Statement of thesis problem

SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and statement problem, Tips. One of the best ways to prepare for the DBQ (the “document-based question” on the AP European History, AP US History, and AP World History exams) is to look over sample questions and example essays. This will help you to get a sense of what makes a good (and what makes a bad) DBQ response. That said, not all DBQ essay examples are created equal. I’ll briefly cover what makes a good DBQ example, then provide a list of example essays by course. Lastly, I’ve provided some tips as how to essay best use sample essays in your own preparation process. Without a doubt, the best sample resources come from the College Board. This is because they are the ones who design and statement of thesis, administer the AP exams. This means that: Any DBQ essay example that they provide will include a real DBQ prompt. All samples are real student responses from previous years, so you know that they were written under the same conditions you will be working under when you write your DBQ.

In other words, they're authentic! They not only have scores, they have explanations of each essay's score according to the terms of the rubric. Each prompt includes several sample essays with a variety of scores. However, there are some examples outside those available from the College Board that may be worth looking at, particularly if they highlight how a particular essay could be improved. But in general, a superior example will: Include the prompt and documents. It will be much easier for quarterly, you to see how the information from the documents is integrated into the essay if you can actually look at the documents. Have a score. Statement Of Thesis Problem! Seems simple, but you'd be surprised how many DBQ examples out homework there in the uncharted internet don't have one. Without a real, official score, it's hard to problem gauge how trustworthy a sample actually is.

With that in essay mind, I have below compiled lists by statement of thesis problem exam of high-quality example DBQs. Don't spend all your study time sharpening your pencil. Every DBQ Example Essay You Could Ever Need, by Exam. Here are your example essays! We'll start with AP US History, then move to essay AP European History, and finally wrap up with AP World History.

AP US History: Official College Board Examples. Because of the recent test redesign, the College Board has only of thesis, posted sample responses from response to literature essay 2016 and 2015. This means there are only two official College Board set of sample essays that use the current rubric. Of Thesis Problem! Look here for essay rules, the free-response questions from of thesis problem 2015 and manne quarterly, the ones from 2016 with no analysis (so you can look at of thesis problem the question separately from the scoring guidelines). Essay About Education! When you're ready for of thesis, the sample responses, here are the DBQ samples from 2015 and the samples from 2016.

If you want to see additional sample sets, you can also look at older College Board US History DBQ example response sets , all the way back to 2003. To look at these questions, click “Free-Response Questions” for a given year. For the corresponding DBQ examples and scoring guidelines, click “Sample Responses Q1.” Note that these use the old rubric (which is integrated into the Scoring Guidelines for a given free-response section). Parts Of A To Literature! General comments about the quality of the essay, outside information, and document analysis still apply, but the score is on a nine-point scale instead of the new seven-point scale, and statement of thesis problem, some of the of a essay, particulars will be different. Problem! Older DBQs had up to 12 documents, while the new format will have six-seven documents. If you do look at dubois essays older DBQ examples, I recommend using the new rubric to of thesis “re-grade” the essays in essay on traffic the sample according to the new seven-scale score. I'll also give more advice on how to use all of of thesis problem, these samples in your prep later on.

Mr. Bald Eagle is an AP US History DBQ Grader in his spare time. AP European History: Official College Board Examples. Unfortunately, sample resources for the AP Euro DBQ are a little sparse than for the other essays, because this past year (2016) was the first year the test was administered in the new format. This means that there is only one set of about, official samples graded with the current seven-point rubric. The rest of the existing available samples were graded in the old, nine-point format instead of the statement of thesis problem, seven-point format implemented this past year. Essay! In the problem, old format there were six “core” points and essay on traffic rules, then three additional points possible. The old rubric is of thesis, integrated with the sample responses for each question, but I’ll highlight some key differences between the old and on sports violence, new formats: In the old format, you are given a brief “historical background” section before the statement of thesis, documents. There are more documents—up to twelve.

The new format will have 6-7. About Education Reform! There is an emphasis on “grouping” the documents that is of thesis problem, not present in the new rubric. There is to literature, also an explicit emphasis on correctly interpreting the documents that is not found in statement of thesis problem the new rubric. The essential components of the DBQ are still the same between the manne quarterly, two formats, although you should definitely look at the new rubric if you look at any of the old AP European History samples. Statement! You may actually find it useful to look at the old essays and score them according to the new rubric. Essay On Traffic Rules! Samples by year: You can get samples in the old format all the way back to 2003 from the College Board . (Click “Free-Response Questions” for the questions and “Sample Responses Q1” for the samples.) If you want to check out some additional DBQ sample responses that were graded by the College Board with the new rubric, look at the 2015 AP US History samples and the 2016 AP US history samples . Statement! The content will of course be different, but the structure and scoring are the same as they will be for the AP Euro 2016 test.

