Corriga dissertation d economie

SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips. If you're planning to dissertation d economie, take the help AP English Literature and Composition exam, you'll need to get familiar with what to expect from the test. Dissertation D Economie? Whether the my informative 2018 test date of corriga dissertation d economie Wednesday, May 9 is near or far, I’m here to help you get serious about argument essay healthcare preparing for corriga dissertation d economie, the exam. In this guide I’ll go over the test's format and question types, how it's graded, best practices for on universal healthcare, preparation, and corriga dissertation test day tips. You’ll be on your way to AP English Lit success in no time! The AP Literature Exam is a three-hour exam that contains two sections. First is an hour-long, 55-question multiple choice section, and then a two hour, three question free-response section. The exam tests your ability to help with, analyze works and excerpts of literature and also cogently communicate that analysis in essay form. Corriga Dissertation? Read on for a breakdown of the two different sections and their question types. The multiple-choice section, or Section I of the exam, is 60 minutes long and has 55 questions. You can expect to see 4-5 excerpts of prose and poetry.

You will, in documentation, general, not be given an dissertation d economie, author, date, or title for these works, although occasionally the title of a poem is given. Unusual words are also sometimes defined for phrases for essays, you. The date ranges of works could fall from the 16th to the 21st century. Most works will be originally written in English, although you may occasionally see a passage in translation. There are, generally speaking, eight kinds of questions you can expect to see on the AP English Literature and Composition test. I’ll break each of them down here and give you tips on how to corriga d economie, identify and argument essay on universal healthcare approach them.

Tiny books carried by ladies is not one of the question types. The 8 Multiple-Choice Question Types on the AP Literature Exam. Without further ado, here are the eight question types you can expect to see on d economie the AP lit exam. All questions are taken from the patriot act essays sample questions on the “AP Course and Exam Description.” These are questions that test your ability to understand what the passage is saying on a pretty basic level. They don’t require you to do a lot of d economie interpretation—you just need to know what is actually going on. You can identify these from words and phrases like “according to,” “asserting,” “mentioned,” and so on. Basically, words that point to a fairly concrete register of act essays meaning. You can succeed on these questions by careful reading of the text. You may have to go back and re-read parts to make sure you understand what the d economie passage is saying. These questions ask you to infer something—a character or narrator’s opinion, an argument on universal, author’s intention, and so forth—based on what is said in the passage.

It will be something that isn’t stated directly or concretely, but that you can assume based on what is stated clearly in corriga dissertation d economie, the passage. Patriot Act Essays? You can identify these questions from words like “infer,” and “imply.” The key to these questions is to d economie, not be tripped up by the fact that you are making an inference—there will be a best answer, and it will be the choice that is best supported by what is argument essay on universal healthcare actually found in the passage. In many ways, inference questions are like second-level reading comprehension questions—you need to know not just what a passage says, but what it means. Corriga Dissertation? Identifying and Interpreting Figurative Language. Essay? These are questions in which you have to either identify what word or phrase is figurative language or provide the dissertation d economie meaning of a figurative phrase. You can identify these as they will either explicitly mention figurative language (or a figurative device like simile or metaphor) or will include a figurative language phrase in the question itself. The meaning of good irish phrases for essays figurative language phrases can normally be determined by the phrase’s context in corriga dissertation, the passage—what is said around it? What is the phrase referring to? Example 1: Identifying. Example 2: Interpreting.

These questions involve identifying why an author does what they do: from using a particular phrase to repeating certain words. Basically, what techniques is the author using to construct the passage/poem and to what effect? You can identify these questions by words like “serves chiefly to,” “effect,” “evoke,” and write an essay on role of electronic media “in order to.” A good way to corriga d economie, approach these questions is to ask yourself, so what? Why did the author use these particular words or this particular structure? These questions will ask you to describe something about a character. Essays? You can spot them because they will refer directly to characters’ attitudes, opinions, beliefs, or relationships with other characters. This is, in corriga dissertation, many ways, a special kind of inference question since you are inferring the broader personality of the character based on the evidence in a passage. Also, these crop up much more commonly for prose passages than poetry ones. Some questions will ask you to identify or describe something about the passage/poem as a whole: its purpose, tone, genre, etc. You can identify these by documentation, phrases like “in the passage,” and corriga dissertation “as a whole.” To answer these questions, you need to argument on universal healthcare, think about the excerpt with a bird’s-eye view.

What is the overall picture created by all the tiny details? Some questions will ask you about specific structural elements of the passage—a shift in tone, a digression, the specific form of a poem, etc. Often these questions will specify a part of the passage/poem and ask you to identify what that part is accomplishing. Being able to identify and understand the significance of any shifts —structural, tonal, in genre, etc—will be of key importance for these questions. Very occasionally you will be asked a specific grammar question, such as what word an adjective is modifying. D Economie? I would also include in this category very specific questions like the meter of on human aggression a poem (i.e. iambic pentameter). Corriga Dissertation? These questions are less about the literary artistry and more about the essays fairly dry technique involved in having a fluent command of the English language. That covers the corriga 8 question types! Keep track of these. Argument On Universal Healthcare? The AP Literature Free-Response Section.

Section II of the d economie exam is two hours long and involves three free-response essay questions —so you'll have roughly 40 minutes per essay. Note, though, that no one will prompt you to move from essay to patriot, essay, so you can theoretically divide up the dissertation d economie time how you want (but be sure to leave enough time for each essay). The first two essays are literary analysis essays of specific passages, with one poem and one prose excerpt—and the final is an analysis of a given theme in a work selected by you, the student. Essays One and Two - Literary Passage Analysis. For the first two essays, you’ll be presented with an excerpt and directed to analyze the patriot act essays excerpt for a given theme, device, or development.

One of the passages will be poetry, and d economie one will be prose. You will be provided with the author of the essays work, the approximate date, and some orienting information (i.e. the plot context of an excerpt from a novel). For the corriga dissertation third and final essay, you’ll be asked to discuss a particular theme in a work that you select. You will be provided with a list of notable works that address the my informative speech given theme below the corriga d economie prompt, but you can also choose to an essay on role, discuss any “work of literary merit.” So you DO have the power to choose which work you wish to write an essay about, but the key word here is “literary merit.” So no genre fiction! Stick to safe bets like authors in the list on pages 10-11 of the dissertation Course and Exam Description. (I know, I know—lots of ‘genre’ fiction works DO have literary merit, and Shakespeare actually began as low culture, and so on and so forth. You may well find academic designations of “literary merit” elitist and problematic, but the time to with, rage against the literary establishment is not your AP lit test.) Here’s a sample question (from 2011): As you can see, the list of works provided spans many different time periods and dissertation d economie countries: there are ancient Greek plays ( Antigone ), modern literary works (like Margaret Atwood’s The Blind Assassin or Barbara Kingsolver’s The Poisonwood Bible ), Shakespeare plays ( The Merchant of Venice ), 19th-century Russian lit ( Crime and Punishment ), and so on. You might even see something by this guy. How Is the AP Literature Test Graded? The multiple-choice section of the good phrases exam comprises 45% of your exam score. Corriga Dissertation? The three essays comprise the other 55%.

Each essay, then, is worth about on universal 18%. Dissertation? As on other AP exams, your raw score will be converted to a score from 1-5. You don’t have to get every point possible to get a 5 by any means—but the AP English Literature test does have one of the lowest 5 rates of all APs, with only 7.4% of essays on human aggression students receiving 5s in 2016. But how do you get raw scores at all? For the multiple-choice section, you receive a point for each question you answer correctly. There is no guessing penalty, so you should answer every question—but guess only after eliminating any answer that you know is wrong to up your chances of choosing the correct one. Scoring for multiple choice is pretty straightforward. However, essay scoring is a little more complicated.

Each of your essays will receive a score from 0-9 based on the College Board rubric. You can actually find question-specific rubrics for all of the d economie released free-response questions for AP English lit (see “scoring guidelines”). While all of the documentation essays rubrics are broadly similar, there are some minor differences between each of them. I’ll go over the rubrics now—both what they say and corriga what they mean for you. Write An Essay Of Electronic Media? Poetry Passage Analysis Rubric. What the corriga d economie College Board Says.

These essays persuasively address the assigned task. These essays offer a range of interpretations; they provide a convincing reading and analysis of the poem. They demonstrate consistent and patriot act essays effective control over the elements of composition appropriate to the analysis of poetry. Their textual references are apt and specific. Though they may not be error-free, these essays are perceptive in their analysis and demonstrate writing that is clear and sophisticated, and in the case of a 9 essay, especially persuasive. Your argument is convincing and it addresses all elements of the prompt. You interpret the dissertation d economie language of the poem in a variety of ways (i.e. your analysis of the documentation essays poem is thorough). Your essay is particularly well-written and well-organized.

You appropriately reference specific moments in the poem to support your argument. A 9 essay is particularly persuasive. These essays reasonably address the assigned task. They are less thorough or less precise in the way they address the task, and their analysis is less convincing. These essays demonstrate an d economie, ability to express ideas clearly, making references to irish phrases for essays, the text, although they do not exhibit the same level of effective writing as the 9-8 papers. Essays scored a 7 present better-developed analysis and more consistent command of the elements of corriga effective composition than do essays scored a 6. You address all elements of the prompt, but your analysis is not as complete or convincing as a 9-8 essay. You do make specific references to the poem and your writing is clear and effective, but not necessarily masterful. Help With My Informative? These essays respond plausibly to corriga, the assigned task, but they tend to be superficial in their analysis. They often rely on paraphrase, which may contain some analysis, implicit or explicit. Patriot? Their analysis may be vague, formulaic, or minimally supported by references to the text. Corriga Dissertation? There may be minor misinterpretations of the poem.

These essays demonstrate some control of language, but they may be marred by surface errors. These essays are not as well conceived, organized, or developed as 7-6 essays. You answer the prompt in a way that is not implausible or unreasonable, but your analysis of the poem is surface-level. You may paraphrase the poem instead of making specific references to on universal, its language. You may not adequately support your analysis of the poem, or you may misinterpret it slightly. Dissertation D Economie? Your essay is not a total mess, but not necessarily particularly well-organized or argued. These lower-half essays fail to offer an adequate analysis of the my informative poem.

The analysis may be partial, unconvincing, or irrelevant, or ignore part of the assigned task. Evidence from the poem may be slight or misconstrued, or the essays may rely on paraphrase only. The essays often demonstrate a lack of control over the conventions of composition: inadequate development of ideas, accumulation of errors, or a focus that is unclear, inconsistent, or repetitive. Essays scored a 3 may contain significant misreading, demonstrate inept writing, or do both. You do not adequately address the prompt.

Your analysis of the poem is incomplete or incorrect, or you do not reference any specific language of the dissertation d economie poem. Your essay is undeveloped, unclear, or poorly organized. Help With My Informative? A 3 essay either significantly misinterprets the poem or is particularly poorly written. These essays compound the weaknesses of the papers in the 4–3 range. D Economie? Although some attempt has been made to good, respond to the prompt, the dissertation student’s assertions are presented with little clarity, organization, or support from the poem. Patriot Act Essays? These essays may contain serious errors in grammar and mechanics. They may offer a complete misreading or be unacceptably brief. Essays scored a 1 contain little coherent discussion of the poem.

Only minimal attempt is made to respond to the prompt. Corriga D Economie? Essay is disorganized or not supported by an essay media, evidence from the poem. May contain numerous grammar and mechanics errors. May completely misinterpret the poem or be too short. A 1 essay barely mentions the dissertation poem. These essays give a response that is completely off topic or inadequate; there may be some mark or a drawing or a brief reference to the task. No real attempt is made to argument essay healthcare, respond to the prompt. These essays are entirely blank.

You didn’t write anything! Prose Passage Analysis Rubric. What the College Board Says. Dissertation? These essays persuasively address the assigned task. These essays make a strong case for good for essays, the student’s interpretation. D Economie? They may consider a variety of literary devices, and they engage the text through apt and specific references. Although these essays may not be error-free, their perceptive analysis is on human apparent in d economie, writing that is clear and effectively organized. Essays scored a 9 reveal more sophisticated analysis and essay more effective control of language than do essays scored an 8. Your argument is convincing and addresses all parts of the prompt. You discuss a number of literary devices in your analysis and use specific and corriga d economie appropriate excerpts from the text as evidence in act essays, your argument. Dissertation? Your writing is clear, focused, and aggression well-organized. A 9 essay has a particularly well-developed interpretation of the text and is better-written than an 8. These essays reasonably address the task at hand.

The writers provide a sustained, competent reading of the passage, with attention to a variety of corriga d economie literary devices. Although these essays may not be error-free and are less perceptive or less convincing than 9–8 essays, they present ideas with clarity and control and refer to the text for support. Essays scored a 7 present better developed analysis and more consistent command of the elements of effective composition than do essays scored a 6. You address all elements of the prompt. Your interpretation is coherent and you reference multiple literary devices in your analysis. You do reference specific moments in the text for support. Your essay is act essays adequately organized and focused.

However, your argument may be less convincing or insightful (i.e. more obvious) than a 9-8 essay. These essays respond to the assigned task with a plausible reading of the passage but tend to be superficial or thin. While containing some analysis of the passage, implicit or explicit, the way the assigned task is addressed may be slight, and support from the passage may tend toward summary or paraphrase. While these essays demonstrate adequate control of language, they may be marred by surface errors. These essays are not as well conceived, organized, or developed as 7–6 essays. You address the prompt, but your argument may be surface-level. Corriga Dissertation D Economie? You rely too much on summary or paraphrase of the text in your argument instead of essays using specific moments in dissertation d economie, the text. Your essay does have some elements of organization and essays focus but has some distracting errors.

These lower-half essays fail to corriga, offer an adequate analysis of the passage. Essays Aggression? The analysis may be partial, unconvincing, or irrelevant; the writers may ignore part of the d economie assigned task. These essays may be characterized by an unfocused or repetitive presentation of ideas, an essays, absence of corriga dissertation d economie textual support, or an with my informative, accumulation of d economie errors. Essays scored a 3 may contain significant misreading, demonstrate inept writing, or do both. You do not adequately address the prompt, whether because your argument is partly unrelated to the task at hand or simply ignores elements of the prompt. Your essay is poorly focused and/or repetitive and has little textual support. A 3 essay significantly misinterprets the good phrases for essays passage and/or is very poorly written. These essays compound the weaknesses of the essays in the 4–3 score range.

They may feature persistent misreading of the passage or be unacceptably brief. Corriga D Economie? They may contain pervasive errors that interfere with understanding. Although some attempt has been made to patriot act essays, respond to the prompt, the corriga dissertation d economie student’s ideas are presented with little clarity, organization, or support from the passage. Essays scored a 1 contain little coherent discussion of the passage. Essay does not adequately address the assigned task. It may be very short or repeatedly misinterpret the passage. May be poorly written enough that it is hard to understand.

These essays may be unfocused, unclear, or disorganized. These essays give a response that is completely off topic or inadequate; there may be some mark or a drawing or a brief reference to the task. No real attempt is on universal healthcare made to respond to the prompt. These essays are entirely blank. You didn’t write anything!

What the dissertation College Board Says. These essays offer a well-focused and persuasive analysis of the assigned theme and how it relates to the work as a whole. On Human? Using apt and d economie specific textual support, these essays address all parts of the prompt. Although these essays may not be error-free, they make a strong case for their interpretation and discuss the literary work with significant insight and understanding. Essays scored a 9 reveal more sophisticated analysis and more effective control of language than do essays scored 8. Your essay convincingly addresses the task in a way that is clear and focused. Write An Essay On Role? You reference many specific moments in the text in support of your argument. You build a strong case—with lots of evidence—in support of your interpretation of the text.

Your argument shows a deep understanding of the text. A 9 essay has more complex analysis and is better-written than an corriga d economie, 8. These essays offer a reasonable analysis of the phrases for essays work of the assigned theme and how it relates to the work as a whole. These essays address all parts of the prompt. While these essays show insight and understanding, their analysis is dissertation d economie less thorough, less perceptive, and/or less specific in good irish phrases, supporting detail than that of the 9–8 essays. Corriga D Economie? Essays scored a 7 present better developed analysis and write an essay media more consistent command of the elements of effective composition than do essays scored a 6. Your essay addresses the task adequately. Your interpretation of the dissertation d economie text is apt and shows that you generally understood it, although your analysis may be more conventional or include less specific textual evidence than a 9-8 essay. These essays respond to the assigned task with a plausible reading, but they tend to be superficial or thinly developed in analysis. They often rely upon plot summary that contains some analysis, implicit or explicit. Although these essays display an write an essay on role of electronic, attempt to address the prompt, they may demonstrate a rather simplistic understanding and support from the text may be too general. While these essays demonstrate adequate control of language, they may be marred by surface errors.

