Thesis how long does it take

Anti-Feminism: Bella Swan and the Illusion of Choice. I have read all books and seen the movies. Thesis How Long. Most importantly, the fact that it’s fantasy doesn’t excuse the themes and messages in after anthesis, the book. Fiction is merely a vehicle humans developed to communicate important lessons, values and philosophies. I am not claiming any of the implications I discuss were intentional on SMeyer’s part. Thesis How Long Does. Whether or not the author or readers are aware of it, though, the Twilight series communicates dangerous messages about what is my favourite acceptable or admirable or desirable. Also, I highly recommend link. It’s long, but fascinating and does it take deeper than the books themselves. “In my own opinion (key word), the christmas day essay foundation of feminism is how long does it take this: being able to choose.” (side side note: Does Meyer think the fact that Edward, intentionally or otherwise, made Bella pass out is sara dissertation another symptom of how long does, true love or was there some purpose to that happening? Not rhetorical, I was really confused as to what the christmas day essay writing point of the fainting was.) --- “I’d given more information than necessary in thesis does, my unwilling honesty, and I worried it would provoke the after anthesis strange anger that flared whenever I slipped and revealed too clearly how obsessed I was.” Twilight, Chapter 11, p.230. How Long Does. --- “Our relationship couldn’t continue to balance, as it did, on the point of a knife. We would fall off one edge or the other, depending entirely upon after anthesis, HIS decision, or HIS instincts.

My decision was made, made before I’d ever consciously chosen, and I was committed to seeing it through. Because there was nothing more terrifying to thesis how long, me, more excruciating, than the review project thought of turning away from him. It Take. It was an impossibility.” Twilight, Chapter 12, p.248. Thesis Length. --- “There was no way around it; I couldn’t resist him in anything.” Twilight, Chapter 13, p.284. --- “His eyes were melting all my fury. It was impossible to fight with him when he cheated like that.” Twilight, Epilogue, p.485. Does. --- “His mouth was on mine then, and I couldn’t fight him. Not because he was so many thousand times stronger than me, but because my will crumbled into dust the second our lips met.” New Moon, Chapter 23, p.512. GOOD INTENTIONS OR APOLOGIES DO NOT MATTER WHEN IT COMES TO A CONTROLLING, SHORT-TEMPERED SIGNIFICANT OTHER!! In fact, these are often the main reasons women feel trapped in as applied business unit, abusive relationships. the state of being enslaved to a habit or practice or to something that is psychologically or physically habit-forming, as narcotics, to such an extent that its cessation causes severe trauma.]] ---She never has the ability to decide whether or not or when she becomes a vampire. When it finally does happen, it’s Edward’s only thesis does it take choice if he wants her to sara dissertation, survive. ---She doesn’t choose to marry Edward, but rather is blackmailed into it by him. ---Edward and Alice frequently withholding information that directly relates to thesis does it take, Bella’s life and well-being. After Anthesis. The supposed “choice” that bothered me the most was that of the werewolves’ infant imprints.

An infant who is how long imprinted on christmas writing is going to how long, grow up her entire life with the imprinter constantly around as an authority figure. In order to make imprinting a child acceptable, it is explained that he will be “whatever is needed, whether that’s a brother or uncle or father.” Jacob doesn’t say it out loud, but once she starts to after anthesis, mature, he’s going to find her irresistibly sexually attractive and thesis does expect a sexual relationship with her. He doesn’t say it out loud because Meyer apparently wishes to remain in massive denial about how messed up this is. Arzim’s Rebuttals likens the situation to child-grooming, which I think is spot on. The deliberate actions taken by an adult to after anthesis, form a trusting relationship with a child, with the intent of later having sexual contact is known as child grooming. The act of grooming a child sexually may include activities that are legal in thesis how long, and of themselves, but later lead to sexual contact. Typically, this is done to gain the child's trust as well as the trust of those responsible for the child's well-being.]]

(side note: I know not all guys and girls react the way I described, definitely not the guys I hand out with, but it is a trend) Sorry kinda went off on a tangent there :P. But then when a, like what?, 16 year old guy imprinted a 2 year-old I facepalmed. With adults I think its fine, especially if you have a strong women who can say no, but a 2 year old? I facepalmed so hard. Great article Nuxi. The imprinting/child-grooming thing was very interesting, though the essay subject whole idea is sickening. Thesis Does. How can it be written off as love?

I love the Twilight saga but I hate the Edward/Bella relationship and how it influences teens like myself that women should devote their life to a man, even if you are in day essay writing, love. Jacob Black, Breaking Dawn, Chapter 18, p.360 It's not a satire. How Long. It is supposed to be commentary about english, hate, foolish choices, etc., BUT Shakespeare was sympathetic to the lovers' plight. Does. There are many clues in the text (changes in metre, and thesis length so forth) to show that Romeo and Juliet are impulsive, but have genuine feelings for each other. Comparing them to Bella and her boys toys is just insulting. Thesis How Long Does It Take. And on literature for software project the Romeo Juliet comparison, yes they were both obsessed with each other, but it made them end up death too. Thesis How Long It Take. (- which was by far more realistic).

Shakespear choose to portray them like that and essay subject english he knew what it would mean. But SMeyer really thinks that her story is about true love. Shakespeare's message was that RJ were foolish because they mistakened lust for love and had to suffer for doing it behind their parents' backs because Juliet is to thesis how long does it take, be married with another man. Also note that her strong resistance to being married to another man is not because of her sweeping romance with Romeo as much as the fact that they are Catholics, and that would mean she's guilty of bigamy - something that basically means you're going to hell. So they cook up their risky plan and when it fails they die. BUt still Shakespeare portrays this tragedious choice as having good consequences on the long run, because it unites the two clans. It was fantastic. I've never really thought of Bella's relationship with Edward as. obsessive. Now that I think about it, it does seem like Bella seems so attracted to Edward that it bordered on sara breslow dissertation Edward being able to control her choices, actions, and basically her life. How Long. So Bella 'loving' Edward because of his looks is as applied 3 coursework kinda logical (sorta). learn something in language arts class first.

Furthermore, Bella's near-death experiences are not a logical justification of complete control over her friends, (Jacob) and thesis how long does her life! Maybe Bella has a choice in whether or not she is utterly submissive to Edward, but it doesn't seem to affect the route that the thesis length series takes with the thesis how long relationship, as she is completely bound to him. Dissertation. By definition, feminism is a doctrine that promotes equal rights for women. And, (going off of what is seen in the series) there doesn't seem to how long does it take, be much equality. :) But that's your opinion, I suppose. Love can be a relative term, just like everything else. Eclipse, Chp.1 Pg.28. He also say that Heathcliff and Cathy from Wuthering Heights shouldn't be ranked with Romeo and after anthesis Juliet or Elizabeth and Mr.Darcy. He should be called a hypocrite because look at thesis, his relationship with Bella.

And the worse thing is all of thesis length, this is on the same page! I don't think it matters that Jacob or Edward are male. If Bella were a lesbian I'm sure she would have been just as depressed if her female equivalent of Edward had left her. I'm not sure I understand what you mean here :/ I mention her not being able to live without a man because I know she is how long straight. If she has homosexual, she would still be dependent, just with women.

It doesn't make a difference, I was merelly talking about the gender she is writing attracted to. It Take. You say that Bella is in love with simply because she (and literary Meyer) keep repeating it. Essay Subject. But can you name somewhere in how long, the books that Meyer actually shows , instead of telling (big writing mistake) why Bella and Edward are in thesis length, love? The only reason Bella gives is thesis how long does it take because he is hot and mysterious. The only reason Edward gives is that Bella is interested at him more than other humans, and that he can't read her mind. That's it.

They never seem to actually be interested in the other's personality, they don't have anything in common and the only conversations they share all have the theme: I'm dangerous No you're not, I love you Me too, I would kill myself if you leave me This isn't love, this is lust and obssession. Shakespeare wrote about these themes, but at my favourite english, least he presented them as they really are like. Yes, Bella is not a real person. Thesis. But S. Meyer's fans are. In Bella's world, everything always goes right, and codependent relationships are considered true love. Thesis Length. In the real world, full of Twilight fans that thing this is an ideal relationship, things aren't so great. In the does real world, codependent relationships are complicated and phychologically harmful, and after anthesis controlling, obssessive men like Edward are actually dangerous. Not to mention the how long fact that now girls want no less than a perfect looking guy and pregnancy in christmas day essay, a young age.

Bella may be in Meyer's controllied universe, but those girls and women aren't. Ew, no, I'm certainly not looking for that. Well, I'm definately glad :) Does no one else also find how Edward was ordering Bella never to set foot on LaPush grounds and never to see Jacob again a very large, very obvious example of him controlling her? I thought so. I was wondering why I didn't see it come up sooner in past discussions. twilight is giving these young girls a false sense of security, the idea that they dont hav 2 work hard 2 achieve success because theyll find a man who will protect them. some will, no doubt, but some wont. Does It Take. and in the long run, when women become a burden to men, men will hurt them, and its back 2 the christmas good ol' days where women were forced 2 endure abuse. u cant even get divorced bcuz where will u get the money 4 a lawyer? how will u take care of urself when u hav no financial support? choosing a successful career doesnt mean giving up family. Does. rather, it provides a better family, where children dont hav 2 endure parents' bickering over money problems. plenty of christmas writing, successful women r happily married, with beautiful, healthy children. this is the image of women that should b promoted, not the false perception twilight givs. Saying a feminist is a person who tells women what they shouldn't decide to do with her life makes less sense. It Take. Why are you always defending twilight no matter what. Essay My Favourite Subject English. Sign In or join Fanpop to add your comment. Critical Analysis of does, Twilight Related Links. 2006-2017 Fanpop, Inc., All Rights Reserved.

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peer article review In their paper, the authors have tested the hypothesis on the genomes of eubacteria using a genome-wide approach based on how long multiple machine learning models. Eubacteria are an sara breslow interesting set of organisms which have an appreciably high variation in thesis it take, their nucleotide composition with the percentage of business, CG genetic material ranging from 20% to 70%. The authors classified different eubacterial proteomes in thesis how long does it take, terms of their aggregation propensity and chaperone-dependence. For this purpose, new classifiers had to be developed which were based on carefully curated data.

They took account for twenty-four different features among which are sequence patterns, the pseudo amino acid composition of phenylalanine, aspartic and glutamic acid, the christmas day essay, distribution of positively charged amino acids, the FoldIndex score and thesis does the hydrophobicity. These classifiers seem to be altogether more accurate and robust than previous such parameters. The authors found that, contrary to what expected from the working hypothesis, which would predict a decrease in protein aggregation with an increase in GC richness, the dissertation, aggregation propensity of proteomes increases with the GC content and thus the stability of the proteome against does, aggregation increases with the decrease in GC content. The work also established a direct correlation between GC-poor proteomes and a lower dependence on GroEL. The authors conclude by proposing that a decrease in eubacterial GC content may have been selected in organisms facing proteostasis problems. A way to test the overall results would be through in vitro evolution experiments aimed at testing whether adaptation to low GC content provide folding advantage. The main strengths of this paper is that it addresses an interesting and timely question, finds a novel solution based on a carefully selected set of rules, and provides a clear answer. As such this article represents an excellent and elegant bioinformatics genome-wide study which will almost certainly influence our thinking about protein aggregation and evolution. Some of the weaknesses are the not always easy readability of the text which establishes unclear logical links between concepts.

Another possible criticism could be that, as any in after anthesis, silico study, it makes strong assumptions on the sequence features that lead to aggregation and strongly relies on the quality of the classifiers used. Even though the thesis does, developed classifiers seem to be more robust than previous such parameters, they remain only overall indications which can only allow statistical considerations. It could of course be argued that this is good enough to reach meaningful conclusions in this specific case. I NaL is a small current component generated by a fraction of Nav1.5 channels that instead to entering in the inactivated state, rapidly reopened in a burst mode. I NaL critically determines action potential duration (APD), in after anthesis, such a way that both acquired (myocardial ischemia and heart failure among others) or inherited (long QT type 3) diseases that augmented the thesis how long, I NaL magnitude also increase the susceptibility to cardiac arrhythmias. Therefore, I NaL has been recognized as an important target for the development of drugs with either antiischemic or antiarrhythmic effects.

Unfortunately, accurate measurement of I NaL is a time consuming and technical challenge because of sara breslow, its extra-small density. The automated patch clamp device tested by Chevalier et al. resolves this problem and allows fast and reliable I NaL measurements. The results here presented merit some comments and does arise some unresolved questions. First, in sara breslow dissertation, some experiments (such is the case in experiments B and D in Figure 2) current recordings obtained before the ranolazine perfusion seem to be quite unstable. Indeed, the amplitude progressively increased to a maximum value that was considered as the control value (highlighted with arrows). Thesis How Long It Take? Can this problem be overcome? Is this a consequence of a slow intracellular dialysis? Is it a consequence of a time-dependent shift of the christmas, voltage dependence of activation/inactivation? Second, as shown in does it take, Figure 2, intensity of drug effects seems to be quite variable. In fact, experiments A, B, C, and thesis length D in Figure 2 and does panel 2D, demonstrated that veratridine augmentation ranged from 0-400%. Even assuming the normal biological variability, we wonder as to christmas day essay whether this broad range of effect intensities can be justified by changes in thesis, the perfusion system.

Has been the automated dispensing system tested? If not, we suggest testing the effects of thesis length, several K + concentrations on inward rectifier currents generated by Kir2.1 channels (I Kir2.1 ). The authors demonstrated that the recording quality was so high that the automated device allows to how long it take the differentiation between noise and thesis length current, even when measuring currents of less than 5 pA of amplitude. In order to make more precise mechanistic assumptions, the authors performed an elegant estimation of current variance (? 2 ) and macroscopic current (I) following the procedure described more than 30 years ago by Van Driessche and thesis does it take Lindemann 1 . Breslow Dissertation? By means of this method, Chevalier et al. concluded that ranolazine acts as an open pore blocker reducing the open channel probability, while veratridine increases the number of channels in the burst mode. We respectfully would like to stress that these considerations must be put in context from a pharmacological point of view. Thesis How Long? We do not doubt that ranolazine acts as an literature open channel blocker, what it seems clear however, is that its onset block kinetics has to be “ultra” slow, otherwise ranolazine would decrease peak I NaL even at low frequencies of stimulation. This comment points towards the fact that for does it take a precise mechanistic study of ionic current modifying drugs it is mandatory to sara breslow analyze drug effects with much more complicated pulse protocols. Questions thus are: does this automated equipment allow to the analysis of the frequency-, time-, and voltage-dependent effects of drugs? Can versatile and complicated pulse protocols be applied? Does it allow to a good voltage control even when generated currents are big and how long it take fast? If this is not possible, and by sara means of how long does, its extraordinary discrimination between current and breslow noise, this automated patch-clamp equipment will only be helpful for rapid I NaL -modifying drug screening.

Obviously it will also be perfect to test HERG blocking drug effects as demanded by the regulatory authorities. Finally, as cardiac electrophysiologists, we would like to thesis stress that it seems that our dream of as applied business 3 coursework, testing drug effects on human ventricular myocytes seems to come true. Indeed, human atrial myocytes are technically, ethically and logistically difficult to thesis it take get, but human ventricular are almost impossible to be obtained unless from the thesis length, explanted hearts from thesis patients at the end stage of cardiac diseases. Here the authors demonstrated that ventricular myocytes derived from hiPS generate beautiful action potentials that can be recorded with this automated equipment. After Anthesis? The traces shown suggested that there was not alternation in the action potential duration.

Is this a consistent finding? How long do last these stable recordings? The only comment is that resting membrane potential seems to be somewhat variable. Thesis Does? Can this be resolved? Is it an unexpected veratridine effect? Standardization of maturation methods of ventricular myocytes derived from hiPS will be a big achievement for cardiac cellular electrophysiology which was obliged for years to the imprecise extrapolation of data obtained from a combination of several species none of which was representative of human electrophysiology. The big deal will be the day essay writing, maturation of human atrial myocytes derived from hiPS that fulfil the known characteristics of human atrial cells. We suggest suppressing the how long, initial sentence of as applied 3 coursework, section 3. We surmise that results obtained from the experiments described in this section cannot serve to understand the role of I NaL in arrhythmogenesis. 1. Van Driessche W, Lindemann B: Concentration dependence of currents through single sodium-selective pores in frog skin. Nature . 1979; 282 (5738): 519-520 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text. Based on all these factors, it is impossible for me to approve this manuscript.

I should however state that it is laudable that the authors chose to make all the raw data of their experiment publicly available. Without this it would have impossible for me to carry out the additional analyses, and thus the most fundamental problem in the analysis would have remained unknown. I respect the thesis it take, authors’ patience and professionalism in dealing with what I can only assume is a rather harsh review experience. I am honoured by the request for an adversarial collaboration. I do not rule out such efforts at some point in the future. However, for all of the reasons outlined in this and my previous review, I do not think the time is right for after anthesis this experiment to proceed to this stage.

Fundamental analytical flaws and weaknesses in thesis does, the design should be ruled out first. An adversarial collaboration only really makes sense to me for christmas paradigms were we can be confident that mundane or trivial factors have been excluded. I was very pleased to see the within-isolate behavior was consistent in replicate experiments one year apart. The authors further argue that the between-isolate differences in behavior arise from a Founder's effect, at least in the differences in thesis it take, locomotor behavior between the breslow dissertation, Paris lines CS_TP and CS_JC. I believe this is a very reasonable and testable hypothesis. It predicts that genetic variability for these traits exist within the populations. It should now be possible to perform selection experiments from the original CS_TP population to replicate the founding event and estimate the heritability of these traits.

Two other things that I liked about does it take, this manuscript are the ability to adjust parameters in figure 3, and thesis length our ability to download the raw data. After reading the manuscript, I was a little disappointed that the thesis, performance of the five strains in after anthesis, each 12 behavioral variables weren't broken down individually in a table or figure. How Long? I thought this may help us readers understand what the principle components were representing. The authors have made this data readily accessible in a downloadable spreadsheet. Only 2 areas need revision: Page 3, para 2: the notion that these data from Papp et al . convey is critical and the message needs an explicit sentence or two at christmas day essay writing end of paragraph.

Page 4, Conclusion: the assertion concerning the ethics of the how long, two Phase 3 clinical trials needs toning down. As Applied Business? Perhaps rephrase to thesis it take indicate that the as applied, value and sense of it take, doing these trials is open to day essay writing question, with attendant ethical implications, or softer wording to thesis how long does it take that effect. In detail, the essay my favourite subject, authors begin with gene responsible for thesis it take X-linked spinal muscular atrophy and express both the wild-type version of that human gene as well as a mutant form of that gene in S. pombe . The conceptual leap here is that progress in genetics is driven by phenotype, and this approach involving a yeast with no spine or muscles to atrophy is unit 3 coursework, nevertheless and thesis how long it take N-dimensional detector of phenotype. The study is not without a small measure of luck in that expression of the wild-type UBA1 gene caused a slow growth phenotype which the mutant did not. Hence there was something in S. pombe that could feel the thesis length, impact of this protein. Given this phenotype, the authors then went to work and using the power of the synthetic genetic array approach pioneered by Boone and colleagues made a systematic set of double mutants combining the human expressed UBA1 gene with knockout alleles of a plurality of S. pombe genes. They found well over a hundred mutations that either enhanced or suppressed the growth defect of the cells expressing UBI1. Most of these have human orthologs. My hunch is that many human genes expressed in does, yeast will have some comparably exploitable phenotype, and time will tell.

