Case study of a child with behavioral problems

Argumentative Essay On King Lear Essays and Research Papers. King Lear Essay outline Summative KING LEAR ESSAY OUTLINE . Introduction: Shakespeare’s play King Lear is about a king who has retired his throne to case study problems, what he thought was his two loving daughters. He banished his daughter Cordelia because he felt at the time she did not respect nor love him. This was a complete mistake. Thesis Statements In Mythology. He turns mad after foolishly giving his unloving daughters all the title. King Lear is definitely a tragedy and it is evident this play is a tragedy of parents and children.

Christopher Marlowe , Daughter , Family 568 Words | 3 Pages. Demand Essay : King Lear Warning of King Lear King Lear . written by William Shakespeare presents cautions in the play. Throughout the play, Shakespeare shows his audience the case of a, main message, which is by him warning us to understand the mistakes created by the characters. In King Lear written by essay should William Shakespeare caution is used to study, show the downfall of King Lear and other characters in the play, created by their blindness, their madness, and King Lear’s loss of power, which he had a right to. . Blindness , First Folio , King Lear 835 Words | 3 Pages. KING LEAR ESSAY Question: “The genius of King Lear lies in the universality of the . Example Of Apa Literature Review. themes and issues it portrays.” Discuss. Answer: The brilliance of the play, King Lear , by William Shakespeare, is a universally acknowledged play because of the unanimously known themes and issues it portrays and it uniqueness of it as opposed to other tragedies Shakespeare has written in the past. Child Behavioral Problems. Many of the example literature, themes and values present in the novel are known worldwide such as family values, patriarchal society. Case Study Child Problems. Edmund , Fool , Gender role 2030 Words | 5 Pages. King Lear Essay You are a Year 12 student who has been commissioned to write an introduction to a new . students’ edition of resources problem solving your text. You have been asked to study of a child with problems, discuss both your own contemporary, personal response to of apa review, the text and case problems, also the way that other, different responses demonstrate the text’s enduring impact. Compose your introduction, exploring your personal response to solving, the text and evaluating the text’s reception in other contexts.

Throughout history, different texts have been interpreted. First Folio , King Lear , Peter Brook 1323 Words | 4 Pages. Motifs and symbols are often used to enrich a literary text. Identify one or more symbols, motifs or strands of case child problems imagery and explore the sat technology prompts, role which they play . in King Lear Shakespeare’s plays were written in the Elizabethan era, which profoundly influenced his writing. During the case child with, Elizabethan time, there was the idea that God had set a place for everything in the universe, in hierarchical order. The Elizabethan’s called this, The Great Chain of Being. During this time if someone were to step out. Akira Kurosawa , Edmund , Elizabeth I of example of apa England 1494 Words | 4 Pages. King Lear — Essay (Act III, Scene 2) The Storm in Lear’s life KING LEAR Blow, . Case Study Of A Child Behavioral Problems. winds, and crack your cheeks! rage! blow! You cataracts and thesis statements, hurricanes, spout Till you have drench'd our steeples, drown'd the cocks! You sulphurous and study child with problems, thought-executing fires, Vaunt-couriers to oak-cleaving thunderbolts, Singe my white head!

And thou, all-shaking thunder, Smite flat the thick rotundity o' the world! Crack nature's moulds, and germens spill at essay questions once, That make ingrateful man! . Case Child Problems. . KING LEAR . Thesis. English-language films , King Lear , Nature 1683 Words | 5 Pages. King Lear Essay : Justify your personal view of why Shakespearean drama is part of the English syllabus. The . study of literature, through any medium, is done to further improve a student’s understanding of the values that were prevalent during the context of that era. The works of William Shakespeare explore universal concerns that affect all and therefore his works remain timeless. Shakespeare’s characters all displays the basic faults and follies within human nature. Of A With Behavioral Problems. Through the plays such as. Destiny , English-language films , First Folio 1136 Words | 3 Pages. ?Betrayal King Lear – 40U Essay Rough Copy 2 “You want to believe that there's one relationship in life that's . beyond betrayal.

A relationship that's beyond that kind of hurt, and there isn't.”(Caleb Carr) The progression of humans evolves and transform as a result of the sat technology, choices that are made by us. Of A Child With Behavioral Problems. The theme of betrayal and mcgill form, treachery is evident in everyday works and society. If children feel the need to betray their parents in order to obtain their parents land, money or power, problems arise. Betrayal , Deception , Edmund 1938 Words | 5 Pages. Good Morning Class. Today I will be talking about Shakespeare’s play “ King Lear ”, and how it successfully relates to the modern . Study Of A Child With. world, family relationships and the forcefulness of love, and most importantly the themes of madness and blindness to reinforce the concepts of appearance and reality. The play King Lear examines the concept of appearance and reality. Sat Technology. The issues of of a child with behavioral madness and blindness become powerful symbols reinforcing this central concept.

The two universal themes, madness and blindness. Sat Technology Essay. Family , Fool , Human 1104 Words | 3 Pages. writing the book “ King Lear ” William Shakespeare included many examples of child imagery. Ranging from animals to heaven and hell, . poison and corruption, disease, tempest, sight and blindness, and many more. The first example of imagery is animals. Nearly every character in the play are represented as animals or have animal qualities. The first quote this essay will examine is “there thou mightst behold the great image of authority: a dog’s obeyed in office” (Act 4, Scene 6, Page 7).

King Lear makes a metaphor. Authority , First Folio , King Lear 950 Words | 3 Pages. ?Jaskeran Nijjar Mr. Population. Sondhi ENG4U May 5th 2014 ALS through the eyes of royalty All through the classic play of William Shakespeare's King . Lear , if examined cautiously (use diff word), numerous characteristics from the novel Tuesdays with Morrie can be applied when the two works of case child fiction are compared. To be able to successfully evaluate narrative pieces like King Lear by the side of Tuesdays with Morrie throughout a comparative lens, the individual must consider the literary pieces very closely, keeping. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , King Lear , Life 1372 Words | 5 Pages. KING LEAR DRAMATIZATION REFLECTIVE ESSAY . Solving. According to case with problems, the Oxford dictionary, drama is a play for theatre, radio . or television which has exciting, emotional or unexpected emotional circumstances. Thesis Evaluation Form. Drama is the form of case study of a child with problems act that communicates ideas through actions and speeches. For this second semester, we, TESL 1 students need to stage a drama entitled King Lear for our English Studies coursework. Me as part of our class’ drama team members, One Adrenalin is essay obama be re-elected very thankful and proud for the knowledge.

Actor , Drama , Heroic drama 1149 Words | 3 Pages. Throughout “ King Lear ” nature is holds different meanings that have major significance to the theme of the play. Characters speak . to it as though it’s a personified entity; they refer to case of a child with behavioral, the celestial objects in the heavens above and on why should, even to that of animals of the Earth. When the characters speak to nature, they do it as a means of justifying their intentions or previous actions, and also as a means of invoking it in some form. Nature is also used to describe the child, disposition of a character and the. Thesis In Mythology. Edmund , King Lear , Meaning of life 1982 Words | 5 Pages. Study Of A With Behavioral. Edmund is a manipulative and deceitful character who contributes to thesis, the outcome of King Lear Many characters can . contribute to the events of a story in several ways. In the play, King Lear , written by William Shakespeare, several situations are presented which leads the audience to conclude that Edmund is a manipulative and deceitful character, whose actions contribute to the outcome of study child behavioral problems King Lear’s death. Edmunds plans to steal land and problem solving, legitimacy by manipulating his father, Gloucester. Betrayal , Deception , Edmund 1200 Words | 4 Pages. tragedy, “ King Lear ”, was written in Jacobean times (1606) yet set in an ancient Britain approximately 750 years earlier. It . Study Of A Behavioral Problems. conveys, through Shakespeare stagecraft and dramatic language, how the intense relationships which emerge from a monarchical society can become confused and damaged.

The eponymous King Lear and his connections with his youngest daughters, Cordelia, and court Jester, the essay be re-elected, fool, are dramatized effectively to case of a child with behavioral, entrance audience throughout the centuries, as this essay will now discuss. Evaluation Form. Edward Bond , English-language films , Fool 1005 Words | 3 Pages. ?Tav Luthra Ms. Keatings ENG 4U0-C July 22nd 2014 The Faults in Society: The Patriarchal Approach to King Lear Over time, . society has altered the case of a child with, attitudes towards various stereotypes; however, the stigmas placed on the roles of literature review women remain undisturbed. King Lear by case study child behavioral William Shakespeare illustrates the cunning capabilities of women against their supposed loved ones. Ultimately, their schemes are revealed and the female characters’ plans are exposed and consequently dealt with in example literature review, extreme measures. Family , Female , Gender 1954 Words | 8 Pages. Essay on study of a behavioral problems, Blindness in King Lear William Shakespeare's King Lear incorporates many . themes, some which are even a recurring pattern throughout the play.

The matter of vision and insight, or even the lack of it, is an important theme in this play. Thesis Statements. This theme is elegantly rendered through the study of a with behavioral, characters of King Lear and Gloucester. The lack of insight or blindness in this play is of apa literature quite symbolic. Case Study Child Problems. Blindness is most often defined as physically lacking deficient in the ability to see. Essay. In the case of King. Study Behavioral. Blindness , Edmund , Ian McKellen 1069 Words | 3 Pages. ? King Lear was written by Shakespeare which is the one of his great tragedies that portrays human suffering and . redemption through the experiences of the thesis statements, play’s major characters ; King Lear and case behavioral problems, Gloucester.

All tragedies that Shakespeare wrote have a tragic hero and each of them has a tragic flaw. The play focuses on the suffering emerged out of the circumstances where attempted to occur within the family, between father and daughter and also among siblings. The suffering is caused by. Core issues in ethics , Evil , Good and evil 2141 Words | 11 Pages. What part does deception of one kind or another play in essay prompts, Shakespeare’s King Lear ? King Lear is case child problems a . fictional tragedy written by William Shakespeare in 1604. Sat Technology Essay. The play provides a detailed description of the consequences of study child with behavioral one man’s actions. Example Literature Review. Shakespeare displays deception as an child with act to cause someone to believe something that is untrue, or to mislead. There are five primary forms of deception that are displayed in King Lear : Lies, equivocations, concealments, exaggerations and understatements. Through. Deception , First Folio , King Lear 1096 Words | 4 Pages. Attempting to essay, further his glory, King Lear actually destroys his reputation and case study child with problems, authority and, upon population questions, realizing he has brought . Case Of A With Behavioral Problems. this devastation upon himself, inflicts punishment upon himself.

However, the essay, tragedy is truly established when the audience finds a reflection of themselves in King Lear and, despite the tragic downfall, Lear finds a victory in study of a child problems, his defeat when he comes into a purer understanding of the world and his true self. Mcgill Thesis. Lear endures an case of a behavioral extended storm that forces him to redefine. Audience , Ian McKellen , King Lear 953 Words | 3 Pages. Primary Resources. The Kite Runner and King Lear Comparative Essay. The Kite Runner and King Lear Comparative Essay Families play a large role in our world. Sometimes families keep . you together but at other times they can tear you apart. Study Of A With Behavioral Problems. The subject of family is a major theme in Khaled Hosseini's extraordinary novel, The Kite Runner and Shakespeare’s well-known tragedy, King Lear . In both of thesis evaluation form these writings, family is a constant theme that occurs throughout both works of literature. Family relationship is often expressed through the actions of the case child behavioral problems, characters and. 2003 in literature , A Thousand Splendid Suns , Family 953 Words | 3 Pages. ? King Lear - Self Reflection More than anything else, journeys are about the challenge of self- reflection. A man's journey to population, . self-reflection is case child problems inevitably difficult.

One will not become completely self-aware until he is able to see the world clearly. Population. This un-blinding will only occur once the person has endured the pains associated with finding oneself. This idea is evident in the tragedy King Lear , by William Shakespeare. Of A. Both King Lear himself, as well as Gloucester are deceived and undergo an. Acts of the Apostles , Edmund , Fool 945 Words | 3 Pages. ? Lear ( King Lear ) From King Lear . Ed. Resources Problem. Henry Norman Hudson. New York: Ginn and Co., . 1911.

Lear is perhaps Shakespeare's finest creation in study with problems, what may be called the art of historical perspective. The old king speaks out from a large fund of vanishing recollections, and in his present we have the odor and efficacy of statements in mythology a remote and varied past. The play forecasts and prepares, from the outset, that superb intellectual ruin where we have matter and impertinency mix'd, reason in madness; the earlier. Ian McKellen , King Lear , Mind 2151 Words | 6 Pages. The King The play King Lear and the movie King Lear both shared . many similarities. Case Child Behavioral Problems. They both told the story about the aging King of Britain and his fall from glory. The movie I watched was named King Lear and was directed by Trevor Nunn. The person who played King Lear was Ian McKellen.

In both of these stories Lear was the King of Britain and both the movie and the play start off with him getting ready to retire and solving, pass down his kingdom. King Lear was a powerful king and also. English-language films , Ian McKellen , King Lear 1294 Words | 3 Pages. Compare and Contrast Essay on King Lear and Macbeth. Case Child Problems. life time, some of essay on why them included various tragedies which included King Lear and Macbeth. All of Shakespeare’s plays had a theme . which was used to help the story’s plot to advance further, making events much more interesting. Study With Problems. King Lear and Macbeth both have a common theme of thesis statements madness that is apparent throughout the play which has been depicted differently. They are both written in different ways but still share a same purpose. The essay will be broken down into three parts; firstly we will look at the. First Folio , Judi Dench , King Duncan 912 Words | 3 Pages. ? Is this the Promised End?” King Lear and The Tempest Tragedies and case study with behavioral problems, comedies tend to be widely dismissed by . Essay. contemporary critics as completely separate entities of work; two distinct genres that categorize an ideological oeuvre unrelated to one another. However, in the realm of William Shakespeare, key similarities exhibited between a comedy and tragedy, particularly those described in case, King Lear and The Tempest, prove to transcend genre limitations due to the distinguished vision presented. First Folio , Hamlet , King Lear 1906 Words | 11 Pages.

15 January 2011 True Love in King Lear The researcher will try to expose that feelings are not shown with words but . with actions. Statements. No one can deny that true love between a father and a daughter is behavioral problems something really wonderful. In King Lear , the King's youngest daughter, Cordelia, gives us the real meaning of love from of apa literature daughter to a father. The reader will understand that by comparing the of a child with, words she said when her father asked her to profess her love to him and she answered simply I love. 2006 singles , 2007 films , Affection 1569 Words | 5 Pages. King Lear and Dementia: A Physical and Emotion Struggle The opening scene of King Lear begins to . show the unhealthy state that King Lear is in, when it portrays Lear separating his kingdom and giving it to his daughters based on how much they love him. Lear bans his most prized daughter, Cordelia from the kingdom and population, leaves her with nothing only because she was honest with her response, which begins to show his state of case of a with problems senselessness. Lear demonstrates his mental illness throughout various scenes. English-language films , Ian McKellen , King Lear 1290 Words | 4 Pages. ? King Lear : Clothing Imagery Hamza,Saharded,Younes,Deion Learning Objective In King . Lear the role of clothing is a recurrent image that Shakespeare uses to underscore certain themes in obama should, the play. Discussion Questions -Do clothes have an influence on the weares mindset? use examples from the book or personal experiences - Does clothing imagery still have a role in modern society? Explain -How does examples from King Lear connect with modern society? -How does using.

Clothing , Fool , King Lear 1250 Words | 5 Pages. In Act 1, Scene 1 Kent says, See better, Lear . How does Lear ?see' more clearly by Act V Scene 3, and what has led him to . this? King Lear of Britain, the ageing protagonist in Shakespeare's tragic play undergoes radical change as a man, father and king as the plot progresses when forced to bear the repercussions of his actions. Lear is with problems initially portrayed as being an egotistical ruler, relying on protestations of love from his daughters to apportion his kingdom. Lear's tragic flaw is the. Daughter , Fool , Historia Regum Britanniae 1775 Words | 5 Pages. KING LEAR CHAOS VS ORDER SCRIPT Purpose Person #1: In order to fully understand the play King Lear . you must understand the topic of Chaos and Order. Chaos is a condition or place of great disorder or confusion, and order is the opposite mcgill thesis form, and in the play is the established system of social organization. Now that you know the general definitions and case study of a with behavioral problems, ideas of chaos and order it will be easier for population questions, you to understand situations in study child with problems, the play where this topic is presented. Person #2: For example throughout. Chaos theory , Critic , English-language films 1680 Words | 5 Pages.

Mohamud CC: ENG 4U Teacher: Harleen Banga Date: Aug, 23, 13 King Lear : Parallel Plots William Shakespeare wrote . one of his tragedies, ‘ King Lear ,’ a play which focuses on the betrayal within families and mcgill thesis form, the effects it has on those surrounded – whether they be direct family members or just people who have been associated alongside them for a very long time. Whilst the play is study of a with problems set within the context of a king , his earls, his daughters and in mythology, the sons of the earls and a looming. Character , Daughter , Family 829 Words | 5 Pages. King Lear : To be the of a child behavioral problems, Cause of prompts One’s Own Tragedy Robert Silverstein Grade 12 English, ENG4U . Mr. Fuller July 10th, 2009 To be the Cause of One’s Own Tragedy William Shakespeare’s tragic works are notably characterized by the hamartia of their protagonists. This tragic flaw is a defect in study of a child with behavioral problems, character that brings about an error in thesis form, action, eventually leading to study with behavioral problems, the characters imminent downfall.

In Shakespeare’s King Lear , written in 1606, the King’s. Anagnorisis , Evidence , King Lear 1159 Words | 4 Pages. in a social anarchy. Statements In Mythology. The final destruction within the older of case study of a child with divinity, king lear’s decision to step down before his time. The evidence of . Statements. old personal order destruction becomes clear when he hand down his power by diving his kingdom, he hands power to those who are plotting against case study of a child behavioral, him. i “Meantime we shall express our darker purpose. Give me the map there. Know that we have divided?In three our kingdom” (1.2) . Statements. king Lear is blinded by study child with behavioral problems manipulative personalities of obama should his two daughter’s Regan and. Daughter , English-language films , Family 994 Words | 3 Pages.

5thth February 2014 King Lear as a tragic hero. “The little . dogs and all, Tray, Blanch and Sweetheart – see, they bark at me.” When a king finds himself to be in such a position that even the dogs bark at child problems him seeing his distresses, you can easily understand the tempestuous situation of his mind. King Lear is tragedy of example emotions where we find a mighty king disclaiming his youngest daughter. Anagnorisis , English-language films , John Hurt 1275 Words | 2 Pages. Case Study Of A Child With Behavioral Problems. Shakespeare’s King Lear is a Jacobean play that explores numerous themes of destruction, loyalty and natural law that were so . prominent in his context. In the play Gloucester has a bastard son whose character reflects his immoral conception and essay be re-elected, who actively resents the limitations of his birth. While Jacobean England was undergoing numerous social changes because of case with behavioral problems factors such as increased trade, greater education and a forming middle class, Edmund represents the limitations in social mobility. Sat Technology. Edmund , Fool , King Lear 1080 Words | 3 Pages. Throughout King Lear , Shakespeare combines many ideas, and techniques in order to allow the reader to case child with, fully understand the on why obama should, morals . Study Of A With Behavioral. behind the main themes, Sight and blindness.

This is essay on why obama should achieved by integrating techniques which stem from the child, central plot in thesis statements in mythology, order to add and explain additional ideas and devices such as deception, and inversion. Case Study Of A Child With. Sight and blindness are common theme’s that are found continuously throughout the text, in order to example, convey the mindset of characters, specifically Lear . Both deception. Acts of the Apostles , Deception , Fool 1240 Words | 3 Pages. compassion is essential to all civilized human life. Throughout William Shakespeare’s play, King Lear , a clear demonstration that . the absence of mercy leads to case of a child problems, the downfall of kingdoms and of relationships is sat technology prompts apparent through the following: firstly, insufficient mercy leads to disparaging relationships and the downfall of kingdoms; secondly, Cordelia shows mercy towards her father, King Lear after Lear casts her out of the kingdom when she does not heed to his ego thus demonstrating the restoration. Demonstration , Edmund , First Folio 984 Words | 4 Pages. ? King Lear In King Lear , William Shakespeare introduces the of a child behavioral, theme of madness. He illustrates . that the act of being mad is what drives people foolish through the use of the motifs madness and foolishness. The play starts off with King Lear dividing his kingdom into his three daughters Goneril, Regan, and Cordelia and by testing their love. Thesis Form. When Cordelia doesn’t tell him what he wants to hear, Lear gets mad and everyone and problems, everything goes downhill.

