their own right, but in terms of their effect on the play as a work of theatre.

As language is of such importance here, this is discussed more fully in a separate section of this guide. A very basic outline for revision. Use this very basic outline to learn the structure of the play. Bonaparte Hero Or Tyrant! Adapt or customize it to suit your preferred methods of study. Bolingbroke challenges Mowbray (Norfolk) for killing his uncle (Gloucester). Richard declares a tournament at Coventry. Gaunt rejects Duchess's (Gloucesters's widow's) plea for revenge: God's is the quarrel. Coventry - the lists - no result but Mowbray and Bolingbroke (Henry, Hereford, Lancaster, King) banished. Richard plans to ireland take Gaunt's estates. Gaunt makes mega-patriotic speech and dies. Richard is rude and jack to build a fire, seizes his goods; Northumberland is unimpressed and tells of a very tasty plot (lots of names) France - heading for Ravenspurgh.

Bushy, Bagot and the queen - surely the least memorable scene in the play; Bagot goes to coursework Ireland; the other two (Greene, Bushy) don't. York is worried. Bolingbroke near Berkeley - meets pals and York. Salisbury and a Welsh captain tell us Richard has lost his army - rumoured to be dead. Caterpillars - Bushy, Greene and Wiltshire get the chop (why not Bagot? See above). Essay Toerisme! Harlech - king gets lots of bad news but makes some ace speeches: Spiders. toads,Not all the water in the rough rude sea. and ireland coursework, For God's sake let us sit upon business research assignment, the ground. . Flint Castle - Richard like the sun on coursework, the ramparts but comes down into the base court and says Up, cousin, up. . The Queen and the Gardener - cue a load of metaphors. Very easy - it's all one scene; note its structure and the use of objects (the gages, the throne, the crown and the mirror etc. etc.) Richard abdicates and Henry becomes king (How? When?) Plot at the end like in research assignment, II, i, but this time its Carlisle, Westminster and Aumerle against Henry. (No chance of this one succeeding). First of (too) many scenes: Richard bids dignified farewell to ireland coursework his queen, and is diverted from the Tower of London to Pomfret (sounds like pommes frtes) Castle.

York is sorry for Richard but supports Henry now, and proves it by reporting his son's plotting. Henry is worried about his unthrifty son (Hal, later Henry V) an advert for the next play in the series. Cue for some slapstick as Aumerle rushes in, asks Henry to lock the door, then York turns up, then the Duchess. Henry graciously spares Aumerle but demotes him to Rutland. Exton thinks he should kill Richard. (v) Richard in prison; he is philosophical and resolute; he learns from the groom of his horse's disloyalty and is duly murdered. Northumberland and Fitzwater have sorted out the essay duurzaam toerisme would-be rebels. Westminster has died (naturally) but Carlisle is banished. Exton is also banished and Henry decides to go on ireland coursework, pilgrimage to the Holy Land to make up for what he's done. But he never goes (Why not?) Please acknowledge my authorship by giving the URL of any pages you use, and/or include the copyright symbol. On Food Chains And Webs! Suggestions for improvement are welcome.

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HIV/AIDS Research Paper Essay Sample. In the United States, there are about 800,000 to ireland 900,000 people who are HIV-positive. Over 300,000 people are living with AIDS. Each year, there are about 40,000 new infections. In the julia child, mid-1990s, AIDS was a leading cause of death. However, newer treatments have cut the AIDS death rate significantly.

In addition, in ireland the early 1990#8217;s, AIDS was mostly only infecting homosexual men. Now, it has spread to men and women of all ages and julia child sexualities. Homosexual men are at coursework, the highest risk for HIV/AIDS. Today, more than half of all new infections strike people under the age of child essays 25. Girls are hit harder and younger than boys are. Infant and child death rates have risen sharply, and 14 million children are now orphans because of the disease. Hence the rumors, you cannot get HIV/AIDS from mosquito bites, coughing, sneezing, sharing household items, or swimming in the same pool as someone infected with HIV.

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is not spread easily. If HIV-infected blood or sexual fluid gets inside your body, you can get infected. This can happen through an open sore or wound, during sexual activity, or if you share equipment to inject drugs. However, it is not yet proven that you can get infected from sweat, saliva, or tears. Ireland Coursework! HIV can also be spread from a mother to her child during pregnancy or delivery; this is called #8220;vertical transmission.#8221; In addition, a nursing mother can transmit the virus to her baby by napoleon bonaparte hero essay, her breast milk. If you are a drug user, you must be careful. The HIV virus is ireland, spread through the sharing of blood with an jack to build a fire essay, infected person. If you use drugs, you can prevent infection by not injecting them. Ireland Coursework! If you do inject, do not share equipment. Research! If you must share, clean equipment with bl! each and ireland water before every use, because even the smallest amounts of blood can infect you. You might not know if you are infected with HIV.

Some people get fever, headache, sore muscles and joints, stomach ache, swollen lymph glands, or skin rash for one or two weeks. Most people think it is the flu, some have no symptoms. There is an research assignment, #8220;incubation period#8221; in which you could have the coursework, disease, but you might not have enough antibodies in your immune system to show up positive in an AIDS test. The virus will multiply in your body, which could be weeks or up to 6 months, where you will not test positive even if you are infected. When your immune system responds, you will test positive for HIV/AIDS. After the first flu-like symptoms, some people with HIV stay healthy for ten years or longer. However, during this time, HIV is damaging your immune system. You can avoid any risk of getting HIV/AIDS if you practice abstinence.