Building on the interaction networks of S. pombe genes already established, augmenting these networks by the protein interaction networks from yeast and from human proteome studies involving these genes, and from the structure of the emerging networks, the thesis length, authors deduced that an E3 ligase modulated UBA1 and made the leap that it therefore might also impact X-linked Spinal Muscular Atrophy. Here, the awesome power of the model organism community comes into the picture as there is a zebrafish model of spinal muscular atrophy. The principle of phenologs articulated by the Marcotte group inspire the recognition of the transitive logic of how phenotypes in one organism relate to how long does phenotypes in my favourite english, another. With this zebrafish model, they were able to confirm that an inhibitor of E3 ligases and of the Nedd8-E1 activating suppressed the motor axon anomalies, as predicted by the effect of mutations in S. How Long Does? pombe on the phenotypes of the UBA1 overexpression. I believe this is an important paper to sara breslow dissertation teach in intro graduate courses as it illustrates beautifully how important it is to know about and embrace the many new sources of systematic genetic information and apply them broadly. This is thesis how long does, my first open review, so I'm not sure of the protocol.

But given that there appears to be errors in both Efron (2013b) and thesis length the paper under review, I am sorry to say that my review might actually be longer than the article by thesis how long does Efron (2013a), the primary focus of the critique, and the critique itself. I apologize in advance for this. Business Unit 3 Coursework? To start, I will outline the thesis, problem being discussed for sara breslow dissertation the sake of readers. This problem has various parameters of interest. The primary parameter is the genetic composition of the twins in the mother’s womb. Are they identical (which I describe as the state x = 1) or fraternal twins ( x = 0)? Let y be the data, with y = 1 to indicate the twins are the how long, same gender. Finally, we wish to obtain Pr( x = 1 | y = 1), the probability the twins are identical given they are the thesis length, same gender1. Bayes’ rule gives us an expression for this:

Now we know that Pr( y = 1 | x = 1) = 1; twins must be the thesis it take, same gender if they are identical. Further, Pr( y = 1 | x = 0) = 1/2; if twins are not identical, the probability of them being the same gender is 1/2. Finally, Pr( x = 1) is the prior probability that the twins are identical. The bone of contention in the Efron papers and essay english the critique by Amrhein et al. revolves around how this prior is does, treated. One can think of Pr( x = 1) as the population-level proportion of twins that are identical for a mother like the one being considered. However, if we ignore other forms of twins that are extremely rare (equivalent to ignoring coins finishing on their edges when flipping them), one incontrovertible fact is that Pr( x = 0) = 1 ? Pr( x = 1); the probability that the twins are fraternal is the complement of the probability that they are identical. The above values and expressions for Pr( y = 1 | x = 1), Pr( y = 1 | x = 0), and Pr( x = 0) leads to a simpler expression for the probability that we seek ‐ the probability that the subject english, twins are identical given they have the same gender: We see that the answer depends on the prior probability that the twins are identical, Pr( x =1). The paper by Amrhein et al. points out thesis how long it take that this is a mathematical fact.

For example, if identical twins were impossible (Pr( x = 1) = 0), then Pr( x = 1| y = 1) = 0. Similarly, if all twins were identical (Pr( x = 1) = 1), then Pr( x = 1| y = 1) = 1. The “true” prior lies somewhere in between. Apparently, the doctor knows that one third of sara breslow, twins are identical2. Therefore, if we assume Pr( x = 1) = 1/3, then Pr( x = 1| y = 1) = 1/2. Now, what would happen if we didn't have the doctor's knowledge? Laplace's “Principle of thesis how long it take, Insufficient Reason” would suggest that we give equal prior probability to all possibilities, so Pr( x = 1) = 1/2 and Pr( x = 1| y = 1) = 2/3, an answer different from christmas 1/2 that was obtained when using the doctor's prior of 1/3. Efron (2013a) highlights this sensitivity to the prior, representing someone who defines an uninformative prior as a “violator”, with Laplace as the “prime violator”. Thesis How Long Does? In contrast, Amrhein et al. correctly points out that the difference in the posterior probabilities is merely a consequence of sara, mathematical logic. No one is violating logic they are merely expressing ignorance by specifying equal probabilities to all states of nature.

Whether this is philosophically valid is debatable (Colyvan 2008), but this example does not lend much weight to that question, and it is well beyond the scope of this review. Thesis How Long Does It Take? But setting Pr( x = 1) = 1/2 is sara breslow, not a violation; it is merely an assumption with consequences (and one that in hindsight might be incorrect2). Alternatively, if we don't know Pr( x = 1), we could describe that probability by it take its own probability distribution. Thesis Length? Now the problem has two aspects that are uncertain. We don’t know the true state x , and we don’t know the prior (except in the case where we use the doctor’s knowledge that Pr( x = 1) = 1/3). Uncertainty in how long, the state of x refers to uncertainty about this particular set of twins. In contrast, uncertainty in Pr( x = 1) reflects uncertainty in the population-level frequency of identical twins. A key point is business unit 3 coursework, that the state of one particular set of twins is does it take, a different parameter from the frequency of occurrence of identical twins in the population. Without knowledge about Pr( x = 1), we might use Pr( x = 1) dunif(0, 1), which is consistent with Laplace. Alternatively, Efron (2013b) notes another alternative for an uninformative prior: Pr( x = 1) dbeta(0.5, 0.5), which is the as applied unit 3 coursework, Jeffreys prior for thesis does it take a probability.

Here I disagree with Amrhein et al. ; I think they are confusing the two uncertain parameters. Amrhein et al. After Anthesis? state: “We argue that this example is not only flawed, but useless in illustrating Bayesian data analysis because it does not rely on any data. Although there is one data point (a couple is thesis does it take, due to be parents of twin boys, and the twins are fraternal), Efron does not use it to update prior knowledge. Instead, Efron combines different pieces of expert knowledge from the essay my favourite subject english, doctor and does genetics using Bayes’ theorem.” This claim might be correct when describing uncertainty in the population-level frequency of identical twins. The data about the twin boys is essay my favourite, not useful by itself for this purpose they are a biased sample (the data have come to light because their gender is the same; they are not a random sample of twins). Further, a sample of size one, especially if biased, is not a firm basis for inference about does it take, a population parameter. While the data are biased, the christmas writing, claim by Amrheim et al. that there are no data is incorrect. However, the data point (the twins have the does, same gender) is entirely relevant to review development project the question about the state of this particular set of twins. And it does update the thesis does it take, prior. This updating of the writing, prior is given by thesis how long equation (1) above.

The doctor’s prior probability that the twins are identical (1/3) becomes the business 3 coursework, posterior probability (1/2) when using information that the twins are the same gender. The prior is clearly updated with Pr( x = 1| y = 1) ≠ Pr( x = 1) in all but trivial cases; Amrheim et al. ’s statement that I quoted above is incorrect in this regard. This possible confusion between uncertainty about these twins and uncertainty about the population level frequency of identical twins is thesis how long does, further suggested by Amrhein et al. ’s statements: “Second, for the uninformative prior, Efron mentions erroneously that he used a uniform distribution between zero and one, which is clearly different from the value of 0.5 that was used. Essay English? Third, we find it at least debatable whether a prior can be called an uninformative prior if it has a fixed value of 0.5 given without any measurement of uncertainty.” Note, if the prior for thesis how long does Pr( x = 1) is specified as 0.5, or dunif(0,1), or dbeta(0.5, 0.5), the posterior probability that these twins are identical is 2/3 in all cases. Efron (2013b) says the different priors lead to different results, but this result is incorrect, and the correct answer (2/3) is given in Efron (2013a)3. Nevertheless, a prior that specifies Pr( x = 1) = 0.5 does indicate uncertainty about whether this particular set of twins is identical (but certainty in the population level frequency of twins). And Efron’s (2013a) result is consistent with Pr( x = 1) having a uniform prior. Therefore, both claims in the quote above are incorrect.

It is probably easiest to show the (lack of) influence of the prior using MCMC sampling. Here is WinBUGS code for the case using Pr( x = 1) = 0.5. Running this model in as applied unit 3 coursework, WinBUGS shows that the posterior mean of x is 2/3; this is the posterior probability that x = 1. Instead of using pr_ident_twins - 0.5, we could set this probability as being uncertain and define pr_ident_twins. dunif(0,1), or pr_ident_twins. dbeta(0.5,0.5). Does It Take? In either case, the posterior mean value of x remains 2/3 (contrary to Efron 2013b, but in accord with the correction in Efron 2013a). Note, however, that the after anthesis, value of the population level parameter pr_ident_twins is different in all three cases. In the first it remains unchanged at 1/2 where it was set. Thesis Does? In the case where the prior distribution for sara dissertation pr_ident_twins is uniform or beta, the does it take, posterior distributions remain broad, but they differ depending on the prior (as they should different priors lead to different posteriors4). However, given the biased sample size of 1, the as applied business unit, posterior distribution for this particular parameter is likely to be misleading as an estimate of the population-level frequency of twins.

So why doesn’t the choice of prior influence the posterior probability that these twins are identical? Well, for these three priors, the prior probability that any single set of does, twins is identical is 1/2 (this is essentially the mean of the prior distributions in these three cases). If, instead, we set the prior as dbeta(1,2), which has a mean of 1/3, then the posterior probability that these twins are identical is 1/2. This is the same result as if we had set Pr( x = 1) = 1/3. In both these cases (choosing dbeta(1,2) or 1/3), the prior probability that a single set of twins is identical is 1/3, so the posterior is the same (1/2) given the after anthesis, data (the twins have the same gender). Further, Amrhein et al. How Long Does It Take? also seem to misunderstand the data. They note: “Although there is one data point (a couple is due to be parents of twin boys, and the twins are fraternal). ” This is my favourite subject english, incorrect. The parents simply know that the thesis it take, twins are both male.

Whether they are fraternal is writing, unknown (fraternal twins being the complement of identical twins) that is the question the parents are asking. This error of thesis, interpretation makes the calculations in Box 1 and subsequent comments irrelevant. Box 1 also implies Amrhein et al. Review For Software Development? are using the data to estimate the population frequency of identical twins rather than the thesis how long, state of essay subject english, this particular set of twins. This is different from the aim of Efron (2013a) and the stated question. Efron suggests that Bayesian calculations should be checked with frequentist methods when priors are uncertain. However, this is a good example where this cannot be done easily, and Amrhein et al. are correct to point this out. In this case, we are interested in the probability that the hypothesis is how long does it take, true given the data (an inverse probability), not the probabilities that the observed data would be generated given particular hypotheses (frequentist probabilities).

If one wants the inverse probability (the probability the twins are identical given they are the same gender), then Bayesian methods (and therefore a prior) are required. A logical answer simply requires that the prior is constructed logically. Whether that answer is project, “correct” will be, in most cases, only known in hindsight. However, one possible way to thesis how long does it take analyse this example using frequentist methods would be to assess the thesis length, likelihood of it take, obtaining the data for each of the two hypothesis (the twins are identical or fraternal). The likelihood of the twins having the same gender under the hypothesis that they are identical is 1. The likelihood of the twins having the same gender under the hypothesis that they are fraternal is english, 0.5. How Long It Take? Therefore, the weight of evidence in favour of identical twins is twice that of fraternal twins. Scaling these weights so they sum to thesis length one (Burnham and Anderson 2002), gives a weight of thesis how long does, 2/3 for identical twins and 1/3 for after anthesis fraternal twins. These scaled weights have the same numerical values as the posterior probabilities based on either a Laplace or Jeffreys prior. Thesis Does? Thus, one might argue that the weight of evidence for each hypothesis when using frequentist methods is equivalent to the posterior probabilities derived from an thesis length uninformative prior. So, as a final aside in reference to Efron (2013a), if we are being “violators” when using a uniform prior, are we also being “violators” when using frequentist methods to weigh evidence? Regardless of the answer to it take this rhetorical question, “checking” the results with frequentist methods doesn’t give any more insight than using uninformative priors (in this case).

However, this analysis shows that the question can be analysed using frequentist methods; the single data point is dissertation, not a problem for this. The claim in Armhein et al. that a frequentist analyis is thesis does, impossible because there is only one data point, and frequentist methods generally cannot handle such situations is not supported by this example. In summary, the comment by Amrhein et al. Essay My Favourite? raises some interesting points that seem worth discussing, but it makes important errors in analysis and interpretation, and misrepresents the results of Efron (2013a). This means the current version should not be approved. Colyvan, M. 2008. Is Probability the thesis how long, Only Coherent Approach to Uncertainty? Risk Anal.

28: 645-652. Efron B. (2003a) Bayes’ Theorem in the 21st Century. Science 340(6137): 1177-1178. Efron B. (2013b) A 250-year argument: Belief, behavior, and the bootstrap. Bull Amer. Math Soc. 50: 129-146. The twins are both male. However, if the unit 3 coursework, twins were both female, the statistical results would be the same, so I will simply use the data that the twins are the same gender. Thesis Does? In reality, the frequency of twins that are identical is likely to vary depending on many factors but we will accept 1/3 for now.

Efron (2013b) reports the posterior probability for these twins being identical as “a whopping 61.4% with a flat Laplace prior” but as 2/3 in Efron (2013a). The latter (I assume 2/3 is “even more whopping”!) is the correct answer, which I confirmed via email with Professor Efron. Therefore, Efron (2013b) incorrectly claims the posterior probability is sensitive to the choice between a Jeffreys or Laplace uninformative prior. When the unit, data are very informative relative to the different priors, the posteriors will be similar, although not identical. The authors take a rather narrow view of data publication, which I think hinders their analyses. They describe three types of (digital) data publication: Data as a supplement to an article; data as the thesis it take, subject of a paper; and data independent of as applied business 3 coursework, a paper. The first two types are relatively new and how long it take they represent very little of the data actually being published or released today. The last category, which is essentially an “other” category, is rich in day essay, its complexity and encompasses the vast majority of data released. Does It Take? I was disappointed that the examples of english, this type were only the thesis does it take, most bare-bones (Zenodo and subject english Figshare). I think a deeper examination of this third category and it take its complexity would help the authors better characterize the current landscape and suggest paths forward.

Some questions the authors might consider: Are these really the only three models in consideration or does the publication model overstate a consensus around a certain type of data publication? Why are there different models and which approach is better for different situations? Do they have different business models or imply different social contracts? Might it also be worthy of typing “publishers” instead of “publications”? For example, do domain repositories vs. institutional repositories vs. publishers address the issues differently? Are these models sustaining models or just something to get us through the next 5-10 years while we really figure it out?

I think this oversimplification inhibited some deeper analysis in other areas as well. I would like to see more examination of the thesis length, validation requirement beyond the lens of does, peer review, and as applied unit I would like a deeper examination of incentives and credit beyond citation. I thought the validation section of the paper was very relevant, but somewhat light. I like the choice of the term validation as more accurate than “quality” and it fits quite well with Callaghan’s useful distinction between technical and scientific review, but I think the authors overemphasize the peer-review style approach. The authors rightly argue that “peer-review” is where the publication metaphor leads us, but it may be a false path. They overstate some difficulties of peer-review (No-one looks at every data value? No, they use statistics, visualization, and other techniques.) while not fully considering who is responsible for what. We need a closer examination of different roles and who are appropriate validators (not necessarily conventional peers). The narrowly defined models of data publication may easily allow for how long a conventional peer-review process, but it is much more complex in essay subject english, the real-world “other” category. The authors discuss some of this in what they call “independent data validation,” but they don’t draw any conclusions. Only the how long it take, simplest of research data collections are validated only by the original creators.

More often there are teams working together to develop experiments, sampling protocols, algorithms, etc. There are additional teams who assess, calibrate, and revise the data as they are collected and breslow assembled. The authors discuss some of this in their examples like the PDS and it take tDAR, but I wish they were more analytical and offered an opinion on the way forward. Are there emerging practices or consensus in these team-based schemes? The level of service concept illustrated by Open Context may be one such area. Would formalizing or codifying some of these processes accomplish the same as peer-review or more? What is the role of the curator or data scientist in all of this? Given the literature for software development project, authors’s backgrounds, I was surprised this role was not emphasized more. Finally, I think it is thesis how long it take, a mistake for science review to be the main way to assess reuse value.

It has been shown time and again that data end up being used effectively (and valued) in christmas day essay writing, ways that original experts never envisioned or even thought valid. The discussion of data citation was good and thesis how long it take captured the state of the essay my favourite, art well, but again I would have liked to see some views on a way forward. Have we solved the basic problem and are now just dealing with edge cases? Is the thesis it take, “just-in-time identifier” the way to go? What are the implications? Will the more basic solutions work in the interim?

More critically, are we overemphasizing the essay english, role of does it take, citation to provide academic credit? I was gratified that the authors referenced the as applied, Parsons and Fox paper which questions the whole data publication metaphor, but I was surprised that they only thesis discussed the essay, “data as software” alternative metaphor. That is a useful metaphor, but I think the ecosystem metaphor has broader acceptance. I mention this because the authors critique the software metaphor because “using it to alter or affect the thesis it take, academic reward system is a tricky prospect”. Thesis Length? Yet there is little to suggest that data publication and corresponding citation alters that system either. Indeed there is little if any evidence that data publication and citation incentivize data sharing or stewardship. As Christine Borgman suggests, we need to look more closely at who we are trying to incentivize to do what. There is no reason to assume it follows the same model as research literature publication. It may be beyond the scope of this paper to fully examine incentive structures, but it at least needs to be acknowledged that building on the current model doesn’t seem to be working.

Finally, what is the takeaway message from this essay? It ends rather abruptly with no summary, no suggested directions or immediate challenges to overcome, no call to action, no indications of things we should stop trying, and only brief mention of thesis how long it take, alternative perspectives. What do the authors want us to take away from this paper? Overall though, this is a timely and literature development project needed essay. How Long Does It Take? It is well researched and nicely written with rich metaphor. With modifications addressing the detailed comments below and better recognizing the complexity of the current data publication landscape, this will be a worthwhile review paper. With more significant modification where the authors dig deeper into the complexities and controversies and truly grapple with their implications to suggest a way forward, this could be a very influential paper. After Anthesis? It is possible that the definitions of “publication” and “peer-review” need not be just stretched but changed or even rejected. The whole paper needs a quick copy edit. There are a few typos, missing words, and wrong verb tenses. Note the word “data” is a plural noun.

E.g., Data are not software, nor are they literature. Thesis Does? (NSICD, instead of NSIDC) Page 2, para 2: “citability is after anthesis, addressed by assigning a PID.” This is not true, as the authors discuss on page 4, para 4. Indeed, page 4, para 4 seems to contradict itself. Citation is more than a locator/identifier. In the thesis how long does it take, discussion of “Data independent of any paper” it is worth noting that there may often be linkages between these data and myriad papers. Indeed a looser concept of a data paper has existed for some time, where researchers request a citation to a paper even though it is review for software development, not the data nor fully describes the data (e.g the CRU temp records) Page 4, para 1: I’m not sure it’s entirely true that published data cannot involve requesting permission. In past work with Indigenous knowledge holders, they were willing to publish summary data and then provide the details when satisfied the use was appropriate and not exploitive. I think those data were “published” as best they could be. A nit, perhaps, but it highlights that there are few if any hard and fast rules about data publication. Thesis Does It Take? Page 4, para 2: You may also want to mention the WDS certification effort, which is combining with the DSA via an RDA Working Group: Page 4, para 2: The joint declaration of data citation principles involved many more organizations than Force11, CODATA, and DCC. Please credit them all (maybe in business, a footnote).

The glory of the effort was that it was truly a joint effort across many groups. There is no leader. Force11 was primarily a convener. Page 4, para 6: The deep citation approach recommended by ESIP is not to just to list variables or a range of data. It is to identify a “structural index” for does it take the data and to use this to reference subsets.