AP European History: Unofficial Samples. Because of the rubric revision, other European History-specific samples are also in the old format. Essay! This means there’s not much to be gained by looking outside the College Board’s extensive archives. However, the New York State Regents exam also has a DBQ on it. The format is not identical and it is scored out of 5 under a different rubric, but I do like this European-History themed example from Regents Prep because it has highlighted sections that show where the documents are used versus where outside information is statement of thesis, referenced. This will give you a good visual of how you might integrate outside information with the quarterly, analysis of your documents. Consider how you might integrate this castle into the DBQ that is your life. AP World History: Official College Board Examples. The World History AP exam has just been transitioned to a new format to more resemble AP US History and AP European History for the 2017 test.

This means that all currently available samples were graded in the old, nine-point format instead of the seven-point format to be implemented this year. Of Thesis Problem! In the dubois essays, old format there were seven “core” points and then two additional points possible. Statement Problem! The old rubric is integrated with the of a response, sample responses for each question, but I’ll highlight some key differences between the old and new formats: There are more documents—up to ten. Problem! The new format will have 6-7. Oh Homework! There is an problem emphasis on “grouping” the documents on the old rubric that is not present in on sports the new rubric. There is also an statement of thesis problem explicit emphasis on correctly interpreting the documents that is not found in the new rubric. Dubois Essays! In the old rubric, you need to identify one additional document that would aid in your analysis. The new rubric does not have this requirement. The essential components of the statement of thesis, DBQ are still the same between the two formats, although you should definitely look at of a the new rubric if you look at any of the old AP World History samples.

You may actually find it useful to look at the old essays and score them according to the new rubric. Statement! For whatever reason the questions and the samples with scoring notes are completely separate documents for World History, so you’ll need to click separate links to get the question and documents and dubois essays, then the responses. If you want to take a look at some DBQs that have been graded with the of thesis problem, new rubric, you could check out the about education reform, 2015 and 2016 samples from statement of thesis problem AP US History and the 2016 samples from AP European History. The historical content is different, but this will give you an idea of how the new rubric is implemented. Don't worry, the essay, old format isn't as old as this guy right here. Of Thesis Problem! How Should I Use DBQ Examples to essays Prepare? So, now that you have all of these examples, what should you do with them?

I'll go over statement of thesis some tips as to essay about education reform how you can use example DBQs in your own studying, including when to start using them and how many you should plan to review. Statement Problem! College Board sample essay sets are a great way to test how well you understand the rubric . This is why I recommend that you grade a sample set early on dubois essays in your study process—maybe even before you've written a practice DBQ. Then, when you compare the scores you gave to the scores and scoring notes for the samples, you'll have a good idea of what parts of the of thesis problem, rubric you don't really understand . Essay Reform! If there are points that you are consistently awarding differently than the graders, you’ll know those are skills to work on. Problem! Keep giving points for the thesis and then finding out the sample didn't get those points? You'll know that you need to dubois essays work on your thesis skills. Not giving points for historical context and then finding out the statement of thesis, AP Grader gave full credit? You need to work on essay recognizing what constitutes historical context according to the AP. You can check out my tips on building specific rubric-based skills in my article on how to write a DBQ. Once you've worked on some of those rubric skills that you are weaker on, like evaluating a good thesis or identifying document groups, grade another sample set. This way you can see how your ability to grade the essays like an AP grader improves over time!

Obviously, grading sample exams is a much more difficult proposition when you are looking at problem examples in violence an old format (e.g. Statement Of Thesis! AP European History or AP World History samples). The old scores as awarded by the College Board will be helpful in establishing a ballpark—obviously a 9 is quarterly, still going to be a good essay under the 7-point scale—but there may be some modest differences in grades between the two scales. (Maybe that perfect 9 is of thesis problem, now a 6 out of 7 due to rubric changes.) For practice grading with old samples, you might want to pull out two copies of the new rubric, recruit a trusted study buddy or academic advisor (or even two study buddies!), and each re-grade the samples. Then, you can discuss any major differences in the grades you awarded. Having multiple sets of eyes will help you see if the scores you are giving are reasonable, since you won’t have an official seven-point College Board score for comparison. About Education! How Many Example DBQs Should I Be Using?

The answer to this question depends on of thesis problem your study plans! If it's six months before the exam and you plan on essays on sports transforming yourself into statement of thesis a hard diamond of DBQ excellence, you might complete some practice grading on a sample set every few weeks to education reform a month to check in on your progress towards thinking like an AP grader. In this case you would probably use six to nine College Board sample sets. If, on the other hand, the exam is in a month and you are just trying to get in statement of thesis some skill-polishing, you might do a sample set every week to 10 days. It makes sense to dubois essays check in on your skills more often when you have less time to study, because you want to be extra-sure that you are focusing your time on the skills that need the most work.

So for problem, a short time frame, expect to essay about education use somewhere in the range of three to four range College Board sample sets. Either way, you should be integrating your sample essay grading with skills practice, and doing some practice DBQ writing of your own . Towards the end of your study time you could even integrate DBQ writing practice with sample grading. Read and complete a timed prompt, then grade the sample set for that prompt, including yours! The other essays will help give you a sense of statement problem, what score your essay might have gotten that year and any areas you may have overlooked. There's no one-size-fits-all approach to dubois essays using sample sets, but in general they are a useful tool for making sure you have a good idea what the DBQ graders will be looking for when you write your DBQ. Statement Of Thesis! Hey, where can we find a good DBQ around here? Example DBQ essays are a valuable resource in your arsenal of study strategies for the AP History exams. Parts Of A Essay! Grading samples carefully will help you get a sense of your own blind spots so you know what skills to focus on in your own prep.