You also will not get infected if your sexual organs are not exposed to another person infected with the chains, disease. Safe activities include kissing, erotic massage, and ireland mutual masturbation. Jack! Having sex in ireland coursework a monogamous relationship is safe in essay duurzaam protecting yourself if both of you are uninfected (HIV-negative); you both have sex only with your partner; and neither one of you is exposed to HIV through drug use or other activities. If you are not in coursework a monogamous relationship and/or you are not sure if your partner is HIV positive, you can reduce the risk of getting the virus by using latex or plastic condoms and by not sharing drug needles/equipment or sterilizing them before use. Currently, there is no cure for HIV/AIDS.

If you are infected with the virus, you can receive drugs that will only slow the virus from julia child essays destroying your immune system. However, there is no way of ridding the virus from your body. If you have been exposed to the virus, there is a drug you can take that will reduce the risk of you getting the disease if taken close enough to the time of exposure. The drug is called #8220;post exposure prophylaxis#8221; or PEP, it is an anti-HIV drug. You must take several medications daily for 30 days. Ireland! This reduces the risk of you getting the virus by 79%, but has serious side effects to it. In conclusion, you must be cautious in this new world. You can only protect yourself by essay, using proper protection and being cautious of whom your sexual partners are. As there is no cure for the disease, you have to be careful because if you are infected you are stuck with the disease for life.

Is this the perfect essay for you? Save time and coursework order HIV/AIDS Research Paper. essay editing for child, only $13.9 per page. Top grades and ireland coursework quality guaranteed! Relevant essay suggestions for HIV/AIDS Research Paper. Essay Duurzaam Toerisme! Throughout history, few illnesses have carried as much significance as Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome or AIDS. Similar human catastrophes have presented in our history such as, bubonic plague, leprosy and#8230; AIDS means acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AIDS is past from ireland person to essay duurzaam person. The disease attacks the ireland, immune system which is julia essays, not strong enough to fight this deadly disease. Coursework! The AIDS#8230; Epidemiology and essay duurzaam Nursing Research: HIV. HIV is a disease that has affected millions of people worldwide.

From the ireland coursework, wealthy to the poor, this virus has had devastating effects on the lives of families and individuals#8230;. AIDS in the Workplace: A Case Assessment. Background: Carla Lombard is a charismatic owner of Better Bagels, a successful seven-year-old bagel chain. Recently Frances, the ex-wife of Tom Walters-an outstanding employee at Better Bagels, came to Carla#8230; Epidemiology HIV Paper. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is defined by the Mayo Clinic as #8220;A chronic, potentially life-threatening condition which is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

HIV damages the immune system,#8230; Sexually Transmitted Diseases Research Paper. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) are the child essays, most common diseases known to man and one of the largest growing problems not only in ireland the United States but all over the world#8230;.

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Ireland Coursework - Natinalists vs unionists - GCSE History - Marked

coca cola job resume Coca-Cola bottle concept by Andrew Kim takes up less space than traditional round bottles and ireland coursework, comes with a cool collapsible design for easy recycling. As an julia child essays added bonus, each bottle features an opening at the bottom that allows multiple bottles to be stacked. This increases efficiency during transportation and reduces the amount of space needed for ireland storage. Great concept, I think more aesthetically pleasing and neater than the old plastic bottle shape.

And a bit more beneficial to on food and webs, the environment too. Hopefully going into coursework the shop and picking up one of these will be a reality soon. A collapsed bottle has the same amount of plastic as a bottle that isn’t collapsed. I don’t understand how this bottle leaves a “smaller carbon footprint”.. @Sachawinter: this design will consume less space, means, one container will loads more coke, which in turn less transportation cost, less crate, or “smaller carbon footprint” Very neat and well thought out design concept. Aesthetically more pleasing for me, as my taste are more contemporary. Sustainability is very important, going green is a great. *Although, the shape of the bottle has somewhat become part of napoleon bonaparte essay Coca-Cola’s identity including our world’s pop culture. When you see that shape it automatically correlates with the brand.

They have changed it slightly over the years but stayed true to the overall shape and design for coursework that last almost 100 years (since 1915). Changing this is huge and may have negative impact. Square bottle + carbonation/pressure of assignment a coke = sides pop out and it becomes rounded. Great concept. Square bottle won’t be rolling on the floor of a vehicle, therefore will not get a change to ireland, get underneath break pedal.

If that really happened, don’t you think they would have figured that out? Come on, man. 1. The plastic would have to be really thick to counteract the pressure of the soda. I don’t see it staying square, even with the sculpted curve. Making the plastic thicker means you’re going less green than the original.

Testing this would require real bottling conditions, not just pouring soda in there. 2. The bottle shape is on sports as essential to Coke’s brand as their name or logotype. I can’t see them giving up the bottle shape just to reduce their carbon footprint. 3. Unless the corners split open, that bottle won’t compact at all. Besides just the shape, the ireland coursework, sculpted curve will work against you. I also think it would be better to duurzaam toerisme, encourage recycling, not just make folks feel less guilty for trashing it. 4. You now have to line up the bottles when putting them on the shelf or in a cooler. The old way required no thought, just stack them in ireland there. Minor, perhaps, but I imagine this will mess up machines at the least. 5. Looks unfomfortable to hold. Toerisme? The old round shape fits your hand well.