In Josephine Waters Bennett’s work, “The. First Folio , King Lear , London 992 Words | 3 Pages. How far is example of apa review King Lear a tragedy without any redeeming features? ‘ King Lear ’ is a well known tragic . Of A. play due to the flaws present in the King , the two evil daughters whom crave power, the torturous acts and number of deaths provided at the end of the play. However, in many viewers eyes, ‘ King Lear ’ offers redemption greatly due to its tragic plot and sat technology, sub-plot, its not entirely a play where redemption isn’t present. The main plot we follow in ‘ King Lear ’ is Lear himself facing the traumatising. Character , Drama , King Lear 1171 Words | 3 Pages. King Lear is widely regarded as Shakespeare's crowning artistic achievement. The scenes in which a mad Lear rages . naked on study of a child with, a stormy heath against primary solving, his deceitful daughters and nature itself are considered by many scholars to be the finest example of tragic lyricism in case study of a child with, the English language. Shakespeare took his main plot line of an aged monarch abused by his children from a folk tale that appeared first in written form in the 12th century and mcgill form, was based on case behavioral, spoken stories that originated much further. Fairy tale , Human condition , Human nature 1668 Words | 4 Pages. ?Alexi ********* Ms. ******** ENG 4U 14 November 2013 The Untrustworthiness of Language in “ King Lear ” Language is an . essential part of communication in relationships and example of apa literature review, manipulation of people and situations.

Using language to manipulate someone is case study child behavioral problems a deadly skill and drives the example of apa review, story King Lear . King Lear let his two eldest daughters deceive him. Goneril and Regan lied to case study child with behavioral, their father for personal gain, while Cordelia, the youngest daughter, stumbled on her words of love that she did not. Communication , Edmund , King Lear 1672 Words | 5 Pages. of feminism”. When female turn against male by challenging their authorities and harm male-dominated society, hatred between two genders unluckily grow . stronger, and therefore cost the sat technology prompts, characters' tragic downfall. The feminist lens is reflected in King Lear's three daughters, as they fight for authority and love. The stereotype guide women as weak, emotional, taking order and serve men, while men should be strong, fearless, and child with, powerful enough to control over women.

Nevertheless, through out sat technology prompts the. Elizabethan era , Female , Gender 2054 Words | 6 Pages. significant flaws. The way those flaws play a part in the character’s life is case study of a child behavioral problems what sets them apart. The misguided actions and flaws of a character eventually . lead to sat technology essay prompts, their demise. Shakespeare's tragedy King Lear is a detailed description of the case child problems, consequences of one man's poor decisions. Questions. The man is Lear , King of England, whose decision to divide his kingdom based on which of his children most love him greatly alter his life and case of a child with behavioral, the lives of thesis those around him.

Shakespeare shows us how one flaw in an otherwise. Archetypal literary criticism , English-language films , King Lear 956 Words | 3 Pages. William Shakespeare’s King Lear is a timeless play whose textual integrity lends itself to a variety of interpretations and in case child behavioral, . exploring the human condition the text remains relevant across a wide range of resources contexts. It is possible to present the text as exploring and affirming the human condition, where humanity is defined as the case of a behavioral, ability to love and empathise. Primary Resources Solving. However, in case behavioral, the same instance, a nihilist perspective, such as Peter Brooke’s 1971 production of King Lear , challenges this by outlining that. Human condition , Human nature , King Lear 1057 Words | 3 Pages. King Lear Essay Although some critics may debate and argue against this statement, I strongly stand by my . Primary. belief that there is no justice in the play King Lear . Whether it be Cordelia's banishment, Gloucester's torture, or Lear's insanity, no character in this play is shown mercy. Then again, perhaps this is why William Shakespeare's works are called tragedies. Case Study Of A With Behavioral Problems. Throughout his entire writing career, Shakespeare has been known to essay on why obama should, end all of his tragedies with death, injustice, and dramatic irony. Edmund , Ian McKellen , King Lear 885 Words | 3 Pages.

Losing to Gain In Shakespeare’s play, King Lear , Lear and Gloucester, the two main characters lose a part of case study child behavioral . their identity. During this process, they also gain a new learning experience. When Lear and Gloucester lose a family member, they come to learn who it was that really loved them. Lear and Gloucester also lose their wealth and on why, material things, and in turn learn lessons about appreciation, humility and equality. Lastly, When Lear and Gloucester lose some form of health; they begin to. Edmund , Fool , John Gielgud 1466 Words | 4 Pages. Nature is God William Shakespeare’s King Lear is entropic and it’s deliberately meant to represent disorder throughout the . play.

King Lear is prominent for its great storm that appears in Act 3 scene 2. Of A Child Behavioral Problems. To recognize the significance of the storm scene one must initially value the magnitude of thesis in mythology Nature. With Behavioral. Nature is ultimately the foundation of the whole play. Consequently, nature is a social construct. King Lear implores the question “what is Nature?” In the population, broadest sense, Nature refers to life in. First Folio , King Lear , Raphael Holinshed 970 Words | 3 Pages. Justice Versus Mercy - King Lear The struggle to live a life that balances justice and mercy dates back to the beginning of study child problems . Essay Should Be Re-elected. human civilization. Ever since we developed the ability to document our thoughts and case child with problems, ideas, we have written about the need to make people pay for their actions, or grant them forgiveness for essay should be re-elected, their mistakes. Although both are essential to human civilization, I will make the point in this essay that mercy must take precedence over justice if we wish to prosper.

Shakespeare. Justice , King Lear , Law 838 Words | 3 Pages. ?William Shakespeare play: King Lear “I have always found that mercy bears richer fruits than strict justice “by Abraham . Lincoln. Many people believed that if society wanted to continue to live in an orderly and supportive world, then mercy was essentially required. There must be key qualifications one must possess in order to achieve in having mercy. Firstly, kindness was a key quality in showing mercy as it can restore even the severely broken relationships between people. Secondly.

Ethics in religion , Forgiveness , King Lear 1692 Words | 4 Pages. ? Essay Lay Out Introduction William Shakespeare’s play King Lear is one of his most famous and of a child with problems, popular tragedies. Evaluation. . Part of what makes King Lear so interesting is that it was written between 1603 and 1606, it has been critiqued throughout history and, yet, still remains relevant to modern day society. Dealing with themes of human nature, King Lear can be literarily analysed through many lenses to allow its critics to case study child behavioral, reflect upon the stereotypes and social norms of their own culture. Essay On Why Obama Should. Critics can particularly. Female , Gender , Gender role 1724 Words | 4 Pages. Case Of A Child With Behavioral. Stephanie Manova 3R, King Lear Essay In Shakespeare’s King Lear , emotional sight is . Prompts. not dependent on physical sight, for many characters are blinded by their own egos and ambitions to see the of a child with, actual truth. Shakespeare even goes as far as inserting a literal metaphor for sight by making Gloucester finally realize the truth, only resources when his physical vision is removed. Although this example is most obvious, the case study of a child behavioral problems, theme reoccurs throughout the play.

It is not until Lear’s prestige is taken away from him. Blindness , Edmund , English-language films 951 Words | 3 Pages. The Tragedy of King Lear by sat technology essay William Shakespeare is case child problems founded on the theme of Nature portrayed throughout the play from Lear’s . kingship to personal human relations, from representations of the physical world to notions of the gods, from the portrayal of human nature to the use of animal imagery. Nature is the core of the play King Lear . Shakespeare’s take on nature is ambiguous thus he portrays the two extremes of human condition: good and evil. Sat Technology. Through his characters, he asserts that humans are neither. Case Study Child Behavioral. Edmund , Human nature , King Lear 1869 Words | 5 Pages. ?“In King Lear good does not vanquish evil: it is evil that destroys itself” Shakespeare’s tragedy “ King . Lear ” discusses many notions the most important being the relationship between good and evil and the constant battle of the opposites; their dependency and the origin of wickedness, as well as the fact that something good can never “destroy” anything all play a key role in the question of if it is evil that destroys itself.

The following essay will deliberate these ideas and compare good and. Core issues in ethics , English-language films , Evil 1275 Words | 3 Pages. case of Chris Brown and Rihanna, some people may think that Chris Brown’s punishment is not just. But based on divine justice his punishment will come in due . Thesis Statements. time. Study Of A Child With Behavioral. You cannot always rely on the courts or those that are considered the mcgill form, “crown” like King Lear , to intervene and study child with behavioral, ensure proper consequences. Sat Technology Prompts. In Chris Brown’s case he is case study of a child still enduring his punishment, he has been shunned publicly, badgered constantly, lost fans, lost money, and on a downward spiral, the statements in mythology, courts could not have caused this. This. Study Of A Child With Behavioral Problems. Core issues in ethics , Crime , Evil 1284 Words | 3 Pages. King Lear: Self Inflicted Tragedies. Critical Essay 11/26/12 King Lear : Self-Inflicted Tragedies King Lear , written by . William Shakespeare, tells of the thesis form, tragedies the old king experiences.

Lear loses his kingdom, is betrayed by his daughters, loses his pride and dignity, and loses the one daughter who truly loves him. Study Of A Child. All of these events could have been easily avoided. The tragedies that King Lear experience are of his own devices. Every event listed above are consequences of Lear’s own views, decisions, and actions. King Lear.

Fool , I Am the Walrus , Ian Holm 980 Words | 3 Pages. Disruption of Order in King Lear and the Causes. [kingdom] in chaos (Bartelby.com). In Shakespeare's tragic play, King Lear , the audience witnesses to the devastation of a great . kingdom. Disorder engulfs the land once Lear transfers his power to his daughters, but as the great American writer, A.C. Bradley said, The ultimate power in the tragic world is a moral order (Shakespearean Tragedy). By examining the concept of order versus disorder in the setting, plot, and the character King Lear , Bradley's idea of moral order is clearly demonstrated by the. Primary Solving. Character , Good and evil , Ian McKellen 1406 Words | 4 Pages. Comparative Essay on King Lear and case child with, The Sealed Letter.

ENG 4U1 July 17th, 2013 Self-Actualization in King Lear and The Sealed Letter Musicians must make music, artists must paint, . poets must write if they are to questions, be ultimately at peace with themselves. What human beings can be, they must be. They must be true to their own nature. This need we may call self-actualization.” As Abraham Maslow best described in other words, you cannot find happiness without being your true self. When met with obstacles in life, self-actualization transforms you for the. King Lear , Marriage , Maslow's hierarchy of needs 1446 Words | 4 Pages.

King Lear essay, exploring the case of a child behavioral problems, notion of hope. Statements In Mythology. effects of King Lear , evaluate the view that despite the appalling suffering, the world of the study child, play is not without hope.” In . the world of King Lear , being a shakespearean tragedy, suffering, loss, and injustice are all factors often expected before an audience enters the bottomless pit of complicated characters, varying agendas, and Shakespearean english these productions usually employed. However, despite its melancholy undertone and lack of mcgill form warmer lighting gels on stage, King Lear is not without. Early Modern English , Fool , Irony 999 Words | 3 Pages. ?A Quick Note Before You Begin Argumentative essays are also commonly known as persuasive essays . However, there . are some differences between the two even if they’re commonly considered to be the same. Persuasive essays are short, around five to six paragraphs. They usually focus on case child, your side with occasionally one paragraph devoted to the opposing side. Obama Should Be Re-elected. Persuasive essays focus more on study with behavioral, the emotions of the reader.

Argumentative essays are usually longer in length, ranging from as little as five paragraphs. Conclusion , Debut albums , Essay 863 Words | 4 Pages.

Should essays and with behavioral, other “open-ended”-type questions retain a place in written summative assessment in population essay, clinical medicine? © Hift; licensee BioMed Central. 2014. Published: 28 November 2014. Written assessments fall into two classes: constructed-response or open-ended questions, such as the essay and a number of of a child with behavioral variants of the primary resources problem solving, short-answer question, and selected-response or closed-ended questions; typically in case child behavioral problems, the form of multiple-choice. It is prompts, widely believed that constructed response written questions test higher order cognitive processes in a manner that multiple-choice questions cannot, and consequently have higher validity.

An extensive review of the literature suggests that in summative assessment neither premise is evidence-based. Well-structured open-ended and multiple-choice questions appear equivalent in their ability to study of a behavioral assess higher cognitive functions, and performance in multiple-choice assessments may correlate more highly than the open-ended format with competence demonstrated in clinical practice following graduation. Studies of construct validity suggest that both formats measure essentially the same dimension, at least in on why should be re-elected, mathematics, the physical sciences, biology and medicine. Case Study Child? The persistence of the open-ended format in summative assessment may be due to the intuitive appeal of the belief that synthesising an answer to an open-ended question must be both more cognitively taxing and example of apa review, similar to actual experience than is selecting a correct response. I suggest that cognitive-constructivist learning theory would predict that a well-constructed context-rich multiple-choice item represents a complex problem-solving exercise which activates a sequence of cognitive processes which closely parallel those required in clinical practice, hence explaining the high validity of the multiple-choice format. The evidence does not support the proposition that the open-ended assessment format is superior to the multiple-choice format, at least in exit-level summative assessment, in terms of either its ability to test higher-order cognitive functioning or its validity. This is explicable using a theory of mental models, which might predict that the multiple-choice format will have higher validity, a statement for which some empiric support exists.

Given the study child with behavioral, superior reliability and literature, cost-effectiveness of the multiple-choice format consideration should be given to study child behavioral phasing out open-ended format questions in summative assessment. Whether the same applies to non-exit-level assessment and formative assessment is a question which remains to be answered; particularly in terms of the educational effect of essay obama be re-elected testing, an area which deserves intensive study. Learning and the stimulation of learning by assessment. Modern definitions of learning, such as that attributed to Siemens: “Learning is a continual process in which knowledge is transformed into case study child with problems, something of meaning through connections between sources of information and the formation of useful patterns, which generally results in something that can be acted upon appropriately, in a contextually aware manner” [ 1 ],[ 2 ] essentially stress two points: firstly, that learning requires a much deeper, effortful and purposeful engagement with the material to be learned than the acquisition of factual knowledge alone; secondly, that learned knowledge does not exist in a vacuum; its existence is inferred from a change in the learner’s behaviour. This has led transfer theorists to postulate that knowledge transfer is the basis of all learning, since learning can only be recognised by observing the essay questions, learner's ability to display that learning later [ 3 ],[ 4 ]. It is now generally accepted that all cognition is built on domain-specific knowledge [ 5 ]. Content-light learning does not support the ability to transfer knowledge to case study of a child new situations and a comprehensive store of population essay declarative or factual knowledge appears essential for transfer [ 4 ]. Furthermore, a high order of understanding and contextualization must accompany the declarative knowledge if it is to be successfully applied later. Where transfer – in other words, the successful application of knowledge to new situations – has been shown, the common factor appears to be deep learning, and the abstraction of general principles [ 6 ]-[ 8 ]. Miller’s pyramid of assessment of clinical skills, competence and performance [ [ 15 ] ].

Assessment is central to case of a with the educational process, and has benefits beyond that of measuring knowledge and competence alone; principally in directing and stimulating learning, and in providing feedback to teachers and learners [ 17 ]. Example Literature Review? Recent research supports a critical role for case behavioral assessment in consolidating learning, and primary resources, strengthening and case study child with problems, facilitating memorisation and recall. There is accumulating evidence that the process of stimulating recall through testing enhances learning and retention of learned material. This has been termed the testing effect , and essay prompts, several hypotheses have been put forward to with problems explain it, including increased cognitive effort, conceptual and thesis, semantic processing, and increased attention to case study behavioral the properties distinguishing the learnt item from similar items, which strengthens the relationship between the cue which triggers the memory and the memory item itself [ 18 ],[ 19 ]. Literature Review? It appears to be principally the act of retrieving information from memory which strengthens knowledge and knowledge retention [ 20 ],[ 21 ], irrespective of whether retrievable is covert or overt [ 22 ]. Importantly, high-level questions appear to stimulate deeper conceptual learning and better learning retention then those pitched at a lower level [ 23 ]. A number of strategies have been proposed to exploit this in study of a behavioral problems, educational practice, including those recently summarised for use in medical education [ 24 ]. This is in essay obama, a sense related to the “generation effect”, where it has been shown that spontaneously generating information as opposed to learning it passively improves subsequent recall [ 18 ],[ 19 ]. Assessment in case child behavioral problems, educational practice. It is accepted that standards of population essay assessment are inherently variable. There is therefore an obligation, in summative assessment, to ensure that assessment meets certain minimum criteria [ 25 ]. Achieving this in the individual instance is challenging, given the wide range of skills and case study, knowledge to be assessed, marked variation in the knowledge of assessment of those who must assess and the highly variable environments in which the resources problem solving, assessment takes place. There is study with behavioral, now an extensive literature on assessment, in terms of research, guidelines and sat technology essay prompts, recommendations [ 26 ],[ 27 ]. Importantly, modern approaches recognise that no single form of assessment is suitable for case of a problems every purpose, and stressed the sat technology essay prompts, need for programmatic assessment , which explicitly recognises that assessment is best served by a careful combination of a range of instruments matched to a particular purpose at each stage of the learning cycle, such as for formative, diagnostic or summative purposes [ 25 ],[ 26 ],[ 28 ]. Despite the proliferation of assessment methodologies which attempt to test the competence of medical students directly, such as OSCE, OSPE, case-based assessment, mini-CEX and workplace-based assessment, written assessments remain in widespread use. Study Of A Child Behavioral Problems? Much of the knowledge base required by essay, the clinician is not necessarily testable in the performance format.

Additionally, in case study child behavioral problems, comparison with most practical assessment formats, written tests are easier to organize and deliver, requiring little more than pen and paper or a computer, a venue, question setters and markers who need not be physically present. In general, all forms of written assessment may be placed into one of two categories. Constructed response or open-ended questions include a variety of written formats in which the student is required to generate an sat technology essay prompts, answer spontaneously in response to a question. The prototypical example is the essay. There are many variants including short answer questions (SAQ), mini-essay questions, single-word and single-sentence questions and the modified essay question (MEQ). The selected-response or closed-ended format is typified by the multiple-choice question (MCQ) assessment, where candidates select the most appropriate answer from a list of options rather than generating an answer spontaneously. Study Of A? Many variants of the multiple-choice format have been used: current best practice recommends the essay on why should be re-elected, use of one-best-answer (of three, four or five possible answers), and extended matching item (EMI) formats [ 29 ]. In this debate I shall use the term open-ended when referring to the constructed-response format, and multiple-choice as a synonym for the selected-response format.

All high-stakes assessments should meet an adequate standard in terms of case child problems quality and fairness, as measured by example of apa, a number of parameters, summarised recently in a consensus statement [ 30 ]. Principal among these are the classic psychometric parameters of reproducibility (reliability or consistency; that a result would not essentially change with retesting under similar conditions), and child behavioral, validity or coherence, which I describe in thesis statements in mythology, detail below. Other important measures by case study child with behavioral, which assessments should be judged are equivalence (assessments administered at different institutions or during different testing cycles produce comparable outcomes), feasibility (particularly in terms of efficiency and cost effectiveness), educational effect (the student who takes the assessment is thereby motivated to undertake appropriate learning), catalytic effect (the assessment provides outcomes that, when fed back into the educational programme, result in better teaching and learning) and of apa literature review, acceptability to both teachers and learners. It is study child with behavioral problems, generally accepted that the thesis statements in mythology, multiple-choice format, in contrast to of a child the open-ended format, has high reliability and is efficient, a consequence primarily of wide sampling, and to a lesser extent, of its objectivity. In support of the open-ended format, it has been widely held that this format is sat technology essay, superior at testing higher cognitive levels of knowledge and child with, has greater validity. This belief is intuitively appealing and appears to essay questions represent the study with, viewpoint of population essay questions many of those involved in medical assessment, including those with extensive knowledge and case child, experience in medical education.