That said, sample essays are most useful when integrated with your own targeted skills preparation. Grading a hundred sample essays won't help you if you aren't practicing your skills; you will just keep making the same mistakes over statement of thesis problem and over again. And make sure you aren't using sample essays to essays on sports violence avoid actually writing practice DBQs--you'll want to do at least a couple even if you only of thesis problem, have a month to practice. There you have it, folks. With this list of DBQ examples and tips on how to use them, you are all prepared to integrate samples into your study strategy! Still not sure what a DBQ is? Check out my explanation of the DBQ. Want tips on how to really dig in and study? I have a complete how-to guide on preparing and writing the DBQ (coming soon). If you're still studying for AP World History, check out our Best AP World History Study Guide or get more practice tests from our complete list. Want more material for AP US History?

Look into this article on the best notes to use for studying from one of our experts. Also check out her review of the best AP US History textbooks! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Ellen has extensive education mentorship experience and is deeply committed to on sports helping students succeed in all areas of life. She received a BA from Harvard in Folklore and Mythology and is currently pursuing graduate studies at statement problem Columbia University. You should definitely follow us on social media. You'll get updates on our latest articles right on your feed. Follow us on all 3 of our social networks: Have any questions about this article or other topics?

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ruling class essay As over-leveraged investment houses began to fail in September 2008, the of thesis, leaders of the Republican and Democratic parties, of major corporations, and opinion leaders stretching from the National Review magazine (and the Wall Street Journal ) on the right to the Nation magazine on the left, agreed that spending some $700 billion to buy the essays on sports violence, investors’ “toxic assets” was the only alternative to the U.S. economy’s “systemic collapse.” In this, President George W. Bush and his would-be Republican successor John McCain agreed with the Democratic candidate, Barack Obama. Many, if not most, people around them also agreed upon statement of thesis the eventual commitment of some 10 trillion nonexistent dollars in ways unprecedented in America. They explained neither the difference between the assets’ nominal and on traffic rules, real values, nor precisely why letting the market find the latter would collapse America. The public objected immediately, by margins of three or four to one. When this majority discovered that virtually no one in a position of power in either party or with a national voice would take their objections seriously, that decisions about their money were being made in bipartisan backroom deals with interested parties, and that the laws on these matters were being voted by people who had not read them, the term “political class” came into use.

Then, after those in power changed their plans from buying toxic assets to buying up equity in banks and major industries but refused to explain why, when they reasserted their right to statement, decide ad hoc on these and so many other matters, supposing them to be beyond the essays violence, general public’s understanding, the American people started referring to those in problem, and around government as the manne quarterly, “ruling class.” And in fact Republican and Democratic office holders and their retinues show a similar presumption to dominate and fewer differences in of thesis, tastes, habits, opinions, and sources of income among one another than between both and the rest of the country. On Sports Violence. They think, look, and act as a class. Although after the statement of thesis problem, election of 2008 most Republican office holders argued against the Troubled Asset Relief Program, against the subsequent bailouts of the auto industry, against the several “stimulus” bills and further summary expansions of government power to benefit clients of government at the expense of ordinary citizens, the American people had every reason to believe that many Republican politicians were doing so simply by the logic of partisan opposition. After all, Republicans had been happy enough to approve of similar things under Republican administrations. Dubois Essays. Differences between Bushes, Clintons, and problem, Obamas are of degree, not kind.

Moreover, 2009-10 establishment Republicans sought only to modify the essay rules, government’s agenda while showing eagerness to join the Democrats in new grand schemes, if only they were allowed to. Sen. Orrin Hatch continued dreaming of being Ted Kennedy, while Lindsey Graham set aside what is true or false about “global warming” for statement, the sake of getting on the right side of history. Homework Oh Homework. No prominent Republican challenged the ruling class’s continued claim of superior insight, nor its denigration of the American people as irritable children who must learn their place. The Republican Party did not disparage the ruling class, because most of its officials are or would like to of thesis problem, be part of it. Never has there been so little diversity within America’s upper crust. Always, in America as elsewhere, some people have been wealthier and more powerful than others. But until our own time America’s upper crust was a mixture of dubois essays people who had gained prominence in a variety of ways, who drew their money and status from statement, different sources and were not predictably of one mind on any given matter. The Boston Brahmins, the New York financiers, the land barons of California, Texas, and Florida, the industrialists of response to literature Pittsburgh, the Southern aristocracy, and the hardscrabble politicians who made it big in Chicago or Memphis had little contact with one another. Few had much contact with government, and “bureaucrat” was a dirty word for all.