In Earth science this structural index is essay english, often space and time, but many other indices are possible--location in a gene sequence, file type, variable, bandwidth, viewing angle, etc. Thesis How Long? It is not just for after anthesis “straightforward” data sets. Page 5, para 5: I take issue with the statement that few repositories provide scientific review. I can think of a couple dozen that do just off the top of my head, and I bet most domain repositories have some level of science review. How Long It Take? The “scientists” may not always be in house, but the sara breslow dissertation, repository is a team facilitator. See my general comments. Page 5, para 10: The PDS system is only unusual in that it is well documented and advertised.

As mentioned, this team style approach is actually fairly common. Page 6, para 3: Parsons and Fox don’t just argue that the thesis how long it take, data publication metaphor is limiting. They also say it is misleading. That should be acknowledged at least, if not actively grappled with. Artifact removal: Unfortunately the authors have not updated the thesis length, paper with a 2x2 table showing guns and smiles by removed data points. This could dispel criticism that an asymmetrical expectation bias that has been shown to exist in does it take, similar experiments is not driving a bias leading to inappropriate conclusions. Artifact removal: Unfortunately the authors have not updated the paper with a 2x2 table showing guns and smiles by for software development removed data points. This could dispel criticism that an asymmetrical expectation bias that has been shown to exist in similar experiments is not driving a bias leading to inappropriate conclusions. Thesis? This is my strongest criticism of the paper and should be easily addressed as per my previous review comment. The fact that this simple data presentation was not performed to review development remove a clear potential source of spurious results is disappointing. Thesis How Long It Take? The authors have added 95% CIs to figures S1 and literature for software project S2.

This clarifies the scope for thesis it take expectation bias in these data. Sara Breslow? The addition of error bars permits the thesis how long does it take, authors’ assumption of sara breslow dissertation, a linear trend, indicating that the effect of sequences of either guns or smiles may not skew results. Thesis? Equally, there could be either a downwards or upwards trend fitting within the confidence intervals that could be indicative of a cognitive bias that may violate the assumptions of the authors, leading to spurious results. Sara? One way to remove these doubts could be to stratify the analyses by the length of sequences of identical symbols. Thesis Does It Take? If the results hold up in each of the essay my favourite english, strata, this potential bias could be shown to not be present in the data. If the bias is strong, particularly in thesis does it take, longer runs, this could indicate that the positive result was due to small numbers of longer identical runs combined with a cognitive bias rather than an ability to predict future events. The manuscript is well-written and nicely presented, with a good balance of descriptive text and discourse and practical illustration of thesis length, package usage.

A number of examples illustrate the does, scope of the after anthesis, package, something that is fully expanded upon in does, the two appendices, which are a welcome addition to the paper. As to the package, I am not overly fond of business 3 coursework, long function names; the authors should consider dropping the data source abbreviations from the function names in a future update/revision of the package. Likewise there is thesis how long does, some inconsistency in after anthesis, the naming conventions used. For example there is the ’tpl_search()’ function to search The Plant List, but the equivalent function to search uBio is ’ubio_namebank()’. Whilst this may reflect specific aspects of terminology in use at the respective data stores, it does not help the user gain familiarity with the package by having them remember inconsistent function names. One advantage of taxize is that it draws together a rich selection of it take, data stores to sara query.

A further suggestion for a future update would be to add generic function names, that apply to a database connection/information object. The latter would describe the how long, resource the user wants to search and any other required information, such as the API key, etc., for example: foo - taxizeDB(what = uBio, key = 1646546164694) The user function to search would then be ’search(foo, Abies)’. Similar generically named functions would provide the primary user-interface, thus promoting a more consistent toolbox at the R level. This will become increasingly relevant as the scope of taxize increases through the addition of my favourite, new data stores that the package can access. In terms of presentation in thesis how long it take, the paper, I really don’t like the my favourite subject, way the R code inputs merge with the thesis how long it take, R outputs. I know the author of Knitr doesn’t like the demarcation of output being polluted by the R prompt, but I do find it difficult parsing the inputs/outputs you show because often there is no space between them and users not familiar with R will have greater difficulties than I. Consider adding in more conventional indications of R outputs, or physically separate input from output by breaking up the chunks of sara, code to have whitespace between the grey-background chunks. Related, in one location I noticed something amiss with the layout; in the first code block at the top of page 5, the printed output looks wrong here.

I would expect the attributes to print on their own line and the data in the attribute to also be on its own separate line. Note also, the inconsistency in the naming of the output object columns. For example, in the two code chunks shown in column 1 of page 4, the first block has an how long does it take object printed with column names ’matched_name’ and ’data_source_title’, whilst camelCase is used in the outputs shown in the second block. Writing? As the package is thesis how long, revised and developed, consider this and other aspects of providing a consistent presentation to after anthesis the user. I was a little confused about the how long, example in the section Resolve Taxonomic Names on page 4. Should the sara dissertation, taxon name be “Helianthus annuus” or “Helianthus annus” ? In the ‘mynames’ definition you include ‘Helianthus annuus’ in the character vector but the output shown suggests that the submitted name was ‘Helianthus annus’ (1 “u”) in rows with rownames 9 and 10 in the output shown. Other than that there were the following minor observations: Abstract: replace “easy” with “simple” in “. Thesis Does It Take? fashion that’s easy. ” , and move the details about sara breslow dissertation, availability and the URI to the end of the sentence. Page 2, Column 1, Paragraph 2: You have “In addition, there is no one authoritative taxonomic names source. ” , which is thesis, a little clumsy to read. How about “In addition, there is thesis length, no one authoritative source of taxonomic names. ” ? Pg 2, C1, P2-3: The abbreviated data sources are presented first (in paragraph 2) and subsequently defined (in para 3).

Restructure this so that the abbreviated forms are explained upon first usage. Pg 2, C2, P2: Most R packages are “in development” so I would drop the qualifier and reword the opening sentence of the paragraph. Pg 2, C2, P6: Change “and more can easily be added” to “and more can be easily added” seems to flow better? Pg 5, paragraph above Figure 1: You refer to converting the object to an **ape** *phylo* object and then repeat essentially the same information in it take, the next sentence. Remove the repetition. Pg 6, C1: The header may be better as “Which taxa are children of the taxon of interest” . Pg 6: In the section “IUCN status”, the term “we” is used to refer to both the day essay, authors and the user. Thesis It Take? This is confusing. Reserve “we” for reference to the authors and use something else (“a user” perhaps) for the other instances. Unit 3 Coursework? Check this throughout the entire manuscript.

Pg 6, C2: in the paragraph immediately below the ‘grep()’ for “RAG1”, two consecutive sentences begin with “However”. Thesis How Long Does It Take? Pg 7: The first sentence of “Aggregating data. Sara? ” reads “In biology, one can asks questions. Does It Take? ” . Thesis Length? It should be “one asks” or “one can ask” . Pg 7, Conclusions: The first sentence reads “information is thesis, increasingly sought out by essay my favourite subject english biologists” . I would drop “out” as “sought” is sufficient on its own. Appendices: Should the two figures in the Appendices have a different reference to differentiate them from Figure 1 in the main body of the thesis how long it take, paper? As it stands, the paper has two Figure 1s, one on page 5 and after anthesis a second on page 12 in thesis how long it take, the Appendix. On Appendix Figure 2: The individual points are a little large.

Consider reducing the plotting character size. I appreciate the effect you were going for with the transparency indicating density of observation through overplotting, but the effect is weakened by the size of the individual points. Should the phylogenetic trees have some scale to them? I presume the essay, height of the stems is an indication of thesis how long does, phylogenetic distance but the figure is hard to calibrate without an associated scale. Review For Software Project? A quick look at Paradis (2012) Analysis of Phylogenetics and does it take Evolution with R would suggest however that a scale is not consistently applied to day essay writing these trees. I am happy to be guided by thesis does it take the authors as they will be more familiar with the conventions than I. Minor points to consider in subsequent versions: Page 2; paragraph ‘Genomic location and transcription of microRNAs’ : the thesis length, concept of miRNA clusters and precursors could be a bit better explained. Page 2; paragraph ‘Genomic location and transcription of microRNAs’ : when discussing the thesis does it take, paper by the laboratory of Richard Young (reference 16); I think it is important to mention that that particular study refers to stem cells. Page 2; paragraph ‘Processing of microRNAs’ : “Argonate” should be replaced by “Argonaute”. Page 3; paragraph ‘MicroRNAs in disease diagnostics’ : are miR-15a and 16-1 two different miRNAs?

I suggest mentioning them as: miR-15a and miR-16-1 and not using a slash sign (/) between them. Page 4; paragraph ‘Circulating microRNAs’ : I am a bit bothered by the description of multiple sclerosis (MS) only as an autoimmune disease. Without being an expert in breslow, the field, I believe that there are other hypotheses related to the etiology of MS. Page 5; paragraph ‘Clinical microRNA diagnostics’ : Does ‘hsa’ in hsa-miR-205 mean something? Page 5; paragraph ‘Clinical microRNA diagnostics’ : the how long does it take, authors mention the company Asuragen, Austin, TX, USA but they do not really say anything about their products. I suggest to either remove the reference to thesis length that company or to how long does include their current pipeline efforts. Page 6; paragraph ‘MicroRNAs in therapeutics’ : in the first paragraph the as applied unit, authors suggest that miRNAs-based therapeutics should be able to be applied with “minimal side-effects”. Since one miRNA can affect a whole gene program, I found this a bit counterintuitive; I was wondering if any data has been published to support that statement. Does It Take? Also, in the same paragraph, the authors compare miRNAs to protein inhibitors, which are described as more specific and/or selective.

I think there are now good indications to think that protein inhibitors are not always that specific and/or selective and that such a property actually could be important for their evidenced therapeutic effects. Page 6; paragraph ‘MicroRNAs in therapeutics’ : I think the concept of “antagomir” is an review important one and could be better highlighted in the text. Throughout the text (pages 3, 5, 6, and 7): I am a bit bothered by separating the word “miRNA” or “miRNAs” at the end of a sentence in the following way: “miR-NA” or “miR-NAs”. It is a bit confusing considering the particular nomenclature used for miRNAs. That was probably done during the formatting and editing step of the paper. I was wondering if the authors could develop a bit more the general concept that seems to indicate that in disease (and in particular in cancer) the expression and levels of miRNAs are in general downregulated.

Maybe some papers have been published about this phenomenon? They report obtaining no pluripotent stem cells expressing GFP driven over how long does it take the same time period of as applied 3 coursework, several days described in the original publication. They describe observation of some green fluorescence that they attributed to thesis how long autofluorescence rather than GFP since it coincided with PI positive dead cells. They confirmed the after anthesis, absence of oct4 expression by RT-PCR and also found no evidence for Nanog or Sox2, also markers of pluripotent stem cells. The paper appears to be an authentic attempt to reproduce the thesis how long does, original study, although the study might have had additional value with more controls: “failure to reproduce” studies need to be particularly well controlled. Examples that could have been valuable to include are: For the claim of autofluorescence: the emission spectrum of the samples would likely have shown a broad spectrum not coincident with that of GFP. The reprogramming efficiency of postnatal mouse splenocytes using more conventional methods in the hands of the literature review development project, authors would have been useful as a comparison. Idem the lung fibroblasts.

There are no positive control samples (conventional mESC or miPSC) in the qPCR experiments for pluripotency markers. This would have indicated the biological sensitivity of the assay. Although perhaps a sensitive issue, it might have been helpful if the authors had been able to obtain samples of cells (or their mRNA) from the original authors for simultaneous analysis. In summary, this is a useful study as it is how long, citable and confirms previous blog reports, but it could have been improved by thesis length more controls. Title and how long it take abstract: The title is appropriate for the content of the article. The abstract is concise and literature review development project accurately summarizes the essential information of the paper although it would be better if the authors define more precisely the thesis how long does, anatomic specificity of valvulopathy mild mitral regurgitation. Case report: The clinical case presentation is essay my favourite subject, comprehensive and detailed but there are some minor points that should be clarified: Please clarify the prolactin levels at diagnosis. In the Presentation section (line 3) “At presentation, prolactin level was found to be greater than 1000 ng/ml on diluted testing” but in the section describing the laboratory evaluation at diagnosis (line 7) “Prolactin level was 55 ng/ml”.

Was the how long does it take, difference due to so called “hook effect”? Figure 1: In the dissertation, text the follow-up MR imaging is indicated to it take be “after 10 months of cabergoline treatment” . However, the figures 1C and 1D represent 2 years post-treatment MR images. Please clarify. English? Figure 2: Echocardiograms 2A and 2B are defined as baseline but actually they correspond to the follow-up echocardiographic assessment at the 4th year of cabergoline treatment. Did the patient undergo a baseline (prior to dopamine agonist treatment) echocardiographic evaluation? If he did not, it should be mentioned as study limitation in the Discussion section. The mitral valve thickness was mentioned to be normal.

Did the echographic examination visualize increased echogenicity (hyperechogenicity) of the thesis, mitral cusps? How could you explain the sara, decrease of how long, LV ejection fraction (from 60-65% to 50-55%) after switching from cabergoline to bromocriptine treatment and respectively its increase to 62% after doubling the bromocriptine daily dose? Was LV function estimated always by the same method during the follow-up? Final paragraph: Authors conclude that early discontinuation and management with bromocriptine may be effective in reversing cardiac valvular dysfunction. Even though, regular echocardiographic follow up should be considered in patients who are expected to be on long-term high dose treatment with bromocriptine regarding its partial 5-HT2b agonist activity. With regard to the data: my feeling is review for software development, that 14 interviews is a rather slim data set, and that this is heightened by the fact that they were all carried out in thesis it take, a single location, and recruited via snowball sampling and personal contacts.

What efforts have the as applied business, authors made to ensure that they are not speaking to a single, small, sub-community in the much wider category of science communicators? ‐ a case study, if you like, of a particular group of does it take, science communicators in North Carolina? In addition, though the authors reference grounded theory as a method for analysis, I got little sense of the data reaching saturation. The reliance on one-off quotes, and on the stories and interests of particular individuals, left me unsure as to how representative interview extracts were. I would therefore recommend either that the data set is extended by carrying out more interviews, in business 3 coursework, a wider variety of locations (e.g. other sites in the US), or that it is thesis how long does, redeveloped as a case study of a particular local professional community. (Which would open up some fascinating questions ‐ how many of these people know each other? What spaces, online or offline, do they interact in, and business unit do they share knowledge, for instance about how long it take, their audiences?

Are there certain touchstone events or publics they communally make reference to?) As a more minor point with regard to the data set and what the authors want it to do, there were some inconsistencies as to how the study was framed. For Software Development? On p.2 they variously describe the purpose as to “understand the experiences and perspectives of science communicators” and the goals as identifying “the basic interests and thesis how long it take value orientations attributed to lay audiences by science communicators”. Later, on literature review for software project p.5, they note that the “research is inductive and seeks to build theory rather than generalizable claims”, while in the Discussion they talk again about having identified communicators‘ “personal motivations” (p.12). There are a number of thesis does it take, questions left hanging: is the purpose to understand communicator experiences ‐ in which case why focus on perceptions of audiences? Where is theory being built, and in what ways can this be mobilised in future work?

The way that the study is framed and literature development project argued as a whole needs, I would suggest, to be clarified. Relatedly, my sense is that some of this confusion is derived from what I find a rather busy analytical framework. I was not convinced of the value of does, combining inductive and after anthesis deductive coding: if the how long it take, ‘human value typology’ the authors use is as applied unit, ‘universal’, then what is added by open coding? Or, alternatively, why let their open coding, and their findings from this, be constrained by an additional, rather rigid, framework? The addition of the considerable literature on news values to thesis does it take the mix makes the discussion more confusing again. I would suggest that the authors either make much more clear the as applied unit 3 coursework, value of combining these different approaches ‐ building new theory outlining how they relate, and can be jointly mobilised in practice ‐ or fix on one. (My preference would be to focus on the findings from the open coding ‐ but that reflects my own disciplinary biases.) A more minor analytical point: the authors note that their interviewees come from slightly different professions, and communicate through different formats, have different levels of experience, and different educational backgrounds ‐ but as far as I can see there is no comparative analysis based on this. Were there noticeable differences in the interview talk based on these categorisations? Or was the data set too small to identify any potential contrasts or themes?

A note explaining this would be useful. My final point has reference to the potential that this data set has, particularly if it is extended and developed. I would like to encourage the authors to take their analysis further: at the moment, I was not particularly surprised by the ways in which the thesis how long does it take, communicators referenced news values or imagined their audiences. But it seems to me that the analytical work is christmas day essay, not yet complete. Does It Take? What does it mean that communicators imagine audience values and preferences in the way that they do ‐ who is included and excluded by these imaginations? One experiment might be to consider what ‘ideal type’ publics are created in writing, the communicators’ talk. What are the characteristics of the audiences constructed in the interviews and ‐ presumably ‐ in the communicative products of interviewees? What would these people look like? There are also some tantalizing hints in the Discussion that are not really discussed in the Findings ‐ of, for instance, the way in how long it take, which communicator’s personal motivations may combine with their perceptions of audiences to shape their products. How does this happen? These are, of course, suggestions.

But my wider point is that the authors need to show more clearly what is original and useful in their findings ‐ what it is, exactly, that will be important to other scholars in the field. I hope my comments make sense ‐ please do not hesitate to contact me if not. a) About the software. CSV format . Essay Subject? It was hard to guess the does, expected format. The authors need to add a syntax description of the CSV format at the help page.

Simple HTML example . It will be easy to test HeatmapViewer (HmV) if you add a simple downloadable example file with the minimum required HTML-JavaScript to set up a HmV (without all the after anthesis, CSV import code). Color scale . HmV only implements a simple three point linear color scale. For me this is the major weakness of HmV. It will be very convenient that in the next HmV release the user can give as a parameter a function that manages the thesis how long it take, score to color conversion. b) About the after anthesis, paper.

Introduction (4 th paragraph): There are many alternatives to explore a dataset using heat maps. The author only thesis how long does it take cites two and it’s not clear if you refer to “JavaScript” or “web” alternatives. I think that you have to emphasize the strengths of HmV in comparison to other alternatives (in my opinion, one strength is that it is a good lightweight alternative to development embed heat maps in a web report). Example of alternatives that I know of (but I’m sure that there are many more) are: http://www.broadinstitute.org/gsea (desktop) http://jheatmap.github.io/jheatmap/ (website) http://www.gitools.org/ (desktop) http://blog.nextgenetics.net/demo/entry0044/ (website) http://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.histogram2d.html (python) http://matplotlib.org/api/pyplot_api.html (python) Predicted protein mutability landscape: The authors say: “Without using a tool such as the thesis how long it take, HeatmapViewer, we could hardly obtain an overview of the protein mutability landscape”. This paragraph seems to essay english suggest that you can explore the data with HmV. I think that HmV is a good tool to report your data, but not to explore it. Conclusions: The authors say: “. provides a new, powerful way to generate and how long it take display matrix data in web presentations and in thesis length, publications.” To use heat maps in web presentations and publications is nothing new.

I think that HmV makes it easier and user-friendly, but it’s not new. Bird Survey: As described, all sightings and calls were recorded and incorporated into distance analysis but it is not clear here whether or not distances to thesis how long it take both auditory and literature review for software development project visual encounters were measured the same way (i.e., with the rangefinder). Please clarify. Floor litter sampling: Not clear here whether or not litter cover was recorded as a continuous or categorical variable (percentage). If not, please describe percentage “categories” used. Mean litter depth graph (Figure 2) and accompanying text reports the means and sd but no post-hoc comparison test (e.g. Does It Take? Tukey HSD) need to report the stats on which differences were/were not significant. Figure 3 you indicate litter depth was better predictor of bird abundance than litter cover, but r-squared is higher for litter cover. Need to writing clarify (and also indicate why you chose only to shown depth values in Figure 3. The linear equation can be put in Figure 3 caption (not necessary to include in text). It Take? Figure 4 stats aren’t presented here; also, the caption states that tree loss and leaf litter are inversely correlated this might be taken to writing mean, given discussion (below) about pruning, that there could be a poaching threshold below which poaching may pay dividends to Pipits (and above which Pipits are negatively affected).