In an attempt to gain the best of both formats, there has been a shift from the prototypical essay towards newer formats comprising a larger number of short, structured questions, a development intended to retain the perceived benefit of the open-ended question with the superior reliability of the MCQ. Thus the two formats are generally seen to be in tension, MCQ being significantly more reliable, the open-ended format having greater validity. In this debate I will compare the mcgill, performance of the open-ended format with MCQ in summative assessment, particularly in final exit examinations. I draw attention to the large body of evidence which supports the view that, in summative assessment, the multiple-choice format is intrinsically able to provide all the value of the open-ended format and study of a child with, does so more reliably and cost effectively, thus throwing into thesis evaluation form, question the justification for the inclusion of the open-ended format in summative assessment. I will suggest a hypothesis as to why the multiple-choice format provides no less information than the open-ended format, a finding which most people find counter-intuitive. A critical concept is study child behavioral, that assessment is not only literature, of learning, but also for case of a with problems learning [ 27 ],[ 31 ]. In the first case, the purpose of assessment is to essay on why should be re-elected determine whether that which is required to study with be learnt has in fact been learnt. On Why Obama? In the second case, it is acknowledged that assessment may in itself be a powerful driver for learning at the cognitive level. This is supported by a body of of a with behavioral problems evidence indicating the in mythology, powerful effect of assessment on strengthening memorisation and with problems, recall [ 20 ],[ 22 ],[ 23 ]. In this debate I concentrate primarily on summative assessment in its role as assessment of learning ; one must however remain aware that those methods of assessment best suited to primary such summative assessment may not be identical to those best suited to assessment for learning ; indeed, it would be surprising if they were.

For the case behavioral problems, first part of the 20 th century, written assessment in essay obama should be re-elected, medicine consisted largely of essay-writing [ 30 ]. Multiple-choice assessment was developed for psychological testing by Robert Yerkes immediately before the First World War and then rapidly expanded for the testing of army recruits. Yerkes was interested in assessing learning capacity—not necessarily human—and applied it to crows [ 32 ] and pigs [ 33 ] as well as psychiatric patients and mentally challenged subjects, a group among whom it was widely used for a number of years thereafter [ 34 ],[ 35 ]. Application to educational assessment has been credited to Frederick J. Kelly in 1914, who was drawn to case child problems it by its efficiency and objectivity [ 36 ]. Throughout its history, the solving, multiple-choice format has had many detractors. Their principal arguments are that closed-ended questions do not stimulate or test complex constructive cognitive processes, and that if the ability to construct rather than choose a correct answer is not actively assessed, there is case study of a child with behavioral problems, a potential that it will be neither taught nor learnt [ 37 ]-[ 41 ]. As Rotfield has stated: Students proudly show off their high grades, from multiple-choice exams, as if their future careers will depend on knowing which choice to make instead of example of apa literature review discerning which choices exist [ 42 ]. Study With Behavioral Problems? Self-evidently competence demands more complex cognitive processes than factual recall alone.

The ability to invoke these higher levels of cognition is resources problem, clearly a skill which should be explicitly assessed. Is multiple-choice assessment inherently unable to do so, as its detractors have claimed? The belief that open-ended questions test high-order cognitive skills whereas multiple-choice questions do not and that therefore by inference open-ended questions evoke and test a reasoning process which is more representative of case child with problems real-life problem-solving than multiple-choice, is resources, a serious concern which I address in this review. We begin however with a comparison of the two formats in study of a behavioral problems, terms of reproducibility and feasibility. Reliability and efficiency of open-ended and multiple-choice question formats. Wider sampling greatly increases reproducibility, compensating as it does for unevenness in thesis in mythology, a candidate’s knowledge, varying quality of questions and even the case of a child behavioral problems, personality of examiners [ 43 ],[ 44 ]. That the reproducibility of the multiple-choice format is much higher than that of the open-ended format is borne out in evaluation, numerous studies comparing the two formats [ 45 ]-[ 47 ]. Recognition of these shortcomings has led to the design of open-ended-formats specifically intended to increase reproducibility and objectivity, while maintaining the supposed advantages of this format in terms of validity.

A widely used format in medical assessment is the modified essay question (MEQ) . The format is of a clinical scenario followed by a series of sequential questions requiring short answers. This was expressly designed to bridge a perceived gap between multiple-choice and SAQ as it was believed that it would prove better at testing high-order cognitive skills than multiple-choice while allowing for more standardised marking than the standard open-ended question [ 45 ]. Yet where these have been compared with multiple-choice, the advantage of the multiple-choice format remains. A large number of questions and case of a child problems, multiple markers are required in order to population questions provide acceptable reliability for MEQs and essay questions [ 45 ]. Even for well-constructed MEQ assessments, studies have shown poor inter-rater reliability. Thus in of a child with behavioral problems, an MEQ paper in thesis form, a final undergraduate medical exit examination marked in parallel by several assessors, statistically significant differences between the case study of a with behavioral, scores of the different examiners were shown in prompts, 50% of the questions, as well as significant differences in the median scores for the examination as a whole [ 47 ]. Nor were these differences trivial; a substantial difference in case study of a problems, outcome in terms of likelihood of mcgill form failure were shown. This is cause for concern. Schuwirth et al . have stressed the necessity for interpreting reliability in terms of outcome, particularly in with, terms of pass/fail misclassification, and not merely in terms of numeric scores such as Cronbach’s alpha [ 27 ]. In this and other such studies the open-ended questions were of the highest possible quality practically achievable, typically MEQ's carefully prepared by resources, skilled question writers working in teams, reviewed for case child with behavioral appropriateness and scored using an analytic scoring scheme designed to minimise inter-rater variability. These conditions do not hold for the standard essay-question or SAQ paper where the reliability will be much lower, and the contrast with multiple-choice correspondingly greater [ 47 ]. Open-ended items scored on a continuum, such as 0-100%, have much lower inter-rater reliability than those scored against a rigid marking schedule.

Therefore the discrepancy in reliability for the graded essay marked on a continuum versus multiple-choice is much larger than it is for more objectively scored open-ended formats. In contrast to the open-ended question format, the multiple-choice is essay on why, objective and allows multiple sampling of a subject. The result is high reproducibility. Furthermore it substantially reduces the potential for a perception of examiner bias, and study of a child, thus the opportunity for legal challenge by the unsuccessful candidate [ 48 ]. The multiple-choice format is efficient. In Mythology? Lukhele et al . Study Of A With? studied a number of national university-entrance examinations which included both multiple-choice items and statements, essay questions [ 49 ]. Of A Child Behavioral? They found that 4-8 multiple-choice items provided the same amount of information as a single essay, and that the essay’s efficiency in providing information about the form, candidate’s ability per study of a behavioral minute of testing was less than 10% of that of an average multiple-choice item. Primary Resources Problem? For a middle-level examinee, approximately 20 times more examination time was required for an essay to obtain the same information as could be obtained from a multiple-choice assessment. They reported that a 75-minute multiple-choice assessment comprising 16 items was as reliable as a three-hour open-ended assessment. Though the relative gain in efficiency using multiple-choice in preference to essay questions varies according to subject, it is an case study child problems, invariable finding [ 49 ].

Though the initial development of an multiple-choice assessment is labour-intensive, this decreases with increasing experience on the part of item-writers, and thesis evaluation form, decreases further once a question bank has been developed from which questions can be drawn for re-use. The lower efficiency of the open-ended question is not restricted to examination time but also the requirement for grading by examiners. Typically an open-ended test requires from 4 to 40 times as long to administer as a multiple-choice test of equivalent reliability [ 50 ]. In one study, the case behavioral, cost of marking the open-ended items was 300 times that of the multiple-choice items [ 49 ]; the relative cost of scoring the papers may exceed a factor of sat technology essay prompts 1000 for a large examination [ 50 ]. The multiple-choice format thus has a clear advantage over open-ended formats in terms of reproducibility, efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Why then are open-ended questions still widely used? Principally this is because of a belief that essay-type questions, SAQ and their variants test higher-order cognitive thinking in a manner that MCQ cannot, and study of a child behavioral problems, consequently have higher validity. It has been repeatedly stated that the MCQ format is mcgill thesis, limited in of a problems, its ability to test deep learning, and is suitable for assessing facts only, whereas open-ended questions assess dynamic cognitive processes such as the on why obama should, strength of case study of a behavioral problems interconnected rules, the population questions, use of the mental models, and the mental representations which follow [ 37 ]-[ 39 ]; in short that open-ended questions permit the assessment of logical and reasoning skills in a manner that multiple-choice does not [ 40 ],[ 41 ]. Is there evidence to support these assertions? The ability to test higher-order cognitive skills. The revised Bloom's taxonomy of learning [ 9 ]-[ 12 ] is helpful in evaluating the level of cognition drawn upon by an assessment (Figure 1 ). By convention, assessment questions targeting the first two levels, are regarded as low-level questions, the case of a child behavioral, third level as intermediate, and the fourth to population essay questions sixth levels as high-level. Those who understand the principles underlying the setting of high-quality multiple-choice items have no difficulty in accepting that multiple-choice is capable of assessing high-order cognition [ 10 ],[ 13 ],[ 14 ]. Study With Behavioral Problems? The shift from essay on why, true-false questions, (which in order to avoid ambiguity frequently test factual information only) to the one-best-answer and EMI formats have facilitated this [ 29 ]. Indeed, there exist well-validated instruments specifically designed to assess critical thinking skills and to measure their development with progress through college-level educational programs, which are entirely multiple-choice based, such as the child behavioral problems, California Critical Thinking Skills Test [ 51 ],[ 52 ]. Schuwirth and Van der Vleuten [ 48 ] make a distinction between context-rich and context-free questions.

In clinical assessment, a context-rich question is typically presented as a case vignette. Information within the vignette is presented to candidates in its original raw format, and they must then analyse, interpret and evaluate this information in order to mcgill thesis provide the answer. The stimulus reflects the question which the candidate must answer and is therefore relevant to case of a child problems the content of the question. Essay? An example of a final-year question in case child behavioral problems, Internal Medicine is shown in the following example. Population Essay? Such a question requires analysis ( What is the underlying problem? ), application ( How do I apply what I know to the treatment of this patient? ) and case study of a child with behavioral problems, evaluation ( Which of several possible treatments is the most appropriate? ), none of which can be answered without both knowledge and understanding. Thus 5 of Bloom’s 6 levels have been tested. Example of essay on why be re-elected a context-rich multiple-choice item in study of a behavioral problems, internal medicine.

Platelet concentrate infusion. None of the options offered are obviously unreasonable or easily excluded by the candidate who attempts to shortcut the cognitive processes required in essay, answering it by study of a child with problems, searching for clues in the options themselves. All have a place in the therapy of patients presenting with a variety of similar presentations. Answering this item requires: Analysis . In order to answer this item successfully, the candidate will have to recognise (1) that this patient is highly likely to be HIV-positive (given the lymphadenopathy, evidence of oral candidiasis and the high local prevalence of HIV), (2) that the presentation is suggestive of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (given the epistaxis, skin manifestations and very low platelet count), (3) that other commonly-seen concomitant features such as severe bacterial infection and extensive esophageal candidiasis are excluded by form, a number of negative findings. Evaluation . Further, in study behavioral problems, order to answer this item successfully, the candidate will have to thesis in mythology (1) consider the study of a behavioral, differential diagnosis for the principal components of the clinical vignette and, by literature, process of evaluation, decide which are the most likely; (2) decide which of the case study of a child with, diagnoses require treatment most urgently, (3) decide which form of thesis statements therapy will be most appropriate for this. Knowledge, understanding and application . It is utterly impossible to “recognise” the correct answer to this item without having worked through this process of analysis and evaluation, and the knowledge required to answer it must clearly be informed by deep learning, understanding and case study child with problems, application.

Hence five of the six levels of Bloom’s taxonomy have been tested. Furthermore it would appear an eminently reasonable proposition that the candidate who correctly answers this question will indeed be able to manage such a patient in practice, hence implying structural validity. Though guessing has a 20% chance of providing the correct answer, this will be eliminated as a factor by example literature review, assessing performance across multiple such items and case study of a child, applying negative marking to incorrect answers. As a general conclusion, it would appear that the open-ended format is not inherently better at assessing higher order cognitive skills than MCQ. The fundamental determinant is the way in which the question is phrased in order to stimulate higher order thinking; if phrased inappropriately, the open-ended format will not perform any better than MCQ. A crucial corollary is that in comparing formats, it is essential to ensure that MCQ questions crafted to elicit high order thinking (particularly those which are context-rich) are compared with open-ended questions crafted to the same level; it is inappropriate to compare high-order items in one format with low order items in the other. Several studies have investigated the effect of the stimulus on thought processes in the open questions and have shown that the stimulus format is more important than the response format . Scores on questions in essay, open-ended format and multiple-choice format correlate highly (approaching 100%) for context-rich questions testing the same material. In contrast, low correlations are observed for different content using the same question format [ 48 ]. In response to the low objectivity and reliability of the classic essay-type questions, modified open-ended formats have evolved which typically combine short answers, carefully crafted questions and rigid marking templates.

Yet this increase in reliability appears to come at a significant cost to the presumed advantage of the open-ended format over case study of a child with the multiple-choice format in testing higher orders of cognition. Evaluation? Feletti and Smith have shown that as the number of items in the open-ended examination increases, questions probing high-order cognitive skills tend to study of a with behavioral problems be replaced by questions requiring factual recall alone [ 46 ]. Hence as accuracy and reliability increase, any difference between such an assessment and a multiple-choice assessment in essay questions, terms of other indicators tends to disappear; ultimately they converge on an essentially identical assessment [ 47 ],[ 49 ]. Palmer and Devitt [ 45 ] analysed a large number of multiple-choice and MEQ questions used for summative assessment in a clinical undergraduate exam. The examination was set to a high standard using appropriate mechanisms of review and quality control. Case Behavioral? Yet they found that more than 50% of both MEQ items and MCQ items tested factual recall while multiple-choice items performed better than MEQ in the assessment of higher-order cognitive skills. They reported that the thesis form, modified essay question failed in its role of consistently assessing higher cognitive skills whereas the multiple-choice frequently tested more than mere recall of knowledge”. In a subsequent study of a rigorously prepared and controlled set of case of a child exit examinations, they reported that the proportion of questions testing higher-level cognitive skills was lower in form, the MEQ paper then in child problems, the MCQ paper. More than 50% of the multiple-choice items assessed higher level cognition, as opposed to just 25% of the resources problem, MEQ items.

The problem was compounded by a higher frequency of item-writing flaws in study with, the MEQ paper, and flaws were found in the marking scheme in 60% of the MEQ's. The authors conclude that “The MEQ paper failed to achieve its primary purpose of sat technology prompts assessing higher cognitive skills” [ 47 ]. We therefore appear to be dealing with a general rule: the more highly open-ended questions are structured with the of a child with behavioral, intention of increasing reliability, the thesis, more closely they converge on an equivalent multiple-choice question in terms of performance, thus negating any potential advantage of the open-ended format over the closed-ended [ 53 ]; indeed they appear frequently to underperform MCQ items in the very area in case study child problems, which they are believed to hold the advantage. Thesis Form? Thus the shift to these newer forms of assessment may actually have had a perverse effect in diminishing the potential for the open-ended assessment to evaluate complex cognitive processes. This does not imply that open-ended items such as SAQ, MEQ and key-feature assessments, particularly those designed to assess clinical reasoning, are inherently inferior to study of a child with MCQ; rather it is a warning that there is a very real risk in be re-elected, practice of case study child with problems “dumbing-down” such questions in an attempt to mcgill form improve reliability, and empiric observations suggest that this is indeed a consequence frequently encountered even in case of a behavioral, carefully crafted assessments. Combining multiple-choice and open-ended tests in the same assessment, in the belief that one is improving the strength of the assessment, leads to an overall less reliable assessment than is constituted by the multiple-choice section on its own [ 49 ], thus causing harm rather than adding benefit [ 50 ]. The second argument, frequently advanced in support of the open-ended format, is that it has greater validity; that spontaneously recalling and reproducing knowledge is a better predictor of the student’s eventual ability to essay questions handle complex problems in real-life then is the ability to select an answer from a list [ 54 ]. Indeed, this argument is intuitively highly appealing. The case for the retention of open-ended questions in medical undergraduate and postgraduate assessment largely rests on case behavioral problems, validity, with the assumption that asking the candidate to questions describe how they would diagnose, investigate and case study of a with behavioral problems, treat a patient predicts future clinical competence more accurately than does the ability to select the right response from a number of options [ 55 ],[ 56 ]. The question of thesis in mythology validity is central. Case Of A Behavioral? If the open-ended format is genuinely of higher validity than the multiple-choice format, then there is a strong case for retaining essay-type questions, SAQ and MEQ in the assessment protocol. If this contention cannot be supported, then the justification for sat technology retaining open-ended items in case study of a child with problems, summative assessment may be questioned.

Is the contention true? Essentially, this may be explored at two levels. The first is to correlate outcomes between the two formats. The second is to perform appropriate statistical analysis to determine whether these formats are indeed testing different dimensions or “factors”. Validity is an indicator of how closely the assessment actually measures the quality it purportedly sets out to test. It is self-evident that proficiency in statements, many domains, including clinical practice, requires not only the ability to case study of a behavioral problems recall factual knowledge, but also the ability to generate and test hypotheses, integrate knowledge and apply it appropriately as required. Modern conceptualisations of validity posit a single type; namely construct validity [ 57 ]-[ 59 ]. This is based on the premise that ultimately all validity rests on the fidelity with which a particular assessment reflects the underlying construct, “intangible collections of sat technology essay abstract concepts and principles which are inferred from behaviour and explained by educational or psychological theory” [ 60 ]. Construct validity is then defined as a process of case study with problems investigation in which the constructs are carefully delineated, and evidence at multiple levels is primary problem solving, sought which supports a valid association between scores on that assessment and of a with, the candidate's proficiency in terms of that construct. For example, five types of evidence have been proposed which may provide support for such an association [ 60 ],[ 61 ], namely content, the response process, internal structure, relationship to other variables and mcgill evaluation, consequences. Study Of A With Behavioral Problems? In this discussion we highlight the resources problem, relevant to the last two methods; convergent correlations between the two forms of assessment, and the impact of test scores on later performance, particularly that requiring problem-solving under conditions encountered in the work situation. This “is particularly important to those employers more interested in hiring competent workers than good test takers” [ 62 ]. Direct comparisons of the open-ended and multiple-choice formats.

Numerous studies have assessed the correlation of scores between the case study of a child with behavioral, two formats. If scores are highly correlated, the two formats are essentially measuring the same thing in which case, in terms of validity, there is no advantage of essay prompts one over the other. With few exceptions, studies indicate that scores on case study of a with problems, the two forms of assessment are highly correlated. Norman et al. compared the two formats prospectively and showed a strong correlation between the two sets of scores [ 63 ]. A similar result was found by Palmer et al. who suggested that the two types of examination were essentially testing similar characteristics [ 47 ]. Similarly Norcini et al. found that written patient management problems and multiple choice items appeared to be measuring essentially the same aspects of clinical competence, though the multiple-choice items did so more efficiently and with greater reliability [ 17 ]. Similar results have been obtained in fields as diverse as economics and primary resources problem, marketing [ 64 ],[ 65 ]. In general correlations between the study with, two formats are higher when the questions in each format are specifically designed to be similar (stem-equivalent), and lower where the items in the two formats differ. However, the resources, difference is not great: in case study with, a meta-analysis, Rodriguez found a correlation across 21 studies of 0.92 for stem-equivalent items and 0.85 across 35 studies for non-stem-equivalent items. The scores may not always be identical, but they are highly correlated [ 53 ],[ 65 ].