So was “social engineering.” Nor had the schools and universities that formed yesterday’s upper crust imposed a single orthodoxy about the origins of man, about American history, and about how America should be governed. All that has changed. Today’s ruling class, from Boston to statement of thesis, San Diego, was formed by an educational system that exposed them to the same ideas and gave them remarkably uniform guidance, as well as tastes and habits. These amount to manne quarterly, a social canon of judgments about statement problem, good and evil, complete with secular sacred history, sins (against minorities and the environment), and saints. Using the right words and essay education, avoiding the statement problem, wrong ones when referring to such matters — speaking the “in” language — serves as a badge of identity. Parts Essay. Regardless of what business or profession they are in, their road up included government channels and government money because, as government has grown, its boundary with the statement, rest of American life has become indistinct. Many began their careers in parts of a response to literature, government and leveraged their way into the private sector. Some, e.g., Secretary of the Treasury Timothy Geithner, never held a non-government job. Hence whether formally in government, out of statement of thesis problem it, or halfway, America’s ruling class speaks the language and has the tastes, habits, and tools of bureaucrats.

It rules uneasily over the majority of Americans not oriented to government. The two classes have less in common culturally, dislike each other more, and embody ways of manne quarterly essay life more different from one another than did the 19th century’s Northerners and Southerners — nearly all of problem whom, as Lincoln reminded them, “prayed to homework oh homework, the same God.” By contrast, while most Americans pray to the God “who created and statement of thesis, doth sustain us,” our ruling class prays to itself as “saviors of the essay on traffic, planet” and improvers of problem humanity. Our classes’ clash is over “whose country” America is, over what way of homework life will prevail, over who is to of thesis problem, defer to whom about what. Dubois Essays. The gravity of such divisions points us, as it did Lincoln, to Mark’s Gospel: “if a house be divided against itself, that house cannot stand.” Important as they are, our political divisions are the iceberg’s tip.

When pollsters ask the statement of thesis, American people whether they are likely to vote Republican or Democrat in the next presidential election, Republicans win growing pluralities. But whenever pollsters add the preferences “undecided,” “none of the essays violence, above,” or “tea party,” these win handily, the Democrats come in second, and statement, the Republicans trail far behind. That is because while most of the voters who call themselves Democrats say that Democratic officials represent them well, only a fourth of the voters who identify themselves as Republicans tell pollsters that Republican officeholders represent them well. Homework Oh Homework. Hence officeholders, Democrats and Republicans, gladden the hearts of some one-third of the electorate — most Democratic voters, plus a few Republicans. This means that Democratic politicians are the ruling class’s prime legitimate representatives and statement, that because Republican politicians are supported by only a fourth of their voters while the rest vote for them reluctantly, most are aspirants for a junior role in the ruling class. In short, the ruling class has a party, the Democrats. But some two-thirds of Americans — a few Democratic voters, most Republican voters, and about reform, all independents — lack a vehicle in electoral politics. Sooner or later, well or badly, that majority’s demand for statement, representation will be filled. Whereas in 1968 Governor George Wallace’s taunt “there ain’t a dime’s worth of difference” between the Republican and Democratic parties resonated with only 13.5 percent of the American people, in of a essay, 1992 Ross Perot became a serious contender for the presidency (at one point he was favored by 39 percent of Americans vs. 31 percent for G.H.W.

Bush and 25 percent for Clinton) simply by speaking ill of the statement of thesis problem, ruling class. Today, few speak well of the ruling class. Not only has it burgeoned in size and pretense, but it also has undertaken wars it has not won, presided over a declining economy and mushrooming debt, made life more expensive, raised taxes, and talked down to the American people. Americans’ conviction that the ruling class is as hostile as it is essay, incompetent has solidified. The polls tell us that only about a fifth of Americans trust the government to do the right thing. The rest expect that it will do more harm than good and are no longer afraid to say so.

While Europeans are accustomed to being ruled by of thesis, presumed betters whom they distrust, the American people’s realization of being ruled like Europeans shocked this country into well nigh revolutionary attitudes. But only the parts of a response to literature, realization was new. The ruling class had sunk deep roots in America over decades before 2008. Machiavelli compares serious political diseases to the Aetolian fevers — easy to treat early on while they are difficult to discern, but virtually untreatable by the time they become obvious. Far from speculating how the political confrontation might develop between America’s regime class — relatively few people supported by no more than one-third of of thesis Americans — and dubois essays, a country class comprising two-thirds of the country, our task here is to of thesis, understand the divisions that underlie that confrontation’s unpredictable future. More on dubois essays politics below. Who are these rulers, and by what right do they rule? How did America change from a place where people could expect to live without bowing to statement, privileged classes to one in which, at best, they might have the dubois essays, chance to problem, climb into them? What sets our ruling class apart from the essay on traffic, rest of us? The most widespread answers — by such as the Times ‘s Thomas Friedman and David Brooks — are schlock sociology.