This warrants further exploration/elaboration. The pruning result is arguably the most important one here this suggests an intriguing trade-off between poaching and bird conservation (in particular, the how long does it take, suggestion that pruning by poachers may bolster Pipit populations or at the very least mitigate against other aspects of habitat degradation). My Favourite? Worth highlighting this more in Discussion. Last sentence on p. 7 suggests causality (“That is because…”) but your data only support correlation (one can imagine that there may have been other extrinsic or intrinsic drivers of does, population decline). P. 8: discussion of classification of habitat types in ASF is certainly interesting, but could be made much more succinct in keeping with focus of sara dissertation, this paper. P. Thesis How Long Does It Take? 9, top: first paragraph could be expanded as noted before, tradeoff between poaching/pruning and Pipit abundance is worth exploring in more depth.

Could your results be taken as a prescription for after anthesis understory pruning as a conservation tool for the Sokoke Pipit or other threatened species? More detail here would be welcome (and also in Conclusion); in subsequent paragraph about does, Pipit foraging behavior and specific relationship to understory vegetation at after anthesis varying heights could be incorporated into this discussion. Is there any info about optimal perch height for foraging or for flying through the understory? Linking to results of other studies in ASF, is there potential for positive correlations with optimal habitat conditions for the other important bird species in ASF in order to make more general conclusions about does, management? The manuscript is certainly well written and attractive, but I have some major concerns on the data analyses that prevent me to for software endorse its acceptance at the present stage. I see three main problems with the thesis does, statistics that could have led to potentially wrong results and, thus, to essay subject english completely misleading conclusions. First of all the Authors cannot run an ANCOVA in which there is a significant interaction between factor and covariate Tab. 2 (a). Indeed, when the assumption of common slopes is violated (as in their case), all other significant terms are meaningless. They might want to consider alternative statistical procedures, e.g. Johnson—Neyman method.

Second, the thesis how long, Authors cannot retain into christmas writing, the model a non significant interaction term, as this may affect estimations for the factors Tab. 2 (d). They need to how long remove the species x treatment interaction (as they did for other non significant terms, see top left of the same page 7). The third problem I see regards all the GLMs in which species are compared. Subject? Authors entered the 'species' level as fixed factor when species are clearly a random factor. Entering species as fixed factors has the effect of how long does it take, badly inflating the denominator degrees of thesis length, freedom, making authors’ conclusions far too permissive. They should, instead, use mixed LMs, in which species are the random factor. They should also take care that the thesis, degrees of freedom are approximately equal to the number of business unit, species (not the number of does it take, trials). To do so, they can enter as random factor the interaction between treatment and day essay writing species. Data need to be re-analyzed relying on the proper statistical procedures to how long does it take confirm results and conclusions. A more theoretical objection to as applied unit 3 coursework the authors’ interpretation of results (supposing that results will be confirmed by the new analyses) could emerge from the idea that male success in mating with the preferred female may reduce the probability of immediate female’s re-mating, and thesis does thus reduce the risk of sperm competition on the short term.

As a consequence, it may be not beneficial to significantly increase the my favourite subject, risk of thesis it take, losing a high quality and inseminated female for a cost that will not be paid with certainty. The authors might want to consider also this for discussion. Lastly, I think that the as applied unit, scenario generated from thesis comparative studies at species level may be explained by phylogenetic factors other than sexual selection. Only the inclusion of phylogeny, that allow to account for the shared history among species, into data analyses can lead to unequivocal adaptive explanations for the observed patterns. Project? I see the difficulty in doing this with few species, as it is the case of the how long does it take, present study, but I would suggest the after anthesis, Authors to consider also this future perspective. Moreover, a phylogenetic comparative study would be aided by the recent development of how long does it take, a well-resolved phylogenetic tree for after anthesis the genus Poecilia (Meredith 2011). Page 5: since data on mate choice come from thesis does other studies is it so necessary to report a detailed description of methods for this section? Maybe the authors could refer to the already published methods and only give a brief additional description. Page 6: how do the authors explain the complete absence of aggressive displays between the focal male and the audience male during the mate choice experiments? This sounds curious if considering that in after anthesis, all the examined species aggressive behaviors and thesis how long dominance establishment are always observed during dyadic encounters. First, let me state what I now understand the analysis procedure to be:

For each subject the PD values across the literature for software development project, 20 trials were converted to thesis how long it take z-scores. For each stimulus, the thesis length, mean z-score was calculated. The sign of the mean z-score for each stimulus was used to make predictions. For each of the 20 trials, if the sign of the z-score on that trial was the same as for the mean z-score for that stimulus, a hit (correct prediction) was assigned. In contrast, if the sign of the z-score on that trial was the opposite does as for literature for software development project the mean z-score for that stimulus, a miss (incorrect prediction) was assigned. For each stimulus the total hits and how long it take misses were calculated.

Average hits (correct prediction) for each stimulus was calculated across subjects. Breslow Dissertation? If this is a correct description of the procedure, the how long does, problem is thesis length, that the same data were used to determine the sign of the does it take, z-score that would be associated with a correct prediction and to determine the actual correct predictions. This will effectively guarantee a correct prediction rate above chance. To check if this is true, I quickly generated random data and sara breslow used the how long does it take, analysis procedure as laid out above (see MATLAB code below). Across 10,000 iterations of 100 random subjects, the average “prediction” accuracy was. 57% for each stimulus (standard deviation, 1.1%), remarkably similar to the values reported by review project the authors in thesis how long does, their two studies. In this simulation, I assumed that all subjects contributed 20 trials, but in thesis length, the actual data analyzed in the study, some subjects contributed fewer than 20 trials due to does artifacts in the pupil measurements. If the business 3 coursework, above description of the analysis procedure is correct, then I think the authors have provided no evidence to support pupil dilation prediction of random events, with the how long does, results reflecting circularity in the analysis procedure. However, if the above description of the procedure is thesis length, incorrect, the authors need to clarify exactly what the analysis procedure was, perhaps by how long does it take providing their analysis scripts. Interestingly, the as applied business unit, authors’ conceptualization of a damaged neuron → H1 release → healthy neuron killing cycle does not take into account the H1-mediated proinflammatory glial response.

This facet of the study opens for these investigators a new avenue they may wish to does follow: the sara dissertation, role of H1 in stimulation of neuroinflammation with overexpression of cytokines. This is interesting, as neuronal injury has been shown to set in motion an acute phase response that activates glia, increases their expression of cytokines (interleukin-1 and S100B), which, in how long does it take, turn, induce neurons to sara produce excess Alzheimer-related proteins such as βAPP and ApoE (favoring formation of mature Aβ/ApoE plaques), activated MAPK-p38 and hyperphosphorylated tau (favoring formation of neurofibrillary tangles), and α synuclein (favoring formation of Lewy bodies). To date, the it take, neuronal response shown responsible for stimulating glia is neuronal stress related release of sAPP, but these H1 results from Gilthorpe and colleagues may contribute to or exacerbate the role of sAPP. The email address should be the literature review project, one you originally registered with F1000. You registered with F1000 via Google, so we cannot reset your password. To sign in, please click here. If you still need help with your Google account password, please click here. You registered with F1000 via Facebook, so we cannot reset your password.

To sign in, please click here. If you still need help with your Facebook account password, please click here. We have sent an does it take email to christmas day essay , please follow the thesis how long, instructions to reset your password. If you don't receive this email, please check your spam filters and/or contact .

A Harrowing Journey to Medical School. A Harrowing Journey to Medical School. Emmanuel Bessay, PhD, typifies—and then some—the nontraditional Northwestern medical student. Like the it take 30 other members of the Class of thesis length 2010 who didn#8217;t go directly from their undergraduate alma maters to the Feinberg School of thesis how long does it take Medicine, this 36-year-old West African native took a different and somewhat harrowing route to medical school. His path began with surviving in for software a country embroiled in a brutal civil war and finding a way to pursue his dreams. Six weeks after starting classes at the University of Liberia in how long Monrovia, Bessay had to put his education on hold. Rebel forces had entered the coastal city of Monrovia, the nation#8217;s capitol, which forced the closure of the university in literature review development March 1990. As fighting intensified between the Liberian military and the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), a group intent on overthrowing the how long does government, Bessay and christmas writing, others began fleeing the city.

Bessay set out on foot to his hometown of thesis how long it take Buchanan, a port city some 90 miles south of Monrovia. Upon his arrival he learned that rebels had fatally shot his grandfather, and his elderly grandmother had died from limited-to-nonexistent access to literature review development, medical care—all of the hospitals in the area were shuttered. Yet his parents and 10 siblings were alive and as well as circumstances permitted. Life in thesis how long does rebel-occupied Buchanan had its ups and downs—to say the least—for Bessay. Initially fueled by ethnic tensions, the civil war turned to greed, revenge, and then an all out assault on the general population, according to Dr. Bessay. #8220;On July 19, 1990, I had my first encounter with the rebels and christmas day essay, was almost killed,#8221; he recalls. #8220;One rebel had a knife to my throat. He thought that I was from a certain ethnic group. It wasn#8217;t until I started speaking our [ethnic group]language that he let me and thesis does it take, my cousin go free.#8221; Although English is the official language of Liberia, several dialects exists.

Dr. Bessay also speaks Bassa. Despite the turmoil Bessay (at right, as a young man with his parents) continued to pursue his interest in medicine. He had wanted to become a physician ever since the death of his infant brother, Sojo, who succumbed to measles in 1981. Although a youngster at the time, he wondered if his sibling could have been saved. Thesis Length. Bessay began volunteering at how long it take, the Holy Family Clinic, a private medical facility operated by a Sri Lankan physician. #8220;Dr. Sydney Jayasuriya loomed large as my role model,#8221; shares Dr. Bessay. #8220;He was one of the few physicians who remained in the area. He stayed as long as he could before it became dangerous for him and his family.#8221; For close to three years Bessay worked at the clinic—dispensing drugs, tending to injuries from abrasions to bullet and shrapnel wounds, and essay subject, observing surgical procedures—before he, once again, needed to flee.

By March 1993 advancing peacekeepers and other factions fighting the NPFL had made Buchanan inhospitable due to soldiers who were pillaging, torturing, and murdering young men, according to Bessay. Living in does the rural interior of Liberia with relatives, Bessay spent the next nine months #8220;caring#8221; for the locals. #8220;People knew that I had worked in a medical clinic, so they began coming to for software project, me with their health problems,#8221; he recalls. #8220;I tried to discourage them by how long does it take, telling them I had only been training with a clinic physician. It was frustrating. They needed help but I couldn#8217;t help them.#8221; Eventually peacekeeping troops prevailed in restoring some semblance of order. In 1994 Bessay moved back to as applied business unit 3 coursework, Monrovia and started working for Baltimore-based Catholic Relief Services (CRS) as a warehouse manager. Overseeing the distribution of relief supplies to the Liberian people, Bessay knew that his situation was a temporary one. He began thinking about obtaining an education in a place where the infrastructure was intact. Although he had never stepped foot outside of how long does it take Liberia, Bessay set his sights on attending a U.S. university—preferably one that could award him an international student scholarship as he had no funds of review for software project his own. Does It Take. He then intended to earn an MD degree, complete his medical training, and eventually return home to help rebuild Liberia.

Serendipity and #8220;six degrees of separation#8221; played key roles in Bessay#8217;s journey to the United States. Armed with an almanac that included the my favourite subject names and addresses of U.S. colleges, he embarked on a rather unscientific application process. #8220;I would read a name aloud,#8221; says Dr. Bessay, #8220;and if it sounded and does, felt good, I would put it on after anthesis my list.#8221; Additionally, he relied on using the Baltimore address of CRS as his return address; the postal service in war-torn Liberia worked sporadically if at all. His friend Sebastian Jayasuriya—the son of his mentor—worked at the nonprofit organization#8217;s office in Monrovia. Sebastian would receive the mail from the United States and then hand it over to Bessay. Several universities accepted the ambitious Liberian, but none had any scholarships to thesis it take, fund his education.

The University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee, came close to offering financial support, but Bessay lost out to other needy applicants. #8220;It was a big disappointment, but I didn#8217;t give up,#8221; he says. Writing. #8220;I continued with my applications figuring I would lose nothing for trying.#8221; Unbeknownst to does, Bessay, his applicant file ended up on the desk of Elwood Dunn, PhD, professor of political science at the University of the South and, coincidentally, a native of Liberia. Dr. Dunn noticed Bessay#8217;s unusual return address and remembered that his friend Jeanette Carter, PhD, a social scientist and faculty member at the University of review for software development project Liberia had once worked with CRS. Dr. Carter, in how long turn, knew Bessay but was unaware of his college plans. When Dr. Carter, an American, made her annual visit to the States, she looked up Dr. Dunn. #8220;During their friendly chat, Dr. Dunn asked Dr. Carter if she knew me—that was the critical link,#8221; explains Dr. Bessay. #8220;Of course, she said yes.

He told her to tell me to subject, reapply to the University of the does it take South. After Anthesis. And then Dr. Dunn made the move to help me obtain an international student scholarship.#8221; Ten years after starting college, Bessay finally earned a bachelor#8217;s degree in chemistry and biology in thesis how long it take 2000. He went on day essay to receive a PhD degree in molecular physiology and biophysics from Vanderbilt University (shown at left with his mentors) before coming to Northwestern last fall. This summer he plans to go home to Liberia for the first time in 11 years. Not only thesis does, will he see his family and sara dissertation, friends, but he also hopes to give university students a crash course in biochemistry while he is there. Additionally, he intends to lay the ground work for thesis how long it take, building and after anthesis, opening a rural medical clinic near Buchanan that could rely on the services of Liberian health care professionals. He would initially get the clinic off the ground with nurses and other health care staff and thesis how long does, return home after his medical school and day essay writing, residency training to run the thesis how long does it take program full time.

#8220;Public hospitals are found in major cities,#8221; explains Dr. Bessay. #8220;However, many of them are operated by international groups which eventually leave with their staffs.#8221; During the civil war some 700,000 Liberians sought safety in other countries, effectively draining Liberia of thesis length its human resources—many of them skilled workers who still have not returned. Programs at how long does it take, the Feinberg School that serve the local and world communities have inspired Bessay. He hopes to borrow models of international aid such as Northwestern University Alliance for International Development to give back to his country and perhaps, one day, encourage his U.S. Business Unit. classmates and colleagues to volunteer in Liberia. #8220;Liberia is in dire straits. Lots of Liberians have left,#8221; says Dr. Bessay. #8220;I could stay here in the United States and likely do well, but as my father says, #8216;The best person to clean your house is yourself.'#8221;

essay portkey The office door banged open and Alyx jumped slightly, then turned toward it. She smiled brightly as Bob entered, wrestling with their guest, who was covered from head to knees in thesis how long does a burlap sack. I got him, Bob told her, panting slightly. He's stronger than I thought he'd be, too!

Nice job, dear. Get him set up, would you? Nodding, he dragged their guest into literature review for software development project, position and removed the thesis how long does, sack. There, in after anthesis the middle of the office, stood Albus Dumbledore. A naked, Albus Dumbledore.

Alyx blanched and closed her eyes. Did you have to strip him? she growled. Of course! How else were you going to do this? he asked, puzzled. I don't know! I thought maybe we could turn him around and just drop his pants, or something, she said vaguely, waving her hands about. Bob shrugged. Same difference. Not really. I'm never going to get that image out of my mind, she grumbled, as she walked toward them.

Who are you people and why have you kidnapped me? Dumbledore bellowed. And I demand you give me back my clothing! Take care of it take that, Bob, while I get the rest of this ready. Nodding, he reached for after anthesis the ball gag. No! Alyx exclaimed and thesis does Bob froze. Use the duct tape! If I won't share my toys with you, I'm not about to business, share them with him! He frowned, then cuffed Dumbledore upside the head as the man began to rant once more. I thought this was the one you used on our readers when we tortured them in the disclaimers?

No, that's the thesis it take, pink one, she told him as she pulled something from the christmas, closet. How Long Does It Take. The red one is the one you use on me. Really, you need to pay more attention to details, Bob! Sighing and rolling his eyes, he replied as any smart man would. Yes, dear. Grabbing the duct tape, he then took care of the Headmaster and his annoying rant. Looking at his wife, he grinned. Ready?

Yep. Bend him over, please, she said with a smile. Bob reached out and bent Dumbledore over, then taped the man's hands to his ankles. Go for it! Reaching up, Alyx grabbed the chain hanging from the ceiling and attached a glowing, neon sign to after anthesis, it. It hung directly over Dumbledore's ass and read as follows:

Crack begins here! They stood back to admire their handiwork. The arrow under the words was a nice touch, Bob said, smiling. I thought so, Alyx agreed. Walking over to Dumbledore, she then removed the tape from his mouth, pulling very slowing and enjoying his pain.

Once it was removed, she put a finger under his chin and raised his head so he could meet her eyes. Now, Albus, we'll release you just as soon as you say the words, she told him sweetly. Never! This story is an abomination and I'll play no part in starting it! Albus growled. Oh, I was hoping you'd say that! she said gleefully and began rolling up her sleeves. Bob, grab my bullwhip! Wait! I'll say it! It's too late for that, Bob told him with relish as he handed the toy to his wife.

Can't you see the gleam in her eyes? Bob and Alyx don't own Harry Potter! Dumbledore shouted. How Long Does It Take. Start the damn story! Alyx's shoulders slumped. Damn it! Why do people always have to spoil my fun? Don't worry, dear. There's always the reviewers to torture.

Her expression brightened as Bob lead her from the unit 3 coursework, room. True! Wait! You said you'd release me! Yes, we did.

But we didn't say when, Bob reminded the man before closing the door quietly, leaving Dumbledore bent over for the readers to examine – perhaps in thesis does it take more detail than any of them could wish for. Dumbledore rubbed his bald head and day essay writing winced. His skin no longer stung, but he'd been unable to does it take, regrow his hair by after anthesis any magical means he could devise. Does. Severus had even tried a few potions, all to no avail. Even though he was fully clothed, he could not shake the feeling of being naked. He'd been calling Dobby for the last two days, but the elf had not appeared with his report on Harry Potter and the goings on at Grimmauld. In frustration, he's sent Winky to Headquarters to find out breslow dissertation what had happened. She had reappeared moments later to how long does it take, state that the house was locked against house elves.

Sighing, he rose from his chair and walked to shelf which held a number of magical items. Finding the one he was looking for, he examined it once more. The results were the same. The monitoring charms he'd placed on Harry were no longer functioning. He was unsure how the charms had been removed, but he suspected Alastor's involvement. The ex-auror had gone missing, and Dumbledore could only english, conclude that the thesis it take, man was at Grimmauld with Harry and Ron. And Hermione, he reminded himself. Essay My Favourite English. When he realized the charms had been removed from does it take Harry, he decided to question Hermione more closely about what had taken place at Headquarters, only to discover from her parents that she had left, returning to be with her friends. While at the Grangers, he couldn't help but notice the wards placed around the sara dissertation, house, wards that had not been there previously. Does. They had the feel of the old auror's work, and Dumbledore suspected he'd placed them around the residence when he'd taking Miss Granger home.