These essays are not as well conceived, organized, or developed as 7–6 essays. Your essay addresses the prompt, but your argument may be very basic and/or rely too much on plot summary instead of true analysis of the text. Your essay may reveal that you do not thoroughly understand the text. Your essay may have some grammar/linguistic errors. Corriga D Economie? Your essay is not especially well-organized or focused.

These lower-half essays fail to adequately address the good phrases for essays assigned task. The analysis may be partial, unsupported, or irrelevant, and corriga dissertation d economie the essays may reflect an incomplete or oversimplified understanding of how a given theme functions in the text, or they may rely on plot summary alone. Write Media? These essays may be characterized by corriga dissertation d economie, an unfocused or repetitive presentation of ideas, an essays aggression, absence of textual support, or an accumulation of errors; they may lack control over the elements of college-level composition. Essays scored a 3 may contain significant misreading and/or demonstrate inept writing. Your essay does not address the prompt. Your analysis shows that you either do not understand how to address the prompt, cannot build support for your interpretation, or do not understand the text. Your essay may be poorly organized, poorly written and/or repetitive.

A 3 essay significantly misinterprets the chosen work and/or is very poorly written. Dissertation D Economie? Although these essays make some attempt to respond to the prompt, they compound the weaknesses of the papers in the 4–3 score range. Irish For Essays? Often, they are unacceptably brief or incoherent in corriga dissertation, presenting their ideas. They may be poorly written on several counts and contain distracting errors in grammar and argument essay mechanics. Remarks may be presented with little clarity, organization, or supporting evidence. Essays scored a 1 contain little coherent discussion of the text. Your essay does not address the prompt. It may be too short or make little sense.

These essays may be unfocused, poorly organized, completely unsupported, and/or riddled with grammatical errors. These essays give a response that is corriga d economie completely off topic or inadequate; there may be some mark or a drawing or a brief reference to the task. No real attempt is made to respond to the prompt. These essays are entirely blank. You didn’t write anything! As you can see, the rubric for the poetry essay is focused more on poetic devices, and the rubric for the prose essay is focused more on literary devices and techniques. Both of those essays are very specifically focused on the analysis of the poem/prose excerpt. By contrast, the student choice essay is focused on how your analysis fits into patriot the work as a whole.

To get a high-scoring essay in the 9-8 range, you need to not only come up with an original and intriguing argument that you thoroughly support with textual evidence, your essay needs to be focused, organized, clear, and well-written. And all in 40 minutes per corriga dissertation essay! If getting a high score sounds like a tall order, that’s because it is. The mean scores on each of the write essays last year was around a 4 out of corriga dissertation 9. That means, most essays were scored lower than a 5. Help With? So even getting a 7 on corriga dissertation these essays is an accomplishment. If you write it down, it must be true! Skill-Building for Success on act essays the AP Literature Exam. There are several things you can do to hone your skills and best prepare for the AP Lit exam. Read Some Books, Maybe More Than Once. One of the most important things you can do to prepare yourself for the AP Literature and Composition exam is to read a lot, and read well.

You’ll be reading a wide variety of corriga d economie notable literary works in your AP English Literature course, but additional reading will help you further develop your analytical reading skills. You might check out the College Board’s list of “notable authors” on pages 10-11 of the “Course and essay Exam Description.” In addition to reading broadly, you’ll want to become especially familiar with the details of 4-5 books with different themes so that you’ll be sure to be prepared to corriga, write a strong student choice essay. You should know the plot, themes, characters, and structural details of these 4-5 books inside and out. See my AP English Literature Reading List for more guidance. Argument On Universal Healthcare? One thing students may not do very much on their own time, but that will help a lot with exam prep, is to read poetry. Try to read poems from a lot of dissertation eras and authors to get familiar with the language. When you think you have a grip on basic comprehension, move on to close-reading (see below).

Hone Your Close Reading and Analysis Skills. Your AP class will likely focus heavily on close reading and analysis of prose and poetry, but extra practice won’t hurt you. Close-reading is the ability to identify which techniques the author is using and why they are using them. You’ll need to be able to do this both to gather evidence for original arguments on the free-response questions and to answer analytical multiple-choice questions. Here are some helpful close-reading resources for argument essay on universal, prose: The University of corriga dissertation Wisconsin-Madison’s writing center has a guide to close-reading. You can also check out this close-reading guide from the Harvard College Writing Center. On Human Aggression? The Purdue OWL has an corriga dissertation, article on steering clear of close-reading “pitfalls.” And here are some for poetry: The University of Wisconsin-Madison also has a poetry-reading guide. There’s also an excellent guide to reading poetry at Poets.org, complete with two poetry close-readings. Learn Literary and Poetic Devices.

You’ll want to be familiar with literary terms so that any questions that ask about them will make sense to you. Again, you’ll probably learn most of these in class, but it doesn’t hurt to essays on human, brush up on corriga dissertation d economie them. Here are some comprehensive lists of literary terms with definitions: The majority of of electronic your grade on dissertation the AP English Lit exam comes from essays, so it’s critical that you practice your timed essay-writing skills. You of course should use the College Board’s released free-response questions to practice writing complete timed essays of documentation essays each type, but you can also practice quickly outlining thorough essays that are well-supported with textual evidence. Taking practice tests is a great way to prepare for the exam. Corriga? It will help you get familiar with the exam format and experience. Help With My Informative Speech? You can get sample questions from the Course and Exam Description, there are released College Board exams here, and we have a complete article on AP English Lit practice test resources. Be aware that the dissertation d economie released exams don’t have complete slates of patriot act essays free-response questions, so you may need to supplement with released free-response questions (see link in above section). Since there are two complete released exams, you can take one towards the beginning of your prep time to corriga dissertation d economie, get familiar with the exam and set a benchmark, and one towards the argument on universal end to make sure the experience is fresh in your mind and to corriga dissertation, check your progress. Don't wander like a lonely cloud through your AP lit prep.

Here are my top 6 tips for taking the exam: On the multiple-choice section, it’s to your advantage to answer every question. Documentation Essays? If you eliminate all of the answers you know are wrong before guessing, you’ll up your chances of guessing the corriga correct one. Don’t rely on your memory of the passage when answering multiple-choice questions (or for writing essays, for that matter). Look back at an essay of electronic, the passage! Interact with the dissertation text —circle, mark, underline, make notes, whatever floats your boat. Documentation Essays? This will help you retain information and actively engage with the corriga d economie passage. This was mentioned above, but it’s critical that you know 4-5 books well for the student choice essay. You’ll want to know all the characters, the plot, the themes, and argument essay healthcare any major devices or motifs the author uses throughout. Be sure to plan out corriga dissertation your essays! Organization and focus are critical for high-scoring AP Literature essays.

Manage your time on essays closely. One strategy is to start with the essay you think will be the easiest to documentation essays, answer. This way you’ll be able to get through it while thinking about the other essays. And don't forget to eat breakfast! Apron optional.

The AP Literature exam is a three-hour exam: It includes one 55-question, hour-long multiple-choice section based on four-five prose and poetry passages, and a two hour free-response section with three essays—one analyzing a poetry passage, one analyzing a prose passage, and corriga d economie one analyzing a work chosen by the student. The multiple-choice section is for essays worth 45% of your total score and the free-response section is worth 55%. Essays are scored on dissertation d economie a rubric from 0-9. Raw scores are converted to a score from help my informative, 1-5. Here are some things you can do to prepare for the exam: Read books, and be particularly familiar with 4-5 works for the student choice essays Read poetry Work on your close-reading and analysis skills Learn literary devices Practice writing essays Take practice tests! On test day, be sure to really look closely at all of the passages and closely interact with them by marking the text in dissertation d economie, a way that makes sense to you. This will help on multiple-choice questions and the free-response essays.

Be sure also to outline your essays before you write them! With all this mind, you’re well on your way to AP Lit success! If you're taking other AP exams this year, you may be interested in our other AP resources: from the Ultimate Guide to the US History Exam, to write of electronic media, the Best 2016 Review Guide for AP Chemistry, to the Best AP Psychology Study Guide, we have articles on tons of AP courses and exams. Dissertation D Economie? We also have comprehensive lists of practice tests for AP Psychology, AP Biology, AP Chemistry, and AP US History. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by patriot, 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Have friends who also need help with test prep?

Share this article! Ellen has extensive education mentorship experience and is deeply committed to helping students succeed in all areas of life. She received a BA from Harvard in d economie, Folklore and Mythology and is currently pursuing graduate studies at Columbia University. You should definitely follow us on social media. Essays On Human? You'll get updates on our latest articles right on your feed. Dissertation? Follow us on all 3 of our social networks: Have any questions about this article or other topics? Ask below and we'll reply! Series: How to with, Get 800 on Each SAT Section:

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resume miriam dalli on ‘A new EU Forest Strategy: for forests and the forest-based sector’ Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development. Rapporteur: Elisabeth Kostinger. Rapporteur of the opinion (*): Francesc Gambus, Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety. (*) Associated committee - Rule 54 of the Rules of Procedure. on ‘ A new EU Forest Strategy: for forests and the forest-based sector ’ The European Parliament, – having regard to d economie the Commission communication to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions entitled ‘A new EU Forest Strategy: for forests and the forest-based sector’ (COM(2013)0659), – having regard to the Commission staff working documents (SWD(2013)0342) and (SWD(2013)0343), appended to that communication, – having regard to the conclusions of the Agriculture and Fisheries Council of 19 May 2014 on the new EU Forest Strategy, – having regard to the opinion of the Committee of the Regions of 30 January 2014 entitled ‘A new EU Forest Strategy: for forests and the forest-based sector’, – having regard to the opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee of 10 July 2014 on the communication from the essays, Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the corriga dissertation, European Economic and essays on human, Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions entitled ‘A new EU Forest Strategy: for forests and the forest-based sector’, – having regard to corriga dissertation its resolution of 16 February 2006 on the implementation of a European Union forestry strategy (1) , – having regard to Decision No 1386/2013/EU of the European Parliament and essays, of the Council of d economie 20 November 2013 on a General Union Environmental Action Programme to 2020 - ?Living well, within the limits of our planet?, – having regard to the Europe 2020 strategy, including the Innovation Union and Resource Efficient Europe initiatives, – having regard to the communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and essay healthcare, the Committee of the Regions entitled ‘An EU Strategy on adaptation to climate change’ (COM(2013)0216), – having regard to the communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and corriga dissertation d economie, Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions entitled ‘Our life insurance, our natural capital: an EU biodiversity strategy to 2020’ (COM(2011)0244), – having regard to Rule 52 of its Rules of Procedure, – having regard to the report of the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development and the opinions of the Committee on argument on universal, the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety and d economie, of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (A8-0126/2015), A. whereas the European Union has no competence to write on role elaborate a common forestry policy but some of the Union’s policies may have implications for national forestry policies, while it is the Member States who decide the political approaches to forestry and forests; B. whereas, although this is clearly an area of Member State responsibility, there are potential advantages for forest-based businesses in better and more active coordination and in a higher profile for this important economic sector, which guarantees jobs at European level, particularly in rural areas, while protecting ecosystems and offering ecological advantages for all, without prejudicing the responsibility of the Member States; C. whereas timber is a renewable resource often under-exploited in Europe and the intelligent and sustainable use of this raw material needs to be ensured, including by the development and exchange of know-how; D. whereas forests are a source of unique flora, fauna and fungi;

E. whereas the size and features of forests differ greatly, with some Member States having more than half their territories covered by forests; whereas sustainably managed forests are enormously important in terms of adding value at local, regional, European and international level, guaranteeing jobs in rural areas and contributing to a bioeconomy- based society, representing a benefit for dissertation d economie human health, especially in structurally disadvantaged regions, while at the same time making a vital contribution to environmental and climate protection as well as to biodiversity; F. whereas forest biomass is a very important source of renewable energy; whereas European forests currently absorb and store around 10 % of EU carbon emissions and thus contribute markedly to climate change mitigation efforts; G. whereas, owing to the urbanisation of our society, EU citizens feel less of a connection to the forest, and write media, have little knowledge of forestry or of its impact on prosperity, jobs , climate, environment, human health and the whole value chain together with the link with the wider ecosystems; H. Corriga Dissertation D Economie? whereas a growing number of EU policies are placing increasing demands on forests; whereas these demands need to be carefully balanced, and demand for new uses of wood in the bioeconomy and for patriot act essays bioenergy must be accompanied by resource efficiency, use of new technology and respect for dissertation d economie the limits of sustainable supply; I. whereas European forestry is on universal healthcare characterised by sustainable management and long-term planning, and whereas the principle of sustainability should be even more strongly emphasised at all levels, from local to global, in order to create jobs, protect biodiversity, mitigate climate change and combat desertification; J. whereas it is necessary to highlight the economic, social and environmental role of forests, also in the context of the corriga dissertation d economie, protection and promotion of cultural and natural heritage and the promotion of patriot sustainable (eco)tourism; K. whereas an increasing world population means a growing demand for energy, and therefore forests should play a more important role in the EU?s future energy mix; General – the importance of forests, forestry and forest-based sector for the economy and society.

1. Corriga Dissertation? Welcomes the Commission communication on help, a new EU forest strategy and the accompanying working documents, and stresses that an EU forest strategy must focus on the sustainable management of dissertation d economie forests and their multifunctional role from the economic, social and environmental viewpoints and must ensure better coordination and communication of Community policies directly or indirectly linked to forestry; points out, in this context, that an phrases for essays, increasing number of European policy initiatives in areas such as economic and employment policy, energy policy and environmental and climate policy require a greater contribution from the forestry sector; 2. Underlines the need to determine the value of forest ecosystem services more systematically and to take it into consideration in decision-making in both public and private sectors; 3. Notes that only mountain forests that are healthy and stable are able to dissertation d economie perform to a full extent their functions of my informative speech protecting humans and nature by counteracting the flow of avalanches and mudslides and serving as a natural protection against floods; stresses that in d economie this connection in help with my informative particular, transnational communication is indispensable; 4. Dissertation D Economie? Stresses in this connection that any attempt to make forestry a matter of EU policy should be resisted and my informative, that the sector’s local and regional basis and the competence of the Member States in this area must be respected while seeking coherence between the respective competences of the d economie, EU and the Member States; 5. Essays Aggression? Emphasises that the EU’s forests are characterised by great diversity, including major differences in forest ownership, size, nature and challenges faced; 6. Corriga Dissertation D Economie? Stresses that the EU forest strategy must take into account the fact that forests cover more than half of the territory of some Member States and that sustainably managed forests are enormously important in adding value at local and regional level and in guaranteeing jobs in rural areas, while at the same time making a vital contribution to the environment;

7. Underlines the particularly valuable role of stable mixed forests including native species of trees suited to local conditions, as well as the essential role that mixed forests play in ecosystems and their contribution to biodiversity; 8. Calls on the Member States to support the efforts of forest owners to preserve and also to essay healthcare create native mixed forests typical of the area; 9. Expresses its disappointment with the fact that the dissertation d economie, working conditions of forest workers are not included as a point of reference in the proposed strategy, and requests the Commission to take intelligent work organisation, high standards in technology and quality jobs into account; 10 . Notes that the argument essay, forest sector currently employs over 3 million European citizens, and s tresses that its long-term competitiveness will only be achieved with a skilled workforce; 11. Considers that the EU Forest Strategy should set the conditions to enable the EU to have relevant training facilities and a workforce which is fully aware of the corriga dissertation d economie, current challenges and threats faced by the forest sector, but also of the safety rules inherent in forest management; 12. Emphasises the argument on universal, need for a comprehensive and holistic joint strategy, and welcomes the recognition of the economic, environmental and social role and benefits of forests and the forest based-sector in the EU; 13. Believes that this recognition provides a strong basis for corriga dissertation d economie supporting the EU forestry sector, inter alia in preventing and managing forest disasters, improving resource efficiency, increasing competitiveness, boosting employment, strengthening forest-based industries and preserving ecological functions;

14 . Stresses the significant role that the on universal healthcare, bioeconomy plays in terms of achieving the corriga dissertation d economie, Commission’s new priorities of growth, employment and investment; 15. Acknowledges that the EU has a role to play in irish supporting national policies to achieve active, multifunctional and sustainable forest management, including the management of d economie different forest types, and in strengthening cooperation to tackle transboundary challenges such as forest fires, climate change and natural disasters, or invasive alien species; 16 . Argument Essay Healthcare? Takes the view that the strategy needs to take greater account of the problem of tree diseases such as oak decline, which is ravaging cork-oak plantations in Portugal, France and Spain and is also affecting Special Protection Areas and biosphere reserves; 17 . Stresses that the predicted growth in demand for wood represents both an opportunity and a challenge for forests and all forest-based sectors, especially as drought, fires, storms and corriga dissertation d economie, pests are expected to damage forests more frequently and more severely as a result of climate change; in this context , emphasises the need to protect forests from these growing threats and to reconcile their productive and protective functions; 18.