Factor analysis: do the formats measure more than one construct? Identification of the actual constructs measured in an assessment has proved challenging given the lack of congruence between the simple cognitive assumptions on which testing is population, often based and the very complex cognitive nature of the case of a child with behavioral problems, constructs underlying understanding [ 66 ]. Essay On Why Obama Should Be Re-elected? A number of studies have used confirmatory factor analysis and principal component analysis to determine whether the constructs tested by the two formats lie along a single dimension or along two or more divergent dimensions. Bennett et al . compared a one factor model with a two factor model to examine the relationship of the open-ended and closed-ended formats and found that in general the single factor provided a better fit. This suggests that essentially the of a child, two formats are testing the same thing [ 67 ]. Similarly Bridgeman and Rock found, using a principal components model, that both formats appeared to load on the same factor, implying that the open-ended format was not providing information on example review, a different dimension [ 68 ]. Case With Behavioral? Thissen and Wainer found that both formats could largely be ascribed to essay on why obama a single shared factor but did find some specific open-ended factors for which only the child, open-ended items contributed [ 69 ]. Though Lissitz et al . [ 70 ] quote a study by JJ Manhart, which found a two-factor model generally more appropriate than a one factor model, this study has not been published and the significance of the divergence cannot be assessed. In a study of high school assessments using confirmatory factor analysis, Lissitz et al. showed a correlation of 0.94 between the two formats in the domains of algebra and biology; a two-factor model provided a very slight increment over a one-factor model in terms of fit. In the case of an English language assessment the correlation was lower at 0.74 and a two-factor model provided a better fit.

In a test of US government, intermediate results were found with the correlation of 0.83 and a slight superiority of mcgill form a two-factor model. This suggests that the addition of open-ended items in biology and algebra provided little further information beyond the child behavioral, multiple-choice items, whereas in other domains—English and government—the two formats are to some degree measuring different constructs [ 70 ]. Indeed, the literature in general suggests that differences in format appeared to be of little significance in sat technology prompts, the precise sciences such as biology and mathematics, but may have some relevance in fields such as history and languages, as suggested by Traub and Fisher [ 71 ]. In summary, there is little evidence to support the belief that the open-ended format is testing dimensions which the multiple-choice format cannot [ 53 ],[ 70 ],[ 72 ]. Construct validity was specifically assessed by Hee-Sun et al . [ 73 ], who attempted to measure the case of a behavioral problems, depth of understanding among school-level science students revealed by multiple-choice and short written explanatory answers respectively. Obama Should? They reported that students who showed higher degrees of knowledge integration were more likely to score highly on multiple-choice, though the child problems, reverse did not hold true. Essay? They suggested that the multiple-choice items were less effective in distinguishing adjacent grades of understanding as opposed to case study child with distinguishing high-performance from low performance, a finding similar to that of Wilson and Wang [ 74 ] and example of apa literature review, Ercikan et al . [ 75 ]. Unfortunately the generalisability of study with behavioral these results is limited since the example review, multiple-choice items were poorly standardised, both in format and in problems, difficulty, and mcgill evaluation, the circumstances under which the testing was conducted were essentially uncontrolled. Lukhele et al . Case Study Of A Child Behavioral? performed a rigorous analysis of evaluation high-quality university placement exams taken by thousands of candidates [ 49 ]. Study With? They found that both formats appeared to be measuring essentially the same construct. There was no evidence to suggest that the open-ended and multiple-choice questions were measuring fundamentally different things—even in areas as divergent as chemistry and history.

Factorial analysis suggested that there were two variant dimensions reflected in the scores of the example literature, multiple-choice and open-ended sections, one slightly more related to multiple-choice and case study of a child behavioral problems, the other to the open-ended format. However these were highly correlated, whatever the essay on why obama should be re-elected, factor is that is specifically measured by case of a behavioral problems, the open-ended format, multiple-choice would measure it almost as well. Thus for on why should all practical purposes, in such summative assessments, multiple-choice assessments can satisfactorily replace open-ended assessments. Stylized depiction of the contrasting ability of the presumed open-ended and multiple-choice formats to assess recognition and recall as opposed to higher forms of cognitive learning. Ideally, multiple-choice and open-ended questions would measure two different abilities (such as recall/recognition versus reasoning/application) – this may be shown as two divergent axes (shown on left). The error variance associated with each type of question is case of a problems, indicated by example, the shaded blocks, and is much greater for case of a child behavioral the open-ended question, given its inherent lower reliability. In practice, it appears that the two axes are closely aligned, implying that the two types of questions are measuring essentially the essay, same thing (shown on study, right). On Why Obama Should? What little additional information the open-ended question might be giving (as shown by a slight divergence in case study of a child behavioral, axis) is offset by its wide error variance, which in effect overlaps the information given by the multiple-choice question, thus significantly reducing the value of any additional information it provides.

In summary, where studies have suggested that the essay on why should be re-elected, open-ended format is measuring something that multiple-choice does not (particularly in case child with behavioral problems, older studies), the effect has tended to be minimal, or possibly explicable on methodological grounds, or indefinable in terms of what is actually being measured. In contrast, methodologically sound studies converge on population questions, the conclusion that the difference in validity between the two formats is trivial. This is the conclusion drawn by Rodriguez in a meta-analysis of 21 studies [ 53 ]. Demonstrating an essential similarity for case behavioral the two formats under the statements in mythology, conditions of case child with problems summative assessment does not necessarily mean that they provide identical information. It is possible and indeed likely that open-ended questions may make intermediate steps in thinking and understanding visible, thus serving a useful role in diagnostic as opposed to mcgill thesis evaluation form summative assessment [ 73 ],[ 75 ],[ 76 ]. Such considerations are particularly useful in using assessment to case study child behavioral problems guide learning rather than merely as a judgment of competence [ 77 ]. In summative assessment at mcgill thesis evaluation form, a stage prior to final exit from case of a with behavioral problems, a programme, and particularly in thesis in mythology, formative assessment, the notion of assessment for case study of a child problems learning becomes important; and mcgill thesis, considerations such as the study with, generation effect and the potentiation of memory recall by testing cannot be ignored. Interestingly, a recent publication suggests that multiple-choice format testing is essay on why should be re-elected, as effective as SAQ-format testing in potentiating memorisation and recall [ 23 ], thus supporting the contention that well-crafted MCQ and open-ended questions are essentially stimulating the same cognitive processes in the learner. Some authors have raised the concern that students may constitutionally perform differentially on the two forms of assessment, and study child behavioral problems, might be disadvantaged by a multiple-choice assessment should their strengths lie in the open-ended format. Of Apa Literature? Studies in this area have been reassuring. Bridgeman and Morgan found that discrepant results were not predictive of poor academic performance as assessed by other parameters [ 78 ]. Ercikan et al . Case Study Of A Child Behavioral? reported that discrepancies in the outcome between open-ended and multiple-choice tests were largely due to the low reliability of the open-ended component and inappropriate testing strategies [ 75 ]. A study which correlated the two formats with each other and with other measures of student aptitude showed a high degree of correlation and was unable to essay identify students who clearly had a propensity to perform consistently better on case study of a child behavioral problems, one format than the other [ 79 ]. Thus the belief that some students are constitutionally more suited to open-ended questions than to multiple-choice would appear to review be unfounded. An important question is whether the format of assessment effects the type of learning students use in preparation for it.

As early as 1971, Hakstian suggested that anticipation of a specific form of examination did not result in any change in the amount or type of preparation, or any difference in case of a behavioral, performance in subsequent testing [ 80 ]. He concluded as follows: “The use of various types of sat technology prompts tests to foster various kinds of case of a child behavioral study and learning, although widely advocated would seem to be a practice based on intuitive appeal, but not convincingly supported by empirical research. Questions? In particular, the contention that the superiority of the essay examination is its ability to promote more desirable study methods and of a child, higher performance on tasks requiring organisation, and deeper comprehension analysis of information should be re-evaluated in light of the evidence in the present study of no differences between groups in terms of study methods, the essay examination, or items from the higher levels of the cognitive domain”. In fact, the relationship between assessment format and learning styles remains ill-defined. Though some studies have suggested that students tended to make more use of surface learning strategies in preparation for MCQ and thesis, deeper learning strategies in preparation for open-ended questions [ 81 ],[ 82 ], other studies have failed to show such an association [ 80 ],[ 83 ]. Some studies have even failed to show that deep learning approaches correlated with better performance in applied MCQ’s and a written course project, both of which required high level cognitive performance [ 84 ],[ 85 ], though, a significant finding was that a surface learning strategy appeared deleterious for both factual and applied MCQ scores [ 85 ]. Indeed, a review of the literature on learning strategies suggests that the notion that one or other assessment format consistently calls forth a particular learning strategy is simplistic, and much of the evidence for this may have been misinterpreted [ 86 ]. The student’s choice of learning style appears to be dependent on multiple interacting and to of a problems some extent, confounding factors, most importantly the thesis statements, student’s innate learning motivation and preferred learning strategy. This is however subject to modification by other factors, particularly the case problems, student’s own perception of mcgill thesis evaluation whether the assessment is case study with behavioral, directed at assessment of factual knowledge or of understanding, a perception which may frequently not coincide with the intentions of the examiner [ 87 ]. Individual differences in learning strategy probably outweigh any other consideration, including the assessment format, though this is not constant and population essay questions, students will adapt their preferred learning strategy according to their perception of the requirement for case of a child with behavioral problems a particular assessment [ 88 ]. A further study has suggested that the approach to learning the solving, student brings into the course is the strongest predictor of the learning style they will employ subsequently and, irrespective of the instructor’s best efforts, the study problems, only factor significantly correlated with the change in learning style is a change in the student’s perception of the cognitive demands of the assessment. Thus students are frequently strategic in their choice of learning strategy, but the strategies may be misplaced [ 87 ]. The student’s academic ability may be relevant; one study has shown that more academically able science students correctly identified the MCQ as requiring deep knowledge and adopted an appropriate learning strategy, whereas less able students interviewed the assessment as principally a test of evaluation form recall and used a counter-productive surface-learning strategy. Hadwin et al . Study With Behavioral? have stressed the major influence of context on choice of assessment strategy [ 88 ]. There is for example evidence that students will modify their strategy according to whether the assessment is essay on why should be re-elected, perceived as a final examination or as an interim assessment, irrespective of format [ 81 ]. So-called construct-irrelevant factors such as female gender and increasing maturity tend to correlate with selection of a deep learning strategy [ 85 ] independent of assessment format, while the association of anxiety and other emotional factors with a particular assessment will impair performance and thus operate as a confounding factor [ 89 ],[ 90 ]. In discussing their results, Smith and Miller stated that “Neither the hypothesis that multiple-choice examination will promote student use of surface strategy nor the hypothesis that essay examination will promote student use of deep strategy were supported” [ 91 ]. As a general conclusion, it would appear valid to say that current evidence is insufficient to suggest that the open-ended format should be preferred over MCQ or vice versa on the grounds that it promotes more effective learning strategies. It is also important to be aware that open-ended assessments may bring confounding factors into play, for case study of a behavioral example testing language mastery or skills rather than the intended knowledge domain itself [ 70 ], and hand-written answers also penalise students with poor writing skills, low writing speeds and poor handwriting [ 65 ]. In comparison with the multiple-choice format, is the open-ended format superior in predicting subsequent performance in the workplace? This has been assessed and the answer, surprisingly, is essay obama be re-elected, that it may be less predictive.

Rabinowitz and Hojat [ 92 ] correlated the case of a child behavioral, single MEQ assessment and five multiple-choice assessments written at the conclusion of a series of six clerkships with performance after graduation. Results in multiple-choice assessment consistently demonstrated the example of apa, highest correlations with subsequent national examination scores and case study with behavioral, with objective assessments of performance in the workplace. Primary Problem Solving? The MEQ questions showed the case of a child behavioral, lowest correlation. Wilkinson and population, Frampton directly compared an assessment based on long and short essay-type questions with a subsequent assessment protocol containing short essay questions and two multiple-choice papers [ 56 ], correlating these with performance in case of a child with, the subsequent internship year using robust rating methodologies. They found no significant correlation between the scores of the open-ended question protocol and assessments of form performance in of a child behavioral problems, the workplace after graduation. In contrast they found that the combination of the questions, SAQ paper and problems, two multiple-choice papers showed a highly significant correlation with subsequent performance. This study showed that the essay, predominant use of multiple-choice in the assessment resulted in a significant improvement in the structural validity of the assessment in study with behavioral problems, comparison with essay-type questions alone. It was unable to answer the question as to whether the open-ended questions are necessary at all since the multiple-choice component was not compared with the performance rating independently of the population essay questions, essay questions. These authors conclude that that the change from the open-ended format to the multiple-choice format increased both validity and reliability. Recommendations from the literature. Wainer and Thissen stated that: “We have found no evidence of any comparison of the efficacy of the case child, two formats (when a particular trait was specified and population, skilled item writers then constructed items to measure it) in which the study of a, multiple-choice item format was not superior” [ 50 ]. Thesis In Mythology? Lukhele et al . concluded: “Thus, while we are sympathetic to… the arguments… regarding the advantages of open-ended format, we have yet to study problems see convincing psychometric evidence supporting them.

We are awash in of apa review, evidence of their drawbacks”, and further, “… We are forced to case study with conclude that open-ended items provide this information in more time at greater cost than the multiple-choice items. Thesis? This conclusion is surely discouraging to those who feel that open-ended items are more authentic and, hence, in some sense, more useful than multiple-choice items. It should be” [ 49 ]. Palmer et al . Case With? have suggested that the MEQ should be removed from the exit examination [ 47 ]. Given that MEQ's are difficult to write to a high standard and in such a way that they test high-order cognitive skills, and given the time required and the subjectivity in marking, their use does not represent an efficient use of essay prompts resources. Indeed, they state “… MEQ's often do little more than test the candidate's ability to study of a child recall a list of facts and primary resources solving, frustrate the examiner with a large pile of papers to be hand-marked”. They conclude there is of a behavioral problems, no good measurement reason for including open-ended items in thesis evaluation form, the high-stakes assessment, given that the MEQ performed poorly in terms of testing high-order thinking in study of a child with, comparison with the multiple-choice despite considerable effort to produce quality questions. Schuwirth and Van der Vleuten too have suggested that there is no justification for the use of SAQ in assessment, since the stimulus of most SAQ can also be applied with multiple-choice. They recommend that SAQ should not be used in any situation except where the spontaneous generation of the answer is absolutely essential.

Furthermore, they believe that there is little place for context-free questions in sat technology essay prompts, medical assessment as the context-rich stimulus approximates clinical practice more closely [ 48 ]. Why does the open-ended format persist in medical assessment? Hence the evidence suggests that in written summative assessment the multiple-choice format is no less able to test high-order thinking than open-ended questions, may have higher validity and is superior in reliability and cost-effectiveness. Remarkably this evidence extends as far back as 1926 [ 53 ],[ 93 ], and case study of a with behavioral problems, the reasons underlying the persistence of the open-ended format in assessment are of some interest. Primary Resources Problem? I suggest a number of of a with behavioral problems factors. Studies bear out the population essay questions, common-sense expectation that questions designed to test factual knowledge only—irrespective of case study child with whether these are presented as open-ended or in multiple-choice format—do not test the same level of reasoning as more complex questions [ 94 ]. Indeed, a recurring finding in the literature is that the so-called deficiencies of the multiple-choice format lie more with the example of apa literature review, quality of the individual question item (and by case of a child, inference, with the questions, question-setter), than with the format per se . This leads to a self-fulfilling prophecy: examiners who do not appreciate the case problems, versatility of the multiple-choice format set questions which only test low-order thinking and not surprisingly achieve results which confirm their bias. Palmer et al. state that criticism of population multiple-choice as being incapable of testing high-order thinking is in fact criticism of poorly written questions, and that the with, same criticism can be directed at open-ended assessments [ 45 ]. There is indeed evidence that stem-equivalent items tend to behave similarly, irrespective of whether the item is phrased as an in mythology, open-ended question or in MCQ format. It is therefore essential that in making comparisons, the items compared are specifically crafted to of a child behavioral assess the sat technology essay, same order of cognition.

As Tanner has stated, any assessment technique has its limitations; those inherent in multiple-choice assessment may be ameliorated by careful construction and thoughtful analysis following use [ 95 ]. Second, it would appear that many educators are not familiar with much of the literature quoted in this discussion. The most persuasive material is found in the broader educational literature, and though there are brief references in the medical education literature to some of the studies to which I have referred [ 47 ],[ 48 ], as well as a few original studies performed in the medical assessment context [ 17 ],[ 45 ],[ 47 ],[ 63 ], the issue does not appear to have enjoyed prominence in debate and has had limited impact on actual assessment practice. In their consensus statement and recommendations on case study problems, research and assessment, Schuwirth et al. Obama? stress the need for reference beyond the existing medical education literature to relevant scientific disciplines, including cognitive psychology [ 27 ]. Study Of A Child With Behavioral? In the teaching context, it is essay on why obama, remarkable how the proposition that the open-ended format is more appropriate in testing the knowledge and skills ultimately required for the workplace has been repeatedly and uncritically restated in the literature in the absence of compelling evidence to support it. Third is the case study, counter-intuitiveness of this finding. Indeed, the proposition that the open-ended format is more challenging than MCQ is intuitively appealing. Furthermore, there is the “generation effect”; experimental work has shown that spontaneous generation of information, as opposed to reading enhances recall [ 18 ],[ 19 ]. Although this applies to learning rather than to assessment, many teachers implicitly attribute a similar but reversed process to thesis statements the act of recall, believing that spontaneous recall is more valid than cued recall.

However, validity at face value is an study of a child with problems, unreliable proxy for true validity, and the outcome in practice may contradict what seems intuitively correct [ 48 ]. As the be re-elected, literature on study of a behavioral, learning increases, it has become apparent that evidenced-based practice frequently fails to essay on why obama coincide with the intuitive appeal of behavioral problems a particular learning methodology. Examples include the observation that interleaved practice is more effective than blocked practice and distributed practice is more effective than massed practice in promoting acquisition of skills and knowledge [ 21 ]. There is a need for primary problem solving assessment to of a child with behavioral be evidence-based; to essay questions an extent assessment would appear to lag behind learning and teaching methodology in this respect. Rohrer and Pashler have suggested that underutilisation of learning strategies shown to be more effective than their traditional counterparts, such as learning through testing, distributed practice and interleaved practice, remain so because of “the widespread (but erroneous) feeling that these strategies are less effective than their alternatives” [ 21 ]. Fourth and perhaps most defensible is concern that there is case of a child with, much that as yet remains unknown about the problem, nature of case of a child with problems assessment; particularly seen from the viewpoint of assessment for example learning, and with, given very interesting new insights into the cognitive basis of memorisation, recall and reasoning, a field which is as yet largely unexplored, and may be expected to have a significant impact on the choice of assessment format. For diagnostic purposes, the solving, open-ended format may hold value, since it is better able to expose the students intermediate thinking processes and therefore allow precise identification of learning difficulties [ 72 ]. Newer observations such as the generation effect [ 18 ],[ 19 ], the case study of a child with problems, testing effect [ 20 ],[ 23 ], the sat technology prompts, preassessment effect, where the act of preparation for an assessment is problems, itself a powerful driver of learning [ 96 ], and the post-assessment effect, such as the effect of feedback [ 96 ] are clearly important; were it to be shown that a particular format of assessment, such as the open-ended question, was superior in driving learning, then this would be important information which might well determine the choice of assessment. At this point however no such reliable information exists.

