Best mfa programs writing

SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips. There are a lot of “Best SAT Books” lists out mfa programs writing there. Agarwala. We think most of them aren’t very good or thorough, and I’ve tried to write a much better guide here. Mfa Programs Writing. You’ll learn which books are absolutely critical for your prep, which books you should use to improve individual sections, and which books you need if you’re aiming for a top score. Importantly, you’ll also learn HOW to use these books to study effectively. Keep reading to learn more. This guide is detailed, so here are quick reference links. Essay Someone Dying. I recommend you read the whole thing if you can. What’s Better About This Guide to writing, the Best SAT Books? Because your SAT score is important, and you’ll probably spend a good amount of time studying, it’s important that you get the oh homework right advice. Best Mfa Programs. Follow the wrong advice, and agarwala thesis it might be too late to improve your score.

Therefore, it’s important to best mfa programs writing, vet the advice you get (including ours) before deciding on aseem agarwala, your SAT Prep plan. Before you read each article in your research, you should think – why should I trust this person online giving me advice? To be transparent, here’s why this guide is better than others online, so you can decide for yourself: I explain in best mfa programs, detail why good books are good, and what each book's flaws are. You probably haven’t heard of some of these books, because they're either newer or are hidden gems, and they're not featured as widely as the books from large companies that have large marketing budgets. Most other guides just list a few books without context. Independent. One important disclaimer: I’m co-founder of PrepScholar, an online SAT/ACT prep program. I believe we’ve built the best prep program available right now. It diagnoses your strengths and weaknesses and best writing gives you a structured all-in-one program, combining the best aspects of the books below, so you know exactly what you need to study at every point. But I want to stress that you don’t need a program to excel at the SAT. In fact, writing this guide may lose us some customers, since you might decide that you don’t need a program at argumentative thesis abuse, all. But if you decide that you don’t want to manage 10 books and want an integrated complete program that customizes to your learning, check PrepScholar SAT out.

If you’re serious about SAT prep, keep reading. Writing. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Tired of wasting time prepping in ways that don't work? We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the argumentative and drug program learns your strengths and mfa programs weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. It's the best prep program available right now. Best of all, we guarantee your money back if you don't improve your score by 160 points or more. Independent Publishers. Check out our 5-day free trial today: First, this guide is for students who are serious about their prep . You need to be motivated to get a high score, and you need to be willing to put in hard work. Getting through these books will take dozens of hours, simply because the SAT covers so much material. If you just plan to best mfa programs writing, study 5 hours, your choice of book doesn’t make any difference . You should focus your time just on taking a sample practice test and reviewing your answers.

Your score won’t go up much, and you shouldn’t expect miracles. Publishers. Buying the writing books is the aseem thesis first and easiest step of SAT prep. You'll need to best mfa programs, put in gothic art and essay, serious work to actually get the score improvements. Mfa Programs. We’ll explain below the best way to get the most out of these books. Secondly, this guide is for students who want to improve their score by over 100 points. To make consistent improvements of this level, you need more than just tricks. Gothic Art And Essay. You need to understand the content of what’s being tested – the best writing underlying math concepts and grammar rules – rather than just tricks that make you feel like you learned something but are actually not effective. Again, if you’re just looking to improve by essay dying, 50 points, it’s possible for you to mfa programs, do that just by retaking the test, especially if you’ve taken the test only once. Finally, to improve by studying books, you need to gothic art and architecture essay, have a great study strategy . It is NOT enough to just read a book cover by cover.

So many students spend dozens of mfa programs writing, hours cracking through book after book without improving their score. Why? Because they're not understanding what their weaknesses are and publishers focusing their time on their weaknesses. If you don't focus your time on your weaknesses, you won't improve! It sounds obvious, but it's pretty hard for many students to actually do this well.

I write a lot more about this in my Perfect SAT Score guide, and that's how I designed our PrepScholar SAT program to do all the hard structural work for you. If you’re serious about score improvement, and you want to study with only books, this is the guide for you. We’re going to best mfa programs, divide the best SAT books into a few categories: Critical Books : Must have books as part of your prep program, no matter your skill level or weaknesses. Art And Architecture. Subject Training Books : The best books to use to mfa programs, train Reading, Math, and Writing. Aseem Agarwala Thesis. Books for best mfa programs writing, Top Scorers : Books that will push you over the top. Books for Low Scorers and essay Low Motivation : If you only want to study for 5 hours and improve a little bit, this is OK. Otherwise avoid. The #1 Book to Avoid : New for this year - a book I always used to recommend is now squarely in the Do Not Buy list. Find out which. Mfa Programs. Because the format of the test is changing so much, I do NOT recommend using Old SAT books to study for the New SAT. While the tests are more similar than not, you can waste a lot of time studying for someone, the wrong thing, if you don't precisely know how the tests are different.

Instead, use New SAT books, like the ones below, or use our PrepScholar SAT program. Writing. We rebuilt the program from the ground up and dissected the test to understand it fully. These are books that I believe everyone should have, regardless of their current score, regardless of descriptive essay about dying, where they need to improve. This is extremely hard to qualify for, and in fact there are only two books out of dozens that I’ve tested: We’ve written at length about the importance of best mfa programs, official SAT practice questions. The SAT test is oh homework, weird and tests concepts in ways that you’ve never seen in school before. Mfa Programs Writing. This means that you need to train with realistic questions so you learn the patterns of the SAT. Official SAT tests released by the College Board are the gold standard for SAT practice questions. Each test released by the College Board contains real questions given to real students at previous administrations of the SAT. The quality of official questions is far better than questions written by unofficial sources like Kaplan and Barron's. Even better — all of the oh homework Official SAT Practice Tests for the New SAT are FREE ! You can download the PDFs, then print them out to get the writing realistic on-paper testing experience. Visit our Complete Official SAT Practice Tests guide to download all the practice tests and answer keys for yourself.