Welcomes action to increase forest cover, especially with native species, in areas not suitable for food production and in particular in close proximity to urban areas, with a view to mitigating adverse heat effects, reducing pollution and enhancing links between people and forests; 19. Gives its full support to the Commission’s efforts to promote forest-related employment and the generation of prosperity in Europe in a sustainable manner; 20. Stresses the important role of the sustainable production and use of timber and other forest-based materials such as cork and wood derivatives including textile fibres for the development of sustainable economic models and the creation of green jobs; 21. Calls on the Commission to analyse the difficulties in the downstream supply chain related to increased demand from third countries, particularly for my informative speech roundwoods, and to support this sector; 22. Calls on corriga dissertation, the Commission and the Member States to create incentives to encourage the increasingly large group of of electronic media female forest owners to obtain special advice and support in relation to the active and sustainable management of their forests; 23. Corriga? Stresses that around 60 % of the EU’s forests are private, with about 16 million private forest owners, and underlines in essays this context the importance of ownership and property rights and supports all measures enabling stakeholder groups to participate in corriga dissertation a dialogue on reinforcing and implementing sustainable forest management and improve the exchange of information;

24. Notes that forest owners are key actors in rural areas, and welcomes in this connection the recognition of the role of forestry and argument essay on universal, agro-forestry in the Rural Development Programme of the 2014-2020 CAP; 25. Considers that the implementation of the EU Forest Strategy would be enhanced if supported by appropriate coordination with available EU funding, including from the EAFRD; 26. Corriga? Stresses the opportunity for Member States and patriot, regions to make use of the available funding under their respective rural development programmes, to corriga support sustainable forest management and patriot, boost agro-forestry and to deliver public environmental goods such as producing oxygen, sinking carbon and corriga dissertation d economie, protecting crops against documentation, climate effects, as well as stimulating local economies and creating green jobs; 27. Dissertation? Recognises the need for improved transportation and logistics for forest management and extraction of timber; calls on the Member States, therefore, to develop sustainable logistics and essays aggression, logging systems having a reduced negative effect on climate, including the d economie, use of with speech trucks and ships powered by sustainable biofuel as well as extended use of railways; encourages the use of EU Structural Funds and Rural Development Programmes for those purposes; 28. Recognises the dissertation, role of forests in society in relation to the physical and mental health of citizens and that public goods delivered by forests are of high environmental and recreational value and contribute to quality of good for essays life, in dissertation particular with regard to oxygen supply, carbon sequestration, air filtration, water storage and filtration, erosion control and good irish, avalanche protection, as well as providing a place for outdoor activities; 29.

Encourages public transport links between urban areas and forests in order to dissertation d economie facilitate access to forests and woodland; 30. Highlights the importance of other forest-related activities, e.g. the harvesting of non-wood forest products such as mushrooms or soft fruit, as well as grazing and beekeeping; 31. Calls on essay on universal, the Commission to promote economic activities which can serve as a source of raw materials for the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries and be used as an corriga dissertation, alternative way of dealing with unemployment and rural depopulation, and also to write an essay of electronic promote the products of those activities as beneficial for dissertation human health; Resource efficiency – timber as a sustainable raw material (sustainable forest management) 32.

Stresses that both the use of timber and other harvested wood products as renewable and climate-friendly raw materials on the one hand, and sustainable forest management on the other, have an important role to play in the achievement of the EU’s socio-political goals such as the energy transition, climate mitigation and good irish phrases, adaptation, and the implementation of the Europe 2020 strategy targets and biodiversity targets; notes that lack of active forest management would be inimical to these goals; 33. Stresses that managed forests have a higher CO 2 absorption capacity than unmanaged forests, and underlines the importance of sustainable forest management in d economie maximising the carbon sequestration potential of EU forests; 34. Believes that forests should not be considered solely as carbon sinks; 35. Emphasises the need to make sure that forest resources and wood materials are used and reused efficiently, as a means of cutting the EU’s trade deficit, improving the self-sufficiency of the EU in wood, boosting the essays, competitiveness of its forest sector, helping reduce unsustainable forest management, protecting the environment, and reducing deforestation in countries outside the EU;

36. Expressly supports the resource-efficient use of d economie timber as a renewable, versatile raw material with limited availability, and opposes legally binding rules for prioritising the uses of wood, as this not only restricts the energy market and the development of new and innovative uses of biomass, but is also impossible to enforce in many remote and rural areas, if only for infrastructure reasons; 37. Supports an open, market-oriented approach and freedom for all market participants by giving priority to locally sourced wood in order to minimise the carbon footprint created by overseas transport, and stimulate sustainable local production; 38. Considers it imperative, given that some of the essays on human aggression, Union’s biggest biomass resources are found in its most sparsely populated and remote regions, that the strategy should also take full account of the corriga dissertation d economie, specificities of those regions; 39. Recognises the value of wood for energy purposes, as a means of combating energy poverty, contributing to the renewable energy targets of the 2030 climate and energy framework, and essay on universal, opening up new business opportunities; 40. Considers that the new forest strategy must enable greater cooperation on the issue of the structuring of the dissertation, timber industry and the regrouping of operators, with a view to help with speech ensuring better use of the forest resource; 41.

Takes the dissertation, view that sustainable forest management must be based on generally acknowledged and accepted principles and tools, such as criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management which must always apply to the sector as a whole regardless of the end use of wood; 42. Supports the Commission’s intention to develop, together with the Member States and stakeholders, an ambitious, objective and demonstrable set of criteria and indicators for the sustainable management of forests, stressing that these criteria should be aligned with the requirements of Forest Europe (Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe) (2) , which form a pan-European basis for uniform reporting on sustainable forest management and a basis for sustainability certification, taking into account the diversity of forest types across Europe; 43. Acknowledges that the growing demand for forest-based materials, primarily as a result of the rise in the number of essays on human aggression biomass-based renewable energies, calls for new ways of increasing the corriga dissertation d economie, availability of timber to ensure the sustainable exploitation of on human forests; 44. Notes the significant progress made in the negotiations within Forest Europe towards a ‘European Forest Convention’ (3) as a binding framework for sustainable forest management and for improving the balance of interests in dissertation forest policy, and calls on the Member States and the Commission to make all necessary efforts to resume these negotiations and drive them forward to a successful conclusion; 45. Takes the on human aggression, view that forest management plans or equivalent instruments can be important strategic instruments for the implementation of concrete measures at the level of individual businesses, for long-term planning and for the implementation of sustainable forest management in dissertation d economie European forests; emphasises, however, that the media, implementation of the concrete measures contained in these plans at the forest holding level must remain subject to national regulations; 46. Calls on the Member States, in line with the subsidiarity and proportionality principles, to monitor and promote the dissertation d economie, implementation of the forest management plans without creating unnecessary administrative burdens;

47. Welcomes a clear separation between forest management plans and the management plans under Natura 2000; 48. With My Informative Speech? Points out that forestry management plans are only a condition for receiving EU rural development funds for beneficiaries above a certain holding size, and that forests below the threshold size are exempt; furthermore notes that equivalent instruments can also be approved; 49. Calls on the Member States to make full use of this existing flexibility when implementing legislation, especially to benefit smaller operators;

50. Calls on the Commission and the Member States to create incentives and support new business models, such as production cooperatives, that seek to encourage small private forest owners to manage their forests actively and sustainably; 51. D Economie? Maintains that in order to implement the strategy in the proper way it is essential to have a specific long-term action plan emphasising the essays, importance of mobilisation and sustainable use of forest timber, with the aim of creating added value and jobs, while providing means of strengthening private forestry businesses and supporting organised groupings of forest owners; 52. Underlines that efficient resource management should include support programmes for the afforestation of land areas that are not fit for agriculture, as well as for the creation of shelter belts; Research and development – education and training. 53. Considers that priority should be given to the practical application of corriga dissertation d economie research, since the whole sector can benefit from new ideas and the forest-based industries have great potential for growth; also considers that further investments in patriot act essays innovation in the sector can create new production niches and corriga d economie, more efficient processes that would ensure smarter use of available resources and could minimise negative impacts on forest resources;

54. Calls on documentation essays, the Commission to assess, from the point of view of dissertation d economie forestry and wood working priorities, the European RD programmes (Horizon 2020) and the programme for the competitiveness of small and medium-sized enterprises (COSME) and, where appropriate, to develop new instruments for the forest-based sector and promote targeted research into cost-effective solutions for new and innovative timber products to support the development of the sustainable wood-based bioeconomy; 55. Welcomes the benefits of sharing best practices and existing knowledge on forests between Member States, and calls on the Member States and the Commission to support exchanges between industry, scientists and producers; 56. Stresses the importance of supporting EU framework programmes for research, development and innovation for achieving smart and sustainable growth, higher added-value products, cleaner technology and a high degree of patriot act essays technological advance, in particular in relation to refined biofuels and industrial building using wood, along with the automotive and dissertation d economie, textile sectors; 57 . Recalls that, according to the Commission, in 2009 the bioeconomy represented a market estimated to be worth over EUR 2 trillion, providing 20 million jobs and accounting for 9 % of total employment in the EU; 58. Essays? Notes that every euro invested in bioeconomy research and innovation under Horizon 2020 will generate about EUR 10 in added value; stresses that forests play a crucial role in the bioeconomy now and will continue to do so in the future ; 59 . C onsiders that the d economie, substitution of oil-based or heat-intensive raw materials by timber and harvested wood products should be encouraged, in line with progress in research and technology, and that this can positively contribute to further gains in terms of climate change mitigation as well as job creation; 60 . S tresses the need to carry out essays aggression a cost assessment of all EU legislation affecting the value chains of forest-based industries, with a view to cutting out all unnecessary and burdensome bureaucracy and creating an enabling framework in order to increase the d economie, industr ie s ’ long-term competitiveness in a sustainable manner, and also to support the principle that legislative proposals affecting the forestry sector and the value chains of forest-based industries should be thoroughly evaluated by means of an impact assessment;

61. Takes the view that extending the forest-related knowledge basis is of crucial importance to patriot research and that reliable information is corriga d economie essential for the implementation of the forest strategy; 62. Notes the availability of information and monitoring resources via the with my informative, Copernicus programme and other space initiatives at European level, and recommends increasing the use of these resources and tools; 63. Notes that national forest inventories represent a comprehensive monitoring tool for assessing forestry stocks and corriga, take regional considerations into account while also responding to on role media demands for less red tape and lower costs; 64. Welcomes the Commission’s efforts to establish a European forest information system based on national data and initiatives to improve the comparability of new and existing data, and hopes in this regard to see a reinforcement of the analysis of data on the economy and employment in the forest and woodworking sectors; 65. Recommends, in particular, that there should be more long-term data sets to help the understanding of trends in forestry and its adaptation to climate change;

66. Takes the view that a skilled and dissertation d economie, well-trained workforce is essential for the successful implementation of sustainable forest management, and calls on the Commission and the Member States to devise measures and, where possible, to use existing European instruments such as the European Agricultural Fund for on human aggression Rural Development (EAFRD), the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), the corriga dissertation d economie, European Social Fund (ESF) and the European training programmes (ET2020) to support generation renewal and compensate for the skilled workforce shortage in the forests; 67. Calls on the Commission to support the preparation of information campaigns for the sector aimed at raising awareness of the opportunities it offers for tackling unemployment and depopulation, as well as increasing its attractiveness to young people; 68. Takes the view that training programmes should be developed, particularly for new entrants and young foresters as well as for existing employees in the construction industry, in order to increase their awareness of the opportunities created by essay the use of wood, so that the transfer of knowledge regarding sustainable forest management and its downstream industries is ensured;

69 . Recogni s es that sustainable management for the entire life-cycle of forest products can make a significant contribution towards achieving green economy objectives, in particular those linked to climate change mitigation policies and efficient use of resources; 70 . C onsiders that Member States should promote the sustainable use of forest products in the construction sector, including application to corriga dissertation the construction of more affordable houses built from sustainably sourced raw materials; 71. Points out the importance of traditional high-value uses that still have huge growth potential, such as using wood in irish for essays construction and packaging; 72. Notes that current technological developments enable construction of high-capacity housing developments made mostly of corriga wood, thus significantly limiting CO 2 emissions in the building sector;

73 . Points out that rules on the use of wood for building purposes differ from one Member State to another; calls, therefore, for a commitment to adopt EU rules promoting the wider use of wood in aggression buildings; 74 . C alls on corriga dissertation, the Member States to develop initiatives to support knowledge and technology transfer and to fully utilise existing EU programmes supporting research and innovation in forestry and the forest-based sector; 75. Notes that there are significant gaps in patriot scientific and technological research relating to the adaptation of forestry to climate change, including research into the impact of dissertation increasing pests and diseases which pose a serious threat to Europe’s forests and forest-based sectors; 76.

Encourages the Member States and the Commission to act to raise awareness of the economic, environmental and social role of European forests and forestry and the importance of the sustainable forest-based bioeconomy and of wood as one of the EU’s crucial renewable raw materials; 77. C onsiders it important to encourage scientific research work oriented towards rational use of biomass and the development of fast-growing energy crops, and to create a model providing an economic incentive for the use of biomass waste ; Global challenge s - environment and climate change. 78. Stresses that sustainable forest management has a positive impact on on role of electronic, biodiversity and climate change mitigation and can diminish the dissertation, risks of forest fires, pest damage and disease; 79. Points out that other issues should be studied further, in particular the problem of overpopulation of herbivores, forest health and facilitating sustainable timber production, Forest Genetic Resources (FGR), measures to on universal prevent and fight forest fires and avoid soil erosion, and the recovery of vegetation cover; 80 . R ecognises that short rotation forestry could provide sustainable wooden biomass while providing the necessary territory maintenance, thus reducing the risks of soil erosion and dissertation d economie, landslides on set-aside or abandoned land; 81. C alls on the Commission and the Member States to take specific action with a view to patriot act essays achieving Aichi Target 5, under which the rate of dissertation loss of all natural habitats, including forests, should be at least halved by 2020 and on universal healthcare, where feasible brought close to zero, and degradation and fragmentation should be significantly reduced; 82.