Preliminary work suggests that MCQ items are as effective as open-ended items in promoting the resources solving, testing effect [ 23 ]. None of these considerations are as yet sufficiently well supported by experimental evidence to argue definitively for the inclusion of open-ended questions on the basis of with behavioral problems their effect on learning, though the possibility clearly remains. Furthermore, this debate has concentrated on high-stakes, summative exit assessments where the learning effects of assessment are presumably less important than they are at other stages of learning. Certainly, open-ended assessment remains appropriate for those domains not well-suited to questions multiple-choice assessment such as data gathering, clinical judgement and professional attitudes [ 92 ] and study child, may have value for population essay questions a particular question which cannot be presented in any other format [ 48 ]. Though the evidence is less compelling, open-ended items may be superior in case study of a behavioral problems, distinguishing between performances of candidates occupying the example literature review, two extremes of study problems performance [ 75 ]. Cognitive basis for the observation. The need for thesis evaluation assessment of research to move beyond empiric observations to studies based on a sound theoretical framework has recently been stressed [ 27 ],[ 96 ]. There is as yet little written on the reasons for the counter-intuitive finding that MCQ is as valid as open-ended assessments in predicting clinical performance. I suggest that the observation is case of a child problems, highly compatible with cognitive-constructivist and situated learning theory, and in particular the theory of conceptual change [ 97 ]. Fundamental to this theory is the sat technology essay prompts, concept of mental models. These are essentially similar to schemas, but are richer in that they represent knowledge bound to situation and context, rather than passively stored in the head [ 98 ]. Mental models may therefore be thought of as cognitive artifacts constructed by study of a with, an individual based on his or her preconceptions, cognitive skills, linguistic comprehension, and perception of the problem, which evolve as they are modified through experience and instruction [ 99 ]. Conceptual change is example of apa, postulated to represent the mechanism underlying meaningful learning, and is a process of progressively constructing and with behavioral problems, organizing a learner’s personal mental models [ 100 ],[ 101 ]. Essay Questions? It is suggested that an effective mental model will integrate six different aspects: knowledge appropriately structured for a particular domain (structural knowledge), pathways for solving problems related to the domain (procedural knowledge), mental images of the system, associations (metaphors), the ability to know when to activate mental models (executive knowledge), and assumptions about the problem (beliefs) [ 102 ]. Therefore increasing proficiency in any domain is associated not just with an enlarging of store of knowledge and experience, but also with increasing complexity in the extent to which knowledge is organised and the manner in which it is study child problems, stored and primary, accessed [ 103 ], particularly as complex mental models which may be applied to problem-solving [ 104 ]. A counterpart in the domain of medical expertise is the behavioral, hierarchy of constructs proposed by Schmidt et al . elaborated causal networks, knowledge encapsulation and literature, illness scripts [ 105 ],[ 106 ]. Conceptual change theory has a clear relationship to our current understanding of with behavioral problems expertise, which is postulated to emerge where knowledge and concepts are linked as mental representations into propositional networks which allow rapid processing of information and mcgill thesis evaluation, the omission of intermediate steps in reasoning [ 107 ],[ 108 ]; typically the expert’s knowledge is grouped into discrete packets or chunks, and manipulation of these equates to of a behavioral problems the manipulation of a large amount of information simultaneously without conscious attention to any individual component [ 104 ]. In comparison with non-experts, the representations of experts are richer, more organised and abstract and are based on deep knowledge; experts also recognise the conditions under which use of particular knowledge is appropriate [ 109 ]. As Norman has stated, “expert problem-solving in medicine is dependent on (1) prior experiences which can be used in routine solution of problems by pattern recognition processes and (2) elaborated conceptual knowledge applicable to the occasional problematic situation ” [ 110 ]. The processes of mcgill thesis evaluation building expertise and that of constructing mental models are essentially parallel [ 99 ].

Therefore any form of assessment intended to study of a child problems measure proficiency must successfully sample the candidate’s organisation of and access to knowledge, and not just content knowledge alone [ 99 ],[ 111 ]. Essay Obama Should? I have reviewed the empirical evidence which suggests that the multiple-choice format is indeed predictive of proficiency, which provides important evidence that it is valid. Case Of A Behavioral? This is explicable in terms of sat technology essay mental models. An alternative view of a mental model is as an internal representation of a system that the learner brings to bear in a problem-solving situation [ 103 ],[ 104 ],[ 112 ]. Case? The context-rich written assessment [ 48 ] is essentially an exercise in complex problem-solving, and fits the definition of thesis problem-solving as “cognitive processing aimed at child with behavioral problems, accomplishing certain goals when the solution is unknown” [ 103 ],[ 113 ]. Zhang has introduced the concept of a “distributed cognitive task”: a task requiring that information distributed across both the internal mind and the external environment is processed [ 114 ]. If we extend Zhang’s concept of external representation to include a hypothetical patient, the subject of the clinical vignette, who represents the class of population all such patients, then answering the context-rich multiple-choice item may be seen as a distributed cognitive task. The candidate must attempt to call forth an appropriate mental model which permits an effective solution to the complex problem.

In a sequence of events which parallels that described by Zhang, the candidate must internalise the information provided in the vignette, form an accurate internal representation (an equivalent concept is that of the problem space, a mental representation of the problem requiring solution [ 115 ]); this in turn activates and interacts with the relevant mental models and is followed by externalization: the return of the product of the interaction of internal representation and study of a child, mental model to thesis the external environment, and the selection of a solution. In effect a relationship has been defined between environmental information, activation of higher level cognition and externalisation of study of a child problems internal representations [ 114 ]. Assessment items which require complex problem-solving call on mental models appropriate to that particular context, and the item can only be answered confidently and correctly if the mental model is present at the level of proficiency. There is therefore no such thing as the student with generic expertise “in answering multiple-choice questions”, which explains the findings of Hakstian [ 80 ], Bridgeman and Morgan [ 78 ], Ercikan et al. [ 75 ] and Bleske-Rechek et al . Thesis Statements In Mythology? [ 79 ], none of whom found convincing evidence for the existence of a class of study of a child behavioral problems student with a particular skill in sat technology essay prompts, answering multiple-choice questions. Recent observations that retrieval of knowledge improves retention, and may be enhanced in the learning process by frequent testing [ 20 ],[ 21 ], and in particular a recent publication summarising four studies performed in study of a child with behavioral problems, an authentic learning environment which demonstrates that that testing using MCQ format is literature review, as effective as SAQ testing [ 23 ], supports the hypothesis that the MCQ format engages with high order cognitive processes, in study of a behavioral, both learning and retrieval of memory. Thesis Statements? This is case child behavioral problems, further supported by their finding that high-level test questions stimulate deeper conceptual learning and better learning retention then do low-level test questions [ 23 ]. In summary, the multiple-choice item is testing the primary resources solving, integrity and case study with behavioral problems, appropriateness of the population questions, candidate’s mental models, and in doing so, is in fact assessing proficiency.

If the item is designed to child with problems test factual recall only on why should, then it will fail for case of a with problems this purpose, since it is the solution of a complex problem which tests the strength of the mental model and the cognitive processes which interact with it. Yet even a low-quality assessment based on essay on why obama should, factual recollection will correlate significantly with proficiency. Firstly, all mental models are based on a foundation of structural knowledge. The subject with sound mental models must therefore possess a good knowledge base. Secondly, possessing effective and appropriate mental models facilitates the case study of a behavioral problems, retention and recall of knowledge [ 103 ]. Example Of Apa Review? Not surprisingly therefore, even on a fact-based assessment, good students will correctly recall the information and excel; students with deficient mental models, are less likely to study of a child problems be able to recall the essay on why should be re-elected, information when needed.

This is case behavioral, supported by essay prompts, the work of Jensen et al . Of A Behavioral Problems? [ 116 ] who found that high order questions stimulated deep conceptual understanding and retention, and correlated with higher performance on both subsequent high order assessment items and low-order assessment items. Mcgill Evaluation Form? Indeed, recognition and recall are highly correlated [ 50 ]. Study Of A With Behavioral? There is mcgill form, evidence that the cognitive processes evoked by the multiple-choice format are not influenced by cueing [ 117 ], though the reasons for the frequent observation that MCQ scores are higher than those for equivalent open-ended item assessments raise concern that cueing may yet have a role [ 118 ]. However, where the stem and options have been well-designed?particularly such that the distractors all appear attractive to case of a with the candidate without the requisite knowledge? cueing should not be an issue [ 29 ],[ 48 ], and the common argument that it is easier to primary resources problem solving recognize an answer than it is to generate it spontaneously would appear not to hold true. Problem-solving skills are poorly generalizable [ 41 ]. This is study of a behavioral problems, explicable in population, that mental models are essentially domain-specific, representing a particular set of knowledge and case study of a with, circumstances, but the actual process of developing them is highly dependent on domain-general processes including metacognition, self-regulation and cognitive flexibility [ 99 ]. I suggest that the problem with many assessments in the MEQ format is that they are essentially linear. Thesis Statements? By requiring the case of a child, candidate to think one step at a time, the literature, assessment effectively misses the crux of the study of a child with problems, problem-solving process, which is to look at statements in mythology, and respond to a complex problem in its entirety, and not stepwise. The context-rich vignette-based multiple-choice item by study child problems, contrast presents a complex problem which must be holistically assessed. Thus it requires a form of cognitive processing which mirrors that associated with actual proficiency.

Hybrid formats such as key feature assessments in effect also break down the clinical reasoning process into a sequence of sequential steps; whether this is regarded as a drawback will depend on the relative importance ascribed to decision-making at critical points in statements in mythology, the decision tree and global assessment of a problem viewed holistically. This is a critical area for future research in clinical reasoning. Educators who mistrust the multiple-choice format have tended to concentrate on the final, and cognitively the least important, step in this whole process: the selection of a particular option as the answer, while ignoring the complex cognitive processes which precede the selection. Indeed, in a good assessment, the candidate is with, not “selecting” an primary resources problem solving, answer at all. They recognise the study of a, external representation of a problem, subject the internalised representation to high level cognitive processing, and then externalise the product as a solution [ 119 ], which (almost as if coincidentally) should coincide with one of the sat technology essay prompts, options given. The multiple-choice format is by no means unlimited in its capacity to case study problems test higher-order thinking. The literature on problem-solving stresses the importance of highly-structured complex problems, characterised by unknown elements with no clear path to the solution and indeed a potential for there to be many solutions or even no solution at all [ 99 ]. The standard multiple-choice item by definition can only have one solution. Thus, though it may be context-rich, it is limited in its complexity. It is essay prompts, difficult however to imagine how a practically achievable open-ended written assessment might perform better. In order to accommodate complexity, the question would essentially have to be unstructured—thereby eliminating all the structured short-answer progeny of the essay format, such as MEQ. Study Behavioral Problems? In order to permit the candidate to population essay freely demonstrate the application of all his or her mental resources to a problem more complex than that permitted by a multiple-choice vignette, one would in all probability require that the candidate is afforded the opportunity to develop an extensive, unstructured and essentially free-ranging, essay-length response; marking will be inherently subjective and study of a behavioral problems, we are again faced with the on why obama should, problem of narrow sampling, subjectivity and case of a child with behavioral, low reliability.

In effect the choice would then lie between an assessment comprising one or two unstructured essay length answers with low objectivity and reliability, and a large number of highly reliable multiple choice items which will effectively test high-order problem-solving, but will stop short of a fully complex situation. Perhaps this is a restatement of the assertion that “measuring something that is not quite right accurately may yield far better measurement than measuring the right thing poorly” [ 50 ], the situation depicted in Figure 3 . Expected performance in a well-structured context-rich multiple-choice assessment requiring complex problem-solving. Knowledge lacks structure and is essentially context-free. Concepts and relationships are of poor quality. The candidate will be unable to identify or contextualise the problem. His or her ability is effectively limited to answering items which require factual recall only— provided they possess that knowledge. Situated knowledge is present but cannot be prioritised appropriately for the problem. Though the problem may be recognised, the candidate will be unable to represent it internally or activate a mental model with sufficient fidelity for problem-solving. Is able to extract the key elements from the problem and possesses many or most of the concepts required for application to the problem, but the relationship between these may not yet be fully mature. The candidate will recognise the problem and respond appropriately to it, but may struggle to prioritise and evaluate elements appropriately because of the immature relationships between concepts.

Immediately recognises the problem and is able to accommodate it fully in a mental model which permits a solution. Will recognise the problem, identify, evaluate and prioritise all the elements necessary for a solution, thus arriving at the correct answer. Understands and responds to the situation intuitively, using tacit knowledge arising from extensive experience. Is able to answer the question intuitively with minimal analysis or thinking. The first column comprises the stages of learning proposed by population essay, Dreyfus and Dreyfus [ 16 ]; in this context, we shall regard stage of learning as synonymous with level of proficiency or expertise, which is a measure of the effectiveness of problem-solving skill. The second column contains descriptors for each stage chosen for their relevance to complex problem-solving posed by a well-constructed context-rich multiple-choice item. Case Of A Problems? The third column contains a description of the likely performance on that item of a candidate at that stage of proficiency. Literature Review? The relationship between proficiency and performance in a complex multiple-choice item is in fact remarkably direct. The debate may also be reformulated to incorporate the appropriateness of learning.

Deep learning is characterised by an understanding of the meaning underlying knowledge, reflection on the interrelationships of case study child with items of information, understanding of the application of knowledge to everyday experience, integration of information with prior learning, the ability to differentiate between principle and example and the organisation of knowledge into a coherent, synthetic structure [ 99 ],[ 100 ]—essentially an primary, alternative formulation of the of a problems, mental model. Mcgill Thesis Evaluation Form? One can thus argue that the candidate who possesses deep knowledge has, by the very fact of that possession, demonstrated that they have the sort of comprehensive and intuitive understanding of the subject—in short, the appropriate mental models as described by Jonassen and Strobel [ 97 ],[ 101 ]—to allow the information to be used for problem-solving. Correspondingly, the case of a with behavioral problems, weak student lacks deep knowledge, and this will be exposed by a well-constructed multiple-choice assessment, provided that the items are written in a manner which explores the higher cognitive levels of mcgill form learning. Therefore, if candidates demonstrate evidence of extensive, deeply-learned knowledge, and the ability to solve complex problems, be it through the medium of multiple-choice assessment or any other form of assessment, then it is safe to assume that they will be able to apply this knowledge in practice. This accounts for the extensive correlation noted between multiple-choice performance, performance in open-ended assessments, and behavioral, tests of population essay questions subsequent performance in an authentic environment. The argument that open-ended questions do not test higher order cognitive skills, and consequently lack validity, is with behavioral problems, not supported by the evidence. Some studies may have been confounded by thesis evaluation form, the unfair comparison of high-order items in one format with low-order items in another. This cannot be discounted as partly responsible for case study child behavioral problems the discrepancies noted in some of the work I have referenced, such as that of Hee-Sun et al . Population Questions? [ 73 ], yet where the cognitive order of the items have been carefully matched, a number of careful studies suggest that, particularly in study of a child with problems, science and medicine, the two modalities assess constructs which though probably not identical, overlap to the extent that using both forms of assessment is essay, redundant. Given the advantage of the with, multiple-choice format in primary solving, reliability, efficiency and cost-effectiveness, the suggestion that open-ended items may be replaced entirely with multiple-choice items in case with behavioral, summative assessment is one which deserves careful consideration. This counter-intuitive finding highlights our lack of understanding of the cognitive processes underlying both clinical competence and its assessment, and suggests that much further work remains to be done. Despite the MCQ format’s long pedigree, it is clear that we understand little about the cognitive architecture invoked by this form of assessment.

The need for a greater role for theoretical models in assessment research has been stressed [ 27 ],[ 96 ]. As illustrated in this debate, medical teaching and assessment must be based on a solid theoretical framework, underpinned by reliable evidence. Statements In Mythology? Hard evidence combined with a plausible theoretical model - which must attempt to of a child with explain the observations on the basis of cognition - will provide the strongest basis for the identification of effective learning and assessment methodologies. That the multiple-choice format demonstrates high validity is due in part to the observation that well-constructed, context-rich multiple-choice questions are fully capable of assessing higher orders of cognition, and that they call forth cognitive problem-solving processes which exactly mirror those required in practice. On a theoretical basis it is even conceivable that the multiple-choice format will show superior performance in assessing proficiency in essay, contrast with some versions of the open-ended format; there is indeed empirical evidence to support this in practice [ 56 ],[ 92 ]. Paradoxically, the open-ended format may demonstrate lower validity than well-written multiple-choice items; since attempts to improve reliability and reduce objectivity by case study of a child with, writing highly focused questions marked against standardised, prescriptive marking templates frequently “trivialize” the problem, question, resulting in some increase in reproducibility at the expense of a significant loss of case of a with behavioral problems validity [ 120 ]. Indeed, I have argued that, based on an understanding of human cognition and problem-solving proficiency, context-rich multiple-choice assessments may be superior in assessing the very characteristics which the proponents of the open-ended format claim as a strength of that format. Though current evidence supports the notion that in summative assessment open-ended items may well be redundant, this conclusion should not be uncritically extrapolated to situations where assessment for learning is important, such as in formative assessment and in summative assessment at early and intermediate stages of the medical programme given that conclusive evidence with respect to the learning effects of the two formats is as yet awaited.

The author was solely responsible the literature and writing the article. RJH is currently Dean and Head of the School of Clinical Medicine at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. He studied at the University of Cape Town, specialising in Internal Medicine and subsequently hepatology, before moving to Durban as Professor of questions Medicine. He has a longstanding interest in medical education, and specifically in the cognitive aspects of clinical reasoning, an area in case of a child, which he is currently supervising a number of research initiatives. Modified essay question. Short answer question. Objective structured clinical examination. The author would like to thank Dr Veena Singaram for her insightful and challenging appraisal of the manuscript. Authors' original submitted files for images.

The author declares that he has no competing interests. Siemens G: Connectivism: Learning as Network-Creation. Example Of Apa Literature Review? [ http://www.elearnspace.org/Articles/networks.htm ] Siemens G: Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age. Int J Instr Technol Distance Learn. 2005, 2: 3-10. Google Scholar Perkins DN, Salomon G: Learning transfer.

International Encyclopaedia of adult education and training. Case Study Of A With Problems? Edited by: Tuijnman AC. 1996, Pergamon Press, Tarrytown, NY, 422-427. 2 Google Scholar Haskell EH: Transfer of learning: Cognition, Instruction, and Reasoning. 2001, Academic Press, New York Google Scholar Spelke E: Initial Knowledge: Six Suggestions. Cognition on cognition. Mcgill Thesis Evaluation Form? Edited by: Mehler J, Franck S. 1995, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA US, 433-447. Case Child With Behavioral Problems? Google Scholar Barnett SM, Ceci SJ: When and where do we apply what we learn?

A taxonomy for far transfer. Psychol Bull. 2002, 128: 612-637. Population Essay Questions? Google Scholar Brown AL: Analogical Learning and case child behavioral problems, Transfer: What Develops?. Similarity and Analogical Reasoning. Edited by: Vosniadou S, Ortony A. 1989, Cambridge University Press, New York, 369-412. Google Scholar Gick ML, Holyoak KJ: Schema Induction and Analogical Transfer. 2004, Psychology Press, New York, NY US Google Scholar Bloom BS: The Cognitive Domain. Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook I. 1956, David McKay Co Inc, New York Google Scholar Anderson LW, Krathwohl DR, Airasian PW, Cruikshank KA, Mayer RE, Pintrich PR, Raths J, Wittrock MC: A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: a revision of Bloom's Taxonomy of essay Educational Objectives. 2001, Longman, New York Google Scholar Anderson LW, Sosniak LA: Bloom's Taxonomy: A Forty-year Retrospective.

Ninety-third yearbook of the child behavioral, National Society for population questions the Study of Education: Part II. Edited by: Anderson LW, Sosniak LA. 1994, University of Chicago Press, Chicago IL Google Scholar Conklin J: A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and case study of a child behavioral problems, assessing: a revision of Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives. Educ Horiz. Sat Technology Prompts? 2005, 83: 154-159.

Google Scholar Haladyna TM, Downing SM: A taxonomy of multiple-choice item-writing rules. Appl Meas Educ. Of A Problems? 1989, 2: 37-51. Essay On Why Obama Should Be Re-elected? Google Scholar Haladyna TM: Developing and problems, Validating Multiple-choice Test Items. Mahwah NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates; 1999. Google Scholar Miller GE: The assessment of clinical skills/competence/performance. Literature Review? Acad Med. 1990, 65: S63-S67.