Supposedly, modern society became so complex and productive, the technical skills to run it so rare, that it called forth a new class of highly educated officials and cooperators in an ever less private sector. Similarly fanciful is Edward Goldberg’s notion that America is of thesis problem, now ruled by a “newocracy”: a “new aristocracy who are the true beneficiaries of globalization — including the multinational manager, the technologist and the aspirational members of the meritocracy.” In fact, our ruling class grew and quarterly essay, set itself apart from the rest of us by its connection with ever bigger government, and above all by statement of thesis problem, a certain attitude. Other explanations are counterintuitive. Wealth? The heads of the essay about education, class do live in our big cities’ priciest enclaves and of thesis, suburbs, from Montgomery County, Maryland, to Palo Alto, California, to of a, Boston’s Beacon Hill as well as in opulent university towns from Princeton to Boulder. But they are no wealthier than many Texas oilmen or California farmers, or than neighbors with whom they do not associate — just as the social science and humanities class that rules universities seldom associates with physicians and physicists. Rather, regardless of where they live, their social-intellectual circle includes people in the lucrative “nonprofit” and “philanthropic” sectors and public policy. What really distinguishes these privileged people demographically is that, whether in statement of thesis, government power directly or as officers in companies, their careers and fortunes depend on government. They vote Democrat more consistently than those who live on any of America’s Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Essay Education Reform. Streets.

These socioeconomic opposites draw their money and orientation from the statement of thesis problem, same sources as the millions of teachers, consultants, and government employees in quarterly, the middle ranks who aspire to be the former and identify morally with what they suppose to of thesis, be the latter’s grievances. Professional prominence or position will not secure a place in the class any more than mere money. In fact, it is possible to be an official of essays on sports a major corporation or a member of the U.S. Supreme Court (just ask Justice Clarence Thomas), or even president (Ronald Reagan), and not be taken seriously by the ruling class. Like a fraternity, this class requires above all comity — being in with the right people, giving the required signs that one is on of thesis problem the right side, and joining in essay, despising the Outs. Once an official or professional shows that he shares the manners, the tastes, the interests of the class, gives lip service to its ideals and shibboleths, and is willing to accommodate the interests of problem its senior members, he can move profitably among our establishment’s parts. If, for example, you are Laurence Tribe in 1984, Harvard professor of dubois essays law, leftist pillar of the establishment, you can “write” your magnum opus by statement of thesis, using the products of your student assistant, Ron Klain. A decade later, after Klain admits to having written some parts of the book, and the other parts are found to be verbatim or paraphrases of a book published in 1974, you can claim (perhaps correctly) that your plagiarism was “inadvertent,” and you can count on dubois essays the Law School’s dean, Elena Kagan, to appoint a committee including former and future Harvard president Derek Bok that issues a secret report that “closes” the incident. Incidentally, Kagan ends up a justice of the Supreme Court. Not one of these people did their jobs: the professor did not write the book himself, the assistant plagiarized instead of researching, the dean and statement problem, the committee did not hold the professor accountable, and all ended up rewarded. By contrast, for example, learned papers and essay, distinguished careers in of thesis problem, climatology at MIT (Richard Lindzen) or UVA (S.

Fred Singer) are not enough for their questions about “global warming” to be taken seriously. For our ruling class, identity always trumps. Much less does membership in the ruling class depend on essays high academic achievement. To see something closer to an academic meritocracy consider France, where elected officials have little power, a vast bureaucracy explicitly controls details from how babies are raised to statement, how to dubois essays, make cheese, and people get into and advance in that bureaucracy strictly by competitive exams . Hence for good or ill, France’s ruling class are bright people — certifiably. Not ours.

But didn’t ours go to Harvard and Princeton and Stanford? Didn’t most of them get good grades? Yes. But while getting into the Ecole Nationale d’Administration or the Ecole Polytechnique or the dozens of problem other entry points to France’s ruling class requires outperforming others in blindly graded exams, and graduating from such places requires passing exams that many fail, getting into America’s “top schools” is less a matter of passing exams than of showing up with acceptable grades and an attractive social profile. American secondary schools are generous with their As.

Since the 1970s, it has been virtually impossible to flunk out of American colleges. And it is an open secret that “the best” colleges require the least work and on traffic rules, give out the highest grade point averages. No, our ruling class recruits and renews itself not through meritocracy but rather by statement of thesis, taking into itself people whose most prominent feature is their commitment to fit in. The most successful neither write books and essay, papers that stand up to criticism nor release their academic records. Thus does our ruling class stunt itself through negative selection. But the more it has dumbed itself down, the more it has defined itself by the presumption of intellectual superiority.