The best set of practice tests you can get anywhere, period - especially since the oh homework New SAT is so new. If you want to take a practice test, these are the ones to use. Answer explanations are not helpful for self-learning for most students. Most of the explanations read like this: “A is wrong because A is wrong. B is correct for these reasons” rather than showing you how to solve the writing question from oh homework step 1. Mfa Programs Writing. If you don't know strategies for how to approach reading passages or alternative math strategies, you'll need more help.

Now that the Black Book has finally been updated for the New SAT, it's only homework oh homework other Critical book I'd recommend. It’s not sufficient by itself, and even with the practice tests above you’ll likely need more supplemental help, as I explain below. Best Writing. But what it does have is so good that I believe every student studying only with books should read it. What you’ll get from the Black Book is a way to think about the SAT. What does this even mean?

Here are a few examples: You learn that the SAT is designed to argumentative and drug abuse, be a predictable, standardized test . It needs to test basic concepts so that it can be administered nationwide to all students, but it also needs to make it difficult, so it distorts the questions in a weird way. The concepts in this book were things I understood intuitively when I took the SAT and was studying for a perfect score. It’s influenced the way that I think about teaching our students at PrepScholar. Of all books on the market, this book aligns most closely with my personal philosophy on the SAT and mfa programs writing how to succeed on it. Very lucid take on the SAT. The ideas within will change your view on the SAT and hopefully motivate you to work harder, knowing that any student can excel on the SAT. Requires a ton of self-discipline and insight to use effectively. Because you’re learning from your mistakes and no one is essay singing, there to best writing, guide you, you need to gothic art and, be self-driven to best mfa programs writing, experiment with different strategies and find which one works best for you. For some students, following a set of straight guidelines could be less confusing. Once again, I highly recommend these two resources for all students studying purely through books. We cover most of the oh homework important concepts in the Black Book in our SAT prep program and provide focused practice on individual skills.

As I mentioned above, most likely you'll need specific training on each subject to shore up your weaknesses. Writing. Next, we'll provide specific resources for individual subjects. Want to improve your SAT score by independent, 160 points? We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Beyond the Critical books above, you’ll most likely need extra supplemental help on specific sections. Best Writing. The following section discusses the best books for Reading, Math, and Writing. These books all follow my SAT prep philosophy: divide SAT content into skills, and get focused training on those skills use realistic, high-quality questions that prep you well for the real SAT cover only gothic architecture what you need to best, know, not advanced material not on the SAT. In my experience with thousands of students, SAT Reading is the homework most difficult section to improve. It uses logical reasoning skills that aren’t as easily mastered as math concepts or grammar rules.

It’s very important to drill down on what types of questions are asked, and how to approach these questions in a systematic way. My recommendation for best mfa programs writing, best SAT Reading book is The Critical Reader 2nd Edition, by Erica Meltzer . Oh Homework. This book dissects the best mfa programs writing SAT Reading section by question type and skill. She does a great job of teaching the core of essay, what the question is best mfa programs writing, asking, and how to work with the gothic art and passage to arrive at the correct answer. Of all writers, Erica Meltzer aligns most closely with my personal philosophy of drilling questions skill-by-skill to recognize patterns to questions. Great breakdown of the Reading section on mfa programs writing, a skill-by-skill level. Helpful strategies for every type of oh homework, question. Exactly the writing same approach we use in our PrepScholar program. Pricey for oh homework, a book that covers just one section ($26-$35) My philosophy on SAT math is that the best way to significantly improve your math score is to mfa programs, learn the underlying math content . Independent. Getting familiar with the questions and mfa programs learning some simple strategies like ‘plug in the answer choices’ can get you a little progress, but you’ll quickly run into a ceiling if you have gaps in your underlying math skills.

Your best bet is therefore to find a book that can both teach you math content in an organized way and argumentative statement give you practice problems to focus on individual skills. It should also tailor to your skill level , since math questions that are too hard or easy for you are a waste of time. For these reasons, I recommend Steve Warner’s series of best writing, SAT Math books . He has multiple books out for Beginner, Intermediate, and Advanced students, as well as a set of 240 SAT Math problems organized by topic and difficulty. Hobby. Lessons teaching math concepts are clear and helpful. They suggest ways to speed up how you solve questions and identify what the question is really asking. The books split into the College Board's 4 major topics – Heart of Algebra, Geometry and Trig, Passport to Advanced Math, and best Problem Solving and Data. Descriptive About Someone. This is too broad. I prefer splitting these larger topics into even more specific subjects - for example, within Algebra, PrepScholar teaches linear functions, single variable equations, systems of equations, and best more. By focusing on someone dying, each skill, you are able to more accurately pinpoint your weaknesses and drill them.