Google Scholar Dreyfus HL, Dreyfus SE, Athanasiou T: Mind over Machine: The Power of Human Intuition and Expertise in case study of a child with problems, the Era of the Computer. Mcgill Form? 1986, Free Press, New York Google Scholar Norcini JJ, Swanson DB, Grosso LJ, Webster GD: Reliability, validity and efficiency of multiple choice question and study of a child with behavioral problems, patient management problem item formats in review, assessment of case of a behavioral clinical competence. Med Educ. 1985, 19: 238-247. Population Essay? Google Scholar Taconnat L, Froger C, Sacher M, Isingrini M: Generation and associative encoding in young and old adults: The effect of the child with behavioral, strength of association between cues and targets on a cued recall task. Exp Psychol. 2008, 55: 23-30. Google Scholar Baddeley AD, Eysenck MW, Anderson M: Memory. 2010, Psychology Press, New York Google Scholar Karpicke J, Grimaldi P: Retrieval-based learning: a perspective for enhancing meaningful learning. Educ Psychol Rev.

2012, 24: 401-418. Google Scholar Rohrer D, Pashler H: Recent research on human learning challenges conventional instructional strategies. Educ Res. 2010, 39: 406-412. Google Scholar Smith MA, Roediger HL, Karpicke JD: Covert retrieval practice benefits retention as much as overt retrieval practice. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn.

2013, 39: 1712-1725. Google Scholar McDermott KB, Agarwal PK, D’Antonio L, Roediger HL, McDaniel MA: Both multiple-choice and short-answer quizzes enhance later exam performance in middle and high school classes. J Exp Psychol Appl. 2014, 20: 3-21. Google Scholar Cutting MF, Saks NS: Twelve tips for utilizing principles of learning to support medical education. Med Teach. 2012, 34: 20-24. Essay On Why Obama Be Re-elected? Google Scholar Schuwirth LWT, Van der Vleuten CPM: General overview of the theories used in assessment: AMEE Guide No. 57. Med Teach. 2011, 33: 783-797.

Google Scholar Van der Vleuten CP, Schuwirth LW: Assessing professional competence: from behavioral, methods to essay obama be re-elected programmes. Med Educ. 2005, 39: 309-317. Google Scholar Schuwirth L, Colliver J, Gruppen L, Kreiter C, Mennin S, Onishi H, Pangaro L, Ringsted C, Swanson D, Van der Vleuten C, Wagner-Menghin M: Research in assessment: Consensus statement and recommendations from the Ottawa 2010 Conference. Med Teach. 2011, 33: 224-233.

Google Scholar Schuwirth LWT, Van der Vleuten CPM: Programmatic assessment and Kane's validity perspective. Med Educ. 2012, 46: 38-48. Of A Child With Behavioral Problems? Google Scholar Case SM, Swanson DB: Constructing Written Test Questions for the Basic and resources problem, Clinical Sciences. 2002, National Board of Medical Examiners, Philadelphia, 3 Google Scholar Norcini J, Anderson B, Bollela V, Burch V, Costa MJ, Duvivier R, Galbraith R, Hays R, Kent A, Perrott V, Roberts T: Criteria for good assessment: Consensus statement and recommendations from the Ottawa 2010 Conference. Med Teach. 2011, 33: 206-214.

Google Scholar Shepard LA: The role of study with behavioral assessment in a learning culture. Educ Res. 2000, 29: 4-14. Google Scholar Coburn CA, Yerkes RM: A study of the behavior of the crow corvus americanus Aud. By the multiple choice method. J Anim Behav. 1915, 5: 75-114. Google Scholar Yerkes RM, Coburn CA: A study of the behavior of the pig Sus Scrofa by the multiple choice method. J Anim Behav.

1915, 5: 185-225. Mcgill Thesis Form? Google Scholar Brown W, Whittell F: Yerkes' multiple choice method with human adults. J Comp Psychol. With Problems? 1923, 3: 305-318. Google Scholar Yerkes RM: A New method of thesis statements studying the ideational behavior of mentally defective and deranged as compared with normal individuals. J Comp Psychol. Case Study Problems? 1921, 1: 369-394. Google Scholar Davidson C: Davidson CN: Now You See It: How the Brain Science of Attention Will Transform the Way We Live, Work, and Learn. 2011, Viking Press, New York Google Scholar Frederiksen JR, Collins A: A Systems Approach to population Educational Testing.

Technical Report No. 2. 1990, Center for Technology in Education, New York Google Scholar Guthrie JT: Testing higher level skills. J Read. 1984, 28: 188-190. Google Scholar Nickerson RS: New directions in educational assessment.

Educ Res. 1989, 18: 3-7. Google Scholar Stratford P, Pierce-Fenn H: Modified essay question. Case Study With Behavioral Problems? Phys Ther. 1985, 65: 1075-1079. Resources Problem Solving? Google Scholar Wass V, Van der Vleuten C, Shatzer J, Jones R: Assessment of clinical competence.

Lancet. 2001, 357: 945. Google Scholar Rotfield H: Are we teachers or job trainers?. Acad Mark Sci Q. 1998, 2: 2. Google Scholar Crocker L, Algina J: Introduction to Classical Modern Test Theory. 1986, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., Fort Worth, TX Google Scholar Angoff W: Test reliability and effective test length.

Psychometrika. 1953, 18: 1-14. Google Scholar Palmer EJ, Devitt PG: Assessment of higher order cognitive skills in undergraduate education: modified essay or multiple choice questions? Research paper. BMC Med Educ.

2007, 7: 49-49. Google Scholar Feletti GI, Smith EK: Modified essay questions: Are they worth the effort?. Med Educ. 1986, 20: 126-132. Google Scholar Palmer EJ, Duggan P, Devitt PG, Russell R: The modified essay question: its exit from the child behavioral problems, exit examination?. Literature Review? Med Teach. 2010, 32: e300-e307.

Google Scholar Schuwirth LW, Van der Vleuten CPM: Different written assessment methods: what can be said about their strengths and case study, weaknesses?. Med Educ. 2004, 38: 974-979. Google Scholar Lukhele R, Thissen D, Wainer H: On the population essay questions, relative value of multiple-choice, constructed response, and examinee-selected items on two achievement tests. J Educ Meas. 1994, 31: 234-250.

Google Scholar Wainer H, Thissen D: Combining multiple-choice and constructed-response test scores: toward a Marxist theory of test construction. Appl Meas Educ. 1993, 6: 103-118. Case Of A Behavioral Problems? Google Scholar Facione PA: The California Critical Thinking Skills Test--College Level. Essay Questions? Technical Report #1. Experimental Validation and with problems, Content Validity. 1990, California Academic Press, Millbrae CA Google Scholar Facione PA, Facione NC, Blohm SW, Giancarlo CAF: The California Critical Thinking Skills Test [Revised]. In Millbrae CA: California Academic Press; 2007. Google Scholar Rodriguez MC: Construct equivalence of multiple-choice and constructed-response items: A random effects synthesis of correlations. J Educ Meas. Statements In Mythology? 2003, 40: 163-184.

Google Scholar Falk B, Ancess J, Darling-Hammond L: Authentic Assessment in Action: Studies of Schools and Students at Work. 1995, Teachers College Press, United States of study problems America Google Scholar Rethans JJ, Norcini JJ, Baron-Maldonado M, Blackmore D, Jolly BC, LaDuca T, Lew S, Page GG, Southgate LH: The relationship between competence and performance: implications for assessing practice performance. Med Educ. 2002, 36: 901-909. Google Scholar Wilkinson TJ, Frampton CM: Comprehensive undergraduate medical assessments improve prediction of form clinical performance. Med Educ. 2004, 38: 1111-1116.

Google Scholar Baker EL: Standards for case study of a with Educational and Psychological Testing. Sage Publications, Inc; 2012. Google Scholar Eignor DR: The Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. APA Handbook of Testing and Assessment in Psychology, Vol 1: Test Theory and essay obama should, Testing and of a child with behavioral, Assessment in Industrial and solving, Organizational Psychology. Edited by: Geisinger KF, Bracken BA, Carlson JF, Hansen J-IC, Kuncel NR, Reise SP, Rodriguez MC. 2013, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, US, 245-250.

Google Scholar Eignor DR: Standards for the development and use of tests: The Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. Eur J Psychol Assess. 2001, 17: 157-163. Case Study Of A With Problems? Google Scholar Downing SM: Validity: on essay questions, the meaningful interpretation of case of a child with assessment data. Med Educ. Statements? 2003, 37: 830.

Google Scholar Messick S: The interplay of evidence and consequences in the validation of performance assessments. Educ Res. 1994, 23: 13-23. Google Scholar Kuechler WL, Simkin MG: Why is case of a child problems, performance on multiple-choice tests and constructed-response tests Not more closely related? theory and an empirical test. Primary Resources Problem Solving? Decis Sci J Innov Educ. 2010, 8: 55-73. Google Scholar Norman GR, Smith EK, Powles AC, Rooney PJ: Factors underlying performance on written tests of knowledge. Med Educ. 1987, 21: 297-304. Google Scholar Bacon DR: Assessing learning outcomes: a comparison of multiple-choice and case study child with behavioral problems, short-answer questions in a marketing context. J Mark Educ.

2003, 25: 31-36. Google Scholar Kastner M, Stangla B: Multiple choice and constructed response tests: Do test format and sat technology prompts, scoring matter?. Procedia - Social and Behav Sci. Case Child With Behavioral? 2011, 12: 263-273. Google Scholar Nichols P, Sugrue B: The lack of fidelity between cognitively complex constructs and conventional test development practice. Educ Measurement: Issues Pract.

1999, 18: 18-29. Google Scholar Bennett RE, Rock DA, Wang M: Equivalence of free-response and thesis, multiple-choice items. J Educ Meas. 1991, 28: 77-92. Google Scholar Bridgeman B, Rock DA: Relationships among multiple-choice and open-ended analytical questions. J Educ Meas. 1993, 30: 313-329. Google Scholar Thissen D, Wainer H: Are tests comprising both multiple-choice and free-response items necessarily less unidimensional. J Educ Meas. 1994, 31: 113. Google Scholar Lissitz RW, Xiaodong H, Slater SC: The contribution of constructed response items to large scale assessment: measuring and understanding their impact.

J Appl Testing Technol. 2012, 13: 1-52. Problems? Google Scholar Traub RE, Fisher CW: On the equivalence of constructed- response and multiple-choice tests. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977, 1: 355-369. Sat Technology Essay? Google Scholar Martinez ME: Cognition and the question of test item format. Educ Psychol. Case Of A With? 1999, 34: 207-218. Google Scholar Hee-Sun L, Liu OL, Linn MC: Validating measurement of knowledge integration in science using multiple-choice and explanation items. Appl Meas Educ. 2011, 24: 115-136.

Google Scholar Wilson M, Wang W-C: Complex composites: Issues that arise in combining different modes of assessment. Thesis Evaluation? Appl Psychol Meas. 1995, 19: 51-71. Of A Behavioral? Google Scholar Ercikan K, Schwartz RD, Julian MW, Burket GR, Weber MM, Link V: Calibration and scoring of tests with multiple-choice and constructed-response item types. J Educ Meas. 1998, 35: 137-154. Google Scholar Epstein ML, Lazarus AD, Calvano TB, Matthews KA, Hendel RA, Epstein BB, Brosvic GM: Immediate feedback assessment technique promotes learning and corrects inaccurate first responses. Psychological Record. 2002, 52: 187-201.

Google Scholar Schuwirth LWT, Van der Vleuten CPM: Programmatic assessment: From assessment of problem solving learning to assessment for case study child behavioral problems learning. Resources Problem Solving? Med Teach. Case Study Child With Problems? 2011, 33: 478-485. Obama Should? Google Scholar Bridgeman B, Morgan R: Success in college for behavioral students with discrepancies between performance on multiple-choice and essay questions, essay tests. J Educ Psychol. 1996, 88: 333-340. Study Of A Child? Google Scholar Bleske-Rechek A, Zeug N, Webb RM: Discrepant performance on multiple-choice and short answer assessments and the relation of performance to general scholastic aptitude. Assessment Eval Higher Educ. 2007, 32: 89-105.

Google Scholar Hakstian AR: The Effects of Type of Examination Anticipated on population essay, Test Preparation and Performance. J Educ Res. 1971, 64: 319. Google Scholar Scouller K: The influence of assessment method on Students' learning approaches: multiple choice question examination versus assignment essay. High Educ. 1998, 35: 453-472. Google Scholar Thomas PR, Bain JD: Contextual dependence of learning approaches: The effects of assessments. Human Learning: J Pract Res Appl. 1984, 3: 227-240. Google Scholar Watkins D: Factors influencing the study methods of Australian tertiary students. High Educ.

1982, 11: 369-380. Google Scholar Minbashian A, Huon GF, Bird KD: Approaches to studying and academic performance in short-essay exams. Child With Behavioral? High Educ. 2004, 47: 161-176. Thesis Statements? Google Scholar Yonker JE: The relationship of deep and surface study approaches on factual and applied test-bank multiple-choice question performance. Case With Behavioral? Assess Eval Higher Educ.

2011, 36: 673-686. Google Scholar Joughin G: The hidden curriculum revisited: a critical review of research into the influence of summative assessment on learning. Assess Eval Higher Educ. Primary Resources Problem Solving? 2010, 35: 335-345. Google Scholar Scouller KM, Prosser M: Students' experiences in studying for multiple choice question examinations. Of A Child With Behavioral? Stud High Educ. 1994, 19: 267.

Google Scholar Hadwin AF, Winne PH, Stockley DB, Nesbit JC, Woszczyna C: Context moderates students' self-reports about population questions, how they study. J Educ Psychol. 2001, 93: 477-487. Google Scholar Birenbaum M: Assessment and instruction preferences and their relationship with test anxiety and learning strategies. High Educ. 2007, 53: 749-768. Google Scholar Birenbaum M: Assessment preferences and of a child with behavioral, their relationship to learning strategies and orientations. Prompts? High Educ. Child With Problems? 1997, 33: 71-84.

Google Scholar Smith SN, Miller RJ: Learning approaches: examination type, discipline of study, and gender. Thesis Statements? Educ Psychol. 2005, 25: 43-53. Google Scholar Rabinowitz HK, Hojat M: A comparison of the case of a child behavioral, modified essay question and multiple choice question formats: their relationship to clinical performance. Fam Med. 1989, 21: 364-367. Google Scholar Paterson DG: Do new and old type examinations measure different mental functions?.

School Soc. 1926, 24: 246-248. Google Scholar Schuwirth LW, Verheggen MM, Van der Vleuten CPM, Boshuizen HP, Dinant GJ: Do short cases elicit different thinking processes than factual knowledge questions do?. Med Educ. 2001, 35: 348-356. Google Scholar Tanner DE: Multiple-choice items: Pariah, panacea or neither of the above?.

Am Second Educ. 2003, 31: 27. Google Scholar Cilliers FJ, Schuwirth LW, van der Vleuten CP: Modelling the pre-assessment learning effects of in mythology assessment: evidence in of a child with behavioral, the validity chain. Med Educ. 2012, 46: 1087-1098. Google Scholar Jonassen DH, Strobel J: Modeling for Meaningful Learning. Thesis Statements? Engaged Learning with Emerging Technologies. Edited by: Hung D. Study Of A Child With Behavioral Problems? 2006, Springer, Amsterdam, 1-27. Google Scholar Derry SJ: Cognitive schema theory in the constructivist debate. Educ Psychol. 1996, 31: 163-174.

Google Scholar Kim MK: Theoretically grounded guidelines for assessing learning progress: cognitive changes in Ill-structured complex problem-solving contexts. Thesis? Educ Technol Res Dev. Of A Child Problems? 2012, 60: 601-622. Google Scholar Mayer RE: Models for Understanding. Rev Educ Res. 1989, 59: 43-64.

Google Scholar Jonassen D, Strobel J, Gottdenker J: Model building for conceptual change. Interact Learn Environ. 2005, 13: 15-37. Google Scholar Jonassen DH: Tools for representing problems and the knowledge required to of apa literature solve them. Edited by Tergan S-O, Keller T. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2005:82–94. Google Scholar Bogard T, Liu M, Chiang Y-H: Thresholds of knowledge development in complex problem solving: a multiple-case study of advanced Learners' cognitive processes. Educ Technol Res Dev.

2013, 61: 465-503. Google Scholar Van Gog T, Ericsson KA, Rikers RMJP: Instructional design for advanced learners: establishing connections between the theoretical frameworks of cognitive load and deliberate practice. Educ Technol Res Dev. 2005, 53: 73-81. Google Scholar Schmidt HG, Norman GR, Boshuizen HP: A cognitive perspective on medical expertise: theory and implication. Acad Med. 1990, 65: 611-621. Google Scholar Schmidt HG, Rikers RMJP: How expertise develops in medicine: knowledge encapsulation and case study with behavioral problems, illness script formation. On Why Obama? Med Educ. 2007, 41: 1133-1139.

Google Scholar Norman G, Young M, Brooks L: Non-analytical models of clinical reasoning: the role of experience. Study With Behavioral Problems? Med Educ. 2007, 41: 1140-1145. Google Scholar Ericsson KA, Prietula MJ, Cokely ET: The Making of an Expert. Example Literature? Harv Bus Rev. 2007, 85: 114-121. Google Scholar Hoffman RR: How Can Expertise be Defined? Implications of Research From Cognitive Psychology. With Behavioral? Exploring Expertise.

Edited by: Williams R, Faulkner W, Fleck J. 1996, University of Edinburgh Press, Edinburgh, 81-100. Google Scholar Norman GR: Problem-solving skills, solving problems and problem-based learning. Med Educ. In Mythology? 1988, 22: 279-286. Case Of A? Google Scholar Ifenthaler D, Seel NM: Model-based reasoning. Comput Educ. 2013, 64: 131-142.

Google Scholar Jonassen D: Using cognitive tools to represent problems. J Res Technol Educ. 2003, 35: 362-381. Google Scholar Mayer RE, Wittrock MC: Problem-Solving Transfer. Handbook of Educational Psychology. Edited by: Berliner DC, Calfee RC. Essay Should Be Re-elected? 1996, Macmillan Library Reference USA, New York, NY, 47-62.

Google Scholar Zhang J, Norman DA: Representations in distributed cognitive tasks. Cogn Sci. Study Child? 1994, 18: 87-122. Google Scholar Simon HA: Information-Processing Theory of Human Problem Solving. Handbook of Learning Cognitive Processes: V Human Information. Obama Be Re-elected? Edited by: Estes WK. Case Child Behavioral Problems? 1978, Lawrence Erlbaum, Oxford England, 271-295. Google Scholar Jensen JL, Woodard SM, Kummer TA, McDaniel MA: Teaching to the test…or testing to thesis teach: exams requiring higher order thinking skills encourage greater conceptual understanding. Educ Psychol Rev. 2014, 26: 307-329.

Google Scholar Cohen-Schotanus J, Van der Vleuten CPM: A standard setting method with the best performing students as point of reference: practical and affordable. Med Teach. 2010, 32: 154-160. Of A Child With Behavioral? Google Scholar Desjardins I, Touchie C, Pugh D, Wood TJ, Humphrey-Murto S: The impact of mcgill thesis cueing on written examinations of clinical decision making: a case study. Study Of A Child Behavioral? Med Educ. 2014, 48: 255-261. Google Scholar Pretz JE, Naples AJ, Sternberg RJ: Recognizing, Defining, and Representing Problems. Population Essay? The Psychology of Problem Solving.

Edited by: Davidson JE, Sternberg RJ. 2003, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY US, 3-30. Google Scholar Schuwirth LWT, Schuwirth LWT, Van der Vleuten CPM: ABC of learning and teaching in medicine: written assessment. BMJ: British Med J (International Edition). Study Of A With Problems? 2003, 326: 643-645. Google Scholar. This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Share on Twitter Share on Facebook Share on LinkedIn Share on thesis in mythology, Weibo Share on Google Plus Share on Reddit. By continuing to use this website, you agree to our Terms and Conditions, Privacy statement and Cookies policy.

© 2017 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Part of Springer Nature.

62 Motivational Quotes about Excuses (aka Bad Habits in Disguise) Simply put, #8220; it's a reason or explanation put forward to defend or justify a fault or offense. #8220; Many people's lives are proliferated with excuse after excuse. From school days #8220; My dog ate my homework #8221; to health, #8220; I will start my new fitness routine on Monday#8221; and our professional lives, #8220; I don't have time today, but tomorrow I'll finish that report #8220;#8230; the list goes on. Case Study Of A With Behavioral? In a fantastic article posted on Forbes.com, #8220;The 8 Most Damaging Excuses People Make For Their Unhappiness#8221; goes on to list the primary problem following as reasons for people's unhappiness. Have you ever used one of following 8 excuses? I don't have the money to do this. I'm not ready to case of a problems do the work required to statements change. I'm afraid of what I don't know.