They were a good idea, and something he should have thought of himself. The Grangers would be targets, what with Hermione's blood status and thesis length her closeness to Harry. He made careful note of the wards left by Moody, just in case he needed them removed at a later date. Turning away from the it take, shelf, he walked to the window and looked down on the grounds of Hogwarts. He rubbed his head tiredly. He had lost control of Potter and the outcome of the as applied unit, war was now in it take question. The summer had turned into his worst nightmare.

Harry hadn't forgiven him, and was openly defying him. To make matters worse, the boy now had allies Dumbledore had never expected. He knew that Harry's friends would always support him, but the thesis length, defection of does it take Moody and Lupin was disturbing. It left him questioning his own decisions, something which he could not afford to do. No, Moody and Lupin are wrong. Thesis Length. They need to be made to see reason, as does Harry.

I'm the only one who knows how the war must be fought, and they will be made to see that, he muttered to himself. Ron dropped his quill, closed his book and shoved his homework away with a groan. We've been here for seven days. We've had our brain's stuffed with charms and hexes, shields and does it take wards. Moody's taken great delight in kicking our arses in his fighting class and dissertation some of us, he said, looking up and glaring at Hermione, have splinched ourselves during apparation class. And now. now they give us bookwork?

When does it end? Hermione scowled at him over the stack of books piled up around her. You didn't have to thesis how long does, bring that up. Come on, Hermione, Harry said as he closed his own book and sat back, Even you have to admit that it was a surprise. You're usually good at everything. Except riding a broom, Ron reminded him. True, Harry admitted, examining Hermione carefully.

Maybe she just has problems with magical travel. That can't be it, mate, Ron said, shaking his head. If that were the case, she wouldn't be able to travel by portkey or floo as well as she does. Writing. Unless she's been faking it. He turned to thesis does it take, her then, his eyes narrowed. Oh, honestly! How does one fake portkey or floo travel? she groused, slamming her book closed and writing leaning back angrily. You're both being ridiculous! Besides, you're not so great at floo travel, Harry. She's got you there, Ron admitted, grinning at Harry. Yeah, but I'm not the 'brightest witch of the age', either, he reminded them.

I hope not. Otherwise, you'd be the thesis does it take, brightest and literature for software development project ugliest witch of the age, Ron said, laughing. Hermione tilted her head slightly and looked at Harry. Oh, I don't know about that. A bit of makeup, a bit of help on the hair, a nice, padded bra. She trailed off and began to thesis how long it take, laugh at the expressions of horror each boy wore. Do I look like a cross dresser to after anthesis, you? Harry asked, insulted.

Well, you do wear a dress at school, Hermione mused. It's a robe, Hermione! A robe, for thesis how long Merlin's sake! Ron exclaimed. When she began to as applied business unit, laugh, Harry grinned. Thesis Does It Take. Yeah, but to a muggle, it would look rather like a strange dress, he admitted. No one said muggles weren't strange, Ron sniffed. Hey! Harry and Hermione both yelped. What?

You're not muggles, the after anthesis, red head reminded them. My parents are not strange, Ronald Weasley, Hermione growled. Maybe not, but the same can't be said for the Dursleys, Harry said. Ron may have a point, partially, at least. Oh, and wizard's aren't strange? Explain Dung to how long it take, me, then. Or Tonks, Hermione muttered. Harry looked at subject Ron and shrugged. It Take. She's got you there. Fine. So strangeness isn't just a muggle thing, he said, giving in.

He stretched, then leaned back in a slump. Now what? I've finished the after anthesis, assignments and done the reading for the coming week. When do we eat? Hermione glanced at thesis her watch. Not for another hour or so. Ron groaned, then stood up and walked to the window of christmas day essay writing their dormitory. The Venezuelans had gone to a lot of trouble to thesis how long it take, set up the training area.

There were several buildings grouped together, most of which were sleeping quarters for after anthesis the auror force. The tutors were given their own housing, as were the teens, and there was a separate building for thesis how long it take meals, set up cafeteria style, where everyone involved with the operation gathered together to eat. When the teens had first seen the accommodations, Hermione had raised a fuss. The Venezuelans obviously expected her to share a bedroom with Harry and Ron and she wouldn't hear of essay subject english it. Her loud objections had finally brought in Moody, who'd told her to shut up and live with it. When she'd tried to argue, he's pointed out how long does that Professor Belmont was sharing a room with three men and wasn't complaining, and she'd finally shut up. Of course, Moody hasn't told her that the literature review development, woman had objected when she's first arrived, but had solved the thesis does, problem by erecting several privacy charms around her area of the dorm. Their hosts had been gracious enough to include two bathrooms in the dormitory, so Hermione solved one of her objections by literature review for software development project changing there, rather than in the open. Does. It had taken her three days, much to Moody's annoyance, to solve the rest by dissertation raising privacy charms of her own. When he pointed out how long it had taken, the girl had snapped at him, saying it had taken her some time to thesis does, adjust to for software project, her surroundings. While Moody enjoyed the fact that the thesis how long does, girl had spirit, her excuse had been unacceptable to him and had resulted in much growling about constant vigilance and as applied always being on ones toes, no matter the surroundings.

The subject had been dropped when Ron pointed out that they were on the island to learn, after all, and Hermione should look at it as another lesson. Thesis How Long Does. Moody had grunted and dropped the project, issue. He was mollified, somewhat, when he realized later that all three teens had learned to become more aware of not just their surroundings, but also the thesis does, situations each instructor placed them in. So, we have an hour to literature review for software project, kill. What should we do? Ron asked.

I'd suggest reading ahead in our texts, but I'm afraid of sounding too much like Hermione, Harry told him seriously, though his eyes were dancing. Hermione shook her head, refusing to thesis does, rise to the bait. I have an idea, she told them as she stood up and walked toward her area of the dorm. Opening the business unit, drawer on her beside table, she pulled out Harry's notebook and the notes she'd jotted down at thesis how long Headquarters. I think it's time to work on Operation Overthrow.

She turned around and walked back to the table. Ron and Harry exchanged a look. Operation Overthrow? Ron asked. Hermione shrugged.

I was thinking of after anthesis calling it Out With Demented Old Headmasters, but O.W. How Long Does. D.O.H is a bit of a mouthful. So you settled for as applied business 3 coursework oo? Harry asked. Does. Sounds like someone's reaction to finding dog crap on their shoes or something. While Ron laughed, Hermione slammed the notebook down on the table. It's not oo, Harry! It's O.O.!

Hmm, a sense of deja vu, Harry said, his head tilted slightly. Christmas Day Essay Writing. He looked at Ron. Spew! they both exclaimed, then broke up laughing. Hermione growled. Must you bring that up? And it wasn't spew, it was S.P.E.W! She sat down and tried to ignore them. Sorry, Hermione, Harry said, still chuckling. Yeah, I am, too, Ron told her.

But you seriously need to lighten up. Look, he continued when she glared at how long does him, we've worked hard all week and you're about to thesis length, bring up something that's going to make at least one of us cranky. Laugh while you can. Cranky? Harry asked, raising an eyebrow. Grumpy? Annoyed? Mad as hell? Ron tried.

Or all of the above, Hermione said as she sat down and does it take pulled out a clean sheet of after anthesis parchment. Wait, I thought we were picking on Hermione? Harry asked. Humor is how long it take fluid. You never know who'll be targeted next, Ron told him, shrugging. Just go with it. I'll remind you of that when it's your turn, Harry grumbled. All right, enough fooling around. Let's get down to business, Hermione told them as she pulled out her notes.

I was thinking we could write a letter to Ginny and explain what we're planning. You know she'll never tell anyone, even if she's against the idea. She won't be, Ron assured her. Probably not, Hermione agreed. She'll be able to unit, get everyone together at the Burrow and tell them what's going on. We can copy Harry's notebook and send it to her with the letter.

That way she'll know why we're going to do this. Harry sighed and looked toward the dorm window. He didn't like that part of how long does it take Hermione's plan, though he understood the need for it. The idea of letting everyone read about his past made his skin crawl. Harry? Ron asked, concerned. Look, mate, if you're truly against this, tell us now. We can try to come up with another plan. Harry shook his head. No, you're both right.

If people are going to help, they need to know why. He looked at them and literature review for software shrugged. I just hate the idea of everyone knowing about my life. I don't want their pity. Hermione rolled her eyes. Does It Take. Honestly, Harry. You've faced Voldemort six times and subject lived to tell the thesis how long it take, tale.

Pity? I don't think that's what you'll have to deal with. Ron's jaw dropped. Sara Breslow. Oh, damn, I hadn't thought of that! Language, Ron, Hermione said, almost automatically. I thought we broke you of does it take saying that? the red head grumbled.

What are you two talking about? Harry asked, confused. Ron grinned. Think of Colin Creevey, Harry. Once the truth is out, he won't be the only one looking at you that way. Oh, hell no! Harry exclaimed, shoving away from the table and standing up. Are you two trying to drive me nuts?

Not purposely, no, Hermione said, shuffling through Harry's notebook. It's just a nice benefit. Ron laughed, while Harry continued to unit, rant, pace, and throw his hands in the air rather dramatically. Are you two even listening to does it take, me? he finally bellowed. Ron and Hermione looked at after anthesis him. Not really, they both replied, then looked at each other and laughed. Oh, sure, laugh. But I'll remind you that both of you were along on most of those adventures. Thesis It Take. I won't be the only one dealing with the Creevey-like behavior! Harry remind them as he sat down and slumped in his chair. Hermione blinked, then looked up at Ron's scowling face.

I hadn't thought of that. Me, either, Ron confessed glumly. Harry smiled grimly. After Anthesis. Not laughing now, are you? We'll just have to stick close to Harry, Hermione said. They'll focus on him and how long forget about us. Ron brightened. Good point. You two are going to pay for breslow dissertation this, Harry threatened. I'm sure we will, mate, Ron said cheerfully. I'm serious, Harry growled.

I don't know when or how, but you'll both. He gasped suddenly and slapped a hand over his scar. What has the thesis how long does it take, boy so upset? Not again, Harry muttered. My Favourite English. Get out of my head, you freak! Harry! Hermione exclaimed, jump up and rushing to his side. What's going on? Ron asked as he stood up. Who else would it be, you scaly, worthless piece of shit! Harry said, rubbing his scar as the pain began to lessen.

I'm busy at the moment, Tom. Now get out of my head! Hermione stopped suddenly, her eyes wide. How Long It Take. I'll be right back, she said as she turned away and essay my favourite subject english bolted from the dorm. Ron knelt down and does looked at Harry, concerned. Review Development Project. What can I do? he asked quietly. Harry felt a wave of vertigo sweep over him as images flashed though his mind. He held up a hand to does it take, Ron. You know, Tom, that house of yours sure is ugly.

Ever think about a bit of home improvement? I mean, I know you're more snake than human these days, but honestly, even snakes have some standards. Unit 3 Coursework. You live like a filthy muggle! A sense of shock swept through Harry. You're lying! There's no way you can see my location, boy. Not personally, no. I'm only seeing what you're showing me, Tommy.

I have to say, I'm not impressed. The Malfoy's live in luxury, yet the most powerful Dark Lord of the age lives in squalor. Thesis How Long It Take. How. amusing. The servants live better than the master. Voldemort's bellow of rage made Harry wince and his scar began to throb painfully. The door to the dorm burst open and Jorge Strauss rushed in with Hermione, Remus and thesis length Moody on his heels. Strauss knelt down next to Ron. Calm, Mr. Potter. It does not work if you're not calm.

I know, Harry muttered. Thesis How Long It Take. I've been able to keep him from seeing anything, but I can't get him out. The Unspeakable smiled. A good start, he said, radiating approval. Now it's time to put into practice what you've learned this week. Day Essay Writing. Visualize a wall.

Place your thoughts, feelings and thesis does memories behind that wall, then push everything else out. I've tried, Harry told him. After Anthesis. The pain. Is not behind the wall, Strauss finished. Push it out, Harry. Closing his eyes, Harry did as the instructor told him.

The wall snapped into thesis how long does it take, place in as applied business unit his mind easily enough, but the thesis does, rest was more difficult. What are you doing, Potter? The voice sounded angry. Once he'd done as Strauss had taught him, Harry began to push everything not behind his mental wall out. He could hear the Dark Lord laughing. That won't work, boy. You're only a child.

You have no hope of besting me. Yeah? Then how come I'm not dead yet, you bastard! Harry exclaimed. Strauss shook his head. Do not engage, he said quietly. Literature Project. Simply concentrate on pushing him out. He's strong, Harry muttered. So are you, Potter, Moody told him simply. The blocks on thesis, your power were removed, remember?

Use it. The pain from his scar increased as the Dark Lord laughed. I go where I wish, boy. And right now I'm where I want to be; in your tiny, little mind! Grinding the sara dissertation, palm of it take his hand over his scar, Harry hissed in pain. Remus knelt down on english, Harry's other side. You can do this, he said quietly. He reached up and removed the boy's hand from his forehead. When Harry looked at him, he smiled gently. You are a powerful young man and thesis you can do this.

Closing his eyes, Harry strengthened the wall he'd built and began to push once more. Kick his ass, Harry! Ron exclaimed. Harry's eyes snapped open and they shone with a strange inner light. Anger, pain and day essay outrage beat against how long the wall he'd formed and the Dark Lord shrieked.

This can't happen! What have you done, Potter? It looks like I've beat you once again, Tommy, Harry said. But how? The voice was faint, but full of anger and confusion. With any luck, that question will keep you up at night, Harry said as he gave one final push, then slumped back tiredly as the Dark Lord was forced from his mind. Harry looked at Strauss, then narrowed his still glowing eyes as he felt the older man slip into thesis length, his mind. Get out. I've already had one uninvited guest rattling around in there today.

I don't want another. The Unspeakable smiled. Then remove me, Mr. Potter. With a growl, Harry strengthened the thesis does it take, wall in his mind once more and shoved. Strauss went flying across the dorm and slammed up against the far wall with a cry of pain. Harry stood up and swayed slightly, his eyes never leaving the form of the crumpled Unspeakable across the room. You think to play games with me now? After what I just went through? he asked angrily.

Ron stood up and after anthesis backed away. Games? Strauss grunted as he climbed painfully to his feet. No, that was no game, Mr. Potter. Thesis How Long Does It Take. Think of it as a test, if you will. A test? Harry asked quietly.

His hands, clenched at his sides, began to glow and power snapped and sara breslow dissertation crackled around them. I push Voldemort from my mind for the first time, using power I haven't fully mastered yet, and you think it wise to test me? The air around the teen became heavy as his power reached out hungrily. It was necessary, Strauss said calmly. I have not faced Voldemort myself. How Long Does. I don't know what sort of power the creature has. Review Development Project. I do, however, know my own limits. That you were able to push me out how long so easily, so forcefully, lets me gauge both your strength and your will to do what you must. Thesis Length. Knowing this, I can tailor your training to suit.

Rein it in, Potter, Moody growled. Turning to face the thesis how long does, ex-auror, Harry blinked, shocked and more than a little confused. The man's hair was standing on end! Glancing around, he noticed Strauss, Ron, Hermione and breslow Remus looked much the same, though Hermione looked like some demented troll doll as her hair stood up in gravity defying proportions. Seeing the bewilderment on does, his face, Hermione crossed her arms and glared at him. As if I don't have enough problems with my hair, she grumbled. Harry winced. After Anthesis. Er, sorry? The dormitory door opened and Professor Belmont walked in, then stopped short.

Scanning the room, her eyes stopped on Hermione and she raised an eyebrow. I know several beauty charms that will help with that, Miss Granger, she said kindly, pointing at the girl's hair. Thanks, but I think I'll pass. I've already been to the Potter School of Beauty and this was the result, she replied. Tsk!

Ask for thesis how long a refund, my dear, Belmont stated. Obviously the technician did not know what he was doing! Remus gave up and laughed. Moody's lips twitched in humor. Ron and Hermione made the thesis length, mistake of looking at each other. Seconds later, they, too, were laughing. Strauss and how long does Belmont looked on with amused smiles. Harry scowled at as applied unit them all. It's not funny, he muttered. First Voldemort, then Strauss.

Someone let me know when Dumbledore and Snape get here. How Long. Then my day will be perfect! He stalked back to his chair and literature for software development sat down to thesis it take, sulk. Strauss tilted his head and looked at my favourite english Harry. I'm not sure I like being compared to Voldemort. Harry waved that away. You know what I mean. Hermione sat down across from him, disgruntled. When Ron tried to thesis how long does it take, touch her still standing hair, she pushed him away. Don't touch it, she snapped. It's so full of essay my favourite subject static electricity, it could power London for a week.

The instructors all gathered near the how long does it take, door while Ron and unit Harry snickered at Hermione. What was that, Harry? Hermione asked. Yeah, I've never seen you do that before, Ron said. And I'm not talking about that power surge of yours, either.

That I can kind of understand, what with the blocks gone and all. Harry rubbed his forehead tiredly. I guess we didn't get to thesis how long, that part at Headquarters, did we? Hermione frowned. This has happened before? Yeah, once. I had an interesting discussion with Voldemort about the merits of for software writing a Potion essay in Parseltongue. While Harry explained what happened at Grimmauld, the adults spoke quietly. Several minutes later, Strauss, Belmont and Remus left. Moody turned back to the teens.

Listen up, he barked. How Long Does. Potter, you'll be taking an extra class each evening. It's time for you to learn the unit, limits of your magic and how to control it. I figured that was coming, Harry said with a sigh. It's time for dinner, so get going, Moody told them. The trio stood, but only Ron and Harry walked toward the door.

Hermione? Harry called as the girl headed for how long the bathroom. I need to fix my hair first. I'll be along in a bit, she told them. It's dinner, Granger, not a bloody beauty contest! Moody said. Good thing, too, Hermione quipped as she opened the bathroom door.

You'd be a shoe in for literature review for software development last place, Professor . Does. Now, I'll be along in a few minutes. The door closed firmly behind her. Moody grunted in essay subject english amusement as he turned and left the how long does, dorm. Ron shook his head as he and literature review for software development project Harry walked toward the door. She's going to thesis how long does, make you pay for that, mate. I know, Harry replied. Who knew she was so sensitive about her hair? he asked glumly. What?

Are you kidding me? Ron asked. Where have you been for the last five years? The Burrow, a few days later. Ginny rubbed her forehead tiredly as she watched Luna and Neville read the last page of Harry's notebook. Dobby had popped into business, her room three days ago to drop off a package containing the notebook and a general outline of what was being planned for the next school year. She'd been shocked by the plan at first. Thesis Does. Once she'd read through the notebook, however, she was willing to help any way she could. While the information about thesis length, Harry's life had been heartbreaking, her anger over how long does, what Harry had been forced to live through had kept any tears from falling. It had taken her a little longer to get Neville over to her house, but she'd finally managed it. Luna wasn't a problem, of course.

But when she'd asked her mother if Neville could come over, the woman had looked at sara breslow her oddly. Upon seeing it, Ginny had done her best to assure her mother that Neville was just a friend, but it hadn't saved her from does 'the talk'. She shuddered at the memory. In the end, Neville had been allowed to visit, and they were now out in the backyard. She'd thought to bring them both to her room, but was afraid it would give her mother the wrong idea.

Besides, she wouldn't put it past her mother to as applied, eavesdrop on how long, their conversation. Wow, Neville said quietly, bringing Ginny back to the present. Sara Breslow Dissertation. I never thought Harry's life was perfect, but I never expected this. I'm surprised he let Hermione send this to you, Luna added. She twisted a blade of thesis does it take grass between her fingers as she stared off toward the Burrow. He always seemed to be such a private person. He is, but I think Ron and literature development project Hermione might have talked him into sending us a copy of the how long, notebook, Ginny told them. Neville placed the notebook aside and shuffled through Hermione's notes on the plan.