The way the top is coursework offset means you will have to line the bottle up to on sports violence, drink. Not good in the car or in other “drinking while otherwise occupied” instances. You don’t want the coursework, location of the top to change based on how your hand is twisted. 6. Honestly, it isn’t very attractive. That’s personal prefence, though :) Pretty amazing, they should do this. Or Pepsi should steal it since Coca-cola’s shape is a trademark. Now we need square cup holders in essay chains the car. Great critique.

This design doesn’t really work that well. Your argument is completely one sided. The shape of the bottle probably won’t mess with cokes consumption in todays society. No matter what shape the bottle is, people will still drink it. And if they don’t like the ireland coursework, bottle, get a can. And besides, most relate coke’s can design more than the bottles. The rectangular design would be easier to julia, package and ireland, shelve.

It wouldn’t take much longer to business assignment, stack and straighten the new design than it does the old. Plus, space would be saved on selves, for there would be less empty space between bottles (in shipping and stocking). As for machines, I’m sure it won’t mess with most contraptions, since most just drop the bottle into ireland coursework the hole for business research you to grab anyway. There are plenty of other bottled juices and pops with awkward shapes to hold. It’s all a matter of how picky you are about ireland, how “uncomfortable” hold the bottle will be… because obviously you’re going to have to napoleon bonaparte hero or tyrant essay, hold that thing for much longer than the two minutes you need finish the drink. I believe the new concept is not necessarily meant to look good, though it doesn’t look bad, it is something different and coursework, will generally catch the public’s eye. Not to mention just more promotional hype about a new green design. I’m not so sure about the collapsible aspect of it, there may be flaws in that. But it is a nice idea to have a bottle you can easily take to your local recycling depot without your bin overflowing. I’m not necessarily saying this is the essays on sports violence, best idea in the world, but I’m not going to take a bias side.

And just thought I’d give the positive since Pete was so kind to point out all the ireland coursework, negative. HAHA! I think it’s really, really funny when pedantic consumers think they know more than the top-notch experts in jack to build essay any given field. It reminds me of an ex-boyfriend who was SURE that concrete would be better to pave highways than asphalt, as if city planners just hadn’t thought of it, when really there are very clear reasons. If you think you’ve found something wrong with a square bottle design that the engineers at Coca-Cola didn’t think of, you’re wrong. They know more than you do, have more experience than you do, and have (gasp!) actually tested some of this stuff. Ireland? Seriously. Oh, and napoleon bonaparte essay, square = tighter packaging = no/less wasted space = more product per square foot = more efficient trasport = less oil burned = GOOD FOR EARTH. i dont think that this would work its a nice idea but coke wont give up there bottle shape i could see it working better for coursework like a new product or a juice. On Sports Violence? also it is just a concept from some person not from coke or at least thats how i read this so in concepts there are a lot of flaws to ireland coursework, work out.

@Youre”Doom” amd @Loni: I think both of child you expect that this concept is made by Coca Cola and ireland, “they can’t be wrong”. I guess you missed that this is a “midterm project”/school project (follow designer’s link). However, I think it’s an amazing concept and essays, hopefully it will inspire not only us and the folks at ireland Coca Cola. And maybe some day ideas from this concept will be realised :) Brilliant presentation anyway. The square design is not a completely new concept. I like the idea but the collapsible nature of the bottle is very forward thinking. While there are flaws, I think it is an business assignment interesting idea. However, the idea of it being “greener” in relation to the picture is ireland coursework slightly misleading. The square container would have to carry the same amount of Coke in a smaller container, or otherwise there is no net effect. From the picture, it looks like both containers would need the same square area, so only if the square bottle had a smaller footprint or was shorter would there be less wasted space.

What about toerisme, just using good old re-cycleable glass? Idea is ireland coursework great and stuff. But they have made bottles round because of the grip and not to forget that every cup holder and every drink fending machine is made for round bottles, even the one’s in your fridge. It would be unlogical to pull that idea throug. Sorry if I have incorrect spelling or grammar in my piece.

This was posted on digg 3 days ago and this is what one of the diggers had to say about it: 1. Violence? It’s a concept by a student, not something from Coke. 2. It won’t work for carbonated drinks because of the pressure. Coursework? (I’m guessing art student, not engineering) 3. It won’t make transport any more efficient because the problem is weight, not space. Current containers stack just fine etc.

4. Coke is for essays violence the most part not shipped around the world in containers, it’s produced locally and ireland, moved on trucks that are limited by essay chains, weight, not size. 5. Glass containers are far more environmentally friendly. Those bottles look cool! Would we see this on ireland, the market? Who knows… I love this green concept! That concept it’s good as pouring CocaC. Child? directly in hands of coursework costumers. Essays? I think the target is messing…try with fruit juice!

wow you guys are pretty good at commenting only seeing the pictures. anyway, nice concept! @2lv2, i agree why not just make them out of glass in a square shape if plastic wont work. Don’t beat the ireland, guy up! He had an idea, he was bold enough to test it to the extent he did, and subsequently share it with the world. Critique constructively. Everyone benefits from the sharing of hero or tyrant essay ideas, and I’m sure he’s learned a great deal from all the feedback left in the comments stream. That’s what it’s for, right?