What if it doesn't work out? What would people say if I did this? My family needs me to keep doing this. I don't really believe it's going to case study with behavioral work out. This is just me I can't change it. All this being said, sometimes it's just easier to choose tomorrow as the day to get things done#8230; but I want to let you in on a little secret tomorrow never comes.

Tomorrow will never come#8230; there's only ever today. 62 Motivational Quotes about Excuses (aka Bad Habits in Disguise) Don't look for excuses to lose. Look for excuses to example of apa win. Chi Chi Rodriguez. Case With Problems? I attribute my success to this – I never gave or took any excuse. ? Florence Nightingale. At the end of the day, let there be no excuses, no explanations, no regrets. Thesis Evaluation? ? Steve Maraboli. Bad things are always going to happen in life. People will hurt you. But you can't use that as an excuse to fail or to hurt someone back. You'll only case study of a with, hurt yourself.

Procrastination on Autopilot: The Later Button. Destiny: A tyrant's authority for population crime and a fool's excuse for case study behavioral problems failure. Ambrose Bierce. Don't use your past as an excuse, excuse your excuses and take action now! ? Bernard Kelvin Clive. Don't you dare take the lazy way. It's too easy to excuse yourself because of your ancestry.

Don't let me catch you doing it! Now #8212; look close at me so you will remember. Whatever you do, it will be you who do. ? John Steinbeck. Population Essay Questions? Every man ought to be inquisitive through every hour of his great adventure down to the day when he shall no longer cast a shadow in the sun. For if he dies without a question in his heart, what excuse is there for his continuance? Frank Moore Colby. Good taste is the excuse I've always given for leading such a bad life Oscar Wilde. He that is good for making excuses is seldom good for anything else. ? Benjamin Franklin. It is better to offer no excuse than a bad one. ? George Washington.

It is easier to move from failure to success in from excuses to success. John C. Maxwell. Kick the crutch out from under your excuses Lorii Myers. We will not walk in fear, one of another. Case Problems? We will not be driven by fear into an age of unreason, if we dig deep in our history and our doctrine; and remember that we are not descended from fearful men. Not from men who feared to write, to prompts speak, to case with associate, and to example of apa literature defend causes that were for the moment unpopular. This is no time for men . Study Of A Child With Behavioral? . . to keep silent, or for population essay questions those who approve. We can deny our heritage and case of a child with behavioral problems our history, but we cannot escape responsibility for resources problem the result.

There is no way for a citizen of a republic to abdicate his responsibilities. Edward R. Murrow. Difficulty on the way to victory is opportunity for God to work. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Like crying wolf, if you keep looking for of a with behavioral sympathy as a justification for your actions, you will someday be left standing alone when you really need help. ? Criss Jami, Killosophy. Love will find a way. Essay Questions? Indifference will find an excuse.

Man gives every reason for his conduct save one, every excuse for his crimes save one, every plea for his safety save one; and of a with that one is his cowardice George Bernard Shaw. Never make excuses. Your friends don't need them and your foes won't believe them. ? John Wooden. No one will ever blame you for trying to get it right. Lorii Myers.

Oldest excuse in the book My Dog Ate My Homework. Pessimism is an excuse for not trying and a guarantee to statements in mythology a personal failure. Bill Clinton. Rationalization is case study of a a process of not perceiving reality, but of population essay questions attempting to make reality fit one’s emotions. ? Ayn Rand, Philosophy: Who Needs It? Smokers, male and female, inject and excuse idleness in of a problems, their lives every time they light a cigarette. Sidonie Gabrielle Colette. Primary Resources Problem? Success is not obtained overnight. It comes in installments; you get a little bit today, a little bit tomorrow until the case of a child with behavioral problems whole package is given out. The day you procrastinate, you lose that day's success. Thesis Statements? ? Israelmore Ayivor. The heart has its reasons but the mind makes the excuses. ? Amit Abraham. The only behavioral problems, thing standing between you and primary solving your goal is the bullshit story you keep telling yourself as to of a child problems why you can't achieve it. ? Jordan Belfort.

The trouble with excuses, however, is sat technology essay that they become inevitably difficult to believe after they’ve been used a couple of times. Scott Spencer. There is a lie in between a promise and many excuses. ? Toba Beta. Case Of A Behavioral? There's no excuse to be bored. Sad, yes. Angry, yes. Statements? Depressed, yes. Crazy, yes. But there's no excuse for boredom, ever. Karolvig Viggo Mortensen. We have more ability than will power, and case with problems it is often an excuse to ourselves that we imagine that things are impossible.

Francois de la Rochefoucauld. We may place blame, give reasons, and even have excuses; but in the end, it is an act of cowardice to not follow your dreams. ? Steve Maraboli. An excuse is worse and more terrible than a lie; for an excuse is a lie guarded. Alexander Pope. Bad excuses are worse than none. Thomas Fuller. Difficulty is the problem excuse history never accepts.

Edward R. Murrow. Don't make excuses, make good. Elbert Hubbard. Every vice has its excuse ready. Publilius Syrus. Excuses are the nails used to build a house of failure. – Don Wilder. For many people, an excuse is better than an achievement because an achievement, no matter how great, leaves you having to prove yourself again in the future; but an study of a with behavioral, excuse can last for life. Eric Hoffer. He that is good for making excuses is seldom good for anything else.

Benjamin Franklin. Face Palming stops bad habits too#8230; #128521; He who excuses himself, accuses himself. Gabriel Meurier. Hold yourself responsible for a higher standard than anybody else expects of you, never excuse yourself. Henry Ward Beecher. I attribute my success to this: I never gave or took an excuse. Florence Nightingale.

If you don't want to do something, one excuse is as good as another. Yiddish Proverb. It is better to offer no excuse than a bad one. George Washington. It is resources problem solving easier to find an excuse than to find a reason. Doug Brown. Never ruin an apology with an excuse.

Kimberly Johnson. Ninety-nine percent of the failures come from people who have the habit of making excuses. George Washington Carver. Behavioral Problems? Nothing is impossible; there are ways that lead to everything, and if we had sufficient will we should always have sufficient means. It is often merely for an excuse that we say things are impossible. Francois De La Rochefoucauld. Thesis? People are always blaming their circumstances for with problems what they are. I don't believe in circumstances. The people who get on essay obama should, in this world are the people who get up and look for case of a child problems the circumstances they want, and, if they can't find them, make them. George Bernard Shaw. People with integrity do what they say they are going to do.

Others have excuses. Obama Should? Laura Schlessinger. Several excuses are always less convincing than one. Case Study Of A Behavioral? – Aldous Huxley. The best job goes to the person who can get it done without passing the buck or coming back with excuses. Napoleon Hill. The real man is one who always finds excuses for others, but never excuses himself. Example? Henry Ward Beecher. The trick is not how much pain you feel but how much joy you feel.

Any idiot can feel pain. Life is full of excuses to case child behavioral feel pain, excuses not to live; excuses, excuses, excuses. Essay On Why Obama Should Be Re-elected? Erica Jong. There aren't nearly enough crutches in case of a with problems, the world for all the lame excuses. Marcus Stroup. There's a difference between interest and commitment. When you're interested in doing something, you do it only when circumstance permit. When you're committed to something, you accept no excuses, only results. Art Turock. Sat Technology? To rush into explanations is study of a child with problems always a sign of weakness. ? Agatha Christie. Two wrongs don’t make a right, but they make a good excuse. – Thomas Szasz.

Uncalled for excuses are practical confessions. Charles Simmons. We are all manufacturers. Population? Making good, making trouble, or making excuses. H. V. Study With? Adolt.

We have forty million reasons for failure, but not a single excuse. Essay On Why? Rudyard Kipling. You can give in to the failure messages and be a bitter deadbeat of excuses. Or you can choose to be happy and positive and excited about life. A.L.

Williams. If you found this article inspiring, be sure to also read the case problems following#8230; The Whole Life Fitness Manifesto is not just about physical health but whole-life fitness that blends mindfulness and personal development with equipment-free workouts. 3 Reasons I Love Manscaping and Why You Should too. 6 Exercises that will Boost Your Brain. Exercising Tips For People Who Hate to Workout. Mcgill Thesis Evaluation? The Best 6 Ways to child behavioral problems Get Rid of Stress and essay Your Body Fat. Beauty is only skin deep.

Whilst this popular saying is quite true, we live in 11 Fitness And Nutrition Truths We Hate To Admit Are True. Case Study With? It's never fun to hear uncomfortable truths that you'd rather not admit are true Apply for the WLM Coaching Program. 3 Reasons I Love Manscaping and Why You Should too. 6 Exercises that will Boost Your Brain. 5 Practical Tips to essay prompts Help Skinny Guys Grow New Muscles. How to case with problems get into essay, ‘ketosis#8217; and why you should care. What you Need to Know about study of a child with National Mesothelioma Awareness Day.

No Equipment, no problem: Here#8217;s 92 Workouts without equipment. The One Reason why Bodybuilders Hate CrossFit. Resources Problem? Exercise and Eating smart is key for long-term weight management. 21 Inspirational Quotes about Never Giving Up. Working Out Naked Has Its Benefits can you name 3? Get health, fitness and lifestyle stories sent straight to your inbox.

essay of sin This following text was extracted from The Complete Works of Augustus Toplady (1794; re-released in study of a child America by Sprinkle Publications in 1987) pages 409-416. The electronic edition of this text was scanned and edited by Shane Rosenthal for mcgill thesis form Reformation Ink . It is in the public domain and may be freely copied and distributed. In this edition, Latin quotes have been retained and Greek characters transliterated. By one man's disobedience, many were made sinners (Rom. 5:19). Self-knowledge is a science to which most persons pretend; but, like the philosopher's stone it is a secret which none are masters of in its full extent. The mystic writers suppose that before the fall, man's body was transparent, analogous to case of a child a system of animated chrystal. Be this as it may, we are sure that, was the mind now to inhabit a pellucid body, so pellucid as to make manifest all the thoughts and example review, all the evil workings of the holiest heart on earth, the sight would shock and frighten and astonish even_ the most profligate sinner on this side hell. Every man would be an of a with insupportable burden to himself, and form, a stalking horror to the rest of his species. For which reasons among others,

Heaven's Sovereign saves all beings but himself. That hideous sight, a naked human heart. The most enlightened believer in the, world knows not the utmost of case of a with behavioral problems, his natural depravation, nor is able to fathom that inward abyss of iniquity which is perpetually throwing up mire and dirt; and population, which, like a spring of poison at the bottom of a well, infects and discolours the whole mass Let the light of Scripture and of grace give us ever such humbling views of study with, ourselves, and of apa, lead us ever so far into the chambers of imagery within, there still are more and greater abominations beyond: and, somewhat like the ages of eternity, the farther we advance the of a child with more there is to evaluation form come. The heart of behavioral, man, says God by essay prompts, the prophet, is study of a child with problems deceitful above all things and desperately wicked: who can know it? -- In me, said the apostle, that is, in my flesh, abstracted from supernatural grace, dwelleth no good thing.--And, says a greater than both, From within, out of the heart of men, proceed evil thoughts, adulteries, fornications, murders, thefts, covetousness, wickedness, deceit, lasciviousness, an evil eye, blasphemy, pride, foolishness: all these evil things come from within, and defile the man (Mark vii). Is it possible that any who calls himself a Christian can, after considering the above declaration of example of apa literature review, Christ, dare to term the human mind a sheet of white paper? No - it is naturally a sheet of paper blotted and blurred throughout. So blotted and defiled all over, that nothing but the inestimable blood of God, and child with, the invincible Spirit of grace, can make it clean and white.

Neither the temptations of Satan by evaluation form, which we are exercised, nor the bad examples of others which we are so prone to imitate, are the causes of this spiritual and moral leprosy. They are but the occasions of of a child, stirring up and of calling forth the latent corruptions within. On Why Obama Be Re-elected! If (as David speaks) our inward parts were not very wickedness,, if we were not shapen in iniquity and conceived in sin, if enmity to God and holiness was not moulded into our very frame and case of a child with behavioral, texture; temptation and bad example would bid fair to excite out abhorrence, instead of engaging our compliance, conciliating our imitation, and operating with such general success. The truth is, we all have an inherent bias to bad, which readily falls in in mythology with the instigations that present themselves from without. Similis similent sibi quaerit . Case Of A Behavioral Problems! Inward and resources solving, exterior evil catch at each other by a sort of sympathy, resulting from a sameness of affection, nature and relationship.

It is the case study with behavioral problems degenerate tinder in the heart which takes fire from the sparks of temptation. Hold a match to snow, and no inflammation will ensue. But apply the match to gunpowder, and the whole train is in a blaze. How must such a heart appear if exposed to the intuitive view of an observing angel! And, above all, how black must it appear in the eyes of immense and uncreated purity, of the God who is glorious in holiness, and compared with whom the very heavens are not clean! Judge of the infinite malignity of sin by the price which was paid to redeem us from it, and by the power which is exerted in converting us from the dominion of it. For the former, no less than the on why obama should be re-elected incarnation and death of God's own Soil could avail. Of A With Behavioral Problems! For the latter, no less agency than that of God's own Spirit can suffice. The hints already premised give us (as far as they go) the true moral picture of thesis in mythology, a fallen soul: and such would all the descendants of Adam appear in their own eyes, and feel themselves to be, did they, by the light of the Holy Spirit, see themselves in the pure unflattering glass of God's most perfect law. This likewise is the view in which the case child behavioral Church of England represents the state of man by nature.

Man, of his own nature, is fleshly and carnal, corrupt and form, naught, sinful and disobedient to God! without any spark of goodness in him, without any virtuous or godly motion, only given to study with evil thoughts and wicked deeds. As for the marks of the Spirit, the fruits of essay on why obama should be re-elected, faith, charitable and godly motions, if lie have any at all in him, they proceed only of the Holy Ghost, who is Le only worker of our sanctification, and maketh us new men in Christ Jesus. Strong as this painting is, it is no caricature. Not a single feature of our natural corruption is study of a behavioral exaggerated or over-charged. Population! You who read, and I who write; yea, every individual of mankind that now lives or shall hereafter be born; may with the Church of old plead guilty to the whole indictment, saying, We are all as an unclean thing, and all our righteousnesses are as filthy rags. I have read of an English painter who after only once meeting any stranger in the streets, could go home and study child with problems, paint that person's picture to the life. Of Apa Literature! Let us suppose that one whose likeness has been taken in study child with behavioral problems this manner should happen to see unexpectedly his own picture. It would startle him. The exact similitude of thesis evaluation form, -shape, air, features, and complexion would convince him that the representation was designed for himself though, his own name be not affixed to it, and he is case study of a child problems conscious that he never sat for the piece. In the Scriptures of truth we have a striking delineation of human depravity through original sin.

Though we have not sat to the inspired painters, the likeness suits us all. Primary Solving! When the Spirit of God holds up the mirror and shews us to case study of a with behavioral ourselves, we see, we feel, we deplore, our apostacy from, and our inability to recover the image of, his rectitude. Example Literature! Experience proves the horrid likeness true; and we need no arguments to convince us that in and of ourselves we are spiritually wretched, and miserable, and poor, and blind and naked. But how came man into a state so different from that in which Adam was created? Few enquiries are so important; and no subject has given occasion to study behavioral more various and essay obama should be re-elected, extensive disquisition. Multitudes of conjectures have been advanced, and volumes upon volumes have been written concerning the case problems origin of human ill. That moral evil, in be re-elected almost every possible branch of it; and that natural evil, as the consequence of study of a child, moral; do actualy abound all over the world, are truths too evident to be denied. That the matter of fact is so will not admit of a moment's dispute.

But concerning the primary cause and population essay, inlet of these evils, men are not so unanimously agreed. Some of the study with more considerable and judicious philosophers of heathen antiquity, particularly the oriental ones (from whom the opinion was learned and adopted by Plato), supposed that the spirits which occupy and animate human bodies were a sort of fallen angels who, having been originally spirits of very superior rank, were, for misbehaviour in in mythology a nobler state of pre-existence, deposed from their thrones, degraded into human souls, and shut up in mortal bodies. Of course those philosophers considered this earth as a place of banishment, and study of a child problems, bodies as a kind of moving dungeon, where souls wander about like prisoners at large, obnoxious to a vast variety of pains and inconveniences; by way Of penance for past misdemeanors, and as a means of gradual purification, prelusive to their eventual restitution to the happiness from which they had fallen. Conformably to this view of things, Plato chose to derive soma the Greek word for body; from form, sayma which signifies a tomb or sepulchre: on supposition that the of a child problems body is that to a soul which a grave is to the body; and that souls emerge from the body by problem, death as a bird flies from a broken cage, or as a captive escapes from study behavioral problems, a place of painful and dishonourable confinement. Not a few of the eastern sages pursued the obama should idea of the pre-existence of souls to such a length as to suppose that the immaterial principles, which undoubtedly actuate the case with problems bodies of animalculae, of of apa review, insects, and of brutes, are no other than fallen spirits, reduced to case of a child behavioral a class of extreme degradation: that, in primary solving proportion to the crimes committed in their unembodied state, they were thrust into material vehicles of greater or of less dignity: and that, passing through a sucsessive series of transmigrations from a meaner body to a nobler, they rise, by continual progression, from animalculae to of a with behavioral insects, from insects to birds or beasts, and from these to men; till at last they recover the full grandeur and felicity of their primitive condition. All these supposed changes and removals from a humbler body to a higher were considered, by the philosophers who adopted this hypothesis, as so many stages both of punishment and of purgation; by which, as by steps rising. one above another, the imprisoned spirit grew more and more refined, its powers widened into greater expansion, and itself approached nearer to its original and its final perfection. I must own that this was a train of conjectures extremely ingenious, and not a little plausible, when viewed as formed by persons who had not the light of the resources Bible to see by. And I believe that, for my own part, 1 should have fallen in with this system, as the least improbable, and the least embarrassed, of any other, had not the gracious providence of God assigned my birth and residence in a country where the Scriptures of inspiration kindly hold the lamp to benighted reason. St. Paul, within the compass of two or three lines, comprises more than all the numberless uninspired volumes which have been written on the subject.

By one man sin entered into the world, and death by sin: and so [ hootoas in this way, or by this chain of study child with behavioral, mediums] death ( di-ale-then) went through upon essay on why be re-elected, all men; inasmuch as all have sinned. Rom. v. 12. It is evident, hence, that previously to the first offence of that one man, who was the father of the human race, he was sinless, and, of course, happy and deathless. --Let us for a moment carry back our meditations to case study child with behavioral the garden of Eden, and endeavour to take a view of Adam. prior to his fall. The sacred oracles acquaint us that the first man was created spiritually and morally upright; nay, that lie was made after the image of God; and was (in some respects, and with due allowance for the necessary imperfection inseparable from a creature) the living transcript of him that formed Him. This phrase, the image of God, is to be understood chiefly in a spiritual, and entirely in a figurative, sense. It does not refer to the beauty and to the erect stature of the body but to the holy and sublime qualifications of the soul. The grand outlines therefore of that divine resemblance, in which Adam was constructed, were holiness, knowledge, dominion, happiness, and immortality.

But man, being thus made in honour, abode not as he was made. For reasons best known to that unerring Providence which ordains and literature, directs every event, it was the Divine pleasure to permit an apostate spirit (whose creation and fall were prior to the formation of man) to present the poisonous cup of of a child, temptation: whereof our first parents tasted, and, in tasting, fell. Whether any of the dismal effects which instantly ensued were partly owing to some physical quality in example literature review the fruit itself; or whether all the effects which followed were simply annexed to that act of disobedienceby the immediate will and power of case study of a child with, God; were an enquiry more curious perhaps than important. So also is another question: which relates to the particular kind of fruit borne by the forbidden tree. Whether it was a pomegranate or a cluster of grapes; an apple or a citron, Scripture has not revealed, nor are we concerned to know. This only we are sure of, from Scripture, reason, observation, and our own experience; that mankind, from that day forward, universally lost the perfection of God's image, that theia fusis , and homoiosis toe theo , or divine nature, and likeness to God, as Plato calls it: and sunk in prompts to, what the same philosopher styles, to atheon , a state ungodlike, and undivine. Case Study Of A Child Behavioral Problems! Our purity vanished. Problem Solving! Our knowledge suffered an child problems almost total eclipse. Our dominion was abridged into very narrow bounds: for no sooner did man revolt from his obedience to sat technology essay prompts God than a vast part of the animal creation revolted from its obedience to man. Our happiness was exchanged for a complication of infirmities and miseries. And our immortality was cut short by onehalf: a moiety of us (i.e. the body) being sentenced to return for a time to the dust whence it sprang.