If you’re really struggling with math at a basic level (say, scoring 500 and below), I’d recommend that you supplement your work with Khan Academy’s math modules. It’s a free program and it provides an mfa programs writing, engaging way to thesis and drug abuse, train your most basic skills. I believe the best writing core Khan Academy program has better instruction than their SAT prep program, even though it's not focused on the SAT. The best way to excel at SAT Writing is to understand the grammar rules and how they appear on the SAT. Then, you need to do a lot of focused practice questions to thesis abuse, make sure you learn the patterns of the SAT. That’s how we designed our PrepScholar online program to teach you grammar.

Once again, I’m returning to Erica Meltzer for best, her SAT Grammar books . Erica’s fantastic at distilling all of aseem agarwala, grammar into what you need to mfa programs writing, know for the SAT. You won’t learn arcane grammar concepts that aren’t tested. For the rules that are tested, she presents them clearly and covers the foundation if you’ve forgotten the grammar rule from school. Unlike her Reading book, for Writing she has two books . Thesis. The Ultimate Guide to SAT Grammar covers all the grammar rules you need to know. The SAT Grammar Workbook gives hundreds of practice questions as training material. Neither book is sufficient on its own, which is a big drawback.

The first book doesn’t have enough questions to really drill the grammar rules. The second book doesn’t teach the grammar rules, and the questions aren’t organized by grammar rule. This really complicates the studying for the student, but I still believe this is the best Writing-focused book out there. Best. Clear writing and articulation of grammar rules. There's no guidance on thesis, study strategy. It's a nice breakdown of the SAT, but you don't get instruction on HOW to use the book to mfa programs writing, best maximize your score. Reading cover to cover isn't the most effective way. Hobby. Learn more about focusing on your writing weaknesses in my Perfect SAT Writing Score guide.

Once again, the price is high - $50 to $60 for both books . It’s good content, but I believe she could get a lot more customers by lowering her prices. Bonus: Looking for the very best guides to every SAT section? Check out best mfa programs our top guides for every single section of the SAT. Choose the score level you're aiming for: Choose these guides if you're scoring a 600 or above on a section, and you want to get the highest SAT score possible. Choose these guides if you're scoring below a 600 on a section, and thesis and drug you want to boost your score to at least a 600 level. These are the very best guides available on boosting your SAT score, section by section.

They're written by Harvard grads and perfect SAT scorers. Don't disappoint yourself - read these guides and improve your score today. Mfa Programs Writing. Best Additional Book for Top SAT Scorers. With all the books above, you already have your work cut out for you. With 8 full-length practice tests and architecture essay 5+ books at best mfa programs writing, your disposal, you will be studying for well over 50 hours. If you go through all your practice using the independent publishers guidelines we recommend, you’ll likely have made huge improvements.

If you still want additional practice, I recommend the Barron’s SAT books , especially if you’re aiming for mfa programs, near a perfect score. I remember using these books during my own prep in high school, and while their questions are inferior to real SAT practice tests, they’re a good backup source when you finish everything else above. A lot of content. Thousands of practice questions and publishers detailed lessons with many examples. Topics can get too difficult for best mfa programs writing, what you need to know on the SAT. Some questions are too hard in the wrong way – they can get unrealistically hard in a way that you’d never see on the SAT. If you’re not an SAT expert yet, you won’t be able to detect when this happens and you can waste time studying things that don’t matter. Someone. Best All-In-One Book for Less-Motivated Low Scorers. My recommendations have so far been for the ambitious student who really wants to improve his or her score. I know there are some students who just want to put in 5 hours, get some exposure to the test, and then take the SAT and forget about it. I personally believe that for mfa programs, most students, improving your SAT score is, hour for hour, the best way to improve your chances of college admission.

So I would say that if you feel this way, you should question your philosophy. But if you’re stuck in this mindset, the book I would recommend is thesis, Kaplan’s SAT book . It’s an all-in-one book that covers the three sections and contains practice questions and practice tests. It doesn’t excel at any of what it’s doing , but it covers the important bases. It also tends to have more reasonable content than other all-in-one books like Princeton Review. Best Writing. I don’t love this book. Hobby Singing. I don’t even really like it. I don’t recommend it if you at all want to improve your score seriously and are willing to put in writing, study time. But if you just want a single source that can do an OK job and is easily digestible, this is the best one out there. Covers all three sections and contains practice tests.

Practice questions tend to singing, be unrealistic – they often don’t phrase questions the way the SAT would, and they don’t test concepts in best, the right way. The questions also don’t trick you in the same ways that the SAT does. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Architecture. Download it for free now: The #1 SAT Prep Book to AVOID Buying. Unlike every other section on this guide, I'm making one specific recommendation against buying a book. This is unusual because, prior to 2015, this is the best writing #1 book you would DEFINITELY buy. College Board's Official SAT Study Guide, 2018 Edition. It feels really weird to recommend NOT buying this book, because for years and year, this was THE book to use to study.

It used to contain 10 practice tests that you could get only through buying this book. Why release these tests for free? This is all part of College Board's moves to make the test more accessible and to reduce educational inequality. About Dying. This is great and writing I support them - but it also means the and drug abuse Official SAT Study Guide is now a waste of money . The educational material outside of the practice tests is very superficial and unhelpful (we've written far better guides on Reading, Math, and Writing - all online and best free). Has eight practice tests pre-printed for gothic art and architecture, you, so you don't need to best mfa programs writing, print them yourself. Everything in this guide is available for free online. More important than buying the books is knowing how to use them effectively. The more books you have, the more important it is to understand how to build a unified study system. We've written thorough guides to help guide you through how to study.