I’m sure there’s a good reason coke doesn’t make it in glass anymore. Coursework? Probably far more expensive than the plastic. Plastic is just more convenient. You can’t have glass at ballparks and violence, sporting events, so Coke would still have to ireland, produce a large amount of plastic bottles anyway. I really only see glass versions of coke in those novelty small (8 oz?) bottles, and even then, very rarely do I see those. Plus, glass breaks easily. Not to say that plastic is completely drop-proof, but I imagine it is more-so than glass. If a plastic bottle breaks/cracks, just the soda makes a mess. Bonaparte Or Tyrant Essay? If a glass bottle breaks, the ireland, soda and the glass makes a mess.

If you are from an urban area and ever see broken glass on the street, you know this is a valid point. No one has gloves on hand when casually carrying around a glass bottle of julia child coke in case it breaks. Also, glass doesn’t provide the ireland, re-seal-ability for napoleon bonaparte hero essay lack of a better term that plastic does. Re-sealing a beer for a long period of time even if it is a twist off is never a good idea. @ Lori: HAHA! I think it’s really, really funny when people look like idiots when they’re trying to look smart. I can’t believe you thought this was actually a concept by Coca Cola. You must be pretty dense. And concrete IS better for highways than asphalt.

It lasts much longer and needs far less maintenance. It’s just more expensive, which is why smaller towns and counties don’t do it. The true design is starting to coursework, take it’s place in the world. A square bottle uses more plastic per volume of julia coke than a round bottle. +1 for Josh. Best arguments on coursework, here (even though they weren’t necessarily his). lets really recycle, glass bottles do this. Maybe you should work for them then! Since you know everything about it and all… it looks like the future. Not sure why the bile. Folks put their designs out for duurzaam toerisme critique.

I’m thrilled that they do that. – No, this wasn’t from Coke; it was a student project. Ireland Coursework? Even if this was from on food chains and webs, Coke, I hate to break it to you child, but corporate product designer and marketers don’t always get everything right. (New coke anyone? – or at ireland coursework least for those of assignment you old enough to remember. New pepsi logo anyone?). They often have constraints and ireland coursework, pressures that interfere. – No, not all the ideas were thought through.

Although if you look at the original presentation on julia, the site, certainly a lot of thought actually went into it. – Yes, this is coursework a neat design. – Yes, it was creative. – No, it wasn’t professional. Violence? It shows a lack of both bottle and vending engineering knowledge for coursework one. It concentrates primarily on the “green” aspect, something which is extremely hard to do correctly. For example, the smallest shape for essay toerisme any given volume is a sphere. Deviate from that and you use more plastic.

Due to how plastic molding works, you’ll use quite a bit more due to the reinforcement required at the corners (or the corners will need to be rounded quite a bit) – No, it doesn’t show knowledge of how Coke is ireland actually shipped. I can’t say that I’ve ever heard of Coke hitting a shipping container, but I suppose it happens. It’s usually shipped as syrup. – Finally, no, a real product designer would NEVER completely discard something so essential to napoleon bonaparte essay, the brand that they have a patent on it (the bottle shape). You don’t “hint” at something that critical. When the defense is “it won’t take much longer” and “depends on how picky you are about how uncomfortable”, it doesn’t say much for the practicality. Neat idea, just not practical and doesn’t live up to the mission. I love seeing new ideas here. Not all of them are winners, though, even if they *are* creative. The person who did this is quite talented, but that doesn’t mean it’s a good design.

I completely agree. Does anyone else see the blatant conflict between Coca-Cola’s scripty logo and the futuristic packaging? And, if we want to ireland coursework, design to decrease carbon footprint, I don’t think changing a shape is bonaparte hero essay as effective as changing the materials… biodegradable plastics maybe? This guy is creative… sure. But, it looks to me like the coursework, sort of project you come up with by child essays, finding the first thing you see… a Coke bottle… what if… it was square!?

We’ve all had one of those projects. Now I’m just a 15 year old school student so correct me if I am wrong but I see multiple flaws in this design. many of which have already been pointed out such as loss of brand identity and ireland, the structural flaws of julia child essays a square shape. One of which that hasn’t been addressed is the lack of grip it provides. Ireland? To be fair considering the coca cola brand itself the worlds most recognisable brand I do not think they need to worry about loss of on food chains and webs brand identity. but my suggestion would be to use a triangular shape with a sires of groves around the ireland coursework, middle. This would keep all the benefits of the square but also add better grip and the cap could still be centred in julia the middle solving the problem of orientation. The problem of strength would still remain though. As far as I can tell from my basic knowledge of engineering and shapes, any shape other than a circle would require more plastic to reinforce it as the pressure would not be distributed evenly, therefore counteracting the green effects the product has on coursework, transportation with increased material usage leading to more waste. Also although the bottle looks good here it is essay chains only because the minimal packaging.

In a real world situation it would be far more cluttered with info and ireland, would only be a thin band around the centre of the bottle as seen on and webs, the current ones. As for using glass bottles they tried it in the UK but everybody kept buying the plastic ones as they were more practical. “Voda Voda” bottle has square design for more than 5 years… I like the design and I think it would help people to be greener because of the fact that it can be folded up although I don’t think it looks as good as the round bottle. I am a welding engineer not a plastics engineer but i know about statics and strengths of materials. Coursework? Also a little bit on how plastics work. Julia Essays? Though i am not going to do the mathematics involved, i will just give a visual analysis. From the design the coursework, bottle should not have a problem because…A) the corners are rounded and child, the bottom is so the coursework, stress risers will be small.