Its attitude is key to understanding our bipartisan ruling class. Its first tenet is that “we” are the best and brightest while the rest of statement of thesis problem Americans are retrograde, racist, and manne essay, dysfunctional unless properly constrained. How did this replace the Founding generation’s paradigm that “all men are created equal”? The notion of statement problem human equality was always a hard sell, because experience teaches us that we are so unequal in so many ways, and because making one’s self superior is essay rules, so tempting that Lincoln called it “the old serpent, you work I’ll eat.” But human equality made sense to our Founding generation because they believed that all men are made in the image and likeness of statement of thesis God, because they were yearning for essay on traffic, equal treatment under British law, or because they had read John Locke. It did not take long for their paradigm to be challenged by interest and by “science.” By the of thesis problem, 1820s, as J. C. Calhoun was reading in the best London journals that different breeds of animals and plants produce inferior or superior results, slave owners were citing the Negroes’ deficiencies to manne quarterly essay, argue that they should remain slaves indefinitely. Lots of others were reading Ludwig Feuerbach’s rendition of Hegelian philosophy, according to which biblical injunctions reflect the fantasies of alienated human beings or, in the young Karl Marx’s formulation, that ethical thought is “superstructural” to problem, material reality. By 1853, when Sen. John Pettit of Ohio called “all men are created equal” “a self-evident lie,” much of America’s educated class had already absorbed the “scientific” notion (which Darwin only popularized) that man is the product of chance mutation and natural selection of the fittest. Accordingly, by nature, superior men subdue inferior ones as they subdue lower beings or try to improve them as they please.

Hence while it pleased the abolitionists to believe in freeing Negroes and improving them, it also pleased them to of a response to literature, believe that Southerners had to be punished and reconstructed by statement problem, force. As the 19th century ended, the educated class’s religious fervor turned to social reform: they were sure that because man is a mere part of evolutionary nature, man could be improved, and essay reform, that they, the problem, most highly evolved of all, were the improvers. Thus began the Progressive Era. When Woodrow Wilson in 1914 was asked “can’t you let anything alone?” he answered with, “I let everything alone that you can show me is not itself moving in the wrong direction, but I am not going to let those things alone that I see are going down-hill.” Wilson spoke for on traffic rules, the thousands of problem well-off Americans who patronized the spas at places like Chautauqua and Lake Mohonk. By such upper-middle-class waters, progressives who imagined themselves the quarterly, world’s examples and the world’s reformers dreamt big dreams of establishing order, justice, and peace at problem, home and abroad. Neither were they shy about education, their desire for power.

Wilson was the first American statesman to argue that the of thesis problem, Founders had done badly by homework oh homework, depriving the statement, U.S. government of the power to reshape American society. Nor was Wilson the last to invade a foreign country (Mexico) to “teach [them] to elect good men.” World War I and the chaos at home and abroad that followed it discredited the parts response essay, Progressives in the American people’s eyes. Their international schemes had brought blood and promised more. Their domestic management had not improved Americans’ lives, but given them a taste of arbitrary government, including Prohibition.

The Progressives, for their part, found it fulfilling to statement problem, attribute the failure of their schemes to the American people’s backwardness, to something deeply wrong with America. Parts Of A Response. The American people had failed them because democracy in statement, its American form perpetuated the worst in humanity. Thus Progressives began to look down on the masses, to homework, look on themselves as the vanguard, and to look abroad for examples to of thesis problem, emulate. The cultural divide between the “educated class” and the rest of the country opened in the interwar years. Essay. Some Progressives joined the “vanguard of the proletariat,” the Communist Party. Many more were deeply sympathetic to Soviet Russia, as they were to Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. Not just the Nation , but also the statement problem, New York Times and homework, National Geographic found much to be imitated in these regimes because they promised energetically to of thesis, transcend their peoples’ ways and to build “the new man.” Above all, our educated class was bitter about quarterly, America. In 1925 the American Civil Liberties Union sponsored a legal challenge to a Tennessee law that required teaching the biblical account of problem creation. The ensuing trial, radio broadcast nationally, as well as the subsequent hit movie Inherit the Wind , were the occasion for what one might have called the Chautauqua class to drive home the point that Americans who believed in the Bible were willful ignoramuses.

As World War II approached, some American Progressives supported the Soviet Union (and its ally, Nazi Germany) and others Great Britain and essay, France. But Progressives agreed on one thing: the approaching war should be blamed on the majority of Americans, because they had refused to lead the of thesis problem, League of Nations. Darryl Zanuck produced the critically acclaimed movie [Woodrow] Wilson featuring Cedric Hardwicke as Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, who allegedly brought on the war by appealing to American narrow-mindedness against Wilson’s benevolent genius. Franklin Roosevelt brought the Chautauqua class into his administration and began the process that turned them into rulers. Essay Education Reform. FDR described America’s problems in technocratic terms. America’s problems would be fixed by a “brain trust” (picked by him). His New Deal’s solutions — the alphabet-soup “independent” agencies that have run America ever since — turned many Progressives into statement of thesis, powerful bureaucrats and then into lobbyists. As the saying goes, they came to homework, Washington to do good, and stayed to do well.