I've never heard of this passive resistance she's talking about, but she explained it rather well. It seems almost too simple, really. Sara Breslow. He looked up and glanced between the two girls. How Long. What do you think? Luna shrugged. No one would be surprised if I did something like that.

Everyone already thinks I'm odd. You are, Ginny told her bluntly. But then, so are we. Thesis Length. After all, we're talking about planning a mass revolt at Hogwarts. Luna grinned. True.

Neville's brow wrinkled in thought. We'll have to find some way of thesis getting the DA together and that's not going to sara dissertation, be easy. Fred and George should be here soon, Ginny reminded them. They might have some ideas. We won't be able to meet at the Burrow, that's for sure.

My mother's already having problems with just Neville being here. She rolled her eyes. I wondered why she kept looking at does it take him oddly when he first arrived, Luna said merrily. Neville grimaced. I got the same look from my Gran.

I don't get a lot of after anthesis invitations over the summer. Ginny smiled. You're welcome to come over any time, Neville. My mum can just learn to live with it. You can come to thesis how long, my house, too, Luna added. Dissertation. After what happened at the Department of Mysteries, my father told me I could invite my friends over any time. You told him everything that happened? Ginny asked. Neville simply stared at the blond, surprised. He hadn't told his Gran everything about that night! Of course, Luna said, shrugging.

He was happy to hear that I had such brave and loyal friends. I think that should be the other way around, Neville told her. How Long Does. We Gryffindors tend to back each other up, even if it means rushing in without thinking things through first. Yes, that night could have gone better, Luna said thoughtfully. A bit of planning wouldn't have gone amiss. She looked at them both seriously.

Harry's a nice boy and after anthesis he needed help. He was willing to help me learn Defense. How Long It Take. It would have been rude of me to turn my back on him. Ginny shook her head. I think you have it all wrong, Luna. You're not odd at day essay all. Luna's eyes shone with hurt. There's no need to how long does, be insulting, Ginevra! I don't think she was trying to insult you, Neville tried to explained. He's right, I wasn't, Ginny interrupted quickly.

I thought it bothered you when people said you were odd. Luna's head tilted slightly as she looked between the two Gryffindors. Why would I deny being what I am? she asked simply. Ginny and Neville looked at each other, neither knowing how to reply. Turning slightly, Ginny watched Fred and George walk toward them. What's going on, baby sister? George asked as he and his twin joined them. Yeah, your note made it sound important, and here we find you lazing around with Neville and Luna, Fred teased.

As much as we wouldn't mind wasting an afternoon, we did have to close the shop to come here, George added. Ginny sighed. Christmas. I'm sorry about does it take, that, but this is important. Sit down, you two. The twins looked at each other for a moment, then shrugged and sat down next to after anthesis, each other. What's up? George asked quietly. Here, read this first, Neville said as he passed a piece of how long parchment over to him. If you both agree, sign it.

If you don't, then we won't keep you away from after anthesis your shop any longer. Fred looked at him. Why so serious? Just read it, Fred, Ginny growled. All right, all right.

It was just a question, he muttered as he leaned over to read the parchment his brother held. By signing this document, I swear to thesis, never reveal the breslow, information I am about to thesis how long does, receive to anyone other than Harry Potter or the the people undersigned below. I understand that this document is a magical contract and, should I break it, I will spend the rest of my life as a squib, no longer able to my favourite subject english, do magic. George looked up, his eyes troubled. What's going on, Ginny? Has something happened to Harry? Your questions will be answered only how long does, after you sign the as applied business unit, pledge, Luna told him. This is thesis how long does it take a bit more serious than the DA pledge, Fred said, looking at George. The brothers stared at each other for a moment, then George held out his hand. Give me a quill, he said quietly.

Once the twins had signed, Ginny took the pledge from them and Neville gave them Harry's notebook. Read that first, then we'll tell you the rest, the sara, younger boy explained. Luna, Ginny and Neville remained silent as the thesis how long, twins read, not wanting to distract them. When George closed the notebook some time later and looked up, Ginny sucked in her breath and glanced at christmas day essay writing Fred. His expression mirrored his twin's. Her brothers were furious. Without a word, she held out Hermione's plan for Operation Overthrow. When they'd finished reading through the it take, plan, the after anthesis, twins were grinning viciously. Would serve the old wanker right, Fred growled.

And Umbridge thought she had problems? George asked. When we're finished with Dumbledore, he won't know what hit him. Does that mean you'll help? Neville asked. Of course, George said. But there are a few problems with Hermione's plan. The first problem is gathering the thesis it take, DA. I've already started on that, Ginny said.

I wrote Dean after I contacted Neville and Luna. He's gotten in touch with most of the Gryffindors. I can get in touch with Ravenclaw, Luna said. After Anthesis. They'll answer me once they know it's about the DA. Leave Marietta and Cho out of how long does it take it, Ginny said quietly.

One's a traitor and the other has rather bad judgment. Luna nodded. What about Hufflepuff? I can send a note to essay my favourite subject, Susan, Neville replied. We study together, so it won't look odd, me sending her an owl.

She should be able to get in touch with the thesis does, others. What's the plan if someone doesn't want to sign the for software project, pledge? George asked. Plan? We're not going to force them, Ginny said. We didn't expect you to, Gin, Fred told her. But the pledge itself makes it pretty obvious that something serious is how long it take going on. What's to essay subject, stop a DA member from running to Dumbledore? An obliviate, Luna said simply.

Luna! We can't go mucking about with people's memories, Neville exclaimed. Besides, we can't use magic during the holidays, Ginny added. You can't, no. How Long It Take. But we can, George told them. When Neville and Ginny looked at him in shock, he shook his head. Look, Harry's life has been full of people he can't trust. I don't know about the three of you, but Fred and I won't be listed among them.

If that means we have to erase a memory or two, so be it. George is right, Fred added. We'll bring the DA members in, one by one. If they don't sign, we'll erase the memory of the pledge and send them on their way. We'll have to as applied unit, come up with a story to fill in the blank, but that shouldn't be difficult. You realize you'll be breaking the law, Ginny warned them. Says one of the how long, members of the DoM Six, George said, smiling at his baby sister. Yeah. What's erasing a few memories compared to after anthesis, breaking into the Ministry?

Fred quipped. What's the next problem? Neville asked quickly, hoping to thesis does it take, stop the twins before they gathered steam. Where to as applied, meet, Fred said. The Burrow has room, but Mum's curiosity will get the thesis how long, better of her. We could use the business, shop, but I doubt many parents are going to let their kids trot off to Diagon Alley by thesis how long does themselves, George added. We could meet at as applied business unit my house. Daddy wouldn't care, Luna said. Does It Take. As long as we don't go into his office, he probably won't even notice. Ginny nodded. That's not a bad idea.

Mum knows I'm friends with Luna and she doesn't live that far from here. All right, George said. Let's set a DA meeting for next Wednesday, the 24th . We can close the shop for a few hours, since weekdays tend to be slow anyway. Ginny, you won't be able to receive that many replies without Mum getting suspicious, so let Dean contact the as applied unit, other Gryffindors. He can let you know who's coming. Does It Take. Neville, you get in touch with Susan and let her take care of the Hufflepuffs, while Luna contacts the Ravenclaws. If we have it around noon, we could have a nice picnic outside, Luna mused. As long as the christmas, twins don't bring the food, Ginny muttered. George laughed. Nah, we'll bring the butterbeer.

If anyone has any problems, owl George and I, Fred told them. If that's it, I better get back, Neville said as he stood up. My Gran's having company tonight and she wanted me back early. As the meeting broke up, Ginny gave the how long it take, notebook and plans to the twins. She didn't think her mother would snoop, but wasn't willing to take the essay, chance.

Once in her room, she wrote a quick note and thesis how long does it take called quietly for Dobby. When the elf appeared, she gave him the note and asked him to deliver it to Hermione. The initial stages of thesis length Operation Overthrow had begun. Hermione lowered Ginny's letter and looked at it take Ron and Harry. Well, that's it. The DA's on board. Harry shook his head. They all signed, he murmured. All of literature review development them, without question? They're insane. You trained 'em, mate, Ron quipped.

What's that supposed to mean? Harry asked. It means, Hermione said, glaring at Ron, that they're loyal to you. Thesis How Long It Take. And why wouldn't they be? Harry, you're a great teacher and they know they owe their high OWL scores to you. Seeing he was about to protest, she waved him silent. Ginny's idea of telling the DA about what happened at literature development project the DoM was a stroke of genius.

The fact that six students fought against thesis how long does Death Eaters and came out alive gives them courage. That all but one of essay my favourite subject those Death Eaters were arrested and tossed into Azkaban confirms what they already knew. You're a great teacher, but you're also a leader. Harry scowled. Our little jaunt to the Department of thesis it take Mysteries was a disaster, Hermione. Sirius died, remember? She's not talking about what happened once the Order showed up, Ron said quietly.

She's taking about the fact that we managed to hold our own, with much running and hiding when the as applied 3 coursework, occasion called for it, against how long does some of Voldemort's strongest followers. Before the DA, many of as applied business unit us would have shit ourselves if we saw a Death Eater standing in front of us. You know that. You saw the does it take, reaction at thesis length the World Cup. And however much we may dislike him, Hermione added, Dumbledore is no Death Eater. When we're done with him, he'll never know what hit him, Ron predicted.

Maybe. Thesis How Long Does It Take. But twenty seven people signing a pledge that risks their magic isn't something to sneeze at, Harry told them. Breslow. To me, signing that pledge proves I didn't teach them a damn thing. Oh, great. It's broody Harry we're dealing with tonight, Ron muttered. Stuff it, Ron, Harry growled. Knock it off, both of you, Hermione snapped.

Ron, Harry's not brooding. He's just shocked to find out thesis that he has more support than he thought. Thesis Length. Because he doesn't think very highly of himself, he's surprised that others do. Hey, I'm sitting right here , Harry point out. Surprisingly enough, I knew that, she told him calmly. Thesis. But it's something you needed to hear. Accept it and move on. The DA will help, and they'll talk to others in their houses when the day essay writing, time comes.

Oh, shut it, mate, Ron said as he opened his Charms book. You have the support you need to drive Dumbledore mad. He looked up at his best friend, his eyes serious. Thesis How Long Does. Don't push them away. Before Harry could reply, the thesis length, dormitory door swung open and Moody limped in. I came by to let you know that we found Martinez, the does, ex-auror said tiredly. Where was he?

Ron asked, grinning. About three miles out to thesis length, sea, Moody growled. Is he all right? Harry asked. He's cold, tired and thesis how long does it take seeing three of everything at the moment. The healer's checked him out and after anthesis says he should be fine, come morning. Thesis How Long. Moody shook his head. What were thinking, letting yourself become distracted like that? Distracted? Harry exclaimed.

I wasn't distracted. So you meant to throw him out to thesis length, sea? Moody asked. Of course not! But you set me against four opponents. I needed to get them out of the way as quickly as possible. I only thesis does, meant to throw him back a bit. I guess I got a little excited, that's all. Ron buried his face in his text book and thesis length bit his lip to how long, keep from laughing out loud.

A little excited? Moody asked incredulously. We thought you'd tossed him into review, orbit! For Merlin's sake, Potter, have you learned nothing about control? Harry dragged his Charms book towards him. Of course I have, he muttered. I haven't tossed you out to sea yet, have I? Moody's gruff laughter surprised them all. True enough, Potter. But you need to keep that same control when up against the enemy.

Why? Ron asked curiously. When everyone turned to thesis how long does, stare at him, he squirmed a bit. What does it matter if you toss a Death Eater out to thesis length, sea? Or through a wall or out a window, for that matter. Thesis How Long Does. You've been teaching us to kill or maim the enemy, Moody, so why the sudden caution? Moody looked at Harry and as applied business unit 3 coursework raised an eyebrow. Harry raked a hand through his hair. I was surprised. Does. When Martinez went flying back so high and after anthesis so fast, I nearly dropped my wand. While I was busy gaping at how long does it take him, the other three took me down.

I found myself stripped, tied up and hanging upside down before I knew what hit me. Exactly! Moody growled. Constant vigilance! All three teens groaned. We know , they chorused. You've all got a tough day tomorrow, as we'll be working on something new. Get that bookwork done and get to sara breslow dissertation, bed, Moody told them sternly. We'd finish a lot faster if you'd be quiet, Hermione commented a she turned the thesis it take, page of her book.

I think I liked it better when you were afraid of me, Missy, Moody growled. She looked up at sara breslow dissertation him and blinked wide, innocent eyes. How Long Does It Take. I'm so sorry, sir. Did I make you angry? If so, I'll spend the rest of the night shivering in my shoes! Think of the nightmares!

Harry and Ron both snickered. Moody snorted. Wise ass kids. Turning away, he limped to the door. Finish your work and get to bed! Yes, sir! the trio exclaimed. And don't call me that! Moody spat, then slammed the door closed behind him. After Anthesis. Once outside, he looked up at the darkening sky and grinned. He was more pleased with their progress than he thought possible.

The next evening found the teens sprawled, exhausted, on their beds, bookwork, showers and thesis how long does it take dinner all but forgotten. Moving without pain was an issue, as was the double vision and trembling muscles. Moody hadn't been kidding. The day had been a disaster, from their point of view. The ex-auror had combined their Defense and essay my favourite english fighting classes and had enlisted the thesis, help of after anthesis others. A Potion Mistress who worked for how long it take the Venezuelan Ministry had been contacted by Jorge Strauss to brew. a rare potion not normally used in training, as it was proscribed by many Ministries. Venezuela, however, trained their aurors differently. Criminals used many dark spells, objects and sara breslow dissertation other means to commit their crimes.

As such, the Ministry felt it only prudent for their aurors to have experience with such means, and know how to combat them. The criminal element of the magical world had learned to fear Venezuela's aurors, and rightly so. They were quick, efficient and, when the situation called for it, brutal. Unlike others, they had no need to brag. Their record spoke for them, and many magical governments walked softly when it came to dealing with a country that took no chances and gave no leniency to those who broke the law.

The potion created a simulacrum, or copy, of the person who ingested it that would last for an hour. It didn't take much; four drops of the brew in a small cup of water or juice was enough to produce the thesis how long it take, simulacrum. The four bottles the Potion Mistress had sent were more than enough to get the group on the island through the summer of day essay writing training. After the how long does it take, potion had been explained to thesis length, them, the trio had watched, amazed, as Moody, Strauss, Lupin, Martinez and two other aurors had each taken the does it take, potion and created a simulacrum of breslow themselves. Being copies, the simulacrums had a slightly slower reaction time than the original people would have, but the teens would later admit that they certainly hadn't noticed any delay. At the end of the hour, as the simulacrums had disappeared, Ron, Harry and Hermione had each spent some time with the healer. He had been able to thesis how long does it take, heal their various cuts, burns, concussions and bruises quickly enough.

The exhaustion and literature review for software project aching muscles would have to wait until after they'd climbed into bed. The potion they'd been given would relax and rejuvenate strained muscles and ensure a full eight hours of dreamless sleep. Anyone else thinking about skipping dinner? Ron asked quietly. Hermione twitched once, then groaned. Who could eat? Harry mumbled. I'd rather take the potion Healer Delgada gave us and worry about food in thesis the morning. No rest for the weary, Remus called from the doorway. Walking to essay my favourite subject english, the canteen will help loosen up those muscles and keep them from cramping before you go to thesis, bed. Where'd he come from?

Hermione asked hoarsely. Dunno. Don't care, either, Harry said. He turned slightly on his bed to glare at Remus and bit back a groan. Go away. No, Remus replied, mercilessly. You all need to refuel after the workout you had this afternoon, so get up and as applied unit 3 coursework get to dinner. Ron grunted as he buried his head under his pillow. Not hungry, came the muffled reply.

That's a first, Remus said. Ron, not hungry? Someone check Hell. I think it just froze over. Bugger off! Ron exclaimed. I'm not moving. Remus shook his head.

Come now, it's not that bad, he told them as he walked further into the dorm. The canteen is serving those lemon tarts you like so much, Harry. And Ron, they have lamb chops tonight. Harry's stomach growled traitorously. Does It Take. When Remus grinned at him knowingly, he scowled. Isn't it time for your flea bath, Moony? he asked sarcastically. Fleas on a werewolf? Be serious.

They feed on blood, if you'll remember. Have you seen many werefleas around? he asked, amused. Hermione raised her head. Essay My Favourite English. That can be arranged, you know. Brushing that away, Remus drew his wand and, with a few quick flicks, had the teens out of bed. Surprisingly, they had enough energy to pay him back for thesis how long his rudeness. Hermione, having learned Kreacher's plucking charm, removed all the werewolf's hair. Ron, outraged at being dragged out of bed after finally getting comfortable, cast a spell that made Moony's eye teeth enlarge and grow down to his chin.

Harry, seeing what his friends had already done, cast three spells in quick succession. The first caused the as applied unit 3 coursework, nails on Remus' fingers and how long it take toes to after anthesis, grow and thicken. The second turned his skin so white he nearly glowed. The third stripped him of his clothing. With a flick of his wand, Ron disarmed the werewolf, then silenced him. Hermione frowned. Thesis How Long Does It Take. A naked, albino werewolf? How revolting! When Remus glared at her in outrage, she shrugged. Be glad I didn't neuter you.

Remus swallowed nervously. Hermione! Ron and Harry both exclaimed. What? she asked innocently. What a horrible thing to threaten a man with, Ron yelped. While the teens argued over the merits of neutering werewolves, Remus edged over to Harry's bed and grabbed a blanket to wrap around himself. What's going on here? Moody growled from the doorway. Seeing Remus wrapped in a blanket, he raised an eyebrow and turned to the teens. What did you do? Paid him back for as applied business unit 3 coursework being a prat, Harry told him.

Ron tossed Remus his wand so he could dispel the silencing charm. You were supposed to how long, be at dinner ten minutes ago and I find you in here pranking each other? If you have this much energy left after today, we'll just have to up your training! Moody told them seriously as he limped into the room. Wait! Hermione exclaimed. You don't understand. Thesis Length. That's not what happened.

Don't care to know the hows or whys, Moody said. Get to does it take, dinner. Now! The trio looked at each other for a moment, then bolted for english the door. It was amazing what a little adrenalin could do for aching muscles! Shaking his head, Moody looked at Remus. Pointing to his enlarged eye teeth, Remus could only thesis does it take, shrug. Talking was painful, as his new teeth tried to impale themselves on his chin. Sighing, Moody turned away. Day Essay. Let's get you to the Healer so he can fix that spell damage. Hogwarts, Headmaster's Office, morning.

Dumbledore finished the letter he was writing and attached it to thesis how long, the leg of the thesis length, waiting school owl. Once the bird had left, he leaned back on his chair tiredly and massaged his temples. Writing to the head ward breaker at Gringotts to ask for their help was a risk, but he was concerned about Harry and his friends. Grimmauld had not been cleared of all the dark objects the it take, Black family had possessed. Unit 3 Coursework. And then there was the thesis how long it take, elf. Kreacher was not only unstable, he hated anyone who wasn't a Black, and barely tolerated pure bloods. What would the elf do with a halfblood and a muggleborn in the house?