Notes that the bioeconomy, as a core element of smart, green growth in Europe, is corriga dissertation necessary for the realisation of the on role of electronic media, objectives of the flagship initiatives ‘Innovation Union’ and ’Resource Efficient Europe’ under the Europe 2020 strategy, and that timber as a raw material has a significant role to play in making progress towards a bio-based economy; 83. T akes the view that it is important to promote the implementation of the concept of the bioeconomy, while respecting the sustainability boundaries of corriga d economie raw material supply, in order to boost the economic viability of forest value chains through innovation and technology transfer ; 84 . Calls for documentation essays more support for diverse forest products, ensuring that the different demands on forest products are balanced and evaluated against the sustainable supply potential and the other ecosystem functions and services provided by forests; 85. Expresses serious concern at the pace of corriga dissertation world deforestation, particularly in phrases developing countries and often from illegal logging; 86. Supports mechanisms that promote the dissertation d economie, global development of forestry towards more sustainable use, and in this connection refers in particular to the EU Timber Directive (4) , which aims to combat illegal logging and the placing of essays illegal timber on the European market from third-country imports, as well as to the authorisation system for timber imports to the EU (FLEGT) (5) and to voluntary partnership agreements;

87. Calls on the Commission to publish the awaited review of the corriga dissertation, functioning and effectiveness of the EU Timber Regulation, and stresses that a new regulation should be proportionate and should look at ways of reducing unnecessary costs and reporting requirements for Europe’s woodland owners and on role media, foresters without compromising the aim of the regulation; 88. Takes the view, given the challenges posed by global warming and climate change, that ecosystems and populations of species must be healthy, biologically diverse and robust in corriga d economie order to be resilient; 89. Highlights the opportunities provided by the Natura 2000 sites where, thanks to my informative their extraordinary natural resources, it is d economie possible to produce forest-based products and services of high environmental and cultural quality; 90. Underlines the importance of healthy forest ecosystems offering habitats for documentation essays animals and plants, but stresses that well-meaning legislation such as the EU Habitats Directive affects land management decisions and must be implemented proportionately; 91. Recognises the role of dissertation forests in patriot the development of related sectors, and insists in this respect on the importance of supporting melliferous tree growers, which in turn helps the pollination process;

92. Takes the view that certain issues affect the forestry industry at dissertation, global level, particularly illegal felling, and therefore calls on good phrases, the Commission to reinforce support for the forestry industry among the associated international bodies; 93. D Economie? Notes that demand for biomass, particularly wood, is rising, and therefore welcomes the efforts of the Commission and Member States to support developing countries in their measures to improve forestry policy and forestry legislation, particularly by way of REDD+ (6) (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation); 94. Invites the Commission to develop an action plan on deforestation and forest degradation in order to address the objectives set out in its communication on documentation, deforestation, as called for by the Seventh Environmental Action Programme; c onsiders it important to provide for not only the conservation and management of existing forests but also the reforestation of deforested areas; 95 . C onsiders that separate reference must also be made to the need for widespread reforestation in areas that have been affected by recurring forest fires;

Implementation and reporting. 96. Stresses that the dissertation d economie, implementation of the EU’s forest strategy should be a multiannual coordinated process in which the views of Parliament should be taken into account and that the strategy should be implemented efficiently, coherently and with minimal red tape; 97. Regrets that the implementation process has partly begun before Parliament has adopted its position, and considers that this is not in line with the aim of better coordination of forest-related policies as stated by the Commission in its Strategy text; 98. Takes the documentation, view that the new strategy should establish links between the strategies and funding plans of the EU and of the Member States, and reinforce cohesion in terms of planning, funding and the implementation of cross-sector activities; 99. Calls for an inclusive, well-structured and balanced implementation of the strategy; 100.

Takes the view, therefore, that the mandate of the Standing Forestry Committee should be strengthened and dissertation, better resourced to enable the Commission to fully use the expertise from the patriot act essays, Member States whilst implementing the corriga dissertation d economie, new EU Forest Strategy at EU level; calls on the Commission to consult the argument healthcare, Standing Forestry Committee with sufficient notice before submitting any initiative or draft text that will impact on the management of forests and corriga d economie, the timber industry; 101. Emphasises the important role of the Civil Dialogue Group on essays, Forestry and Cork and other relevant stakeholders, and calls for their proper involvement in the strategy’s implementation; 102. Takes the view that the transverse nature of forestry issues requires internal cooperation among the corriga dissertation d economie, various Commission departments when considering any measure which may impact on the specific nature of sustainable forest management and associated industries; therefore calls on help with my informative, DG Environment, DG Climate Action, DG Agri, DG Energy, DG Research and Innovation and corriga d economie, other DGs concerned to work together strategically in order to ensure effective implementation of the strategy through enhanced coordination and communication; 103. Considers that, in view of the Commission’s list of priorities on growth, employment and investment, priority should also be given in implementing the new EU forest strategy to promoting the competitiveness and sustainability of the documentation, forest sector, supporting both rural and urban areas, expanding the corriga, knowledge basis, protecting forests and preserving their ecosystems, promoting coordination and communication, and increasing the sustainable use of wood and non-wood forest products;

104. Calls on documentation essays, the Commission to supplement the strategy with a robust action plan containing specific measures, and to d economie report to Parliament annually on patriot, the progress made in the implementation of specific actions under the strategy; 105. Advocates the convening of an expanded AGRI-ENVI-ITRE committee to permit a balanced discussion on progress in the implementation of the new EU forest strategy; 106.

Instructs its President to forward this resolution to dissertation the Council and the Commission. Texts adopted, P6_TA(2006)0068. Forest Europe - Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in patriot act essays Europe, Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Legally Binding Agreement on Forests in Europe: http://www.foresteurope.org/ Regulation (EU) No 995/2010 of the European Parliament and corriga d economie, of the Council of 20 October 2010 laying down the documentation essays, obligations of operators who place timber and timber products on the market. Council Regulation (EC) No 2173/2005 of 20 December 2005 on corriga, the establishment of a FLEGT licensing scheme for imports of timber into the European Community (FLEGT = Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade). Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation: http://unfccc.int/methods/redd/items/7377.php. Forests and an essay, forestry provide a number of additional benefits to corriga d economie the economy while at the same time ensuring a good quality of life, sustainability, jobs and added value. Irish Phrases? The forestry sector employs over 3.5 million people throughout Europe and is thus the continent’s third largest employer, just behind the metal and food industries. Over 451 820 forest-based businesses contribute 7% to economic growth, while felling only 60% of annual new-grown timber in the process. Timber is an important resource of corriga dissertation d economie major economic significance for rural areas. The attentive care and management of European forests by forest-based businesses and over good phrases 16 million forest owners ensures that the forests can continue to perform their ecological, economic and social functions in a sustainable manner.

Over 50% of European forests are in private ownership. Sustainable forest management means guaranteeing the long-term safety of the forest for future generations. Indeed, this was the underlying principle of the UN Environmental Conference in corriga dissertation d economie Rio de Janeiro in 1992: Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to write an essay of electronic meet their own needs and choose their own life style. Guided by these figures and principles, the rapporteur is presenting a report which seeks to further strengthen forests and the forest-based sector in their social, economic and ecological roles and focus on timber as a sustainable raw material and an important resource for Europe. Given that many EU policy areas, such as energy, environmental and climate policy, have an impact on the management of the forests, the rapporteur considers it indispensable for the new EU forest strategy to focus on better coordination, so that forestry and corriga dissertation, the forests are given a higher profile among the individual European strategies and a coherent approach can be found. It is particularly alarming that the Commission’s has separate, divergent policies in this area. With a view to simplification and better lawmaking, therefore, the essays on human aggression, Commission’s own internal structures should be carefully examined. Strengthening the d economie, Standing Forestry Committee would go some way to counteracting these contradictions in the Commission. The rapporteur also takes the view that no new bureaucratic obstacles should be created for forest owners and managers. She expressly opposes mandatory forest management programmes and rejects passing on to forest owners the responsibility for drawing up Natura 2000 plans. She also takes the view that sustainability criteria are equivalent to a quality criterion and should always apply across the whole sector.

Accordingly, in view of the heterogeneous nature of European forests, there should be no ‘one-size-fits-all’ catalogue of criteria. In this connection the rapporteur strongly supports efforts aimed at drawing up a ‘European Forest Convention’ in the context of documentation Forest Europe. Furthermore, the rapporteur takes the dissertation d economie, view that in the interest of better coordination, particular priority should be given to research and development, because the whole forestry sector together with its downstream industries can benefit from new, efficient production opportunities and product ideas. In addition, the innovation potential and further development of the essay healthcare, bio-economy and sustainable use of raw materials performs a crucial service for dissertation the environment and the climate. In addition to the undisputed importance of forestry for rural areas, the rapporteur is keen to make clear that forestry also takes place in towns, and that downstream industries in particular create many jobs in argument essay urban areas. The urbanisation of society is d economie leading to a gradual loss of knowledge about forests and with, forestry and the contribution they make to prosperity and jobs. Corriga Dissertation D Economie? In line with the principle of bringing classrooms into the forest and vice versa, encouragement should therefore be given to initiatives that close the gap between town and forest. Finally, the rapporteur wishes to stress once again that she is good interested in implementing the EU forest strategy in a way which involves as little red tape as possible, which strengthens the forestry sector and does not burden it with new requirements. for the dissertation d economie, Committee on my informative, Agriculture and dissertation, Rural Development. on a new EU forest strategy: for forests and the forest-based sector. Rapporteur: Francesc Gambus.

The Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety calls on the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development, as the committee responsible, to incorporate the good phrases for essays, following suggestions into its motion for a resolution: 1. Welcomes the Commission communication on corriga, a new European forest strategy and stresses the patriot, importance of making forest protection and management incentives a vital part of it; emphasises, bearing in mind the subsidiarity principle, the need for corriga d economie a comprehensive, holistic and consistent joint strategy to enhance the multifunctional role of forests and the forest sector in act essays the EU in terms of the wide societal, economic and environmental benefits that they provide, as well as to prevent and manage forest disasters; 2. Acknowledges that Europe’s forests are of corriga immense value in terms of biodiversity and the ecosystem services that they provide, including but not limited to water retention, flood protection and, importantly, climate change mitigation, by absorbing and storing 10 % of the EU’s carbon emissions; considers, therefore, that forests should benefit from a high level of protection and an improvement in essays on human the conservation status of forest species and habitats, in line with the objectives of the EU Biodiversity Strategy up to 2020 and the 7th EAP; highlights the opportunities provided in this respect by the Natura 2000 network, which includes a significant proportion of Europe’s forests; 3. Stresses that the Union has agreed that by 2020 the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of ecosystem services, including pollination, must be halted, ecosystems and their services must be maintained and at least 15 % of degraded ecosystems should have been restored; adds that the corriga dissertation, Union has further agreed that forest management must be sustainable, forests, their biodiversity and documentation essays, the services they provide must be protected and, as far as feasible, enhanced, and the resilience of forests to climate change, fires, storms, pests and diseases must be improved; emphasises, in corriga addition, the need therefore to develop and documentation essays, implement a renewed Union Forest Strategy that addresses the multiple demands on, and benefits of, forests and contributes to a more strategic approach to protecting and enhancing forests, including through sustainable forest management (1) ; 4. Maintains that, in corriga d economie order to implement the strategy in the proper way, it is essential to have a specific long-term action plan emphasising the documentation, importance of corriga dissertation d economie mobilisation and patriot act essays, sustainable use of forest timber, with the corriga, aim of creating added value and documentation essays, jobs, while providing means of strengthening private forestry businesses and supporting organised groupings of forest owners; 5. Calls on the Commission and the Member States to consider introducing EU-wide targets for forest cover with a view to increasing current levels, curbing deforestation and improving the corriga, quality of existing forests and woodland; recommends increasing forest cover, especially in areas not suitable for food production and in particular in close proximity to urban areas in order to mitigate adverse heat effects, reduce pollution and argument essay on universal, enhance links between people and forests; stresses the need for careful planning in this regard; believes that forests should not be considered solely as carbon sinks to offset the rise of emissions in other sectors of the corriga dissertation, economy; 6. Calls on the Commission and write an essay on role, the Member States to take specific action with a view to achieving Aichi Target 5, whereby the rate of loss of dissertation all natural habitats, including forests, should be at least halved by 2020 and where feasible brought close to zero, and degradation and fragmentation significantly reduced (2) ; 7. Considers that priority should be given to research because the whole sector can benefit from new ideas;

8. Encourages tree-planting in good for essays cities as a way of tackling environmental challenges associated with urban pollution and man-made landscapes, for example by providing shade in the summer and moderating air temperatures during heatwaves; 9. Welcomes the d economie, study assessing the impact of EU consumption on deforestation published by the Commission in July 2013; regrets that despite the request made by Parliament in its resolution of patriot 23 April 2009 (3) , the study does not deal with forest degradation; calls on the Commission to bring forward proposals to dissertation d economie reduce the impacts identified in the study and contribute to EU and international environmental goals and patriot act essays, commitments to corriga dissertation d economie sustainable development; calls on the Commission to publish an EU action plan on deforestation and forest degradation to this end, as called for by the 7th Environmental Action Programme (4) ; 10. Calls on the Member States to consider including ecosystem services payments as forest management incentives, bearing in mind the importance of wood as a renewable and climate-friendly raw material and the role of forest-based value chains; points out that sustainable forest management has a positive impact on biodiversity, on good irish phrases, climate, and on forests’ protection from and resilience to fires, storms, pests and diseases, and is crucial for corriga economic development, especially in rural areas and remote regions; 11. Calls for greater attention to be paid to the expansion of forest coverage and to conserving and creating sustainable forest ecosystems by applying additional nature-friendly forestry methods; believes that rational use of forest resources should be ensured by supervising felling more effectively, optimising business operations, and employing all other effective means;

12. Stresses that according to scientific research, managed forests have a higher CO 2 absorption capacity than unmanaged forests; recognises, therefore, the important role of with my informative managed forests in climate change mitigation efforts and in generating employment in rural areas; underlines the importance of sustainable forest management in maximising the carbon sequestration potential of EU forests (5) ; 13. Emphasises, recalling that to date there is no specific forest policy on the prevention of forest fires, that, particularly in the Mediterranean region, forest fires occur on a regular basis, and are both a cause and a consequence of climate change; points out that storms and forest fires and pests can be mitigated using improved and active forest management and forestry techniques through, for example, grazing and agro-forestry practices under the common agricultural policy; 14. Dissertation D Economie? Considers it important to provide for essays not only the conservation and management of existing forests but also the reforestation of deforested areas; considers that separate reference must also be made to the need for widespread reforestation in areas that have been affected by recurring forest fires; 15. Is concerned at the growing trend to consider forests from corriga dissertation d economie a predominantly economic perspective and to limit their value to the wood which they produce, disregarding the very significant environmental and social benefits which they also provide; underlines the need to determine the value of forest ecosystem services more systematically and to essays take it into consideration in public and private sector decision-making; 16.

Highlights the need to strengthen and dissertation, make full use of EU mechanisms aimed at tackling the transboundary pressures on forests arising from the spread of invasive alien species, pests and diseases; 17. Stresses, given that forests vary greatly in their size and features, with some Member States having more than half their territories covered by forests, that sustainably managed forests are enormously important in help adding value at local and regional level and guaranteeing jobs in rural areas, while at the same time making a vital contribution to the environment; 18. Welcomes the reference in the new strategy to the problem of forest pests; takes the view, however, taking into account new legislation on invasive alien species and the potential impact they can have on forests, that the Commission should propose additional new financial instruments to help the affected areas combat particularly persistent invasive species or new invasive alien species; 19. Considers it imperative, given that some of the Union’s largest biomass resources are found in its most sparsely populated and remote regions, that the strategy also takes full account of the specificities of those more sparsely populated and corriga d economie, remote regions; 20. Takes the view that the strategy needs to documentation essays take greater account of the problem of tree diseases such as oak decline, which is corriga ravaging cork-oak plantations in Portugal, France and Spain, as well as affecting Special Protection Areas and biosphere reserves; considers that the Commission should have included effective measures and specific resources in the strategy, beyond those applying to rural development, with a view to combating tree diseases; 21. Stresses that the predicted growth in phrases for essays demand for dissertation d economie wood is essays both an opportunity and a challenge to the forests and d economie, all forest-based sectors, especially as droughts, fires, storms, and pests are expected to damage forests more frequently and more severely as a result of climate change; recalls in argument essay on universal healthcare this context the need to protect forests from these growing threats and to reconcile their productive and protective functions;

22. Stresses the need to corriga dissertation clarify, as a matter of urgency, the greenhouse impacts of the various uses of forest biomass for energy and to identify the uses that can achieve the greatest mitigation benefits within policy-relevant timeframes; 23. Welcomes, with regard to fire prevention, the steps taken in some Member States to bring in temporary bans on building on land affected by fire so as to prevent arson being committed with a view to the subsequent development of the land; 24. Takes the view that it is important to promote the implementation of the documentation essays, concept of the bioeconomy, while respecting the sustainability boundaries of raw material supply, to boost the economic viability of d economie forest value chains through innovation and technology transfer, and, to this end, to provide more support for diverse forest products, ensuring that the different demands on forest products are balanced and evaluated against the sustainable supply potential and the other ecosystem functions and documentation, services provided by forests; emphasises the significant role the bioeconomy plays in terms of dissertation d economie achieving the Commission’s new priorities of growth, employment and investment; 25. Considers that the documentation essays, substitution of oil-based or heat-intensive raw materials by timber and corriga, harvested wood products should be encouraged, in line with progress in research and technology, which can positively contribute to documentation essays further gains in terms of climate change mitigation as well as job creation; 26. Stresses the corriga d economie, important role of the sustainable production of timber and other materials, such as cork, green chemicals and textile fibres, for the development of sustainable economic models and the creation of green jobs;

27. Emphasises that in order to achieve the EU’s climate objectives it is vital that wood is used in a resource-efficient way, in line with the cascading use principle; calls on essays on human aggression, the Commission to ensure efficient use of wood resources in EU climate and energy polices; 28. Reiterates its call on the Commission to propose sustainability criteria for solid and gaseous biomass, taking into account lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions in order to limit the inefficient use of biomass resources; calls for the revision and restriction of the carbon neutrality assumption as regards biomass combustion under EU climate policy instruments; 29. Dissertation? Emphasises the need to make sure that forest resources and wood materials are used and reused efficiently, as a way of cutting the EU’s trade deficit, improving the self-sufficiency of the EU in wood and the competitiveness of its forest sector, helping to reduce unsustainable forest management, protecting the patriot act essays, environment, and reducing deforestation in countries outside the corriga dissertation d economie, EU; 30. Believes that the EU should prioritise the use of locally-sourced timber, harvested wood products or forest biomass, as opposed to wood imported from outside the EU, in order to minimise the carbon footprint caused by overseas transport and stimulate sustainable local production; 31.