As their number and sense of importance grew, so did their distaste for common Americans. Believing itself “scientific,” this Progressive class sought to explain its differences from its neighbors in “scientific” terms. Statement Problem. The most elaborate of these attempts was Theodor Adorno’s widely acclaimed The Authoritarian Personality (1948). It invented a set of criteria by which to define personality traits, ranked these traits and their intensity in parts of a response essay, any given person on what it called the “F scale” (F for fascist), interviewed hundreds of Americans, and statement, concluded that most who were not liberal Democrats were latent fascists. This way of thinking about non-Progressives filtered down to college curricula. In 1963-64 for quarterly essay, example, I was assigned Herbert McCloskey’s Conservatism and Personality (1958) at Rutgers’s Eagleton Institute of Politics as a paradigm of of thesis problem methodological correctness. The author had defined conservatism in terms of answers to certain questions, had defined a number of personality disorders in terms of other questions, and run a survey that proved “scientifically” that conservatives were maladjusted ne’er-do-well ignoramuses. (My class project, titled “Liberalism and Personality,” following the same methodology, proved just as scientifically that liberals suffered from the homework oh homework, very same social diseases, and even more amusing ones.) The point is this: though not one in a thousand of of thesis problem today’s bipartisan ruling class ever heard of Adorno or McCloskey, much less can explain the Feuerbachian-Marxist notion that human judgments are “epiphenomenal” products of spiritual or material alienation, the notion that the parts response, common people’s words are, like grunts, mere signs of pain, pleasure, and frustration, is now axiomatic among our ruling class. They absorbed it osmotically, second — or thirdhand, from their education and from companions.

Truly, after Barack Obama described his opponents’ clinging to “God and guns” as a characteristic of inferior Americans, he justified himself by pointing out he had said “what everybody knows is true.” Confident “knowledge” that “some of us, the ones who matter,” have grasped truths that the common herd cannot, truths that direct us, truths the grasping of which entitles us to of thesis, discount what the dubois essays, ruled say and to presume what they mean, made our Progressives into a class long before they took power. Our ruling class’s agenda is power for itself. While it stakes its claim through intellectual-moral pretense, it holds power by one of the oldest and most prosaic of means: patronage and promises thereof. Like left-wing parties always and everywhere, it is a “machine,” that is, based on providing tangible rewards to its members. Such parties often provide rank-and-file activists with modest livelihoods and enhance mightily the upper levels’ wealth. Statement Problem. Because this is so, whatever else such parties might accomplish, they must feed the machine by transferring money or jobs or privileges — civic as well as economic — to dubois essays, the party’s clients, directly or indirectly. This, incidentally, is close to statement, Aristotle’s view of democracy. Hence our ruling class’s standard approach to any and all matters, its solution to any and all problems, is to quarterly, increase the statement of thesis, power of the government — meaning of dubois essays those who run it, meaning themselves, to statement problem, profit those who pay with political support for privileged jobs, contracts, etc. Hence more power for the ruling class has been our ruling class’s solution not just for economic downturns and social ills but also for hurricanes and tornadoes, global cooling and global warming. A priori , one might wonder whether enriching and empowering individuals of a certain kind can make Americans kinder and response essay, gentler, much less control the weather.

But there can be no doubt that such power and money makes Americans ever more dependent on those who wield it. Let us now look at what this means in our time. By taxing and parceling out more than a third of what Americans produce, through regulations that reach deep into American life, our ruling class is making itself the arbiter of wealth and poverty. While the problem, economic value of anything depends on sellers and buyers agreeing on that value as civil equals in the absence of force, modern government is about nothing if not tampering with civil equality. By endowing some in society with power to force others to sell cheaper than they would, and forcing others yet to buy at higher prices — even to buy in the first place — modern government makes valuable some things that are not, and devalues others that are. Thus if you are not among the essay, favored guests at the table where officials make detailed lists of of thesis problem who is to receive what at whose expense, you are on the menu.

Eventually, pretending forcibly that valueless things have value dilutes the currency’s value for all. Laws and regulations nowadays are longer than ever because length is needed to specify how people will be treated unequally. For example, the parts of a response essay, health care bill of statement of thesis 2010 takes more than 2,700 pages to oh homework, make sure not just that some states will be treated differently from statement of thesis, others because their senators offered key political support, but more importantly to codify bargains between the government and various parts of the health care industry, state governments, and large employers about essay, who would receive what benefits (e.g., public employee unions and auto workers) and of thesis, who would pass what indirect taxes onto the general public. The financial regulation bill of 2010, far from setting univocal rules for the entire financial industry in few words, spends some 3,000 pages (at this writing) tilting the field exquisitely toward some and away from others. Even more significantly, these and oh homework, other products of Democratic and Republican administrations and Congresses empower countless boards and commissions arbitrarily to protect some persons and companies, while ruining others . Thus in 2008 the Republican administration first bailed out Bear Stearns, then let Lehman Brothers sink in the ensuing panic, but then rescued Goldman Sachs by infusing cash into its principal debtor, AIG. Then, its Democratic successor used similarly naked discretionary power (and money appropriated for another purpose) to give major stakes in the auto industry to labor unions that support it. Nowadays, the members of of thesis our ruling class admit that they do not read the laws. They don’t have to.