B) the surface area of the to build, flat parts should be enough to distribute the coursework, force of the pressure from carbonation which means that it shouldn’t bulge out that much. C) Since the bottle will be “blow molded” the sides and the center panels will have slightly less plastic then the little ridges that cover the bottle, this should increase bending limits so the jack a fire, bottle will be stronger to withstand the forces (though a slight bulge will probably occur it would be small). That’s about it i am not going to do the math. It would take me i do not know 1-3 hours since there is only 4 sides i would have to calculate plus a longer time to ireland, calculate the strengths of the a fire essay, plastics. This analysis took me 3 minutes so i have no idea how right i am but since other engineers have not commented i have nothing to compare too. (there is ireland always at napoleon bonaparte essay least 3 engineers doing this in a group to compare to one another) Great concept, would love to see it in stores, even if it was just a test run; Beautiful design overall. Glad i’m not in ireland coursework this student’s class. It’s a rectangle. It’s nothing “revolutionary”. I am a Design Engineer myself, with some FEA and violence, structural experience.

I have comments RE: “A) the corners are rounded and ireland coursework, the bottom is so the stress risers will be small. B) the surface area of the flat parts should be enough to distribute the force of the pressure from carbonation which means that it shouldn’t bulge out that much.” You are right stress risers should be small but that is not the structural issue here. Essay Duurzaam Toerisme? Stress risers are more important when we analyze failure (breakage) but in main problem here is not breakage but deformation. We hope to design the ireland coursework, rectangular bottle not only to build essay not to break but not even to bulge, so we have to look at deformation, not breakage. So, don’t worry about stress risers. The issue here is to have a pressurized vessel (filled with carbonated drink) with flat walls. Saying “the surface area of the flat parts should be enough to distribute the force of the ireland coursework, pressure” is not completely correct.

Force=pressure*area, so the more area you have the more force you have bending (bulging) that surface. You do not “distribute” the force of the pressure. You **add** the force of the pressure on toerisme, every individual square inch of the surface and coursework, that is business research what causes the wall to ireland, bulge. Cilindrical/ spherical walls are, as a rule, better for pressurized vessels because they are already “bulged” and they cannot “bulge” anymore. Not to be technical but a flat wall, being flat, will develop bending stresses, hence it will bulge. A cylindrical wall will develop only essay on food chains and webs tensile stresses, hence it will NOT bulge (it will just “inflate” a little). To repeat previous comments here and elsewhere, there is coursework some likelihood that bottle plastic weight for the rectangular bottle will have to go up to have a small enough “bulge”, therefore increasing carbon footprint, use of essay chains plastics and so forth. Coursework? Detailed math (FEA) analysis and experiments are needed here to figure out what is what (and this is, actually, my specialty).

Having said that, I want to be first in line to hire Mr. Andrew Kim when he graduates in about 3 years. And if this is essays on sports example of his work as a freshman, I want to be first in ireland coursework line for essays Mr. Andrew Kim **TO HIRE ME** in about 7 years. Master Andrew, drop me a line, I’ll email you my mechanical design engineer resume! What about states that have deposits? I live in Michigan and almost every large store (meijers, walmart, krogers, ect.) have machines that you deposit your bottles into. The machines then read the ireland, barcodes and business, count how many bottles/cans you return. you push a button and it prints off a slip that you present to ireland, the cashier to receive your deposit back. I see a problem with the bottles collapsing and the machines then not being able to read them.

All in all its a great idea, a bottle that is easly collapasable, that takes up less space and such. I don’t think people quite understand that concept artists aren’t exactly experts in the fields of physics or real bottle design. The shape simply wouldn’t work because of the carbonation pressure. Also, it would be rather uncomfortable to essay, hold. I could care less about the iconic shape, but I don’t want to be holding a cold rectangle that has bumps all over it. I think it is coursework a great design. As an artist, I have to and webs, say I think it is a cool design. Maybe it would be a good design for bottled waters as they don’t have carbonation. As a consumer, I don’t buy my drinks in plastic simply because they retain heat.

If you touch a stone or glass or even metal it is cold to the touch, but if you touch a plastic or resin it is warm to the touch. Ireland Coursework? I personally drink my Coke in cans. I have too often purchased a cold bottle of soda only to find the contents were warm. Julia Child? Yuck. I think the designer was preoccupied by coursework, the idea of making a square bottle and completely failed to essay, realize why bottles are round, not much of an accomplishment for a product design. Why not make the square bottle like a lego brick. The bottle could be filled with sand or dirt and then stacked to make a wall. The sand or dirt would serve as insulation. There would be less bottles in coursework landfills and more of them used as a building material. If your are in duurzaam any doubt about the ability of the coursework, bottle with carbonized drinks check out jack Blue Marlins design of Isklar carbonated water. Innovation at its best!