Expressly supports the resource-efficient use of wood, and opposes legally binding rules for prioritising the uses of with my informative wood, as this not only restricts the energy market and the development of new and innovative uses of biomass, but is also impossible to enforce in many remote and rural areas; in this connection, supports an open, market-oriented approach enabling different actors to develop the potential of corriga advanced wood-based materials and chemicals, which are foreseen to play a major role in the EU bio-economy; 32. Expresses serious concerns over the pace of world deforestation, particularly in developing countries and often due to illegal logging; calls on the Commission and the Member States to patriot act essays comprehensively revise the corriga, EU Timber Directive as well as the FLEGT scheme for timber imports, with a view to curbing the illegal trade in timber which endangers forest ecosystems and negatively influences the competitiveness of European timber traders; suggests deploying or adjusting relevant public procurement rules which could encourage purchases of properly certified timber and harvested wood products; 33. Recalls that, by 2020 and in line with Sustainable Forest Management, forest management plans or equivalent instruments should be in place for essays all forests that are publicly owned and for forest holdings above a certain size that receive funding under the EU Rural Development Policy; calls on the Member States to monitor and promote the implementation of the forest management plans without creating unnecessary administrative burdens and taking into account the proportionality, subsidiarity and ‘think small first’ principles; 34. Stresses the need to address global challenges in global multilateral forums; urges the corriga dissertation d economie, Commission to take a leading role in advancing globally sustainable forest policy in order to reduce unsustainable management practices and illegal trade , protect the environment and reduce global deforestation; calls to this end on the Commission to publish an EU action plan on deforestation and forest degradation, as called for essay on universal by the 7th Environmental Action Programme ; (6) 35.

Points out that rules on corriga dissertation, the use of wood for building purposes differ from documentation one Member State to another; calls, therefore, for a commitment to adopt EU rules promoting the wider use of wood in buildings; 36. Welcomes the Commission’s emphasis on protecting and increasing the genetic diversity of forests, and underlines the dissertation, capacity, as shown by recent research, of genetically diverse tree populations to adapt to climate change; 37. Recognises the positive effects of trees and forests on human physical and mental health, and encourages municipal authorities to maintain or improve public transport links between urban areas and forests in order to facilitate access to forests and woodland; 38. Calls on the Member States to include special biodiversity measures, notably specific measures for the conservation of protected species and natural habitats, in order to improve their status both within and beyond Natura 2000 areas when adopting and implementing their forest management plans; 39. Supports the Commission’s intention to essays on human aggression develop, together with the dissertation d economie, Member States and stakeholders, an argument essay on universal healthcare, ambitious, objective and demonstrable set of criteria and indicators for the sustainable management of forests, bearing in corriga d economie mind the work done in good irish for essays the framework of Forest Europe (Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe) and corriga d economie, taking into account the diversity of forest types across Europe; calls on the Commission to publish the awaited review of the functioning and effectiveness of the EU Timber Regulation; 40. Considers it important to essay on universal healthcare encourage scientific research work oriented towards rational use of biomass and the development of fast-growing energy crops, and to create a model providing an corriga dissertation, economic incentive for the use of with my informative speech biomass waste;

41. Underlines the high recreational value of forests, as proven in dissertation d economie public opinion surveys; recalls that this is on human one of the primary advantages of forests and woodlands for European citizens; 42. Dissertation? Recognises that short rotation forestry could provide sustainable wooden biomass while providing the necessary territory maintenance, thus reducing the risks of essays soil erosion and landslides on set-aside or abandoned land; 43. Notes with concern that rising demand for biomass, particularly wood, may spark widespread deforestation in developing countries, where greenhouse gas emissions are not accounted for under the Kyoto Protocol; points out that while this can impact on corriga, soil quality, water cycles and biodiversity, it increases strain on global agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and argument essay healthcare, the UN Collaborative Programme on corriga d economie, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (REDD); 44.

Recognises that sustainable management for the entire life-cycle of essays forest products can make a significant contribution towards achieving green economy objectives, in particular those linked to climate change mitigation policies and efficient use of resources; considers that, to this end, Member States should promote the sustainable use of forest products in corriga d economie the construction sector; 45. Urges the Member States to irish phrases design their forestry policies in such a way as to corriga dissertation take full account of the act essays, importance of forests in terms of protecting biodiversity, preventing soil erosion, ensuring carbon sequestration and air purification and maintaining the dissertation d economie, water cycle; 46. Calls for the strengthening of the harmonised monitoring of European forest resources, including all wood and non-wood forest products and services, as a basis for sound policymaking and decision-making serving sustainable forest management; considers that there is therefore a need for essays on human aggression an instrument based on existing bodies and organisations and aimed at ensuring resilient future forests in Europe by reducing the impact of disturbances through absorbing forest risk into forest and land management. RESULT OF FINAL VOTE IN COMMITTEE. Result of final vote. Members present for the final vote. Margrete Auken, Pilar Ayuso, Zoltan Balczo, Catherine Bearder, Ivo Belet, Biljana Borzan, Lynn Boylan, Cristian-Silviu Bu?oi, Nessa Childers, Birgit Collin-Langen, Mireille D’Ornano, Miriam Dalli, Seb Dance, Angelique Delahaye, Jorn Dohrmann, Ian Duncan, Stefan Eck, Bas Eickhout, Eleonora Evi, Jose Inacio Faria, Francesc Gambus, Elisabetta Gardini, Enrico Gasbarra, Gerben-Jan Gerbrandy, Jens Gieseke, Sylvie Goddyn, Matthias Groote, Francoise Grossetete, Andrzej Grzyb, Jytte Guteland, Gyorgy Holvenyi, Anneli Jaatteenmaki, Jean-Francois Jalkh, Karin Kadenbach, Katerina Konecna, Giovanni La Via, Peter Liese, Norbert Lins, Susanne Melior, Miroslav Mikolasik, Massimo Paolucci, Piernicola Pedicini, Boleslaw G. Piecha, Marcus Pretzell, Frederique Ries, Michele Rivasi, Daciana Octavia Sarbu, Annie Schreijer-Pierik, Davor Skrlec, Renate Sommer, Tibor Szanyi, Claudiu Ciprian Tanasescu, Glenis Willmott, Jadwiga Wisniewska. Substitutes present for the final vote.

Paul Brannen, Nicola Caputo, Mark Demesmaeker, Esther Herranz Garcia, Merja Kyllonen, Jo Leinen, Younous Omarjee, Marit Paulsen, Alojz Peterle, Sirpa Pietikainen, Julia Reid, Bart Staes. Substitutes under Rule 200(2) present for the final vote. Decision No 1386/2013/EU of the corriga dissertation d economie, European Parliament and of the Council of 20 November 2013 on a General Union Environment Action Programme to 2020 - ‘Living well, within the limits of our planet’ European Parliament resolution of 20 April 2012 on ‘Our life insurance, our natural capital: an EU biodiversity strategy to 2020’ – Texts adopted, P7_TA(2012)0146. European Parliament resolution of aggression 23 April 2009 on addressing the challenges of deforestation and forest degradation to tackle climate change and biodiversity loss (OJ C 184E, 8.7.2010, p. 4). Decision No 1386/2013/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of corriga d economie 20 November 2013.

See the European Parliament resolution of 5 February 2014 on a 2030 framework for climate and energy policies (Texts adopted, P7_TA(2014)0094): ‘Stresses that active forestry, which increases growth and hence the irish for essays, absorption of carbon dioxide, is an important and dissertation, cost-effective way of essays helping to attain the climate targets; notes that each extra cubic metre of forest produced by means of active cultivation absorbs approximately 1.3 tonnes of carbon dioxide; calls on the Commission and the Member States to devise incentives for owners of woods to contribute actively to dissertation d economie increased climate benefits, for example by focusing on regional measures which increase lasting forest production and absorption of essays carbon dioxide’. Decision No 1386/2013/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on a General Union Environment Action Programme to 2020. for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development. on a new EU Forest Strategy: for forests and the forest-based sector. Rapporteur: Marek Jozef Grobarczyk.

The Committee on Industry, Research and Energy calls on the Committee on dissertation, Agriculture and Rural Development, as the committee responsible, to incorporate the following suggestions into its motion for help with a resolution: 1. Stresses that the responsibility for forestry rests solely with the Member States, that the principle of subsidiarity must be upheld, that the d economie, differences in regional conditions, ownership models and priorities across the Member States must be respected, and that the EU should refrain from imposing any new market restrictions for forests and wood-based products in argument essay on universal order to ensure the ownership principles and market freedom for dissertation d economie the participants in the forest value chain; 2. Welcomes the adoption of the new Commission Communication on a new EU Forest Strategy (COM(2013)0659), as it provides a framework for coordinated action from Member States in promoting sustainable management of good irish forests and in fulfilling their multifunctional role from an economic, social and environmental point of view; 3. Considers, given that forests are different in nature and size, that the strategy should take into account that forests cover more than half of the territory of some Member States; 4. Stresses, given that some of the Union’s largest biomass resources are found in dissertation d economie its most sparsely populated and remote regions, that it is imperative that the strategy also takes full account of the specificities of these more sparsely populated regions; 5. Acknowledges that the EU has a role to play in supporting national policies to achieve active, multifunctional and essays, sustainable forest management, including the management of different forest types, and in strengthening cooperation in the face of increased cross-border threats such as forest fires, illegal logging, illegal timber import and pests; stresses the need to ensure coherence on forest-related issues across EU policies, in particular those relating to agriculture, climate, biodiversity, renewable energy, water, soil, industry and corriga d economie, competitiveness, research and innovation, and resource efficiency; in this respect, stresses the write an essay on role of electronic media, importance of corriga Natura 2000 sites where, thanks to their extraordinary natural resources, products and services of high environmental and cultural quality can be produced on a continuous basis;

6. Considers that the implementation of the new forestry strategy should compensate for the absence of specific provisions on patriot, forest policy in the EU Treaty, while respecting Member States’ competences in this field, and should ensure coordinated positions between EU and corriga dissertation d economie, Member State policies on the issues related to the forestry sector at international level; 7. Stresses the important role of the Commission in patriot act essays ensuring early and dissertation d economie, continuous dialogue between EU and Member State experts, as well as the inclusion of all relevant stakeholders, in order to facilitate coherence in policy formulation with regard to forests; 8. Patriot? Supports Member States’ commitment to dissertation implementing sustainable forest management in line with the Forest Europe criteria and indicators as one of the key elements of the current policy framework for forests in Europe; 9. Welcomes the prioritisation of the three pillars of sustainability (economic, social and environmental) as a strong basis from which to support the fundamental role of forests and resource efficiency, increase competitiveness, boost employment and strengthen the role of forestry and forest-based industries and write, the preservation of ecological cycles in the green economy; recognises its role in society in relation to the health of citizens; 10. Recalls that, according to the Commission, in 2009 the bioeconomy represented a market estimated to dissertation d economie be worth over EUR 2 trillion, providing 20 million jobs and accounting for 9 % of total employment in the EU; notes that every euro invested in bioeconomy research and innovation under Horizon 2020 will generate about EUR 10 in added value; stresses that forests play a crucial role in argument on universal the bioeconomy now and will continue to do so in dissertation the future; 11. Considers that the objective included in the EU Forest Strategy of enhancing the contribution of forests and the forest sector to rural development, biodiversity, sustainable growth and job creation must take full account of the economic, social, cultural and environmental goods and services provided by forests, including recreation and tourism services, and in particular the an essay of electronic, important role that well-managed forests and wood-based material play in reducing CO 2 emissions, storing carbon and moving towards a bioeconomy, which are important elements of EU climate policy; 12.

Recalls that forest biomass is a very important source of renewable energy and notes that European forests currently absorb and corriga, store around 10 % of EU carbon emissions and thus contribute markedly to climate change mitigation; 13. Considers that the substitution of oil-based or heat-intensive raw materials by timber and harvested wood products should be encouraged, in line with progress in research and technology, which can positively contribute to media further gains in terms of climate change mitigation as well as job creation; 14. Stresses the need to carry out a cost assessment of all EU legislation affecting the value chains of forest-based industries, with a view to cutting out all unnecessary and burdensome bureaucracy and creating an enabling framework to dissertation d economie increase industry’s long-term competitiveness in a sustainable manner, and help speech, equally to support the corriga d economie, principle that legislative proposals affecting the on universal healthcare, forestry sector and the value chains of forest-based industries should be thoroughly assessed by an impact assessment;

15. Considers that the EU Forest Strategy will be better implemented if supported by appropriate coordination with available or future EU funding, including the corriga d economie, EAFRD; 16. Observes the documentation, availability of information and corriga d economie, monitoring resources via the Copernicus programme and other space initiatives at European level, and recommends increasing the use of these resources and tools; 17. Is of the opinion that promotion of more diverse uses of wood should go hand in write an essay media hand with investment in education systems for young people, and corriga d economie, training for existing employees in the construction industry in patriot order to d economie increase their awareness of the opportunities created by the use of wood as well as to provide them with necessary skills; 18.

Welcomes the setting up of a Forest Information System for Europe to support the sharing of data, best practices and existing knowledge on essays, forests between the Member States; recognises that collecting data and information on the multifunctional role of forests and forest resources from the national databases will be of benefit to the sector and calls on corriga d economie, the Commission to support its integration into a European data platform; w elcomes the benefits of sharing best practices and existing knowledge on forests between the Member States, but stresses that such activity should not result in increased demand on argument on universal, budgetary resources; 19. Stresses that the long-term competitiveness of the forest sector will be achieved only with a skilled workforce; notes that the dissertation, sector currently employs over 3 million European citizens; considers that the EU Forest Strategy should then set the conditions to essay on universal enable the EU to corriga dissertation d economie have relevant training facilities and a workforce which is fully aware of the current challenges and threats of the forest sector, but also of the safety rules inherent in forest management; 20. Stresses the support that the EU framework programmes for research, development and innovation can provide in achieving smart and sustainable growth, higher added-value products, cleaner technology and a high degree of technology, in particular in refined biofuels and industrial building in wood, but also the automotive and textile industries, while not forgetting those traditional high-value usages that still have huge growth potential, such as using wood in construction and packaging. RESULT OF FINAL VOTE IN COMMITTEE. Result of final vote. Members present for the final vote. Zigmantas Balcytis, Nicolas Bay, Reinhard Butikofer, Jerzy Buzek, Soledad Cabezon Ruiz, Philippe De Backer, Pilar del Castillo Vera, Pablo Echenique, Christian Ehler, Peter Eriksson, Fredrick Federley, Ashley Fox, Adam Gierek, Theresa Griffin, Marek Jozef Grobarczyk, Andras Gyurk, Kaja Kallas, Barbara Kappel, Krisjanis Karins, Sean Kelly, Jeppe Kofod, Miapetra Kumpula-Natri, Janusz Lewandowski, Paloma Lopez Bermejo, Ernest Maragall, Edouard Martin, Angelika Mlinar, Csaba Molnar, Nadine Morano, Dan Nica, Angelika Niebler, Morten Helveg Petersen, Miroslav Poche, Herbert Reul, Paul Rubig, Algirdas Saudargas, Jean-Luc Schaffhauser, Neoklis Sylikiotis, Antonio Tajani, Dario Tamburrano, Patrizia Toia, Evzen Tosenovsky, Claude Turmes, Vladimir Urutchev, Adina-Ioana Valean, Henna Virkkunen, Anna Zaborska, Flavio Zanonato, Carlos Zorrinho.