Build a study plan across your high school schedule so you know when to take the SAT. Is Book Studying the Best Option for You? There are a lot of prep methods available to you, and book studying is just one of them. Essay Hobby Singing. Just to explore all our options, let's quickly examine whether book studying is right for you. People who choose to study by books do so for different reasons.

Some so it for cost reasons. As I noted above, the best SAT books can get expensive. If you buy all the top books, you'll be spending around $200 . This is already close to the cost of best mfa programs, our online SAT prep program, which goes beyond books by guiding your study step-by-step and and motivating you to put in study time. Others study with books because they're self-motivated, and they like teaching themselves. Statement And Drug Abuse. If this isn't you, books can be a disappointing way for best, you to spend time and not improve . If you don't have good study strategy, you can put in dozens of hours and make zero improvement, because you're not understanding your weaknesses and argumentative thesis statement solving them. Mfa Programs Writing. By far one of the most important ways to art and architecture essay, improve your SAT score is to mfa programs writing, study your mistakes and learn from them.

If you can't do this reliably, you'll need extra help to get you started. We've written a free guide to compare other methods of prep. Download this to compare the different methods and see which one is best for you. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or more? We've put our best advice into publishers, a single guide.

These are the best mfa programs 5 strategies you MUST be using to have a shot at essay hobby, improving your score. Download this free SAT guide now: Check out our industry-leading online SAT program. We've designed it to cover all the advantages of books and tutors at an affordable price. Featuring in-depth strategy lessons and thousands of practice questions, we have the content from the leading books. We include the critical Official SAT Study Guide above. Beyond that, the program acts like your personal tutor. It guides you step-by-step through what you should be working on at every moment to best improve your score.

It customizes to your strengths and weaknesses, then gives you focused practice so you learn the patterns on the SAT. Furthermore, it motivates you to best, study so that you put in enough time. There's a 160 point guarantee - if you don't improve your score by 160 points, you get all your money back. Argumentative Thesis. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article!

As co-founder and head of product design at PrepScholar, Allen has guided thousands of students to success in SAT/ACT prep and college admissions. He's committed to best mfa programs, providing the highest quality resources to statement, help you succeed. Allen graduated from best writing Harvard University summa cum laude and earned two perfect scores on the SAT (1600 in 2004, and 2400 in 2014) and a perfect score on the ACT. Agarwala. You should definitely follow us on social media. Mfa Programs Writing. You'll get updates on thesis statement abuse, our latest articles right on your feed. Follow us on all 3 of mfa programs writing, our social networks: Have any questions about hobby singing, this article or other topics? Ask below and best mfa programs writing we'll reply!

Series: How to Get 800 on Each SAT Section: Series: How to Get to 600 on Each SAT Section: Series: How to Get 36 on Each ACT Section: Our hand-selected experts help you in homework, a variety of other topics! Looking for Graduate School Test Prep? Check out our top-rated graduate blogs here: Get the latest articles and test prep tips! © PrepScholar 2013-2015. All rights reserved. SAT® is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board TM . The College Entrance Examination.

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confederation essay Professor Emeritus, Virginia Tech. Director, Virtual Jamestown. Over the past decade or more, “Atlantic World History” has provided a new framework to study the past in a comparative, cross-disciplinary, and transnational context. The Atlantic-centric approach to history is mindful of the rise of American social history during the 1960s and 1970s. Social history freed the discipline from the best mfa programs, clutches of thesis, elite- and politico-centric, discipline-bound, atheoretical, and best nationalistic approaches to the past and descriptive dying moved the compass needle.

New coordinates arose on the historical map. “History from the bottom up” presented a rare opportunity to emphasize social origins and connections to the forces of change and continuity that surrounded them. Sub-fields emerged in the history of the family, labor, immigration, urbanization, childhood, and other fields. Borrowings from the fields of cultural anthropology, economic and social theory, psychology, sociology, and other disciplines informed historical inquiry like never before. As a young graduate student who had somehow escaped from these same social origins, it was inspirational to mfa programs see scholars newly engaged in art and architecture essay studies on indentured servants, slaves, factory workers, immigrants, white and black farm laborers, women, and others long ignored. Likewise, Atlantic history has been no less inspiring and it has greatly influenced current research and writing on mfa programs writing, colonial American history in general, and the Americans (used interchangeably with Indians and native people) in particular.

Atlantic World scholars have drawn attention to how the and drug, process of best, history washed over the “New World” landscape bringing with it its own compelling sources of change and continuity. The Atlantic World approach to colonial history brought with it a distinct set of assets and liabilities. On the one hand, it reinvigorated interest in the colonial world and opened new vistas of inquiry. On the other hand, ironically in some iterations it has inadvertently reinforced some of the publishers, Eurocentrism and nationalism, especially with regard to the history of native peoples, that its approach seemed well-positioned to correct. Students of indigenous populations face significant obstacles. Of the mfa programs writing, most formidable is the biased textual record the invaders left. Statement And Drug. Almost everything we know about sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Indians emanates from European chroniclers. Writing. Comparing multiple first-hand accounts in a comparative i.e., French, English, Spanish, and Dutch writings context can overcome some of the bias naturally built into one-sided perspectives. Publishers. Archaeological evidence can provide some correctives. Perhaps most promising of all is ethnographic analyses of Indian behavior. Studying Indians up close in best mfa programs discrete contexts, what social historians have called “thick description,” provides more certainty and sure-footedness in interpreting scant evidence and overcoming the publishers, attitudes and paying close attention to local circumstances and conditions from their unique historical perspective.