A square bottle will require 13% more plastic to hold the same volume of liquid. Ireland? And that is not including the essays on sports violence, additional plastic due to thicker walls required to ireland, provide the same structural support. So, the bigger tradeoff here would be more plastic required per bottle. Deer Park water has done a great job of utilizing a minimalist/collapsable design for its water bottles. All that said, aesthetically the bottles look great and would help update Coke’s image. Following the above comment, it would be interesting to julia, study of the tradeoff between the additional plastic required for a square bottle versus the savings and polution reduction due to transportation, storage and coursework, logistics that Andrew illustrates so well. Overall, this is a great example of how a simple design can have very complex ramifications! Here’s what makes sense to me… If the same type and thickness of essay duurzaam toerisme plastic is ireland used, each bottle of coke takes up more room and uses more plastic: high school math says so.

What is gained is the unused space in between the essays, bottles in coursework the crate, that means more product per tray of napoleon bonaparte or tyrant essay bottles, and therefore more coke in a single shipment. However, that means more weight on the shipping vehicle and coursework, increased transportation costs. So that would be, fail, fail, and – weight for it – epic fail. Check out Walmart rubbing alcohol bottles, they are also fishy. I’m a blow molded product development engineer / manager, and I skimmed a few of the comments here as I made my way down the napoleon or tyrant essay, list.

I know I’m late to the game, but here’s my input: I like the coursework, design overall, but as mentioned, loses the Coke bottle brand identity, and on sports, kills the comfort in ireland coursework your hand. The neck can’t be off-center on a PET bottle design, you will have huge issues with varied wall thickness through the bottle. Thick wall on essays, the side closest to the neck, thin wall on the opposing side away from the neck. You need a minimum radius in coursework all corners or 1/8? / 3mm in jack the bottle body when it comes to PET bottle design. The bigger the better. That design you have there, while original, is setting itself up to be a huge failure during drop testing.

Sharp corners are a huge No-No in PET design. Also, add healthy draft angles wherever possible to prevent bottle scuffing on part ejection from the mold, which is always a big issue in PET design. You’ll also find yourself running into ireland coursework blow ratio issues once your blow ratio goes beyond 2.2:1. Meaning the bottle width or depth really shouldn’t exceed 2.2 X the “E” diameter, (The minor diameter of the threads on the neck finish,) if you can help it. Although it has been done plenty of times before, it’s a good guideline to live by if you can help it. I like the idea of a square design, that certainly the most efficient way to ship product, much better than a round. But even with healthy design techniques like adding good corner radii to the shape, giving the bottle panels some radius, etc., the jack a fire, processor is again going to be battling varying wall thicknesses here. They’ll be challenged by a rib of thick material down the center of the bottle panel, and coursework, thin corners at all corners of the essays, square shape, leading to more challenges in drop testing. Onto to collapsing the bottle. I’ve never seen a successful bellows design in PET that will allow a shape to collapse as intended.

You can do it in HDPE, but the amount of sharpness you would have to coursework, apply to the corners of your bellows design to get the bonaparte hero, plastic to collapse would override the minimum radius you could feasibly blow mold in PET, bringing you back to more thin corners and ireland, drop testing failures. Sorry, like the concept, but it’s a manufacturing nightmare. why not try with a bigger head for julia child its top? The cap part can be a bit larger,well, the gas has to ireland, go somewhere right? This is NOT a new concept.. I own a SQUARE Coke bottle.

orinally produced In Kenosha, Wis. years ago. Jack Essay? It is glass with a rounded top. with the city name actually.

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Ireland Coursework - Natinalists vs unionists - GCSE History - Marked

lad essay In what ways does ‘Lad Culture’ reinforce symbolic capital and dominant representations of gender within the coursework University of Stirling hockey team? ‘Boys will be boys’ the common expression to dismiss boisterous rowdy behaviour as a harmless trait of masculine adolescence (Coslett, 2014). However, there has been a recent surge of interest in the ‘lad culture’ phenomena. Defined by NUS ‘That’s what she said’ report as a contemporary form of julia essays, masculinity that promotes unruly conduct whilst trivialising misogyny, homophobia and racism (Temple and Burns, 2012). According to Temple and coursework, Burns (2012) ‘lad culture’ thrives among university students. University campuses appear to have fostered the environment for on sports violence students to ireland coursework embody ‘lad’ characteristics, such as engaging in excessive drinking, sports and at times sexist and crude behaviours. Both on essay, and off the University campus ‘lad culture’ is becoming a hot topic with local bars and sports societies joining forces to endorse binge drinking as well as academia responding to claims the coursework rise of ‘lad culture’ encourages discriminatory ‘banter’ and in extreme cases sexual harassment among university students (Temple and Burns, 2012). The study recognises that masculine identities are not stagnant fixed roles and that not all males will adopt features associated with ‘lad culture’, however the research highlights several commonalities of the phenomenon.

For instance, sport is a common attribute of essays on sports violence, ‘lad culture’ claiming that membership with a sports team provides an outlet for alpha-male dominance and pack mentality (Temple and ireland, Burns, 2012). The NUS report stated that the desire to be a part of team meant some students felt they were unable to chains challenge discriminatory conduct and some even claiming they felt under pressure to mirror such behaviour in an attempt to ireland gain peer acceptance (Temple and Burns, 2012). Essay? Dempster’s (2009, cited in ireland, Temple and Burns, 2012) study of undergraduate sports players illustrates this: ‘The cruder the child behaviour regarding women and sexuality the coursework less likely it was that players would be negatively sanctioned by peers.’ (Dempster 2009, cited in Temple and Burns, 2012) Behavior of research assignment, this nature was further exemplified in November 2013 when the ireland coursework University of Stirling’s own hockey team became the centre of a media uproar as they were filmed singing a derogatory song whilst drinking and making Nazi salutes on a crowded bus (Reidy, 2013). Napoleon Bonaparte Essay? The song was deemed explicit and offensive, sparking debates around how well universities a re coping with lad culture (Reidy, 2013). More recently, the ireland University of Stirling’s football club caused controversy when they painted themselves black for an African cup themed night. Anti-racism charity ‘show racism the julia child red card’ described the practice of ‘blacking out’ as an outdated method of racist mockery that cannot be tolerated in contemporary society (Brown, 2015).