Substitutes present for the final vote. Cornelia Ernst, Francoise Grossetete, Benedek Javor, Constanze Krehl, Vladimir Manka, Marian-Jean Marinescu, Morten Messerschmidt, Clare Moody, Paul Tang, Pavel Telicka. Substitutes under Rule 200(2) present for the final vote. Result of final vote. Members present for the final vote.

John Stuart Agnew, Clara Eugenia Aguilera Garcia, Eric Andrieu, Richard Ashworth, Jose Bove, Paul Brannen, Daniel Buda, Nicola Caputo, Matt Carthy, Viorica Dancila, Michel Dantin, Paolo De Castro, Albert De?, Herbert Dorfmann, Norbert Erdos, Luke Ming Flanagan, Martin Hausling, Anja Hazekamp, Esther Herranz Garcia, Jan Huitema, Peter Jahr, Jaroslaw Kalinowski, Elisabeth Kostinger, Zbigniew Kuzmiuk, Philippe Loiseau, Mairead McGuinness, Nuno Melo, Giulia Moi, Ulrike Muller, James Nicholson, Maria Noichl, Marit Paulsen, Marijana Petir, Lauren?iu Rebega, Jens Rohde, Bronis Rope, Jordi Sebastia, Lidia Senra Rodriguez, Czeslaw Adam Siekierski, Marc Tarabella. Substitutes present for the final vote. Substitutes under Rule 200(2) present for the final vote.

Advantage and corriga, Disadvantage of Entrance Exams to. universities in with my informative speech China and d economie, US. . Webster University Entrance Essay: I have always thought nurses are among the most intelligent people there are, and I want to be one of patriot act essays them. Corriga Dissertation D Economie! I believe the act essays laity does not realize the amount of education required to ascertain employment as a registered nurse or the d economie continuing education required to maintain such employment. One of my missions is to documentation assist front line nurses demonstrate their, hard earned, knowledge to the clients they serve. Nurses need all the encouragement and support possible in order to maintain the stamina required to d economie carry out their wide variety of daily duties, and I want to be a source of on human aggression such encouragement and support. Nurses must receive continuous education in order to stay abreast of ever changing practices, and I want to be a catalyst of such education. I am convinced that earning a Master of Science in Nursing at Webster University is my key to attaining these goals. I expected each step of my nursing education would be my last. Employment as a nursing assistant after high school graduation was just a means to pay for a special education teaching degree. Certification nursing assistant class was just a way to keep my job.

Eleven years later, a practical nursing license was a means to earn enough money to allow this single parent to support my toddling twin daughters. Corriga Dissertation D Economie! Seven years later, the Associate Degree in Nursing was a scheme to convert from long-term care nursing to acute care nursing. An Essay! Ten years later, earning a Bachelor of Science Degree. D Economie! Words: 414 - Pages: 2. Advantage and Disadvantage of Amazon. . Essays On Human Aggression! Paypal account or other on- line financial account. All you need is a bank account. Dissertation! Amazon.com will deposit the money directly to your bank every two weeks. Shipping Charges: Probably the greatest disadvantage of the an essay on role of electronic media Amazon.com Marketplace for d economie, buyers is the essay healthcare added shipping charges. Almost everything you buy will have a shipping charge added. And, unfortunately, you cannot take advantage of Amazon.com’s free shipping offer on corriga dissertation d economie orders of $25 or more.

If you are buying from the Marketplace, this and other “free” offers no longer apply. In the case of individual people offering items for argument essay healthcare, sale, the shipping charges are not too bad. A book, for example, will usually carry a shipping charge between $2 and $4. But with actual merchandisers who sell products in this Marketplace, the shipping charges can be much higher and they vary greatly from corriga dissertation, item to item. Write On Role Media! Final Thoughts: Amazon.com is my most visited web site ever, in terms of the number of purchases I have made. I have been buying merchandise from dissertation d economie, this site for documentation essays, almost ten years and it has become a permanent part of my weekly web site visits. I logon to see what new books are coming out, what is recommended to me, and what special deals are available.

With Amazon.com Marketplace, I admit that it took me a little longer to corriga d economie warm to the idea and I didn’t make my first purchase from this part of the site until 2004. The reason for my reservations for so many years were mostly based on settling for used items when. On Human! Words: 2124 - Pages: 9. Advantage and Disadvantage of Modern Medicine. . is established by concentration. Dissertation! - The osmolality of tubule fluid urine and ISF in the inner most in the medulla becomes equal. In a disease, this may differ. - Osmolarity of URINE and PLASMA |SPECIES |OSMO URINE |OSMO PLASMA | |DOG |2400 |300 (8:1) | |DESERT RODENTS |4800 |300 (16:1) | o Relative medullary thickens of documentation essays kidney is believed to be better predictor of urin concentration than % of long root nephrons. o **Role of Urea- Increase the d economie concentration of urine. If it is hyper molal, it will not filtrate properly. In addition to the NaCl concentration in ISF, it is also maintained by urea and essay healthcare, this is due to recirculation of urea with collecting ducts and LH. Recirculation means urea diffuses from inner collecting ducts into corriga d economie ISF and phrases for essays, they diffuse into ascending LH. Dissertation D Economie! This difference occurs due to permeability of argument essay healthcare nephron parts of urea and corriga dissertation d economie, concentration gradient. After the entrance of urea from good, LH, it can come out of dissertation collecting ducts.

The concentration of urea remains high in collecting ducts because concentration is high in ISF so no diffusion takes place. Documentation Essays! FACTORS AFFECTING ADH RELEASE o Volume receptors o More blood volume, less ADH secretion o Less blood volume, More ADH released o Cold environment- inhibits less ADH released, so urine production. Words: 4613 - Pages: 19. Discuss the Advantage and Disadvantage of Giving International Aid to Poor Countries. . Dissertation! Discuss the Advantage and good irish phrases for essays, Disadvantage of Giving International Aid to Poor Countries Name: Institution: Discuss the corriga Advantage and Disadvantage of Giving International Aid to argument on universal Poor Countries Granting international aids to underprivileged states is the noblest international practice in contemporary globalized society. According to Chenery and Strout (2006), the corriga dissertation core motive for international aid emanated from the human being moral obligation of supporting and facilitating each other depending on one strengths and abilities. By considering its inimitable nature, international aid has its own unique disadvantage and advantage. Act Essays! Being the dissertation most useful tool for development is an essay on role media a decisive advantage that characterizes international aids to poor countries.

A respectable number of modern poor countries depend on international support in sustaining their economic development (Ehrenfield, 2004). Corriga Dissertation! International aid is also a fundamental aspect of strengthening and intensifying international integration and relationship. Through mutual coordination and interaction, international aid creates a platform where the essays recipient and the donor reciprocally benefit from each other irrespective of their economic powers. International aid mutual coordination also helps in promoting accountability in the use of the distributed resources. Financial assistance to poor countries is also valuable in providing essential basic needs.

Words: 433 - Pages: 2. . Uncle Vanya Grown-up literature is kind of strange and sad, don't you think? Most characters within children's literature, from Tom Sawyer to Harry Potter, struggle against adversity, and ultimately find a sense of dissertation meaning and satisfaction in their lives. Most characters in grown up books and plays struggle against on role, adversity, which is usually rooted in some psychologically complex inner conflict, and ultimately find that life has no meaning and dissertation, no guarantee of act essays satisfaction. At least, this seems to be the case with the stories and dramas in my big, thick Literature textbook. And it certainly seems to be the case when that Literature (with a capital L) is penned by a Russian. Such is the case with Uncle Vanya by Anton Chekhov. The play is filled with downtrodden fools, some ignorant, some self-aware; all are miserable because they have pursued the wrong goals. The Setting: Uncle Vanya takes place in a large estate tucked away in the Russian countryside.

Possibly, the location was inspired by Chekhov's country home at the time the play was written. In the 1890s, hoping to improve his health and his connections with his fellow man, Chekhov moved his family to a small rural settlement called Melikhovo, located about dissertation, forty miles south of Moscow. Much of the play finds its characters in conflict with their surroundings. The characters from the city find country life to be unbearably unsatisfying. The country-bred characters find that their city-bred counterparts are. Words: 1101 - Pages: 5.

Advantage and Disadvantage of documentation Entrance Exams to. . Dissertation! Advantage and disadvantage of entrance exams to universities in write an essay of electronic media China and corriga d economie, US As we all know, students who want to go to college must take exams which are called “entrance exams to Universities”. Act Essays! College entrance exams are considered to be the unique approach that the students are admitted by corriga dissertation, the colleges, and a significant factor that determines a student’s future development. They’re even regarded as one of the turning points in their lives. The similarity of the college entrance exams in China and that in essays the Western countries is that they are both the corriga d economie ways of selecting students for documentation essays, the colleges. Well, it's a must door for all the Chinese senior students to the higher education. It may be considered to be too exam-oriented, or too narrow and strict to the students, however it has last for decades.

It is actually useful in corriga dissertation choosing talented people. To take an even spectacular example, in order to get a good result, students must be hard working, considerable, insistent and knowledgeable, and these, are just what the good irish phrases society needs. In total, everything exists has a reason. I think the exam is workable in corriga some way, but can still be improved. An Essay Of Electronic Media! In China, more than half students take exams on dissertation d economie June 17th and 18th, in China.

In that day, many students march in the classroom to wait for the examinations. Whatever the weather is hot, they full of confidence and stress to write down their answers. Even though they are ill and cannot give up the test, for they cannot live up. Words: 999 - Pages: 4. . Irish! initial cost there is the fact of training the staff/ facilitators to use the equipment correctly as bad usage can cause incorrect teaching to pupils. Also coming under cost is damage, as, if the equipment gets damages then the damage repair fees are required to get the equipment back up and running. Distractions such as the d economie internet, computer games and email is also a big disadvantage. Dis : 1. Over dependence on information technology makes students less active and innovative.Students no longer take time to with speech solve equation and tasks, all they do is query that task in a search engine and a solution will be provided. 2. Poor publications online: This exposes student’s t wrong information which results into failure of exams. Many online publishers post content for corriga dissertation d economie, monetary purposes, so you find that most the content published online is write an essay on role of electronic not well detailed to help students and researchers. D Economie! 5) New methods for teaching and organizing material.

4) Deregulation of transfer credits and other student restricting regulations. 3) Potential for lower textbook prices. 2) Potential for on universal, lower tuition prices. 1) Increased accessibility to higher education. Words: 415 - Pages: 2. Advantage and corriga dissertation d economie, Disadvantage of Whatsapp. . An Essay! Whatsapp messaging platform all around the world. Whatsapp Inc. was founded by Jan Koum and Brain Acton, who was the former employees at dissertation d economie, Yahoo Inc. Whatsapp Android mobile come over to Windows, Symbian, iOS, Blackberry OS. This further helped it to increase its popularity through out the world.

I Advantages of patriot Using Whatsapp Some of the great advantages of d economie using Whatsapp are: You can easily send free messages to any part of the world without any charges. This service is healthcare completely free. All tools provided by Whatsapp are very easy to use. Corriga! It do not have any advertisements on display screen. This app automatically imports the contacts from your phone and tells you that how many of your friends are using Whatsapp. You can share your location, photos, status with your friends. You need not spend any money for documentation, chatting and sharing with your friends.

It also allows you to send 100 messages a month to any of your friends not using Whatsapp for free. Disadvantages of Using Whatsapp Everything having a plus point also has some negative points too. So here are some of the disadvantages of this brilliant app: You can chat to friends that only have smart phones supporting this application and to friends having their account on Whatsapp. You can just send 100 messages in a month to friends not having Whatsapp on their phone. You must have access to internet to dissertation send and receive messages for free and the messages are also not sent to the phone inbox. You need to pay $0.99. Words: 298 - Pages: 2. Advantage and Disadvantage of Bullying . related literature about bullying By ahemn October 2013 309 Words PAGE 1 OF 1 Bullying in schools is a worldwide problem that can have negative consequences for the general school climate and for argument essay, the right of students to learn in a safe environment without fear. Bullying can also have negative lifelong consequences—both for students who bully and for their victims.

Although much of the formal research on bullying has taken place in the Scandinavian countries, Great Britain, and Japan, the d economie problems associated with bullying have been noted and discussed wherever formal schooling environments exist. Bullying is comprised of direct behaviors such as teasing, taunting, threatening, hitting, and documentation, stealing that are initiated by dissertation, one or more students against essays aggression, a victim. Corriga! In addition to direct attacks, bullying may also be more indirect by causing a student to aggression be socially isolated through intentional exclusion. While boys typically engage in direct bullying methods, girls who bully are more apt to utilize these more subtle indirect strategies, such as spreading rumors and enforcing social isolation (Ahmad Smith, 1994; Smith Sharp, 1994). Whether the corriga dissertation bullying is direct or indirect, the key component of bullying is that the physical or psychological intimidation occurs repeatedly over time to create an ongoing pattern of harassment and abuse (Batsche Knoff, 1994; Olweus, 1993). Extent of the Problem Various reports and studies have established that approximately 15% of. Words: 317 - Pages: 2. . Help My Informative Speech! Educational Disadvantage Name: Institutional Advantage: Educational Disadvantage Equality in the Australian education system is corriga dissertation d economie something that is yet to be realized. An Essay On Role! The term equality is not in reference to gender but has been used in dissertation reference to good phrases socio-economic status of the students. Australia is first world nation. As such, one would be forgiven to assume that equality in the education system was long realized. It comes as a surprise that Australia has one of the largest disparities in academic performance.

The disparity between the best performing students and the world performing lot is dissertation among the highest in the world (Australia, 2009). Research has established that in Australia, about 42% of all the students who enroll into institutions of essays higher learning are from corriga dissertation, well to do families (Australia, 2003). On the other hand, only about 15% of the students who enroll into institutions of higher learning (Australia, 2002). It is then clear that there is quite a high level of disparity in the Australian education system about socio-economic status. With My Informative! A fact that seeks to compound the gravity of the corriga dissertation d economie situation is that about 40% of all the indigenous students in irish phrases Australia are unable to meet the mathematics and reading standards that have are expected of Australian students (Teese Polesel, 2003). Such a situation necessitates the need for a discussion of this issue. If this situation is dissertation d economie not addressed, it will culminate in a severe deterioration of the quality of the. Words: 1542 - Pages: 7. Advantage and Disadvantage of documentation essays Rh Bill. . poverty population. They also argue that it will reduce the number of deaths and the spread of STDs. Those who oppose the bill argue that providingcontraception will encourage more sexual behavior, and increase the number of unwanted pregnancies. The RH Bills are Reproductive Health Bills in the Philippinesthat aim to provide universal access to birth control.

The advantage of Reproductive Health Bill in the Philippines is that hopes to provide midwives for skilled attendance to childbirth and emergency obstetric care, even in geographically isolated and depressed areas. Thus, the one of the causes of maternal mortality, that arising from unattended births, will be addressed. The disadvantage of the Reproductive Health Bill in the Philippines is the undue focus being given to reproductive health and population and development, when many more urgent and important health problems need to be addressed in the country, those that cause a significant number of deaths across the country such as cardiovascular diseases and infections. Dissertation D Economie! Financial resources allotted by foreign donors to assist the Philippine government programs could actually be better spent towards pursuing health programs targeting communicable diseases than purchasing artificial contraceptives. The Reproductive Health Bill is controversial, as it is being opposed by concerned citizens, especially the pro-life, pro-family and pro-God groups, regardless of creed or religion. The Roman Catholic Church. Words: 1744 - Pages: 7. . Welcome to Phi Set Spike 2012! The women of Phi Sigma Sigma would like to thank you for your continued support and participation in Phi Set Spike! For the Players: * Please look over the schedule thoroughly and arrive on time to essays your games. Also note that we will be using the 3 court set up(possibly 4), so there will be additional games for teams that lose in the first round. * Preliminary games will play to 11 or the game will end at 10 minutes (subject to change based upon corriga d economie, number of teams present) * The Championship game and 3rd place game will play to 15, or end at 10 minutes. * If there is a tie at 10 minutes, we will play to essays the next point starting with the team that had possession at the end of the 10 minutes. * All scoring is rally scoring. * If a team does not show up within 5 minutes of the game start, it is a forfeit and the opposing team will advance. * Players will get wristbands at check-in. Water is dissertation d economie available for players only at the check-in table.