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Many readers will be surprised to hear this statement, given the large numbers of best mfa programs writing, immigrants in the period, especially after the 1700s. Despite this influx of immigrants and homework oh homework the thousands of Africans forcibly transported the losses of North America’s native people, decimated by disease, warfare, and a massive uprooting of Indian communities, more than made up for these additions. Consequently, colonial American history, cannot be appropriately cast as the “peopling” of America. Such an interpretation is a good example of the persistence of Eurocentric perspectives still present in best mfa programs early generation Atlantic World studies. Indeed, rather than the settling of America, it was really the unsettling that was roiling the seventeenth century continent. Second, the Atlantic World approach shifted the emphasis upon small colonial settlements to sweep over entire continents: Europe, Africa, South America, and North America. Characteristically, early Atlantic World scholarship underscored the theme of victimization. The most influential work in this vein has been Alfred Crosby’s Columbian Exchange, emphasizing “the biological and cultural consequences of 1492.” Crosby charted the extraordinary impact of Columbus’ voyages on the ecosystem. Essay Hobby. Pestilential diseases like smallpox, measles, and influenza devastated native populations. The most stunning and controversial part of the Columbian Exchange concerns the death rate of mfa programs writing, Indians of uncertain dimensions.

Pick a number between one and 25 million in Mexico and Peru and another one to 12 million in argumentative thesis abuse North America, the exact figures are still unclear, but numbers so large it is impossible to comprehend losses on such an mfa programs writing, unparalleled scale. The speed and scale of the descriptive about dying, projected losses “boggle the mind,” according to historian Colin G. Calloway, one reason researchers may have been reluctant to mfa programs writing accept them for so long, he observes. Crosby’s work deserves the homework oh homework, recognition it has received for bringing such a catastrophe to the world’s attention. Crosby considered both sides of the equation, but the Columbian Exchange is essentially a narrative of victimization. For the best mfa programs writing, most part, only plants, animals, and diseases were exchanged.

A third more recent direction in Atlantic World History is providing a corrective to the agentless perspective that victimization underscored. Scholars have begun to approach the aseem thesis, study of Indians, not simply as victims or objects but, as one Indian chief put it when 2007 planners asked why Virginia Indians objected to the use of the term “celebration” for the 400th anniversary at Jamestown: “because we helped the English survive and build a nation.” Recently, it is this direction that has been taken in the study of best writing, North America’s native people during the sixteenth and aseem seventeenth centuries. In Daniel Richter’s eloquent phrase, when we “face east from Indian country,” we open the door on what James Merrell has called the best mfa programs, chance to observe and illuminate a “new world” for Indian people. This approach turns away from using the telescope to view Europeans up close and Indians from afar and instead reverses the lens to examine Indians up close with Europeans in the distance. Part of my research focuses upon a group where agency might least be expected: the liminal Algonquians. Liminals and the Algonquian Exchange. The Algonquians constituted a large and diverse array of speakers who occupied the Atlantic seaboard from Labrador to North Carolina and along the northern and western margins of Iroquoia to Lake Superior. From New England to essay hobby North Carolina they practiced a mixed economy in which hunting and gathering supplemented horticulture or fishing and sustained many large and permanent villages. When the French, Spanish, Dutch, and English invaders came, they immediately became dependent upon local natives for knowledge of the best mfa programs, area and good relations with the local population. Independent. Often their very survival depended upon mfa programs the native people.

In order to ensure success, the Europeans typically brought with them, or found them shortly after arrival, figures they had previously abducted or new captures to use as guides, interpreters, trade negotiators, and oh homework cultural translators. Algonquian figures occupied the social, economic, and diplomatic space between Europeans and Algonquian nations. Often forced to mfa programs writing serve two masters, despite being victims at times of colonial imperialism, ironically Algonquian liminals found agency despite their predicament and became vital instruments in the course of colonial American history. This perspectival turn in examining Algonquian history presents an opportunity to privilege agency as the genesis of independent publishers, what may be called here the Algonquian Exchange. For interpretive and analytical purposes, the best mfa programs, Algonquian Exchange might be seen as the contrapuntal force to the Columbian Exchange. In this usage of the term, we move beyond, although do not dispute, the oh homework, abundant evidence of victims and their “contributions” to history, towards a deeper search for the evidence of the many ways that Indians, in mfa programs this case Algonquians, became part of the oh homework, DNA of America, influenced its development, and carried forward their genetic cultural markers in the core culture.

Algonquian Creoles: Pocahontas, Tisquantum, and Pacquiquineo. The most intriguing, elusive, and best mfa programs underappreciated figures in the history of Atlantic World colonization are those individuals we might designate as Algonquian creoles. These were men and women who served as the gothic architecture essay, interface between two worlds. At times suspected by both and usually trusted by neither, they served in a variety of capacities. Creoles could speak English (or Spanish or French), were familiar with the ways of the invaders, understood how to deal with fellow Algonquians, and were thoroughly familiar with local geography.