Sport related degrees, high quality resources and sports societies make strong contributions to the overall image of the University of Stirling, making the institution potentially more vulnerable to the negative impacts of ‘lad culture’. This study will revisit the University Hockey team almost two years on from the infamous ‘BusGate’ incident (Reidy, 2012) and will explore the association and prevalence of ireland coursework, ‘lad culture’. According to Butler (1999), gender is not the consequence of essay and webs, a person’s sex. Males formulated their own gender in opposition to females. If this is the ireland coursework case, then how do female players fit into these hockey clubs if lad culture is considered masculine? Do women use other measures to feel a sense of belonging to business assignment the club, perhaps in opposition to what is seen as ‘laddish’ or do the ireland coursework clubs challenge Butler’s assertions?

When males have appropriated performativity including rituals which serve to naturalise a certain performance understood as a male model of child essays, gendered practice. The strongest theoretical affirmation of Butler’s concept of coursework, gender states that categories and identities exist as an ideal. When this ideal is confronted and essay chains and webs, harmonised with reality, what results is coursework, a performance or ‘gender-acting’ (Butler, 1999: 23-24, 163-164). In this way have the individuals’ self split to mirror the essay duurzaam masculine traits that are expected of a sports team (Cohen, 1985; Goffman; 1960?)? Further, do individuals embody a different identity away from the coursework sports team, one that is less overtly masculine and ‘laddish.’ Gender, then, is a constant performance of acts which acquire not merely an individual meaning, but also a public one since these acts make social laws explicit (Butler, 1999: xxxi) Repetition of these performances have reinforced and lead to the acceptance of lad culture.

If ‘lad culture’ can be argued to be a loss of traditional masculinity within contemporary society, then are these rituals of jack essay, binge drinking and ireland coursework, sexism/racism an attempt for individuals an attempt to form a masculine identity; one that is played out both on the physical and social field of hockey (Bourdieu, 1992). Those individuals who make lad culture work, and make sense of mutual recognition through repetition and creating exclusive social reality makes members of the lad culture perceive their performativity expressed in the form of rituals to be natural and without a credo. Performativity is rigidly confined within historical dimensions resulting in this particular model of ritualised performance. Men who may not naturally embrace the lad culture may ‘subvert’ their own subjectivity to hero or tyrant fit in to that model so as not to be excluded. (Butler, 1999: 108, 186) When individuals subvert their own subjectivity, this can result in over compensation and so becomes a ‘parody’. The notion of gender parody can be defined as ‘an original way of imitating identities’, but it does not confine itself merely to parody or dressing-up; rather, it creates political consequences, though it would be impossible to achieve one without the other. (Butler, 1999: 176)

Butler believes that parodic practices can contribute to the construction of a normalised gender identity or to failed versions of the same – these are failed attempts, more akin to mime or weird fantasy. In short, parody emerges as the need to find expression of marginal genders, which are in search of a real identity. As the effects of ireland coursework, a subtle and politically enforced performativity, gender is an on sports violence, ‘act’, as it were, that is open to splittings, self-parody, self-criticism, and ireland, those hyperbolic exhibitions of essay chains, ‘the natural’ that… reveal its fundamentally phantasmatic status. Consequently, those males who subvert their own subjectivity, contribute to the re-enforcing and continuation of the lad culture. In this way, Butler believes if there is the loss of binary-gender rules would give way to ireland a multiplicity of possible genders, which would destabilise the jack to build essay heterosexual narrative as the only one possible and obligatory. Bourdieu’s theory of coursework, capital is useful when considering how these social interactions create identity. He believes that the struggle and exchange of social capital is integral to the structures apparent in julia, a particular field. Further, are the individuals that are most at ease using this capital the dominant members of the teams? What are the definitions and experiences of ‘lad culture’ within the hockey team? In what ways is coursework, ‘lad culture’important in essay duurzaam toerisme, creating a sense of belonging within a university sports team?

How does ‘lad culture’ identity differ between male and female players? In what ways is ‘lad culture’ the dominant form of coursework, capital in the sports team?Methods. Participant observation and focus groups will be used. Spending match days with both teams will prove crucial in to build essay, deciphering the link between the teams and a sense of belonging (Gorman and Clayton, 2005; Brewer, 2000). Coursework? Observation at games and training would uncover which individuals held the most social capital and in what ways the struggle and exchange of essay duurzaam toerisme, capital is played out in the social field (Grenfell, 2008; Bourdieu and Wacquant, 1992). The importance of coursework, ‘lad behaviour’ in gaining and maintaining social capital and napoleon bonaparte hero or tyrant essay, ultimately feeling a sense of belonging would be explored.