Wristband color will be determined by my informative speech, food eligibility, as per indicated by your chapter or organization. For Observers: * There will be a contest for the team that receives the most support through attendance and spirit. * At the event there will be tickets used to redeem food, enter in the raffle, and participate in the different fun activities around the field. * Tickets are $1/a piece, $5/6 tickets, or $20 for your height. Words: 1009 - Pages: 5. . Seat No.: _____ Enrolment No.______ GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY MBA Second Semester ( Regular / Evening ) Examination May 2010 Subject code: 820007 Subject ame: Research Methodology and Operations Research Date: 28 / 05 / 2010 Total Marks: 70 Time: 11.00 am – 01.30 pm Instructions: 1. Attempt all questions. 2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary. 3. Figures to the right indicate full marks. Q.1 know about customer satisfaction level across India who recently purchased newly Introduced car. (b) A farm is engaged in breeding pigs. The pigs are fed on various products 07 grown on the farm. Dissertation! With a view to ensuring certain minimum nutrition for the growth of the pigs, two types of feeds A and B are purchased from the market. The contents of these feeds per unit, in nutrient constituents are as given in the following table.

Formulate and solve graphically. Essays! Nutrient content in Minimum requirement of feeds Nutrient feed nutrient for a pig A B M1 12 6 108 M2 3 9 81 M3 15 10 150 If feed A costs Rs. 20 and B Rs. 40 per unit, how much of dissertation each of these two should be bought, so that the total cost is minimized? (a) Prepare a research plan for marketing manager of tata Nano car who wants to 07 Q.2 (a) Test the given data using Kolmogorov –Smirnov test. Freshman Number in each class 5 Sophomore 9 Junior 11 Senior 16 Graduate 19 07 Given that critical value for argument on universal, D is corriga d economie 1.36 N at ? = 0.05 Take the KS test , with an essay healthcare analysis of the results of the. Words: 953 - Pages: 4. . HAPPY 2ND MONTHSARY BABYLOVE! Time has passed so fast and in corriga dissertation just a blink of an eye, it's two months already.

Spending everyday with you is just so awesome. I'll never get sick of it cause seeing you just brightens up my day. Baby, thanks for tolerating all my nonsense all these while. Help With My Informative Speech! I know we need to give and take in a relationship. I'm sorry that you've been the one giving and taking all these while.

I once thought I was a good boyfriend/girlfriend but I proved myself wrong. Thanks for giving in to me all the time whenever we quarrel. Thanks for treating me like a prince despite what I've done to hurt you in the past. I feel really blessed to have you in my life, by my side. I really thank God for letting us meet, for letting us get closer to each other and now get together. I may not be that perfect boyfriend/girlfriend you've been looking for but just so you know, my love for you is true. My love for you cannot be explained in days, cannot be explained in words. Only actions can show you how much you mean to me and how much I love you.

Baby, thanks for dissertation, showing me what is true love. I've never met someone like you, someone so special, someone so true. Words just can't describe how happy and blessed I am to have you in my life. You made my life colorful, you painted it with your love. Thanks for everything you've done for me throughout these few years. I really appreciate every single thing you have done for me.

If I had to leave one day, I'll still find my way back.

essay on hvtn 505 The path forward to corriga dissertation d economie, an efficacious HIV-1 vaccine will be expedited via the on human analysis of immune correlates from dissertation past and future HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials. Approaches that aim either to improve upon current findings from a partially efficacious vaccine strategy or approaches toward the generation of my informative broadly neutralizing antibodies by d economie, rational immunogen design strategies are likely to be fast-tracked through careful probing of the essays intersections of immune correlate analyses within and among human vaccine clinical trials. When carefully interrogated for correlates of risk (immune responses and host/virus genetics), each of the efficacy trials (failed or partially efficacious) can provide new information to advance the HIV-1 vaccine development field. In some cases, clues about potentially protective immune responses can be discerned, and of equal importance, potentially detrimental or distracting immune responses can be identified. Immunogen design strategies may benefit from corriga d economie these analyses, such that that immunogens can be paired down to essential components. Moreover, insights from these studies on how host and virus genetics play a role in vaccine-induced immunity will enable the advancement of immunogen designs toward globally efficacious vaccines across different populations. The intersection of correlate analyses or studies involving immune responses (innate, cellular, humoral), host genetics (e.g., FcR expression, HLA) and essays on human aggression HIV-1 virus sieve analyses (virus sequence analysis of all infections (placebo and vaccine groups) to d economie, determine if there were specific genetic attributes of infecting viruses that were significantly different between the two groups) are areas of the highest information content for follow-up studies (Figure 1).

In this review, the correlate analyses for HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials are described, with an emphasis on those studies that examine the irish phrases intersection of dissertation different components and analyses. Due to the uniqueness of each efficacy trial and outcome, each study can provide information regarding the minimum bar to overcome to achieve HIV-1 vaccine efficacy. Even when there is no overall vaccine efficacy, the heterogeneity of help with speech immune responses among vaccines has enabled follow-up studies to d economie, identify associations of immune responses with HIV-1 infection risk in subsets of vaccines. Furthermore, an integral part of act essays understanding immune correlates of protection is to also define patterns of immune responses that associate with non-protective vaccines. One of the major goals for the HIV-1 vaccine field is to define correlates of protection from corriga HIV-1 infection, such that the documentation field has biomarkers that will clearly predict vaccine outcome in HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials.

There have been six HIV-1 vaccine efficacy studies to date [1,2,3,4,5,6] (Table 1), each testing either a different vaccine strategy, or different populations with different risk factors and geographic locations. Dissertation D Economie! HIV-1 vaccine efficacy studies have been analyzed for correlates of infection risk; however, a correlate of on human protection for an HIV-1 vaccine has not yet been identified. Corriga D Economie! Both the non-efficacious vaccines [7,8,9,10,11] and the one partially efficacious HIV-1 vaccine [12,13,14,15] trial have yielded several correlates of infection risk; although more weight is given to those findings from trials where there was overall vaccine efficacy. In total, three of these studies (VAX004, Step, and RV144) found significant correlations with HIV-1 infection risk/incidence and on human two of these studies (Step and RV144) identified potential sites of immune pressure on the virus (virus sieve). The terminology employed for describing correlates and surrogates for protection from HIV-1 infection have been the corriga dissertation d economie focus of my informative speech ongoing discussion and clarification [16,17,18,19]. It is generally agreed upon that for any one of the correlates of infection risk identified in RV144 to be considered a correlate of protection that reliably predicts protection from HIV-1 infection, it must be tested and proven in another clinical trial either with the same setting or in a different vaccine setting [18]. Ultimately, it is the latter confirmation of the correlate to HIV-1 vaccine efficacy in a different geographic region, different virus strains, different risk groups, etc . that is the corriga d economie most sought after for the development of a global HIV-1 vaccine. (Efficacy futility determined at good phrases first interim analysis after full enrollment ) Vaccine-induced immune responses have been studied to identify immune correlations with infection risk and evidence of virus sieve that can inform the dissertation design and evaluation of the write on role of electronic next phase of vaccine efficacy trials (shaded boxes indicate reported correlations). Immunizations in two efficacy studies (Phambili/HVTN 503, HVTN 505) were stopped; however, follow-up of participants continues. a Vaccine Efficacy (VE) Outcome is noted as “No Efficacy” if there was no overall statistically significant vaccine efficacy; b MSM: Men who have sex with men; c Participants, meeting enrollment criteria, were enrolled from the general population; d TG: Transgender.

3. Cellular Immunity and HIV-1 Vaccine Efficacy Trials. HIV-1 specific CD8 + T cells are associated with control of HIV-1 replication as demonstrated in acute HIV-1 infection [26,27,28,29,30] (reviewed in McMichael et al. [31]) and in studies of those rare individuals who can naturally control HIV-1 infection long term [32,33,34,35,36,37]. Moreover, studies in NHP have demonstrated, as proof of concept, that vaccine induced CD8 + T cells can be protective [38,39,40,41]. In two HIV-1 efficacy trials (Step and Phambili) aimed at inducing CD8 + T cell responses (in the absence of HIV-1 envelope specific antibodies), there was no overall association with vaccine efficacy. However, these studies indicated that there were vaccine-elicited CD8 + T cells that could impact virus replication; although not sufficient enough to provide overall decreased risk of corriga infection in the trial (either due to low magnitude/breadth/function of T cell responses and/or pre-existing vector immunity etc. ). HVTN 505, also designed to target the induction of CD8 + T cell responses (as well as HIV-1 envelope specific antibodies), was discontinued and unblinded due to lack of good phrases for essays efficacy.

Studies of the magnitude and quality of the corriga dissertation d economie CD8 + T cell response are ongoing. Since there was evidence of on human increased infections in two of the Ad5 vector based vaccine studies, Step and dissertation Phambili [42] but not in HVTN 505 [6], there is a greater emphasis on understanding immune responses to essays aggression, vaccine vectors and dissertation impact on subsequent immunity. Additional studies demonstrated that there may be some cross-reactivity in the T cell responses among the different adenovirus serotypes that will have to be tested carefully going forward as vectors are chosen for essays clinical trials [43]. An alternate interpretation is that perhaps many other types of HIV-1 vaccines induce some level of CD4 + T cell activation; however, the key is to have sufficient overall HIV-1 specific immunity to tip the balance toward protection. Corriga! Despite these setbacks on understanding how to induce protective CD8 + T cell induced immune responses in human HIV-1 clinical trials, a new paradigm for T cell immunity has emerged from NHP vaccine studies.

Picker and colleagues report on act essays, a CMV based vaccine regimen that protects NHPs from corriga d economie infection and induces a novel subset of help speech CD8 + T cells that can broadly recognize HIV-1 epitopes through class II restriction [38]. The series of papers by Picker and colleagues provide new hypotheses to test for inducing effective cellular immunity, both in terms of both new immunogen vector design and new subsets of corriga dissertation d economie CD8 + T cells to essay healthcare, target with vaccine approaches. HVTN 502 (Step) and HVTN 503 (Phambili); Host Genetics and Virus Sieve Analyses. The Step study [3,44] as well as the Phambili study [4] were test of dissertation d economie concept studies (double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled) for induction of HIV-1 specific T cells responses. These trials tested the concept of a replication defective adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vector with clade B HIV-1 genes ( gag , pol nef ) (MRKAd5) to decrease virus load in those who became infected. For Essays! This vaccine regimen generated antigen specific T cell responses, but overall these responses did not result in vaccine efficacy. An increased rate of HIV-1 infection was observed in vaccines compared to placebos that was associated with being uncircumcised and having pre-existing Ad5 antibodies (reviewed in corriga dissertation d economie Gray et al. Good Irish Phrases! [45]). This increased risk was confirmed in corriga dissertation d economie follow-up studies that also reported a waning of the increased infection risk over time [46]. In order to understand the lack of patriot act essays efficacy (and enhancement of infection in the vaccine group), follow-up studies were undertaken to understand the immunity that was generated by vaccination. One of the goals of these follow-up studies was to examine potentially protective responses that may be subdominant in the population but may impact either acquisition or disease progression in some of the vaccines. Notably, detailed analysis of the “breakthrough” viruses, or viruses that did establish infection despite vaccine-induced immunity, demonstrated that there was selection at specific sites indicating potential vaccine induced T cell specific immune pressure [23].

Notably, the antigen specific CD8 + T cells responses induced by Ad5 vaccination were to HIV-1 epitope hotspots that were different than those generated in natural infection and were also directed to d economie, highly variable regions that likely can tolerate escape mutations from vaccine induced immune responses [47]. Speech! Host genetics also played a role in immunity, since those vaccines with HLA alleles (B*27, B*57, B*58:01), known to be associated with HIV-1 control, had lower viral load [48] and corriga dissertation their CD8 + T cells exhibited greater killing in in vitro assays [49]. Recent analysis of on human aggression those infected within a year of their last vaccination, identified that total T cell breadth and total magnitude of the immune response after the immunization series and prior to infection significantly correlated with lower mean viral load [50]. A sieve analysis of the Step trial found that there was significant sequence divergence of the dissertation infecting viruses compared to the vaccine [23]. However, despite an observed anamnestic T cell response (from vaccine-induced immunity) after infection, the help my informative speech specific T cell responses measured as part of the dissertation d economie evaluation of the trial did not correspond with the sieve findings [51]. Moreover, none of the HIV-1 antigen specific T cell responses that were tested were associated with risk of infection in the vaccine recipients [11]. Media! Surprisingly, the non-HIV specific ELISpot magnitude was a significant direct CoR for HIV-1 infection in the vaccine group. Thus, sieve analyses along with immune correlate analyses can be informative in generating new hypotheses about dissertation baseline or vaccine-induced responses correlating with infection risk.

4. On Human Aggression! Humoral Immunity and corriga HIV-1 Vaccine Efficacy Trials. Four of the HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials induce HIV-1 Env-specific antibody responses by three diverse strategies: recombinant HIV-1 gp120 immunogen alone (VAX003 and argument on universal VAX004); vector prime with gp120 boost (RV144); and DNA prime, vector boost (HVTN 505). Although VAX003 and VAX004 efficacy trials each tested gp120 protein only as an immunogen strategy to induce humoral responses, these trials were distinct in that they were conducted in corriga different risk populations (injection drug users (IDU) vs . Act Essays! men who have sex with men (MSM)) and with different clades of gp120 protein immunogens (B/E vs . D Economie! B/B). Similarly, both RV144 and HVTN 505 were prime boost strategies, but each tested a different vector (ALVAC vs . rAd5) and in different risk populations (community-based risk in Thailand vs . MSM in the U.S.). It is unknown whether the same mechanisms of patriot protection against HIV-1 acquisition will be similar or quite distinct among the corriga dissertation different risk populations/transmission routes. Thus, there are four major differences across these HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials that need to on human, be considered when comparing studies: (1) differences in the HIV-1 gp120 sequence content; (2) differences in the approach (prime/boost and vector vs . Dissertation! protein); (3) diverse infection risk populations tested by each vaccine; and (4) different geographic locations and clades of HIV-1. 4.1. VAX003 and VAX004: Immune Response and Host Genetics. The VAX003 clinical trial was conducted in high-risk injection drug users, and the vaccine contained bivalent gp120 (Clades B and Clade E: AIDSVAX B/E) [2].

As part of the primary analysis of vaccine efficacy for VAX003, pre-specified antibody variables (V2 and V3 binding antibodies to a vaccine strain envelope (A244), gp120 binding antibodies (A244 and MN), CD4 blocking antibodies and neutralizing antibodies to good irish phrases for essays, HIV-1 MN) were found not to be correlates of corriga d economie risk. Good Phrases! The VAX004 clinical trial enrolled high-risk men and women (predominantly men who have sex with men) and the vaccine contained two clade B gp120s (AIDSVAX B/B) [1]. Dissertation D Economie! Follow-up studies of vaccine-induced humoral responses in VAX004 reported that higher neutralizing antibody (nAbs) responses to an easy to neutralize virus [7], CD4 blocking antibodies [7], and argument antibody-dependent cellular virus inhibition (ADCVI) [8] correlated with lower HIV-1 infection risk among those in the vaccine group. Neutralizing antibody responses against dissertation d economie, more difficult to patriot act essays, neutralize viruses ( i.e ., circulating viruses that are the target of corriga dissertation d economie vaccine strategies) were also induced. However, one interpretation is that this level and breadth of response may be below the bar needed for efficacy (and, thus, providing some information on where the bar sits) [52].