Algonquian creoles were usually forced into the brokerage role. In 1609, Smith’s men captured Kemps and Tassore, two “Chickamanians,” and they “daily wrought and taught us how to order our fields.” Sometimes brokers were arranged exchanges. Examples of this type are Namontack who traveled with Christopher Newport back to England in 1608. Thomas Savage, an best writing, English boy, was left with Powhatan in exchange for Namontack. Uttamatommakin (also known as Tomocomo or Tomakin) went with Pocahontas to England in essay hobby 1616 and 1617 as Powhatan’s envoy and best writing “reporter.” The most famous Algonquian creole at Jamestown, Pocahontas was abducted, sent to the English fort near Richmond where Rev. Alexander Whitaker instructed her in Christianity. Later, she was baptized in a public ceremony at Jamestown’s church and grew into the brokerage role, as she moved from playing innocent games with English boys as a child and morphed as an adult into descriptive about, the most effective and best mfa programs influential broker in the Virginia colony. New England had creole figures just as valuable as Pocahontas. Tisquantum (“Squanto”), a native Patuxet lived at present-day Plymouth. The Patuxet belonged to the Wampanoag confederation of tribes. His early life is obscure.

In 1614, his story begins with the arrival of Captain John Smith and men on several ships who came to map Cape Cod and vicinity. After Smith completed his work, he left for England, leaving in charge, Captain Thomas Hunt with instructions to engage the Indians in trade. But Hunt had other ideas. He lured 24 Nauset and Patuxet Algonquians onto his ship with an offer to trade beaver and homework took them captive. He stowed them in mfa programs the hole of the ship and sailed to the Straits of Gibraltar and on to Malaga, Spain, where he sold as many as he could into slavery. Luckily for a few, friars in Malaga discovered what had happened, took custody of the rest and instructed them in Christianity. Back in aseem agarwala thesis America, the Nauset and Patuxet tribes were furious. English and French ships were no longer welcomed in Cape Cod and Plymouth and the beaver trade came to a halt. In 1617, an best mfa programs, unwitting French captain wrecked his ship on the north shore of Cape Cod. The Indians burned the crippled ship, killed all of the crew except three or four who were kept as slaves. One of the French mariners who had learned enough of the Algonquian language to communicate with them felt moved to tell the descriptive essay about, survivors that “God was angry with them for best writing, their wickedness, and descriptive essay would destroy them and best give their country to another people.” A sachem spurned the prediction, assembled his tribe on a nearby hill, and challenged the art and essay, French to prove that his God had such power over so many people.

The Frenchman assured them that he “surely would.” Within three years, everything the mariner predicted had come true: a disease epidemic, variously attributed in historical sources to tuberculosis or smallpox or both devastated the tribe. Tisquantum, one of the Indians Hunt had abducted, survived the plague and made his way from Spain to England where he learned English and signed on with the treasurer of the Newfoundland Company colony as an interpreter and best expert on North American natural resources. There he met Thomas Dermer, a ship’s captain who had worked with John Smith when he mapped Cape Cod. The New England Company, headed by Sir Ferdinando Gorges, wanted to publishers reestablish the beaver trade with the Massachusetts Algonquians and realized that Tisquantum could be a valuable asset to smooth the way as a peacemaker; they could use his strong English skills as interpreter with the still angry Patuxets. Writing. Like the homework oh homework, Atlantic creoles of West Africa who served in the slave trade, Gorges saw that Algonquian creoles like Tisquantum could act to best writing broker trade exchanges between Indians, fur dealers, and the Newfoundland Company. After bringing Dermer and Tisquantum back to England briefly to make plans, he sent them in 1619 to reestablish trade and map out the natural resources that the New England Company hoped to singing exploit. Writing. But when they arrived at Tisquantum’s town, they found everyone dead from the plague. Tisquantum located Massasoit and his brother Quadequina, the heads of the Wampanoag Confederation and took up with them. Soon after Tisquantum’s return home, the Mayflower pilgrims arrived at Provincetown Harbor in November 1620.

As they sent out their own expedition parties, on the third foray they were attacked by the Nauset. Argumentative Thesis Statement And Drug Abuse. All escaped unharmed but the best writing, Pilgrims continued their expeditions around Cape Cod, eventually ending up in descriptive essay about Patuxet territory in the area named Plymouth on Smith’s map. The Pilgrims worked out of the Mayflower for months, rarely seeing an Indian, before they moved onto land in March. On 16 March an Algonquian named Samoset surprised them when he walked right into the colony. Best. Samoset knew a little English picked up from the argumentative thesis statement abuse, fishermen around the mfa programs, harbors, enough to statement and drug tell the Pilgrims about Tisquantum and his superior language skills. On 22 March, Tisquantum came with Massasoit and Quadequina to the English colony. Together the Pilgrims and the three Indians negotiated a peace treaty to establish trading relations. Tisquantum soon became a key figure in the trade alliance and an integral member of the Plymouth Colony, translating and negotiating between Plymouth’s governors, including William Bradford, and best writing tribal leaders like Massasoit. He made peace with the Nauset and with a number of other Indian leaders in descriptive someone dying the Wampanoag Confederation. He also taught the Pilgrims how to manage local resources, catch eels, plant corn, and use fish fertilizer to improve production.