The research aims to uncover how identity differs between male and ireland, female teams. On Food? Male and female dressing rooms will be observed, as we have male and female researchers, which will be key to uncovering the social exchanges between team members and understand whether stereotypical masculine or feminine behaviours are seen in the teams (Glen, 2014). Social events with both genders present will be analysed. When both groups are together is the same ‘laddish’ behaviour apparent? Particularly, do males talk derogatorily about females? If so, how do the females of the club react? Do they accept and join in ireland, the ‘banter’ or can they be seen to be uncomfortable? Has ‘lad culture’ been internalised by the habitus of the individuals or are certain members only mirroring the behaviour of the dominant members of the napoleon bonaparte group in order to feel belonging (Bourdeiu, 1977)? Does this overtly masculine behaviour create contradictions in the identity of the members of the hockey team? Focus groups will then be used to study the coursework social interactions between members and further data found during observations (Morgan, 1997). A male and female focus group will be conducted each with 6-10 participants.

Individuals will be chosen to include a spread of attitudes in regard to ‘lad’ behaviour. We would seek to toerisme uncover whether individuals feel acting like a ‘lad’ is necessary to building social capital and ireland, what players are perceived to essay on food and webs have the most capital in both teams. Is it the ireland coursework best players or the most overtly masculine? Do the rest of the players in the team mirror their behaviour on or tyrant, the players with most capital to gain acceptance and feel a sense of belonging? In this way is ‘lad culture’ created by players acting in a way that they feel they are supposed to? It will be useful to compare whether capital is coursework, built differently in both teams. Alternatively, is ‘lad culture’ equally prevalent in the female team? In light of recent incidents involving Stirling University Sports teams and concern over the prevalence of ‘lad culture’, it is important to deconstruct this issue in order to gain a deeper understanding. Media coverage of the hockey teams bus incident appears to chains and webs depict ‘lad culture’ as an epidemic sweeping British universities, fueling fear that unruly sexist and discriminatory behaviour is becoming embedded in university life. Further research is required to develop a stronger knowledge of how ‘lad culture’ is experienced and defined by ireland coursework, student sports players.

This research aims to provide an insight into the extent ‘lad culture’ is evident within the hockey team and if such a stigma has negative or positive impact on essays, the team. Ireland Coursework? Claire Rafferty a fitness instructor from Stirlinguniversity with close connections to bonaparte university sports teams has endorsed the project and with her support it will be possible to disseminate the research in ireland coursework, a way that is meaningful. By understanding how the club creates a sense of belonging it will be possible to revise the julia child recruitment strategies of all the university sports clubs. This project will provide the scope for ireland coursework further exploration into university sporting behaviour, allowing the University of essays, Stirling to devise stronger strategies to prevent negative conduct and ireland coursework, bad press. Bourdieu, P (1977) Outline of essay chains, a Theory of Practice.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bourdieu, P (1989) Social Space and Symbolic Power, Sociological Theory, 7, (1), 14-25. Bourdieu, P (1992) The Logic of Practice, Cambridge: Polity Press. Bourdieu, P (1999), The Weight of the ireland coursework World: Social suffering in contemporary society, Cambridge: Polity. Bourdieu, P and Wacquant, L (1992) An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Chicago: University of a fire, Chicago Press. Brewer, J (2000) Ethnography, Milton Keynes: Open University Press. Brown, C (2015) Stirling Uni FC team blacked up for African event, In: The scotman: http://www.scotsman.com/news/education/stirling-uni-fc-team-blacked-up-for-african-event-1-3682472#comments-area (accessed 18th March 2015) Butler, J. (1999) Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. (2nd ed.) New York London: Routledge.

———— (1993) Bodies that Matter: on the discursive limits of “sex”. New York London: Routledge. Cohen, S (2002) Folk Devils and Moral Panics, Oxon: Routledge. Coslett R (2014) ‘It’s not ‘lad culture’, it’s misogyny – just look at the LSE rugby club,’ In:The guardian, Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/oct/07/lad-culture-women-rape-sexual-harassment-abuse-laddish (accessed 18th March 2015) Glen, I (2014) An Ethnographic study of a working-class community, Thesis submitted for Doctorate of ireland coursework, Philosophy, University of essay on food and webs, Stirling. Gorman, G. E. and Clayton, P (2005) Qualitative research for the information professional: A practical handbook (2nd ed.), London: Facet Publishing.

Grenfell, M. (ed.) (2008) Pierre Bourdieu: Key Concepts, Stocksfield: Acumen. Jagger, G. (2008) Judith Butler: sexual politics, social change and the power of the performative. London New York: Routledge. Morgan, D. L. Ireland? (1997) Focus groups as qualitative research, Newbury Park: Sage. Temple K and Burns L (2012) That’s what she said: Women Student’s experiences of essay and webs, ‘lad culture’ in Higher education, National Union of Students, University of Sussex. Reidy, (2013) Stirling University Hockey Team Suspended From Sport For Sexist Chant, Huffington post. Available at:http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/11/19/stirling-university-suspended-sexist-chants_n_4303031.htm (accessed 18th March 2015) Salih, S. Ireland Coursework? (2002) Judith Butler. London New York: Routledge.

Scraton, S. and Flintoff, A. (eds.) (2002) Gender and Sport: A Reader. London New York: Routledge. Are you looking for a similar paper or any other quality academic essay? Then look no further. Our research paper writing service is what you require.

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