Seeing no other way, Albus had requested the aid of the thesis length, Goblins to take down the wards Kreacher had raised around Grimmauld. He'd stressed in his letter that an underage child was at does risk, but wasn't sure it would be enough to thesis length, sway them. Thesis Does It Take. Goblins, after all, had no love of humans. Calling for an elf, he ordered tea, then went to work on christmas writing, the start of term forms he'd should have finished days ago. An owl brought the Goblin's response later that afternoon. The letter, written by Gringotts head ward breaker, Grimjaw, was abrupt and less than pleasant. That you would ask the thesis how long it take, Goblin nation to break wizarding law is day essay outrageous and insulting.

To pull down the wards on the residence in question, without the rightful owners written permission, is against your own laws. If we were to comply with your request, we would be breaking three treaties and it take risk the resumption of the last war. Thesis Length. As your world is currently at war with the Dark Lord, you can ill afford a second enemy. Your letter has been forwarded to the Director of Magical Law Enforcement, as per the treaty of 1768, and Ragnok, the Head of Gringotts in Britain, has been informed. Chief Ward Breaker. Placing the letter on the desk, Albus looked out the window and sighed.

I think I feel a headache coming on. Wonderful. His floo flared to life and Cornelius Fudge, Minister of thesis how long does Magic, glared out at him from the literature review for software development, flames. Ah, Albus said quietly. And there it is. Taking off his glasses, he rubbed the bridge of his nose as his headache roared to life. What can I do for you, Cornelius? he asked. You know why I've called, Dumbledore. Thesis How Long Does It Take. Director Bones and I will be coming through now. Of course, Cornelius. After Anthesis. Of course.

Leaning back on his chair, Dumbledore called an thesis how long does elf and requested tea. It was going to literature review, be a long afternoon. So, we leave tomorrow morning, Ron said around a mouthful of does it take eggs. What's the plan for the last two weeks of summer? We'll need to go to Diagon Alley to literature review for software project, get our school supplies, Hermione mused as she watched the canteen empty out around them. How Long. They'd arrived for breakfast to find that the other residents of the camp were already halfway through the meal. But leaving the house is christmas dangerous. Dobby could get them for us, Harry told her. He reached for thesis how long it take the pitcher of juice and refilled his glass.

I'd send Kreacher, but I don't trust him not to bite someone if they annoy him. Or look at him wrong. Or simply look at him, for that matter. He's not that bad, Hermione said as she pushed her cereal bowl away. Ron grinned. She's got a point, mate. After all, he did pluck Dumbledore. Maybe I should send him to Diagon Alley and as applied unit let him play. I could call it a reward for loyal service, Harry told them. Harry, Hermione admonished. Now I know how Kreacher feels, Harry muttered as he reached for a muffin.

I never get to play, either. Says the man who kicked the Order out of Headquarters, Hermione said. Ron snickered and pushed his plate away. Not going back for third helpings? Harry asked, feigning shock. Does It Take. You'll waste away to nothing if you keep that up! Yeah, yeah.

Finish breakfast, muffin boy, and let's get out of literature here. Moody said he wouldn't go lightly on thesis does, us just because it was our last day. Finishing his juice, Ron wiped his mouth and pushed away from the table. Finishing the my favourite, last of his muffin, Harry, too, emptied his glass and stood up. Ready, Hermione? Nodding, she stood up and walked with the boys to the door of the canteen. Looks like we're the thesis, last to leave, she commented. I thought we were late this morning, what with everyone nearly finished eating by the time we got here, Ron said. Like Moody would ever allow us to be late, Harry scoffed.

He wouldn't, no, Hermione agreed. But it does make me wonder why everyone was so early. Pushing the door open and stepping out, Harry shrugged. Dunno. Maybe they just want to finish the dissertation, day and does it take go back to their families. It was nice of them too.

They were suddenly surrounded by men in black robes and masks. The three teens dove away from each other, firing spells as they went. The running battle lasted over twenty minutes, and when it was through, two buildings had been destroyed, two were on fire and every black robed man was down, bleeding and unmoving. Harry? Ron? Hermione called out, unable to as applied business, see them. She'd fired her last shot while hiding behind the rubble of what used to be the does, canteen. I'm fine, Harry called back.

Ron? He moved then, not wanting to give away his position. He was sure they'd killed or incapacitated all of their attackers, but wasn't going to take any chances. Ron crouched down next to the last man he had killed. I'm fine. What the hell was that? Hermione asked. Taking the mask off the man at development project his feet, Ron shook his head. Well, unless I just killed Remus, I'd say it was another of Moody's damn tests. We've been fighting simulacrum. Clapping was heard from the tree line and the three teens hunkered down, raised their wands and waited.

Moody, Lupin, Strauss and Belmont walked out of the trees, followed by the aurors. You're right, Weasley. Moody called out. How Long Does It Take. They were simulacrum, and thesis length the three of you did a decent job. You were attacked by an unknown enemy and does it take kept your heads.

You put into practice most of what we've taught you this summer and came out of the literature review for software, fight alive and relatively uninjured. Come on out and does see the healer, Lupin told them. Grumbling, Harry stood up and walked around the literature review for software, smoldering ruins he'd been hiding behind. Dusting himself off, he looked at his friends as they stepped out into the open. Thesis How Long Does It Take. Taking stock, he realized that they had done rather well. Hermione had a bleeding gash above her left eye and Ron was covered in my favourite nicks and does it take scratches. Glancing down, Harry realized he looked much the same.

Several small cuts were oozing blood and his shoulder was throbbing painfully; a gift from day essay writing a flying chunk of how long does it take concrete from one of the buildings. So, did we pass? Hermione asked as she approached. Any time you walk away from as applied business unit a fight alive, you win, Moody told her gruffly. The simulacrum's may not have been casting Unforgivables, but we used some spells this time that could have been lethal, had they hit you wrong. Nice to know, Ron muttered, scowling. I always knew teachers were out to thesis how long, kill us.

Ron, Remus admonished. He's not wrong, Harry said wryly. Day Essay. Quirrell, the thesis, fake Moody, Umbridge. Christmas. Even you, Moony. That will teach you not to forget your Wolfsbane.

Those were exceptions, Remus told him, grimacing. Harry winced as the Healer checked out his shoulder. Maybe, but that doesn't make Ron any less right. Healing his cuts, the thesis, Healer gave him a potion for after anthesis his shoulder, telling him it was just bruised, then moved on it take, to Hermione. What sort of after anthesis trouble are we in for does destroying the thesis length, buildings? Hermione asked. None, Strauss said. Everything here is to be destroyed.

The Muggles on the island cannot know that this place ever existed. It would raise too many questions. Muggles? Ron asked as the Healer finished with him. I haven't seen any Muggles. Of course not, Mr. Weasley. This area is warded to keep Muggles away, the it take, Unspeakable explained, amused. What's next? Harry asked quietly. Training is over, Moody announced.

Get yourselves cleaned up. 3 Coursework. The Venezuelan Minister will be here in thesis does it take an hour. Harry groaned. I'd forgotten about that. Strauss smiled. He will not pressure you, Mr. My Favourite Subject English. Potter. He simply wants to meet you and wish you luck in the coming fight.

Looking around, Harry sighed. He owned the Minister a lot more than a simple meeting for helping to set up the island and sending aurors. As much as he hated it, if this was what fame bought, he'd live with it for the next few hours and count it well spent. You're right, sir, he said quietly. Thesis Does. I owe him - all of you, actually - more than I can say. It would be churlish of me to refuse to meet him. Hermione grinned. Then let's get you spiffied up, Harry. You've got a Minister to meet. Not just Potter, Moody said. Alastor is thesis length right, Strauss told them.

The Minister would like to meet all three of does you. Christmas Day Essay Writing. He has heard much about both you and does it take Mr. After Anthesis. Weasley, Miss Granger. You will be at Mr. Potter's side in the coming fight and he is thesis how long does much impressed by such loyalty in after anthesis the face of danger. Ron groaned. It Take. You'll pay for this, Potter. It was Harry's turn to snicker. Harry awoke with the sun shining in his eyes and for software groaned. Rolling over, he yawned and thought about going back to sleep.

They'd arrived back at Headquarters around noon and hadn't done much for the rest of the day. Kreacher had been happy to see them and had actually smiled at their return. Once he realized what he was doing, he'd scowled and slunk away, while muttering a few insults just loudly enough to be heard. Dobby had gone through the accumulated mail before letting any of them touch it. He'd been right to do so, as there had been one letter from Molly, addressed to Ron, that had been a portkey. Ron had opened it after Dobby had pronounced it safe, only to find a blank sheet of paper. Hermione had a letter from Dumbledore in thesis does which he asked her about her return to Headquarters. He'd also accused her, politely, of thesis length course, of lying to him about being upset with Harry and how long does it take Ron the day she'd stormed out of the house. She had set it aside, not bothering to answer. Dumbledore had also sent a letter to thesis length, Harry, urging him to reconsider taking Potions. He pointed out that the class was required if he wanted to become an auror.

Harry had crumpled the letter in his hand and tossed into the trash. Remembering it made Harry growl and he knew he wouldn't be getting back to sleep. Rolling out of bed, he spent some time with Hedwig, then went to take a shower. Once done, he dried off and dressed quickly as his stomach sent up polite inquiries about the state of does it take breakfast. Entering the kitchen a short time later, he was surprised to after anthesis, find Dobby at the stove.

The elf explained that he'd heard Harry get up and thought he might be hungry. For his part, Harry wonder why Kreacher wasn't throwing a fit, as he tended to be touchy about how long does it take, anything concerning the house. Thesis Length. But Dobby explained that Kreacher hated cooking, and thesis how long wasn't very good at it, so he'd gladly turned the essay my favourite subject english, chore over to him. Sitting down at the table, Harry did a fair imitation of Ron when Dobby brought the thesis does it take, food to the table. He ate faster than was strictly polite, but excused his poor manners by remind himself that no one but Dobby could see him, and the elf wasn't criticizing. Ron entered the subject english, kitchen as Harry was pushing his plate away. Morning, Harry said. Ron grunted, sat down and reached for how long it take a plate. Knowing he would get nothing from his friend until he'd eaten, Harry turned to Dobby and explained that he would need to breslow, pick up their school supplies for the coming year. How Long. He authorized the sara dissertation, elf to take the needed amount from his account to get everything the three of how long does them needed.

Seeing Ron about to protest, he explained that they couldn't leave the essay english, house safely, and that Ron's parents could pay him back once the term started. Somewhat mollified, Ron finished breakfast as Dobby collected their lists from the library. So, what are we doing today? Ron asked a bit later as he pushed his plate away and leaned back on his chair. Dunno, really, Harry said. Thesis Does It Take. Standing, he gathered the day essay, dishes and put them in the sink. He wasn't worried about Hermione missing breakfast. When given the how long it take, choice, she usually ate fruit or toast in christmas the morning.

We've been so busy the last couple of weeks that it seems wrong to have nothing to do. As much as I'd like to disagree with you on thesis how long, that, I can't. Standing, Ron took his own dishes to the sink and pulled out his wand. Might as well get these started. As the dishes began to wash and dry themselves, Harry looked on, surprised. Seeing his look, Ron scowled. What? I've seen my Mum do it enough to sara dissertation, know the spell, he grumbled. Yeah, but you never offer to thesis how long does, clean up. Now you see the dangers of christmas day essay boredom, Ron said in mock seriousness.

Come on. Let's get out of how long here before the refrigerator wakes up. Speaking of waking up, I was surprised to see you come down so early. Blame Moody. I rolled over, the sun hit my eyes and I panicked. I was sure the old goat would come bursting in any moment, harping about laziness and after anthesis shooting stinging hexes at thesis does it take me again. Chuckling quietly, they climbed the stairs and went into the library. Looking around, Ron sighed and dropped into an arm chair. We've finished our homework, Dobby's getting our school supplies, all of Moody's books have been read and I'm bored. He looked at sara Harry expectantly. Well?

You're the host. Entertain me. Funny you should say that, Harry replied, his eyes focused and thesis how long it take intent. Uh oh, I know that look, Ron said, sitting up. What are you planning and how much trouble are we going to be in? Scratching an ear, Harry looked out the window and shrugged. I'm not even sure it will work. If it does, no one will realize we did it.

Ah. The best kind of unit trouble making. The kind where we don't get caught. Thesis How Long Does It Take. All right, what is it? I wasn't able to fall asleep last night, so I did some thinking. You remember the summoning charm? The one I used to thesis length, summon my broom during the tournament? he asked as he sat down at the table. Yeah. What about it? My broom was what, a few kilometers away?

That got me thinking about the charm itself and how powerful it could be. That would depend on thesis, the power of the person casting it, wouldn't it? You had enough power to summon your broom pretty far in fourth year. With your blocks removed, the charm's got to after anthesis, be even stronger, now, Ron pointed out. That was my thought. How Long Does It Take. But I'm curious to know how strong and after anthesis what the limitations of the charm are. How Long Does. I mean, what can be summoned with it? Is there anything that can't be summoned? Harry asked.

Anything protected by day essay writing anti-summoning spells, I'd think. Other than that, I couldn't really tell you. How Long Does It Take. I've never read anything about restrictions with the summoning charm. After Anthesis. Hermione might know. She probably would, but I thought maybe we could test it. Test what? Hermione asked as she entered the room, a cup of how long does tea in thesis length her hand. The summoning charm, Ron told her.

Harry's wondering how powerful the spell is and what restrictions, if any, there might be in using it. Restrictions? Well, anti-summoning charms are well known, but most people only use them on items of great value. Some people use them on their wands when they know they're going to does, be fighting. Aurors, for example, almost always have them on their wand holsters, she told them as she sat down. Why? Curiosity, mostly, Harry said with a shrug. Literature For Software Project. Standing, he drew his wand. How about a little test? Hermione's eyes narrowed. What are you planning to summon?

Nothing bad, Harry told her. Nothing worth troubling yourself over. Ron grinned. Thesis. This should be interesting. Raising his wand, he grinned. Accio Dudley Dursley's computer! Harry! Hermione exclaimed.

What are you doing? He shrugged again. Confusing and irritating my relatives? But a computer? Do you know how many muggles are going to for software, see that? she asked. And you know they'll dismiss it. Thesis How Long Does. I mean, a flying computer? They'd be locked up in the nut house if they reported something like that, Harry reminded her. You don't know that, she told him. Besides, the Dursleys will know. What else would explain the computer flying out of the house by itself?

Hmm. I hadn't thought of that. Looking around, he scowled and slipped his wand back in his pocket. It doesn't matter anyway. It obviously didn't work. What's a kompooter? Ron asked, puzzled. As Hermione turned to explain the muggle device, the library window exploded inward, causing all three teens to thesis length, duck for cover and it take draw their wands. So much for the Fidelius charm, Ron muttered into essay subject, the now silent room. He'd landed behind the couch, but wasn't sure where the does, others had ended up. Oh, I think it's still in place, Harry replied quietly from across the room.

Hermione? Are you all right? I'm fine, she said as she stood up from her position behind one of the arm chairs. What happened? Ron wanted to know what a computer was?

Now we can show him, though it's a bit mangled, Harry told her, amused. What are you talking about? she asked as she moved around to get a better view of what he was staring at. Simple. My spell worked. Waving a hand at thesis length the computer on the floor, he grinned. Ron joined him and does looked down at the thing. Not very impressive, he said with a haughty sniff. Harry nudged it with the toe of thesis length his shoe and watched as a bit of plaster dust trickled out thesis how long it take of the air vents. Looks like it went through at least one wall.

What a shame, Ron said. The two looked at each other, then laughed. Scowling at thesis length them for thesis how long does it take a moment, Hermione turned away and looked at the broken glass. After Anthesis. May I suggest opening the window the next time you try something like this? she asked. When they only laughed harder, she repaired the window herself. Idiots. Good thing the how long does it take, bookcase was there or it might have gone through another wall, Ron said, trying to subject english, keep a straight face. Oh, I don't know. Thesis How Long Does It Take. It would have had the added benefit of annoying Kreacher, Harry told him.

Too late, the elf muttered. He stood in breslow dissertation the doorway, holding a tea service and glaring. Sorry, Kreacher. How Long Does It Take. I didn't think the thing through, Harry said, not trying to hide his smile. Grunting, the elf placed the business unit, tray on does it take, the table and repaired the after anthesis, damage to the bookcase, though he left the how long it take, computer where it was. As Applied Business 3 Coursework. With one last, dark look, he popped away. I don't remember asking for thesis how long it take tea, Hermione said as she walked to thesis length, the table.

No one did. Kreacher's been acting more like Dobby lately. It's almost frightening, Harry said as he joined her. Don't let either of them hear you say that, Ron told him. Once they were seated, each with a cup of tea in does it take front of as applied business them, they stared at each other. Well? Hermione asked. Now what? You've proven you could summon an object, something you already knew. Yeah, but the it take, distance was much greater, Ron pointed out. But we already knew Harry was more powerful than he was in fourth year.

We are, too, just not to the same extent. And it didn't answer my question about possible restrictions, Harry added. The computer was just to day essay, annoy my relatives. I still don't know what you mean by restrictions, Hermione said. Simple. Thesis Does. Can I summon something, like a body part, with it? he asked. You can't be serious, she breathed. Harry. He looked at her, his eyes intent.

Remember what we were taught. Essay Subject English. Maim or kill, Hermione. And wouldn't it be better to how long does, do so from a distance? Yes, but that's. Harry, it's disgusting! Yeah, but he's got a point, Ron said quietly.

Would you rather face off with a Death Eater or kill him from a distance? I'd rather not kill anyone! she exclaimed. Seeing their looks, she shook her head. Thesis Length. I know it will probably come down to just that, but using something like this to do it? It just seems so. calculating and cold blooded! Ron's eyes narrowed.

It's exactly that. But isn't it better to how long, do so from a place of day essay writing safety? She worried her bottom lip between her teeth for a few moments. Yes, but. Does It Take. She shuddered. So, what's the next step? Ron asked Harry. Research, I think. Let's find out all we can about the summoning charm, he told them. Research?

That I can do, Hermione said firmly as she stood up. Moving to after anthesis, the library shelves, she began to browse through the books. Why don't you check the books Moody brought you, Harry? I don't remember seeing anything in them on thesis how long it take, the charm, but it wouldn't hurt to look through them, he agreed. What about our old textbooks? Ron asked. No, there's nothing in breslow dissertation them about restrictions, Hermione told him. I've read them enough times that I'd remember.

Nodding, the how long does it take, red-head stood up and my favourite moved to the nearest bookcase. They came up for air several hours later when Dobby brought them lunch. He told them that he'd finished picking up their things for school and had put them in their bedrooms. Grabbing a sandwich from the thesis, tray, Hermione stood up and sara said she'd check their new Charms textbook for information. As she walked out of the room, Ron opened a bottle of butterbeer and how long does leaned back. It looks like your idea might work, he told Harry.

Though I'm not sure Hermione or I have the power to summon something from a distance. Maybe, but if you summoned something in tandem, casting at the same time and for for software development project the same thing, it might work. Possibly, though I've never heard of anything like that. Me either, but it's worth a try. Thesis Does. You could start with something small and nearby and see if it worked.

We can talk to business 3 coursework, Hermione about it later, Ron said as he reached for a sandwich. Does. Either way, it looks like we won't find the answers in a book. Harry frowned down at the sandwich in his hand. No, it doesn't. So maybe we should just try it and literature review for software development see if it works. Ron shrugged. I'm game. But where do you want to start. Internal organs first. Do you mind? I'm eating!

Sorry, Harry said sheepishly. I'll live. Besides, if you're going to go through with this, you might want to how long does, do it while Hermione's upstairs, he said, looking at his lunch forlornly. If it works, I'll only sick the thing up, he muttered as he placed it on his napkin and business unit pushed it away. Standing, Harry sent him an apologetic look and drew his wand. Accio Pettigrew's heart! Ron blanched. Harry, open the window!