Without Tisquantum, the Plymouth Colony may not have survived. The same might be said of Pacquiquineo, an Algonquian creole who figured most prominently in the English settlement of best mfa programs writing, Jamestown. In 1561, winds blew a Spanish caravel off course on the South Carolina coast and drove the oh homework, vessel several hundred miles north. The Spaniards anchored “in a large river, possibly the Chickahominy.” There they encountered a group of Algonquians and two of writing, them “(‘a principal and singing his servant’) were forced or “agreed to accompany them on their voyage.” The principal was named Paquiquineo, a boy of about 12 years of age. Best. Since he was reported to have a servant, he was obviously of high status. He was of the Paspahegh tribe. Independent. Paspahegh was the name of the mfa programs, entire area on the Powhatan (James) River extending southeastward from the mouth of the Chickahominy to well beyond the peninsula that later became Jamestown. In 1570, Spanish Jesuits returned to essay Chesapeake Bay, with Paquiquineo as an interpreter and guide to establish the Ajacán mission in Virginia to best mfa programs convert the Indians to Christianity. Aseem Agarwala Thesis. The Jesuit priest Father Juan Rogel headed the Virginia mission and another priest, Father Juan Baptista de Segura, reported to him from the field.

Both had worked to best mfa programs writing establish missions at St. Augustine and Santa Elena. The group also included Father Luis de Quiros, and six lay brothers (Gabriel Gomes, Sancho Cevallos, Juan Baptista Mendez, Pedro de Linares, Gabriel de Solis, and Christobal Redondo). They took with them Paquiquineo and descriptive essay dying Alonzo de Olmos, son of a Florida colonist and mfa programs writing an altar boy who did not want to be separated from the priests he had served. The location of the Ajacán mission was near the Indian town of Kiskiack on the Pamunkey (York) River. Segura and his fellow Jesuits labored under difficult conditions.

A severe six-year drought plagued Virginia. Famine among Algonquian populations often accompanied these periods of sparse rain and high temperatures. The Virginia Algonquians had come to depend upon aseem thesis crops of corn, beans, and squash to supplement their hunter-gatherer diet and compensate for the periodic scarcities of game and fish. Unfortunately, low rainfalls also meant poor agricultural yields so that drought brought intense competition for all available food sources. Roving bands of mfa programs writing, Indians, some from the agarwala, North, attacked town populations to rob their fields and storage bins for their own needs.

The arrival of missionaries and soldiers during these times, as was the case at Jamestown, exacerbated already attenuated environmental conditions and made Indians far less charitable that might otherwise have been the case. Upon arrival, Pacquiquineo learned of hardships the Paspahegh were undergoing, suffering greatly from the best writing, effects of about, drought and best writing famine. During these times of and drug, distress, Indian religious leaders rose in importance in their communities to give spiritual explanations to unusual phenomena like famine, disease, and the sudden appearance of strangers in their midst. Mfa Programs Writing. Epiphenomenal conditions among native populations translated readily into spiritually signifying explanations. Paquiquineo’s reappearance surprised local Algonquians. The combination of famine, strange visitors, and the sudden visitation of an Algonquian figure long since vanished suggested supernatural forces at work. The Paspahegh reasoned encouraged by interpretations of their shamans -- that he had returned from the dead. His arrival at such a time likely signaled some kind of spiritual sign, something equivalent to the Ghost Dance phenomenon that Plains Indians of the late nineteenth century experienced. Publishers. He may have been seen as a prophet, for example, who would lead them and show the way out of their misery of famine, warfare, and invasion. Best Mfa Programs Writing. Of course, the Jesuits had no appreciation for how local environmental and art and architecture social conditions and Algonquian spirituality might intersect. For them behavioral manifestations of distress in the forms of religious dances, prophecies, and best mfa programs spiritual awakenings would likely be seen as signs of paganism.

Moreover, they clearly did not see in Paquiquineo any signs of doubt and alienation. For several years, Paquiquineo had cleverly practiced the art of essay hobby singing, dissimulation, kept his real feelings to himself, while openly he expressed his eagerness to convert his people. Within five days of the group’s arrival, to the utter surprise of the Jesuit priests, Paquiquineo turned quickly away from his captors, and crossed back into the world of the Paspahegh. He simply disappeared, and when he did not return in a few months, the three priests, now in need of supplies, went to find him. It was a tragic mistake; the Paspahegh followed the priests and killed them. Five days later, they arrived at the Spanish Virginia mission and writing exterminated everyone in the camp, except for Olmos, the boy who lived to tell the story. Thereafter Paquiquineo disappears from all historical records. Essay. But did he really disappear or did he reappear as a different person? Catholic legend paints a not unexpectedly dark image of Paquiquineo.

An account of lay brother Juan de la Carrera years later referred to him as “a wretched native” and a “second Judas.” Carrera reported that he went off and lived a pagan life with his uncle “a chief in a country far distant from writing, ours,” where he engaged in “marrying many women in independent a pagan way.” The Powhatan practice of mfa programs writing, chiefs taking multiple wives was just another sign of independent, paganism to Catholics. Looking at it from Paquiquineo’s perspective, he might have responded that if the Jesuits had been more like their namesake, he would have been far less likely to best writing have acted like Judas. Oh Homework. After all, he was aware of Indians in Florida being labeled as devil worshipers and best mfa programs the commonly reported abuse of soldiers. He had witnessed the contradiction between the message of kindness and humanity and the practice of cruelty, slavery, and gothic architecture violence, especially against those who opposed the invaders. Time does not permit a fulsome explication of the Algonquian exchange.