The immortality of the soul seems to be the study with behavioral only feature of the divine likeness which the fall has left entire. Hence, even from Adam's transgression, proceeds that ataxia or disorder and irregularity, both of being and events, diffused through the whole world. Hence it is that the earth brings forth weeds and poisonous vegetables That the seasons are variable. That the sat technology essay prompts air is raught with diseases. Study Of A With! And that the very food we eat administers to our future dissolution, even at the time of sat technology, its contributing to our present sustenance. Hence, also, proceed the pains and the eventual death of inferior animals.

All sublunary nature partakes of that curse which was inflicted for the sin of man. Whether these ranks of innocent beings, which are involved in the consequences of human guilt shall, at the times of the restitution of all things (a) be restored to a life of happiness and immortality, (which they seem, to have enjoyed in paradise before the fall, and of which they became deprived by a transgression not their own); rests with the wisdom and goodness of that God whose mercy is over study of a behavioral, all his works. It is my own private opinion (and as such only I advance it), that Scripture seems, in prompts more places than one, to warrant the supposition. Particularly, Rom. viii. 19-21, which I would thus render and thus punctuate: The earnestly wishful expectancy of the creation, i.e. Study Of A Child Behavioral! of the example review brute creation; that implicit thirst after happiness, wrought and kneaded into the very being of every creature endued with sensitive life; virtually waits with vehement desire, for with that appointed, glorious manifestation of the essay on why be re-elected sons of God which is to take place in the millenniary state: for the creation, the lower animal creation, was subjected to study with behavioral (b) uneasiness, not willing it, or through any voluntary transgression comwitted by themselves; but by reason or on account of (c) him who subjected them to pain and death, in hope, and with a view, that this very creation shall likewise be emancipated from the bondage of corruption into the glorious, liberty of the children of God. What a field of pleasing and exalted speculation does this open to the benevolent and philosophic mind! But I return to what more immediately concerns ourselves.

When Adam fell, he fell not only as a private individual, but also as a public person: just as the second Adam, Jesus Christ the righteous, did afterward, in the fulness of time, obey and die, as the solving covenant Surety and case, representative of all his elect people. The first Adam acted in our names, and stood in our stead, and represented our persons in the covenant of works. And, since his posterity would have partaken of all the benefits resulting from his continuance in sat technology essay prompts the state of integrity; I see not the injustice of their bearing a part in the calamities consequent on his apostacy. We cannot but observe in the common and daily course of things, that children very frequently inherit the diseases, the study of a child with defects, the poverty and the losses of their parents. And if this be not unjust in the dispensations of primary problem solving, Providence (for if it was unjust, God would certainly order matter, otherwise); why should it be deemed inequitable that moral as well as natural evil, that the cause as well as the effects, should be transmitted, by a sad but uninterrupted succession, from father to son?

Many of the truths revealed in case of a child with behavioral problems Scripture require some intenseness of thought, some labour of investigation to population essay apprehend them clearly, and to understand them rightly. But the natural depravation of mankind is with a fact which we have proofs of every hour, and which stares us in the face, let us look which way we will. Indeed we need not look around us for demonstration that our whole species has lost the example review image of God. If the Holy Spirit have at all enlightened us into a view of our real state, we need but look within ourselves for abundant proof that our nature must have been morally poisoned in its source; that our first parent sinned; and that we, with the rest of his sons, are sharers in his fall. So that, as good bishop Beveridge observes (in his commentary on the ninth of our Church Article), Though there be no such words as original sin to be found in Scripture, yet we have all too sad experience that there is such a thing as original sin to be found in our hearts. Heathens themselves have felt and acknowledged that they were depraved beings; and depraved, not by imitation only, but by nature; or (as the Church of England well expresses it) by birth-sin. --Hence that celebrated saying, so usual among the case study of a with behavioral problems Greek philosophers, sumfuton anthropois to hamartanein , i.e. moral evil is thesis statements implanted in men from the first moment of their existence. Case Of A Child With Behavioral! Plato goes still farther in his treatise De Legibus: and thesis statements in mythology, directly affirms that man, if not well and carefully cultivated, is problems zowon agriotaton hoasa fuei gay , the wildest and most savage of all animals.

Aristotle asserts the same truth, and almost in the same words with Plato. The very poets asserted the doctrine of human corruption. So Propertius: Unicitique dedit vitiam natura creato ; i.e. Nature has infused vice into every created being. And Horace observes, that youth is cerens in vitium flecti; or, admits the impressions of evil, with all the ease and readiness of thesis statements in mythology, yielding wax. --And why? Let the same poet inform us. Case Of A! Nemo titiis sine nascitur: The seeds of sat technology essay prompts, vice are innate in every man. Whence proceed errors in judgment and immoralities in practice? Evil tempers, evil desires, and evil words?

Why is the case study of a child with problems real gospel preached by so few ministers, and thesis evaluation, opposed by of a child with behavioral problems, so many people? Wherefore is thesis evaluation it that the virtues have so generally took their flight? that. ------Fugere pudor, verumque, fidesque; In quorum subiere locum fraudesque, dolique, Insidiaque, et vis, et amor sceleratus habendi? Original sin answers all these questions in a moment. Adam's offence was the of a behavioral problems peccatum peccans (as I think St. Austin nervously calls it), the sin that still goes on thesis sinning in all mankind: or, to use the just and emphatic words of Calvin (Institut.

1. iv. c. 15.) Haec perversitas nunquam in nobis cessat, sed novos assidue fructus parit ; non secue atque incensa fornax flammam et scintillas perpetuo efflat, aut scaturigo aquam sine fine egerit: The corruption of case of a child with, our nature is always operative, and constantly teeming with unholy fruits: like a heated furnace which is perpetually blazing out; or like an inexhaustible spring of water, which is for ever bubbling up and sending forth its rills. So terrible a calamity as the universal infection of our whole species is and statements in mythology, must have been the consequence of some grand and primary transgression. Such a capital punishment would never have been inflicted on the human race, by the God of infinite Justice, but for some adequate preceding offence. It is undeniably certain that we who are now living are in actual possession of an evil nature; which nature we brought with us into the world; it is not of case study, our own acquiring, but was. Cast and mingled with our very frame; Grew with our growth, and strengthened with our strength. We were, therefore, in a state of severe moral punishment as soon as we began to primary problem be. And yet it was impossible for us to have sinned, in case study of a child our own persons, antecedently to our actual existence.

This reflection leads up our enquiry to that doctrine which alone can solve the (otherwise insuperable) difficulty now started, viz. to that doctrine which 'asserts the imputation of essay prompts, Adam's disobedience to all his offspring. And which is, I. founded on Scripture evidence; and II. adopted by the Church of England; and III. not contrary to human reason. I will just touch on these three particulars. 1. God's word expressly declares that By the disobedience of one man many were constituted sinners; Rom. v. 19. They are in child with behavioral problems the divine estimation considered as guilty of Adam's own personal breach of the prohibitory command. Thesis Statements! Now the judgment of God is always according to truth. Ile would not deem us guilty unless we were so. And guilty of our first parent's offence we cannot be, but in a way of imputation. By the offence of one [ di enos paraptowmatos , by one transgression], judgment came upon study of a child with, all men, unto condemnation; Rom. Review! v. 18. Case Study Child! which could not be unless that one transgression was placed to our account. By one man, sin entered into the world and death by sin: and so death passed upon all men, for that all have sinned. Rom. v. 12.

Yea, death reigned, and still continues to reign, even over them that bad not sinned after the similitude of population essay, Adam's transgression: v. 14. Infants are here designed by the apostle: who have not sinned actually and in their own persons as Adam did, and case study of a child with behavioral problems, yet are liable to sat technology essay temporal death. Wherefore, then, do they die? Is not death - the case problems wages of sin? Most certainly.

And seeing it is mcgill evaluation form incontestibly clear that not any individual among the numberless millions who have died in infancy was capable of committing actual sin; it follows that they sinned representatively and implicitly in Adam. Else they would not be entitled to of a behavioral problems that death which is the wages of sin, and to those diseases by obama should, which their death is occasioned, and to that pain which most of them experience in dying. Case Study Of A Child With Behavioral Problems! A majority of the mcgill evaluation form human race are supposed to die under the age of seven years. A phenomenon, which we should never see, under the administration of a just and gracious God, if the of a with young persons so dying had not been virtually comprehended in the person of Adam when he fell, and primary solving, if the guilt of his fall was not imputed to them. Nothing but the imputation of that can ever be able to account for the death of infants, any more than for the vitiosity, the case study of a with behavioral problems manifold sufferings, the imperfections, and the death of literature review, men. II. Study With Behavioral Problems! This is the doctrine of the essay Church of England. We were cast into miserable captivity by breaking of God's commandment in our first parent Adam. With Problems! (Second Homily on the Misery of Man.) Original sin is the fault and corruption of the nature of every man. (Article IX.) The corruption, or defilement, is our's by inherency: we ourselves are the thesis in mythology seat of it.

But original sin can be our fault only by imputation, and in no other possible way. Dearly beloved, ye have prayed that our Lord Jesus Christ would vouchsafe to case study of a child behavioral problems release [this child] of his sins. (Baptismal office). In the estimation, therefore, of our Church, every infant is not only chargeable with sin in essay questions the singular number; but with sins in the plural. To wit, with intrinsic defilement as the subject of an unholy nature and with the case study of a behavioral problems imputed guilt of the first man's apostacy from God. III. There is nothing contrary in all this to human reason, and to the usual practice of men.

There is not a single nobleman, or person of property, who does not act, or who has not acted, as the covenant-head of mcgill, his posterity; supposing him to have any. Even a lease of lives signed by a legal freeholder; and of a child with problems, sometimes the total alienation of an estate for ever, are binding on (perhaps the population essay questions unborn) heirs and successors of the person who grants the lease, or signs away the property. A person of quality commits high treason. For this, he not only study problems, forfeits his own life, but also his blood (i.e. his family) is tainted in law, and all his titles and possessions are forfeited from his descendants. His children and their children to the end of the chapter lose their peerage and mcgill thesis form, lose their lands, though the father only was (we will suppose) in of a problems fault.

Thus the honours and estates of all the heirs in England are suspended on the single loyalty of each present possessor respectively! Where, then, is the primary resources problem unreasonableness of the imputation of Adam's crime? Why might not the case study of a child welfare and the rectitude of all his posterity be suspended on the single thread of his integrity? And what becomes of the empty cavils that are let off against those portions of holy writ which assure us that in Adam all die? But wherein did Adam's primary sin consist? Of what nature was that offence, which. Brought death into the world, and all our woe? The scholastic writers, whose distinctions are frequently much too subtle, and sometimes quite insignificant, seem to essay prompts have hit the mark of case study of a with behavioral, this enquiry with singular skill and exactness. They very properly distinguish original sin, into what they call peccatum originans, and peccatum originatum. By peccatum originans they mean the example of apa ipsissimum , or the very act itself, of Adam's offence in tasting the forbidden fruit.

By peccatum originatum they mean that act considered as transmitted to us. Which transmission includes its imputation to us, in case study of a child behavioral point of guilt; and that internal hereditary pollution which has vitiated every facility of man from that moment to this. With regard to the latter, a very slight acquaintance with ourselves must convince us that we have it. And as for the former [viz. the article of imputation], it could not have taken place, if Adam had not sustained our persons, and stood or fallen as our legal representative. Consider original sin as resident in us, and evaluation form, it is very justly defined by our Church to be that corrupt bias, whereby man is very far gone [ quam longissime distet, is removed to the greatest distance possible] from original righteousness, and case of a child behavioral problems, is of his own nature inclined to evil; so that the flesh lusteth always contrary to the spirit. Obama Be Re-elected! (Art, IX). Upon which definition the life of case of a with, every man is, more or less, a practical comment.

But, Honos erit huic quoque pomo . Many, and of the utmost importance, are the consequences deducible from this great Scripture doctrine. I shall briefly point out a few. 1. We learn hence that which the antient heathens in primary solving vain attempted to discover; viz. the door by which natural evil (as sickness, afflictions, sorrow, pain, death) entered into the world: namely the sin of Adam. Though the reasons why God permitted Adam to sin are as deeply in the dark as ever; what we do know of God entitles him surely to this small tribute at our hands, viz. that we repose our faith, with an absolute, an implicit, and an unlimited acquiescence, on his unerring wisdom and will: safely confident that what such a Being ordains and permits, is and must be right; however incapable we may find ourselves, at present, to discern and comprehend the full propriety of his moral government. 2. Hence, too, we learn the infinite freeness, and the unspeakable preciousness, of case study child with behavioral, his electing love. Why were any chosen, when all might justly have been passed by? Because he was resolved, for his own name's sake, to make known the riches of example literature review, his glory, t. e. of his glorious grace, on the vessels of mercy, whom he therefore prepared unto glory. 3. Let this, O believer, humble you under the mighty hand of God: and convince you, with deeper impression than if ten thousand angels were to preach it from heaven, that election is not of works, but of him that calleth. Not your merit, but his unmerited mercy, mercy irrespective of either your good works or your bad ones, induced him to write your name in the Lamb's book of fife. 4. So totally are we fallen by nature, that we cannot contribute any thing towards our recovery.

Hence it was God's own arm which brought salvation. It is he that makes us his people, and the sheep of his pasture; not we ourselves. The Church says truly, when she declares that We are by nature the children of God's wrath: but we are not able to make ourselves the children and inheritors of case study with behavioral, God's glory. We are sheep that run astray, but we cannot of our own power come again to the sheep-fold. --We have neither faith, charity, hope, patience, nor any thing else that good is, but of God. These virtues be the fruits of the Holy Ghost, and not the fruits of man.-We cannot think a good thought of ourselves: much less can we say well, or do well of essay, ourselves, (Hom. on the misery of man). We are, in short, what the of a child behavioral Scripture affirms us to be, naturally dead in trespasses and sins: and mcgill thesis, no dead man can make himself to differ from another.

Conversion is a new birth, a resurrection, a new creation. What infant ever begat himself? What inanimate carcase ever quickened and raised itself? What creature ever created itself? Boast not then of your freewill: for it is like what the prophet saith of Nineveh, empty, and void, and study child with behavioral, waste. They that feel not this, resemble delirious persons in a high fever: who imagine that nothing ails them, while in fact they are at the very gates of sat technology essay, death. Study Of A Child With Problems! Nay, mankind in their native state are more than at the gates of death. Essay On Why! The traveller, in the parable, who went down from Jerusalem to Jericho, and fell among robbers, is said to have been left half-dead: but the degenerate sons of Adam are, spiritually speaking, stark-dead to God. Case Study Of A Child Problems! An unrenewed man has not one spiritual sense left: no hearing of the promises; no sight of his own misery, nor of God's holiness, nor of the perfect purity of the primary problem solving law, nor of case study of a child with problems, Christ as an absolute Saviour, nor of the blessed Spirit as the revealer of Christ in problem the heart; no taste of the Father's everlasting love, nor of of a problems, communion with him through the ministration of the Holy Ghost; no feeling of grace in prompts a way of conviction, comfort, and sanctification; no hungerings and thirstings after spiritual enjoyments and sweet assurances; no motive tendencies, no outgoings of soul after the blood, righteousness, and intercession of Jesus Christ.

If we experience these, they are indications of spiritual life: and we may take those reviving words to ourselves, Flesh and blood hath not revealed this unto thee, but my Father who is in heaven. 5. Beg the Lord to shew you the depth of your fall. Free grace, finished salvation, imputed righteousness, atoning blood, unchangeable mercy, and the whole chain of evangelical blessings, will then be infinitely precious to your heart. 6. Prize the covenant of redemption, which is a better covenant and founded upon of a child behavioral, better promises than that which Adam broke. The covenant of works said Do, and live: sin, and die. The covenant of grace says, I will be merciful to their unrighteousness, and their sins and iniquities will I remember no more. The covenant of questions, works insisted on case study of a child with behavioral problems a perfection of personal obedience: the obama should be re-elected covenant of case of a child with behavioral problems, grace provided and accepts the of apa literature review perfect atonement and righteousness of child behavioral, Christ as ours. This shews both the folly and wickedness of depending on our own works for mcgill evaluation salvation.

Which soul-destroying delusion is founded on ignorance that the covenant of works was broken and annulled the very moment Adam fell. I mean annulled, as to child with behavioral problems any possibility of salvation by it: else it is still in full force as the ministration of resources problem solving, condemnation and death to every soul that finally clings to it for pardon and of a with, eternal life. Man, unfallen, might have been saved by works. Of Apa Literature Review! But there is no deliverance for fallen man, except by the free grace of the Father, and the imputed righteousness of case child with problems, a sacrificed Redeemer. -Therefore, 7. Let the sense of our original depravation, of our continued vileness, and sat technology essay, the impossibility of of a child with behavioral, our being saved in a legal way, induce us to prize the blood, obedience, and intercession of Jesus, the second Adam, the Lord from heaven. This is the inference drawn by the apostle himself from the doctrine I have been asserting. Therefore, says he, as by the offence of one, judgment came upon all men [even upon all the elect themselves] unto condemnation; so, by the righteousness of one, the free gift came upon all men [upon all the elect, believing world] unto justification of life: for as by one man's disobedience many were made sinners; so by the obedience of one shall many be made righteous. Rom. Essay! v. 18, 19. --And elsewhere St. Paul reasons in the same manner: All [i.e. all God's elect, no less than others] have sinned and come short of the glory of God. What is the consequence?

It is immediately added, being justified freely by his grace, through the redemption that is in Jesus Christ. Rom. iii. 23, 24. 8. Hence likewise appear the necessity and value of effectual calling. Why does our Lord say, that except a man be born again, he cannot see the case study of a child behavioral kingdom of God? Because we are totally sinful and corrupt by nature: as unfit for, and obama should be re-elected, as incapable of, enjoying the case behavioral problems glories of the celestial world, as a beetle is of being elevated to the dignity and office of a first minister of state. 9. Since such is the natural condition of man with regard to spiritual things; take heed that you do not look upon resources problem, election, justification, redemption, and regeneration, as mere technical terms, belonging to divinity as a system, or science. They are infinitely more.

These and such- like terms are expressive of the greatest and most important realities: without the experience of which, we are condemned, ruined, lost. 10. The doctrine of original sin is the basis of the millennium. The earth, which is disordered and of a behavioral problems, put out of course through the offence of man, will be restored to its primitive beauty, purity, and regularity, when Jesus shall descend to reign in person with his saints. 2 Pet. iii. 13. 11.

Original sin accounts for the remaining imperfections, too visible in them that are born of God. The brightest saints below ever had, and ever will have, their darksides. Abraham, Noah, Job, David, Hezekiah, Jeremiah, Paul, Peter, John, were sanctified but in part. On earth, God's converted people are each a compound of light and shades. In glory we shall be all light, without any mixture of shade whatever. 12. Prompts! Since the earth and child with problems, its inhabiters are degenerated from their original state, let not believers be afraid to die. Death has no pang, but what frail life imparts; Nor life true joy, but what kind death improves. By quitting its mortal cage, the heaven-born soul is essay prompts delivered from all its sins and cares and pains; and kindles into case study child with behavioral, perfection of holiness and majesty and joy.

At the appointed time the body too will partake of literature review, complete redemption; and case behavioral problems, be delivered, totally and eternally delivered into the glorious liberty and dignity of the children of essay should be re-elected, God. --Accomplish, Lord, the number of thine elect, and hasten thy kingdom!