Comparative studies among vaccine efficacy trials can also inform as to what might constitute a potentially protective immune response. Neutralizing antibody responses were higher in VAX003 compared to RV144 [53], indicating that higher antibody responses were not by essays, themselves better nor predictive of a positive outcome. Corriga D Economie! Insights from essays analyses of host genetics suggest that although there was no overall increased infection in the VAX004 vaccine trial, the Fc? receptor IIIa genotype (VV genotype, encoded by an allele with a valine (V) a position 158) was associated with an increased rate of corriga HIV-1 infection in low risk vaccines, but not in high risk vaccines [9]. RV144 is the only HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trial in which the argument healthcare vaccine showed decreased transmission versus the placebo group, with an d economie estimated vaccine efficacy of 31% [5]. An international collaborating team of scientists completed a case control study reporting that two humoral immune measurements correlated with the risk of HIV-1 infection [12]. IgG antibodies to essays aggression, the V1/V2 region of HIV-1 gp120 correlated with a decreased risk of corriga infection [12,13,14,15], and a plasma HIV-1 envelope-specific IgA score correlated with increased risk of infection in the vaccine arm (decreased vaccine efficacy) [12,54]. Six primary variables were tested in the correlate analyses: plasma Env IgA score, Env IgG avidity, HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies (nAbs), antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), V1/V2 Env IgG and on human aggression Env-specific CD4 + T-cells.

Overall, humoral responses were the predominant immune response in this trial, with evidence of vaccine-elicited V2 targeted CD4 + T-cell responses [12,55]. One key insight from the evaluation of the RV144 vaccine trial was that the corriga dissertation vaccine immunogen was unique in irish its antigenicity ( i.e . , exposure of corriga d economie specific epitopes) compared to other envelope proteins [25,56]. Studies of the patriot RV144 protein immunogen demonstrated that certain epitopes were better exposed, as a result of an 11 amino acid N -terminal deletion of the dissertation d economie AE.A244 gp120 envelope, thus leading to the induction of dominant V1V2 antibody epitope specificities that were well exposed on essays, the vaccine immunogen [56]. In particular, the A244 gp120 used in RV144 was antigenic for both linear V2 epitopes bound by strain-specific V2 antibodies, as well as for conformational V1V2-glycan epitopes bound by V1V2 broad neutralizing antibodies (BnAbs) [25,56]. Thus, 8,000 individuals have been immunized with an antigen expressing a BnAb epitope, yet only corriga dissertation d economie non-glycan-dependent nAbs were induced [12,25,57,58]. Thus, in addition to defining correlates of protection in RV144, a second critical reason to study vaccine responses in with my informative RV144 is to understand why BnAbs were not induced by an antigenic immunogen. These findings indicate that careful evaluation of envelope antigenicity ( i.e ., determining what epitopes are exposed for immune recognition) can provide insights into the types of d economie antibodies that may be elicited by vaccination. 4.2.2.

RV144: Intersection of Antibody Epitope Specificity, Antibody Function and with my informative Antibody Form. Further analyses of the six primary variables in corriga dissertation d economie the RV144 correlate analyses using interaction models was one way of examining the role of multiple immune measurements in assessing correlates of HIV-1 infection risk. Help Speech! The secondary analysis as part of the RV144 immune correlate work [12] indicated (through a statistical interaction model) that in the presence of low vaccine-elicited IgA responses, either ADCC or neutralizing antibody responses correlated with a decreased risk of infection. The ADCC responses induced by RV144 were predominantly to the C1 conformational region of corriga dissertation d economie gp120 [59,60]; among other epitope specificities ( i.e ., V2, V3) [25]. Patriot Act Essays! Thus, one hypothesis from the RV144 correlate study was that C1 region Env-specific IgA could block C1-specific ADCC by binding to the same epitopes on infected cells, but without the functional engagement of d economie NK cells that is on universal, needed to mediate ADCC. Indeed, RV144-induced Env IgA was shown to block C1 region-specific IgG-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by natural killer cells [54]. These studies are an example of how the intersection of multiple approaches can provide insights into vaccine efficacy.

Specifically, this work highlights the dissertation d economie need to examine vaccine-induced epitope-specific antibody responses that engage different cellular Fc receptors. 4.2.3. RV144 Secondary Analyses: Supporting the essay on universal healthcare Primary Correlates and corriga Further Hypotheses. Together, the two immune correlates of argument HIV-1 infection risk in RV144, along with data from the secondary analyses and follow-up studies, indicate that evaluating antibodies that target circulating strains in the population being tested as well as cross-clade epitopes may play a role in corriga d economie understanding vaccine efficacy. Circulating Env IgA responses to the C1 region in gp120 of a circulating strain in Thailand (CRF01_AE) was the essays aggression strongest statistical correlate of HIV-1 infection risk in RV144.

Moreover, IgG responses to the V2 region of corriga dissertation CRF01_AE Env significantly correlated with a decreased risk of infection among the different clades of aggression V2 responses tested in the peptide microarray assay [12,15]. Further analyses indicate that the breadth, or cross-reactivity to dissertation d economie, multiple clades, of the V1/V2-specific response induced by essays, RV144 [13,14,25,57,58] may have contributed to the unique nature of the vaccine-induced immune response in corriga dissertation RV144. Further studies in other vaccine trials will be able to argument, test these specific hypotheses to see if vaccine-induced immunity that can broadly target circulating strains will be critical for vaccine-mediated protection from HIV-1 infection. The RV144 case control study was designed to evaluate potential correlates of infection risk. Corriga Dissertation! Notably, multiple analyses support the original primary RV144 immune correlates and follow-up studies involving immune responses and/or host genetics relate to the primary and essays on human secondary correlates analysis (Table 2). These studies indicate that other humoral responses and host genetics may modulate vaccine-induced immunity and impact vaccine efficacy. Virus sieve analyses have complemented humoral immune data demonstrating that different approaches together can provide stronger clues to potential mechanisms for vaccine efficacy. Dissertation D Economie! Although there were only my informative speech six primary immune measurements tested in the case control analysis, other measurements as part of the RV144 case control study [12] and as follow-up analyses [13,14,15,54] were significantly associated with HIV-1 infection risk (statistical results with p 0.05) (Table 3). Corriga Dissertation! Notably, the plasma Env IgA correlate of risk was specific to certain HIV-1 Env IgA responses, as not all Env IgA correlated with decreased vaccine efficacy [54] as measured by a binding antibody multiplex assay [61]. 4.2.4.

RV144 Studies: Virus Sieve Analysis and B-Cell Repertoire. For HIV-1 vaccines, immune responses that impact only a proportion of the transmitted viruses can lead to virus sieving, in that specific viruses impervious to vaccine-elicited immunity can establish infection. These virus sieve analyses in media concert with probing vaccine-induced immune response can lead to hypotheses of specific immune responses that may prevent the corriga acquisition of on role media some viruses. D Economie! Moreover, analyses of viruses escaping from vaccine-induced immunity can provide a roadmap for an essay media critical targets on infectious virions that need to be targeted by an HIV-1 vaccine to substantially increase vaccine efficacy. Ongoing analyses of the changing complexity of circulating viruses may be critical for corriga dissertation d economie understanding the virus target in specific populations. Additional independent studies examining breakthrough viruses in RV144 vaccines (sieve analyses) and the generation of monoclonal antibodies from the B-cells of vaccine recipients have pointed toward a specific site within the act essays V2 region of the HIV-1 envelope. V2 mAbs derived from RV144 vaccines bound to an epitope centered on K169 of the V2 region [25], and a sieve analysis [24] focused on this region found K169 to corriga d economie, be a critical site of immune pressure. Thus, if the infecting strain of HIV-1 matched the RV144 vaccine AE.V2 region at irish K169, the vaccine efficacy was 48%.

Thus, we have proposed that one way to enhance the dissertation d economie efficacy of follow-up trials to RV144 would be to include additional Envs or V2 peptides with V2 sequences not covered in the original RV144 envelope sequences. Studies of such combinations are currently underway in non-human primates [62]. The functional properties of documentation essays these V2-specific antibodies include ADCC, neutralization and low level virus capture [25,63]; however, it is dissertation d economie, unclear if these findings related to V1/V2 IgG may be mechanistic or non-mechanistic correlates [19]. On Human! Thus, the corriga dissertation combination of the initial analysis of the patriot act essays V2-directed humoral responses induced by RV144, work identifying that V1V2 (K169) IgG3 correlated with a decreased risk of infection [14], the mAb work that identified the corriga d economie importance of a lysine in position 169 of the V2 loop and essay healthcare virology work that resulted in the demonstration of K169 as a site of corriga dissertation d economie immune pressure, together, reinforced the hypothesis that the induction of V2-specific antibodies is important to test as a correlate of protection in further HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials. (1) V2-specific mAbs were isolated and characterized, which involve position 169 in essay the V2 loop for binding [25]. (2) V1/V2 Env IgG responses are robustly correlated with a decreased risk of infection (multiple V1/V2 antigens and two different assays and laboratories) [13,57]. (3) linear V2 IgG by peptide microarray correlates with a decreased risk of corriga dissertation infection [15]. (4) linear V2 IgG by the binding antibody multiplex assay correlates with a decreased risk of infection in RV144 [64]. (5) IgG3 to V1/V2 CaseA2_169K correlates with a decreased risk of infection [14]. The six primary immune measurements evaluated in the RV144 correlate analysis were chosen in part based on each one representing distinct immunological space. Two of these measurements (V1/V2 IgG and Env IgA) significantly correlated with the risk of HIV-1 infection as reported in act essays Haynes et al [12].

Additionally, the reported results of corriga d economie interaction models indicate potential relationships among the good irish for essays six measurements. Dissertation D Economie! Below are the patriot act essays three interactions that were statistically significant. IgG Env avidity. Neutralizing Antibody (NAb) Score. A series of immune measurements, in corriga d economie addition to the preselected primary six variables, were evaluated for correlations with the risk of on role media HIV-1 infection. Of all the secondary immune variables, eight of these had a p -value of 0.05. Three of these are related to the direct correlation with plasma Env IgA; two are related to the indirect correlation with Env IgG responses, and three are related to corriga, cellular responses ( i.e ., peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) derived cytokines). A series of immune measurements, in addition to the preselected primary six variables, were evaluated for correlations with the risk of HIV-1 infection. Write! Of all the secondary immune variables, eight of these had a p -value of 0.05. Three of corriga dissertation d economie these are related to the direct correlation with plasma Env IgA; two are related to the indirect correlation with Env IgG responses, and three are related to cellular responses ( i.e ., PBMC derived cytokines).

4.2.5. Multiple Antibody Specificities and Function: Vaccine Efficacy. Due to the natural redundancy of the immune system [18], HIV-1 vaccines may induce multiple potentially protective immune responses. HIV-1 vaccines can induce a broad repertoire of HIV-1 epitope specificities and antibody isotypes/subclasses with a variety of different antiviral functions. Even in RV144, where V1/V2 Env IgG responses were identified as an on role of electronic media immune correlate of risk of dissertation HIV-1, there was broad heterogeneity among vaccines in essays their immune responses with a diverse repertoire of antibody forms, specificities and functions [63].

Some of these diverse immune measurements were not tested in the immune correlates analysis, due to d economie, inherent assay limitations, sample limitations and the requirement of minimizing test variables in order to help with my informative speech, maintain statistical power. Corriga! The interaction models from RV144, as well as several RV144 follow-up studies that examine several antibody specificities and/or function [54] support the hypothesis that multiple antibody specificities with different functions may act in concert. Good Irish Phrases For Essays! Evaluating multiple antibody specificities and antiviral functions, in addition to dissertation, identifying single correlates of infection risk, will be central to identifying mechanistic correlates of irish phrases protection for HIV-1 toward the corriga dissertation d economie goal of identifying an documentation efficacious vaccine strategy. 5. Time-Dependent Immune Measurements and Vaccine Efficacy. One important insight from vaccine efficacy studies is the impact of corriga dissertation d economie time on act essays, vaccine-induced immunity. The time point at which vaccine efficacy is determined in a trial can dramatically influence the resulting level of vaccine efficacy. RV144 had a 60.5% vaccine efficacy through 12 months after initial vaccination that declined over time [70]. Corriga Dissertation! The reported vaccine efficacy was pre-specified to be reported at 42 months post follow-up and was 31.2% at that time . This higher level of vaccine efficacy at patriot an earlier time point is hypothesized to corriga dissertation, be due to a higher level or quality of antibody response that decreased over good irish phrases for essays time For example, Env IgG3 responses are induced in RV144, but decline more rapidly than the overall Env IgG response [14]. Current vaccine strategies aim to improve the durability of the anti-envelope antibody response through different adjuvant/immunogen combinations. Thus, the dissertation half-life of Env-specific antibody responses will likely be a critical component for evaluating further HIV-1 vaccine candidates.

Vaccine-induced cell-mediated immunity also depends on irish, time post-vaccination. Cellular immune responses, as well as humoral responses, can wane post-vaccination. A recent study [50] reported that CD8 + T-cell immunity that correlated with decreased virus load post-breakthrough infection was potentially related to time since vaccination. HIV-1 vaccines that can induce an orchestrated response comprised of all arms of the corriga dissertation d economie immune response (innate, cellular and humoral) may prove to be the most efficacious across different populations, genders and routes of transmission. Thus, it is imperative to advance forward with strategies for both effective T- and argument essay healthcare B-cell responses that likely will be induced through specific engagement of the innate immune system. New technologies and approaches have allowed the field to cast a broader net in evaluating vaccine strategies.

The advent of virus sequencing at the single genome level has allowed for a detailed analysis of the specificities of immune responses that can impact virus replication in both human and non-human primates. These virus-specific approaches for corriga d economie that are not sensitive to write an essay media, vaccine-induced immunity compared to those viruses that are sensitive; (2) potential insights into corriga dissertation d economie important vulnerable sites (and their structure) on the virion that vaccines should target; and (3) information on whether the described vaccine-induced humoral and cellular immune responses have epitope specificities that match those identified as sieve sites in the virus. Argument On Universal Healthcare! New approaches towards understanding systems biology contributes to a better understanding of the interplay between the vaccine-induced host immune response and virus. Taken together, these technological advances have yielded a robust amount of data that has an unprecedented need for innovation in the way the data are analyzed. Analysis of host genetics, viral genetics and immune responses [71,72] have already provided numerous insights into both innate and adaptive responses of dissertation d economie virus control and disease progression in HIV-1 infected individuals. With! Follow-up studies provide evidence of an interplay of vaccine-induced immunity against corriga d economie, the background of on universal host genetics. Understanding the role of host genetics and the functional attributes of vaccine-induced immunity can enable a better understanding of which immune correlates will be broadly applicable in a globally efficacious vaccine.

Similarly, studies are ongoing to understand if immune responses to one vaccine can be predicted by dissertation d economie, immunity to another vaccine; thus, also allowing deeper insights into intrinsic population effects that may not be distinct to with my informative speech, the vaccine strategy being tested. Currently licensed vaccines for other pathogens are based on empirical studies, and d economie many do not have defined mechanistic correlates of protection. The protective efficacy of write an essay of electronic some of these vaccines are associated with antibody responses, with the exception of corriga dissertation rotavirus and BCG ((Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) tuberculosis vaccine) [18,73]. Notably, these antibody responses are of a low titer (1:40 titer with vaccines for smallpox, polio, Japanese encephalitis [74]), and the associated functional properties are not well known [75]. Mucosal IgG has been associated with the on human protection of several vaccines (e.g., Hib glycoconjugates, meningococcal conjugates, pneumococcal conjugates, polio (Sabin)); whereas mucosal IgA has been associated with the protection of a smaller number of vaccines (influenza intranasal, polio Sabin, rotavirus) (reviewed in [73]). For now, a decreased risk of dissertation d economie infection by essays, HIV-1 vaccination is associated with antigen-specific serum antibody responses, with some evidence that certain vaccine-induced cellular responses may impact virus replication and that host genetics may modulate vaccine immunity.

Analyses of the correlates of HIV-1 infection risk have demonstrated that there are intersections among different analyses (involving immune responses, virus and host genetics), thus providing the areas of highest information content for understanding the potential mechanisms of protective immunity. Identification and corriga dissertation d economie rigorous characterization of these areas of act essays overlap are likely to be transformative for the next phase of HIV-1 vaccine design and evaluation. We thank Peter Gilbert, Jerome Kim, Nelson Michael and Julie McElrath for insightful discussion in the preparation of this manuscript. Dissertation D Economie! The authors acknowledge funding from the HIV-1 Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN) (5U01 AI46725-05), the Duke University Center for AIDS Research (CFAR) Grant (P30 AI 64518), the Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology-Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID), National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/ Division of AIDS and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Grants (1033098, 1032144, 1040758).