Yet, based upon a few examples, it is clear that Algonquian creoles provide a promising window on agency, indigeneity, and some of the features of the Algonquian exchange. Pocahontas saved the Jamestown colony from devastating attacks at critical moments. Her marriage to John Rolfe ensured years of peace. Thomas, her son, became a Virginia landowner, fought in an alliance against Indian attackers, and accumulated a substantial estate. Without question, the Algonquians helped the best mfa programs, coastal invaders survive and descriptive essay about someone dying build a nation. At vulnerable moments in Virginia and New England, when the Algonquians might have snuffed out the fledging colonies, they acted instead to provide what was needed for the invaders to survive: corn and seed, peace and trade negotiations, and interpreters and guides to the terrain, language, and cultural practices of the Algonquians. They taught the invaders fishing and hunting skills, how to cultivate “new world” crops, avoid contaminated water, and best mfa programs live under conditions of drought.

Without Tisquantum, the Pilgrims at Plymouth would have been unable to establish peace with local Indians, engage in the fur trade, or even survive. Without the intervention of descriptive about dying, Pacquiquineo, the Spanish might have made Virginia a Spanish colony and best mfa programs writing consolidated their control of the North American coast from Virginia to Florida. Instead, he assured the essay hobby singing, success of English competition with rival European powers that allowed the mfa programs writing, Chesapeake colony to become the first permanent English settlement in North America. Recent research has discovered evidence of how Algonquians influenced Euro-American family and child-rearing practices and political organization, and made additional contributions to thesis abuse the Algonquian exchange in mfa programs writing folk medicine, astronomical observations, map making, and other areas yet to gothic be explored. Clearly, we stand to learn much more about the best writing, Algonquian exchange when we face east from hobby, Indian country. The author wishes to thank the best mfa programs writing, British Association for American Studies, British Association for essay about someone dying, Canadian Studies, and the Eccles Centre at the British Library for the award as Eccles Centre Visiting Professor in North American Studies 2008-2009, which made possible the research, reflection, and writing of parts of this essay.

A version of the essay was presented at Professor Dennis Hidalgo’s Atlantic World Colloquium, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 26 March 2012. On the theory of thick description and his own method of ethnography, see Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures; Selected Essays (New York: Basic Books, 1973); on the ethnography of mfa programs, Virginia Indians, see Karen Ordahl Kupperman, Ch. 2., “Reading Indian Bodies,” in Indians and English: Facing Off in Early America (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2000), 41-76; see also Crandall Shifflett, : “Clothing and Self Presentation,” in American Centuries: The Ideas, Issues, and hobby singing Trends that Made U.S. History , ed. Karen Ordahl Kupperman (New York: Facts on File, 2011), 31-37.

John Elliott, Afterword, Atlantic History: A Circumnavigation, in David Armitage and best Michael J. Braddick, eds., The Atlantic World, 1500-1800 (New York: Palgrave, 2002), pp. 233-249, esp. 239. See James C. Kelly and Barbara Clark Smith, “Introduction,” in Kelly and Smith, Jamestown.Quebec.Santa Fe: Three North American Beginnings (Washington and New York: Smithsonian Books, 2007), 10-15, on gothic art and architecture essay, these perspectives that are summarized and writing elaborated here. On the present state of the field, see Jack P. Greene and Philip D. Morgan, Atlantic History: A Critical Appraisal (New York : Oxford University Press, 2009), esp. “Introduction: the Present State of Atlantic History,” 3-33. Alan Taylor, American Colonies . The Penguin History of the United States, Eric Foner, ed. (New York: Viking Penguin, 2001), xi. Essay Singing. Bernard Bailyn, The Peopling of British North America: an Introduction (New York: Knopf, 1986) and Bailyn with the assistance of Barbara DeWolfe, Voyagers to the West: A Passage in the Peopling of America on the Eve of the Revolution (New York: Knopf, 1986). On Virginia as an Atlantic colony, see April Lee Hatfield, Atlantic Virginia: Intercolonial Relations in the Seventeenth Century (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004). For an overview and assessment of the various estimates of disease-related population loss, see Charles C. Mann, 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus (New York: Vintage Books, 2005), 107-112. On “boggle,” see C. G. Calloway, One Vast Winter Count: The Native American West before Lewis and Clark (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2003), 415. James H. Best Writing. Merrell, “The Indians New World: The Catawba Experience,” WMQ , 3d ser., 41(1984), 537-65.

Daniel K. Richter, Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of Early America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001). Taylor, American Colonies , 93. Quotation: Nathaniel Philbrick, Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War (New York: Viking Penguin, 2006), 52; http://www.mayflowerhistory.com/History/BiographyTisquantum.php, retrieved 9 March 2012. For descriptions of the Spanish visits and the documents in the Spanish archives, see Conway Robinson, An account of agarwala, discoveries in the West until 1519, and of voyages to and along the best, Atlantic Coast of North America, from 1520-1573 . (Prepared for “The Virginia historical and philosophical society.” Published by the society. Richmond: Shepherd and Colin, 1848), quotation, 486n. Bruce Trigger’s studies have linked spiritual explanations and essay singing epiphenomenal behavior in best premodern Indian populations.

See Bruce G. Descriptive Essay Dying. Trigger, “Early Native American Responses to best mfa programs European Contact: Romantic versus Rationalistic Interpretations,” Journal of American History 77:4 (March 1991), 1195-1215. For quotations: “wretched life,” “second Judas,” “chief in a country”, and gothic art and architecture “marrying” see Horn, A Land as God Hath Made It , 7, and “rising fortunes,” 3. For quotation “missions to discover,” see Robinson, An account of discoveries , 486. Lewis and Loomie, Spanish Jesuit Mission in Virginia , 109, 119, and 134, refer to the Jesuit mission as a “day and best mfa programs writing a half away” and “10 leagues” (30 miles). This may or may not be reliable.