Crap. Forgot about that! he said. Rushing to does, the window, he opened and stood back. They waited for as applied business a few tense minutes. When nothing happened, Harry's shoulders slumped. I really wanted that to work, he said quietly. We don't know how far the rat is from us. It might just take a bit of time, Ron told him. Yeah, that's true.

Ron looked at the open window, then down at the food in front of him. Oh, well. If it comes back up, so be it. Reaching for thesis how long does it take his sandwich, he began to eat. Harry joined him a few minutes later. Hermione walked into the library as the sun was beginning to set. There's nothing in the new textbook about any restrictions in the summoning charm, she told them as she sat down and thesis length placed the new book on the table. We think we found one, Harry said. Which book was it in? she asked curiously. It wasn't in a book, Ron explained.

Harry tried to thesis does it take, summon Pettigrew's heart. Hermione gagged. Seeing it, both boys blanched. Don't sick up here! Ron exclaimed. She glared at sara him, then turned to how long does, Harry. You tried to summon an literature for software internal organ? Yeah, but it didn't work. I don't know if the thesis how long it take, spell can reach that far into the body, she told him.

Even if it could, I don't think something like the heart would be strong enough to break out of the chest wall. If the day essay, spell worked, the heart is probably nothing more than a few bloody pieces after being yanked through the ribcage. If that's the case, we'll never know if he's dead, Ron added. Exactly. If you're going to do something like this, you need to make sure you have some sort of proof that your spell did exactly what you wanted it to. And since his heart isn't here, we can assume it didn't, Harry concluded. That would be the thesis how long does it take, safe bet. Assuming the thesis length, spell worked and killed him is a bad idea, Ron said. I guess that means leaving off the thesis does, internal organs.

Shuddering, Hermione stood up. I'm going to get a cup of tea and ask Dobby about dinner. Let's hope he's not serving liver or something. Oh, thank you very much, Hermione, Ron grumbled as she left the room. Way to kill my appetite!

You're welcome, she called back from the hall. Her sense of humor is becoming a bit more twisted than I'd like, he grumbled to Harry. Hey, at least she took your advice and lightened up. The ticking of the clock on the wall grew louder as both boys were lost in thought. After Anthesis. Harry stared out the still open window, and Ron scowled down at the table top.

Wait, Ron said suddenly, causing Harry to jump slightly. Thesis How Long Does. Hermione said, and I agree, that internal organs are a bad idea. But what about something else? Something external? Harry frowned. Summoning their clothes or shoes isn't going to dissertation, stop them from casting a killing curse. The Death Eaters don't strike me as being prone to it take, modesty while dueling. His eyes widened suddenly and thesis length he looked at Ron. But, what if. Well, there's one way to test it, though I think we'll have to modify the idea a bit, Harry said. Modify away, mate, Ron said airily.

Standing, Harry drew his wand and thought for a moment. Thesis. Well, here goes nothing. Keep your fingers crossed. Taking a deep breath, he raised his wand. Accio Snape's Dark Mark! Ron looked at writing Harry incredulously. His Mark? Well, a one armed Potion's Master wouldn't be much. Oh, hell, I could have solved your Potions problem for thesis does you if I'd just summoned his whole arm! Harry exclaimed.

Hey, if this works, you can always fix that, Ron told him. He shook his head. You know, you have a twisted streak in you. I mean, I was thinking of Malfoy's finger or Pettigrew's big toe. But Snape's Dark Mark? If it works, it should be interesting to hear how he explains to his Master why his Mark is gone, Harry said viciously. As the disclaimer pointed out, the crack has begun. Now, you've just had a hint of it here, but I figured a warning was in christmas day essay order. So, is everyone listening? Yes? Good.

Here goes! The background work on how long does, this story has ended, for the most part. The rest of the chapters are crack. Lots of humor, with a few darker moments. The whole point is to trash canon as much as possible and after anthesis make you laugh until your sides split, your keyboards and monitors are ruined because some of you still haven't learned not to drink anything while reading one of thesis how long it take our stories, and your animals no longer trust you, as you keep scaring the hell out of them. If you get yourself fired while reading at work, it's your own fault. You've been warned, so no complaints, dear readers! So, we had a reviewer (Agouraki – you can read it if you want, folks) who reviewed chapter three.

And I do have something to say to him. Thank you so much for the compliment! It's awesome to know that you think our writing about emotions is so realistic. Thanks for the review, and sara breslow have a wonderful day! Hope you enjoyed the chapter, folks! Alyx – who walks away with a bounce in her step and a gleam in her eye,

Free Environmental Studies essays. In this project we are going to thesis how long does it take, discuss the subject ‘light pollution’. We will discuss the following topics: What is light pollution Causes light pollution Effects of light pollution on individual organisms Types of light pollution Effect on astronomy What will happen if all dark places would be gone Solutions. We weren’t familiar with the topic, which made it exciting for us to after anthesis, do. We could actually learn something new, which is the purpose of the project.

We spent a lot of time in the mediatheek looking for information. When we knew something about light pollution, we could start writing. We have spent a lot of time working on our project. We think that we did a good job at doing the project. We do believe that there is a solution to the problem, as long as we all try.

Everything can help, even the smaller things. We hope that you enjoy reading our project and maybe even learned something new. A basic evolutionary fact is that we humans are diurnal (active mainly during the day) species. Humans have eyes that are adapted to living in how long does it take the sun’s light. We have engineered the night to receive us by filling it with artificial light.This engineering is almost the same like damming a river. For Software Project. It has benefits, but also consequences. These consequences are light pollution. Light pollution (aka: photopollution or luminous pollution) occurs at night and is obtrusive (bothering), misdirected, inappropriate, or excessive artificial light.

Components of light pollution are: Urban Sky Glow, which is the brightening of the night sky over inhabited areas; Light Trespass, when light falls where it is not intended or needed to does, fall; Glare, visual discomfort caused by excessive brightness and high levels can decrease visibility.; Clutter, light sources which are bright and excessive. Literature For Software Development. These light sources can be found in over-lit urban areas. It is the brightening of the night sky and it diminishes the view of stars and does it take, planets. Light pollution is pollution caused by misplaced artificial light and literature for software development, reflections such as outdoor light which scatters in the atmosphere and reflects back to the ground. The light allows a fraction of light to go up in thesis does it take the sky. This leads to christmas writing, sky glow.

The particles in the atmosphere, which cause air pollution, accentuate light pollution by increasing the amount of light scatter. It has been proven that around one-third of the energy used for the outdoor lighting is thesis how long does it take, reflected into the outer space, where it is wasted, because it doesn’t serve any useful purpose. For Software. The rate at which urban areas are expanding also plays a big part to does it take, the increase of light pollution. Effects of light pollution on individual organisms. The most common effect of light pollution is that it interferes with biological cycles and activities. With all our artificial light we disrupt our own and dissertation, other organisms sleeping cycles. Thesis How Long Does. This is mainly a big problem with nocturnal species, that wake up at sundown. Because of the sara breslow dissertation, artificial lighting, the how long does, are more exposed to predators so they have less time to dissertation, find food.

Organisms depend on their genes which tell them when they need to wake up or sleep, but with all our artificial lighting this gets mixed up. Humans can experience this when they travel to different time zones, everything is different and your mind and body are confused. A lot of different animals are affected by light pollution. For example, sea turtles are also affected by light pollution from artificial lighting. Thesis How Long It Take. Lights that are turned on at night confuse the unhatched turtles, they may think it’s time to hatch when they shouldn’t. If they hatch to as applied unit 3 coursework, early, or during the wrong part of the how long it take, day, the chances of survival will become a lot smaller. With the artificial lighting by the beaches or on thesis length, the roads, instead of crawling to the sea they might crawl to the roads. Not only reptiles are affected by light pollution, also insects, amphibians, mammals and birds. Insects that are attracted to light like flies will fly around street lights during the night and they will stay in one place, this makes them vulnerable to nocturnal predators. Since they fly around the thesis it take, lights the opportunities to mate are reduced which leads to as applied business, population reduction. Overall the number of insects will be reduced over does, the years.

Amphibians are also affected by after anthesis, light pollution, even if they don’t live in an urban city, because light pollution isn’t only causing problem in the areas with a large amount of thesis it take light, areas around it are also affected. Amphibians get really confused by light pollution because they don’t know when it’s nighttime with all the artificial lighting. Since they eat at night to business unit, avoid predators, they become an easier prey because they don’t know when they need to get food. Also mammals are affected by light pollution, especially nocturnal mammals like bats, coyotes and bats. They are so affected by light pollution because there is too much light at night to find food.

It becomes more difficult to find a breeding site, which leads to less reproduction opportunities, and the population of the species will shrink. Birds that migrate at night rely on the light that is reflected by the moon and stars to find their way through the dark. They get confused and could get stuck in an urban area, because they were caught off their guard by all the thesis how long it take, lights. Breslow. When birds end up in cities there is usually little food and how long, they are more vulnerable to predators or human inventions like cars or trains. Besides all the christmas day essay, organisms that are affected by light pollution, us humans who invented artificial lighting that causes this light pollution are also affected by it. Since we are so advances with technology and other things like that we have found ways so we don’t suffer from light pollution. But we can’t completely solve it with our inventions like curtains. Even our sleeping patterns get mixed up when we travel across time zones. Our natural sleep rhythm get’s affected by how long it take, light pollution too.

Us humans have a hormone called melatonin. This hormone helps us sleep and creates a natural rhythm for sleep. Light pollution and artificial lighting disturbs the natural rhythm and decreases the amount of melatonin in our body. Essay English. Which leads to broken nights and a bad sleeping patterns. If you look at a bigger picture of how light pollution affects organisms, you will see that different organisms are affected in the same ways. They’re biological cycles get mixed up, they have trouble finding out when it’s nighttime.

Also they have a smaller chance of survival because of the light pollution. How Long. All the as applied 3 coursework, consequences to these organisms are bad and disrupt the natural rhythms. Types of thesis it take light pollution. Urban Sky-glow: Sky glow exists in large cities. Literature Review Project. It is the ‘glow’ which you can see over thesis does it take, many cities and towns in literature the evening. Urban Sky Glow is the how long, brightening of the night sky. It is caused when artificial light escapes from misdirected and badly designed light sources into the atmosphere. It is breslow dissertation, scattered by particles (pollen, bacteria, dust, spores, mineral particles) or by water droplets while it travels through the atmosphere.

The light gets reflected and how long, masks the background stars and cases a hazy glow over the night sky. This type of light pollution is a concern to astronomers, because it creates a hazy glow over the night sky. Skyglow makes it hard for astronomers to see anything besides the most luminous stars and planets. Skyglow also caused behavioral disorders in many species of animals. for example; sea turtles and birds, who rely on the night sky for breeding and to find their way. In heavily polluted areas Urban Sky-glow is worse.

It will always exist if the air quality is poor. “Empire State Building Night” – an example of sky glow. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Commons. Clutter: Light clutter is the excessive groupings of light. These groupings of light may cause confusion, distraction from objects, and possibly cause accidents. Review Development. Clutter light pollution is caused by things like street lights, these can be dangerous to the people driving since the drivers can be distracted by these lights. “Las Vegas Strip” by BrendelSignature at English Wikipedia – an how long does example of my favourite english Clutter – Transferred from en.wikipedia to does it take, Commons by Common Good using CommonsHelper.. Thesis Length. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Commons. Glare: Glare is a visual sensation that is cause by excessive and thesis how long it take, uncontrolled brightness. Glare from street-lights, car-yard and security lights can shine directly into literature development, the eyes and cause discomfort.

This makes it hard for the eye to adjust effectively to does it take, changing levels of illumination, so compromising night vision. there are three forms of breslow dissertation glare: Discomfort glare: The sensation of thesis does it take annoyance or pain induced by overly bright sources. This can be caused by any light source that’s bright enough to cause glare. Disability glare: The reduction in visibility caused by intense light sources in the field of business 3 coursework view. This can be caused by any light source that’s bright enough to cause glare. Blinding glare: When there is a light source that’s so bright that it can cause a moment of blindness, the amount of time the blindness lasts depends on thesis how long, the brightness of the light source. Light trespass: Light trespass is unwanted and literature for software development project, uncontrolled light that shines outside the area that it is designated to illuminate. Thesis How Long It Take. It causes discomfort, distraction, annoyance, or a reduction in visibility, and literature for software development, wastes energy and how long does, money. These are several characteristics of nighttime lighting that can cause Light trespass:

Spill light: The light that illuminates surfaces beyond the as applied business, property line. Brightness: The presence of bright sources which are in how long does a person’s field of view which can cause discomfort glare, disability glare or blinding glare. Astronomy is very sensitive to light pollution. Light pollution interferes with our visibility due to my favourite subject, sky glow. Sky glow is unshielded light that is send in all directions.

Sky glow, mostly caused by big cities, makes it hard to see dim objects in the sky at night, such as nebulae, stars and galaxies. How Long. Sky glow reduces the contrast between the sky and between the stars and thesis length, galaxies, which makes it even harder to see dim objects. Astronomers use a broad-band light filters, which reduce the effects of light pollution on astronomy. The broad-band light filters do that by filtering out spectral lines and does, so alter the view of dim objects. The filters help by blocking light from some wavelengths, which modify the colors of the objects. After Anthesis. But the broad-band filters can only thesis does affect certain object types. Writing. They affect nebulae, but have little effect on galaxies and how long it take, stars. The visibility of objects such as nebulae and galaxies is affected more than stars, due to their.

Of course, these broad-band filters can’t stop light pollution affecting astronomy, but they sure help to see even better during the thesis length, night time. What will happen if all dark places are gone? Most of how long it take us live in an area where it is not dark enough for our brains to recognize it as night. Humans and essay subject english, other species have evolved to be in tune with cycles of day and thesis how long does, night, so if we would destroy our night, the following problems will occur everywhere. Light pollution is bad for writing our health, it can cause cancer, so if all the dark places would be gone there would be higher nighttime lighting levels, which will cause a big increase of how long cancer patients. Light pollution is a disturbance to animals, animals are, just like we are, evolved to be in tune with cycles of day and night. If all dark places would be gone, animals would be confused, which can cause their death, for example, a sea turtle hatches her eggs, when the hatchlings go swimming, they use light in the reflected water to find their way home, and because of light pollution on the beach, they will lose their way. Also birds are affected by light pollution, they can get captured by the artificial lightning, fly in circles until they die from exhaustion. Many more animals are affected by light pollution, they become an easy prey for predators which has an unknown effect on the ecosystem. Astronauts and astronomers have already complained that the thesis length, streetlight interferes with their equipment.

If all the dark places would be gone, we could not see anything in space which will stop us from discovering and how long does it take, learning more from space. Light pollution also alters our view of the sky and sara breslow, stars. It is a waste of energy, about thesis does it take, 30 percent of the business unit, nightlight is a waste. The total amount of electrical energy can illuminate over 11 million homes and power over 777.000 cars. It is bad for the environment, this is because out nightlight causes 12 million tons of carbon dioxide to go into the atmosphere which ruins it. Light pollution suppresses a natural occurring radical that cleans the air in thesis the night. Light pollution increases the chemicals for ozone pollution by 5 percent. How can we reduce light pollution? (solutions):

We can reduce the light pollution by, for example save more energy at home, turn off the light that’s not needed, by doing this, we can reduce the light pollution together. Also we can reduce light pollution in bigger amounts, we can cut off a few streetlights and embrace the night. We also can use smarter lighting by, for example using dimmer or timer light, we can also use wavelength light with a red or yellow tint to minimize the impact. We can also reduce excessive lighting, for example the billboards in literature for software project Las Vegas can be turned off or can be made smaller, we can also turn off lights of big buildings, while nobody is doing something, for example a football stadium or the Eiffel Tower. We can also make a special day, when people can use candles instead of how long electricity. We can shield our outdoor lightning too.

One of the after anthesis, most effective solutions would be to shine lights down instead of upwards on streets. In that way we could efficiently use the light, and how long it take, shine it at the place where it is as applied unit, most needed, which is the ground. We should also replace small and poor quality fixtures and get better lighting, so we could use as less as possible but still see enough to thesis it take, walk down the street. Sara Breslow Dissertation. We could also use efficient sources around businesses and houses. Most of the spaces we are in, have enough light from a low wattage light bulb. Does It Take. And when you do need higher wattage light bulbs,you should make sure that the essay my favourite, bulb is shielded, so that no light is wasted. Of course not for does it take everyone making a change is sara, easy, mostly because we all have our personal habits, for example, most people like to have a late night snack or some people have to go to the bathroom in the middle of the thesis it take, night. Even those people can make a change by installing a dimmer so they can use as little light as possible, or they can install a light sensor, so that the light will only go on when you walk passed the sensor.

As you can see, there are a lot of solutions to these problems, but almost nobody does something against light pollution. If we work harder and together, we can reduce light pollution and get the literature, night back. We can make the change together, as long as you are aware of the fact that we are ruining our environment and thesis does, as long as we keep talking about it and spreading the word, we can work towards a safe and healthy environment. There is unit 3 coursework, already a movement called The Dark-Side Movement, which consists of astronomers who try to show people that light pollution is bad and want it to decrease. On this picture you can see how we can reduce light pollution of the thesis, streetlights, if we make all the streetlights like this, light pollution would decrease in a large amount. Beside this, there are many more ways to subject, use light in a better way. Street light schematic. Source: http://www.gizmag.com/led-streetlamp/27246/pictures#5 Street lamp design. Source: http://www.gizmag.com/led-streetlamp/27246/pictures#1.

So, light pollution is the artificial light which is wasted. There are a lot of thesis how long it take bad consequences, but most people have never heard of it and some of the people who do know it, don’t think it’s a big problem, we think this has to 3 coursework, change because it is a very bad thing even though some people say it isn’t. But there are a lot of people that are trying to fight light pollution. They want to protect human health and wildlife. Countries are starting to thesis does, realize the big effects and problems light pollution is causing. They are starting to look for solutions that will make a big difference. Many scientists are trying to find good solutions to this problem. As Applied. If everybody helps to fight light pollution, we can make a big difference together. How Long It Take. We think that it’s not that hard to turn off some lights and business unit 3 coursework, use better lightning. People who care about themselves should care more. Search our thousands of how long does it take essays:

If this essay isn't quite what you're looking for, why not order your own custom Environmental Studies essay, dissertation or piece of coursework that answers your exact question? There are UK writers just like me on hand, waiting to help you. After Anthesis. Each of us is how long does, qualified to a high level in our area of expertise, and sara dissertation, we can write you a fully researched, fully referenced complete original answer to your essay question. Just complete our simple order form and how long does it take, you could have your customised Environmental Studies work in your email box, in as little as 3 hours. This Environmental Studies essay was submitted to us by a student in order to help you with your studies. This page has approximately words. If you use part of after anthesis this page in your own work, you need to provide a citation, as follows: Essay UK, Essay: Light pollution . Available from: http://www.essay.uk.com/essays/environmental-studies/essay-light-pollution/ [03-10-17]. If you are the original author of this content and thesis how long does it take, no longer wish to have it published on our website then please click on the link below to request removal: 08-09-17 - Earthquake forecasting 11-08-17 - Soil management 05-07-17 - Investments in literature development climate change 26-05-17 - Environmental security 23-05-17 - Political ecology 22-05-17 - Liquefied natural gas for maritime transportation 01-05-17 - Quality of water in thesis does it take Witbank 18-02-17 - Potential Environmental Impacts of as applied business unit 3 coursework Textile Waste - Waste management 30-11-16 - Investigation Into Chitosan-Based Coatings Technology. We offer professional custom essay writing, dissertation writing and coursework writing service.

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