Because modern laws are primarily grants of essays discretion, all anybody has to know about them is whom they empower. By making economic rules dependent on statement problem discretion, our bipartisan ruling class teaches that prosperity is to homework oh homework, be bought with the coin of political support. Statement Of Thesis Problem. Thus in the 1990s and homework oh homework, 2000s, as Democrats and of thesis problem, Republicans forced banks to make loans for violence, houses to people and at rates they would not otherwise have considered, builders and investors had every reason to make as much money as they could from the ensuing inflation of housing prices. When the bubble burst, only those connected with the ruling class at the bottom and at the top were bailed out. Of Thesis. Similarly, by taxing the essay education reform, use of carbon fuels and statement of thesis problem, subsidizing “alternative energy,” our ruling class created arguably the world’s biggest opportunity for making money out of things that few if any would buy absent its intervention. The ethanol industry and rules, its ensuing diversions of wealth exist exclusively because of subsidies.

The prospect of legislation that would put a price on carbon emissions and allot certain amounts to certain companies set off a feeding frenzy among large companies to show support for problem, a “green agenda,” because such allotments would be worth tens of billions of dollars. That is why companies hired some 2,500 lobbyists in 2009 to response, deepen their involvement in “climate change.” At the statement of thesis, very least, such involvement profits them by making them into privileged collectors of carbon taxes. Any “green jobs” thus created are by definition creatures of subsidies — that is, of privilege. What effect creating such privileges may have on “global warming” is debatable. But it surely increases the number of manne essay people dependent on the ruling class, and teaches Americans that satisfying that class is a surer way of statement of thesis problem making a living than producing goods and services that people want to buy. Beyond patronage, picking economic winners and manne essay, losers redirects the statement of thesis, American people’s energies to tasks that the manne quarterly, political class deems more worthy than what Americans choose for of thesis problem, themselves. Essay. John Kenneth Galbraith’s characterization of of thesis problem America as “private wealth amidst public squalor” (The Affluent Society , 1958) has ever encapsulated our best and brightest’s complaint: left to themselves, Americans use land inefficiently in essay about education reform, suburbs and exurbs, making it necessary to use energy to problem, transport them to jobs and shopping.

Americans drive big cars, eat lots of of a essay meat as well as other unhealthy things, and go to the doctor whenever they feel like it. Americans think it justice to problem, spend the essays on sports, money they earn to satisfy their private desires even though the ruling class knows that justice lies in improving the community and the planet. Problem. The ruling class knows that Americans must learn to response to literature essay, live more densely and statement problem, close to work, that they must drive smaller cars and change their lives to use less energy, that their dietary habits must improve, that they must accept limits in how much medical care they get, that they must divert more of their money to support people, cultural enterprises, and plans for the planet that the ruling class deems worthier. So, ever-greater taxes and intrusive regulations are the main wrenches by which the American people can be improved (and, yes, by which the ruling class feeds and grows). The 2010 medical law is a template for the ruling class’s economic modus operandi: the government taxes citizens to pay for medical care and requires citizens to purchase health insurance. Essay. The money thus taken and directed is money that the citizens themselves might have used to pay for medical care.

In exchange for of thesis problem, the money, the essays, government promises to provide care through its “system.” But then all the boards, commissions, guidelines, procedures, and “best practices” that constitute “the system” become the statement of thesis, arbiters of what any citizen ends up getting. Homework Oh Homework. The citizen might end up dissatisfied with what “the system” offers. But when he gave up his money, he gave up the power to choose, and became dependent on of thesis problem all the boards and commissions that his money also pays for and that raise the cost of care. Similarly, in 2008 the quarterly, House Ways and Means Committee began considering a plan to force citizens who own Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) to statement of thesis, transfer those funds into government-run “guaranteed retirement accounts.” If the government may force citizens to essay on traffic rules, buy health insurance, by what logic can it not force them to trade private ownership and control of retirement money for a guarantee as sound as the government itself? Is it not clear that the government knows more about managing retirement income than individuals? In Congressional Government (1885) Woodrow Wilson left no doubt: the U.S. Constitution prevents the government from meeting the country’s needs by enumerating rights that the government may not infringe. (“Congress shall make no law…” says the First Amendment, typically.) Our electoral system, based on single member districts, empowers individual voters at the expense of statement “responsible parties.” Hence the ruling class’s perpetual agenda has been to diminish the role of the citizenry’s elected representatives, enhancing that of party leaders as well as of groups willing to partner in the government’s plans, and to craft a “living” Constitution in which restrictions on government give way to dubois essays, “positive rights” — meaning charters of government power. Consider representation.

Following Wilson, American Progressives have always wanted to turn the U.S. Statement Of Thesis. Congress from the role defined by James Madison’s Federalist #10 , “refine and enlarge the public’s view,” to parts to literature, something like the British Parliament, which ratifies government actions. Although Britain’s electoral system — like ours, single members elected in historic districts by plurality vote — had made members of Parliament responsive to problem, their constituents in ancient times, by dubois essays, Wilson’s time the growing importance of parties made MPs beholden to party leaders. Hence whoever controls the majority party controls both Parliament and the government. In America, the process by which party has become (almost) as important began with the Supreme Court’s 1962 decision in Baker v. Problem. Carr which, by setting the single standard “one man, one vote” for congressional districts, ended up legalizing the homework oh homework, practice of statement of thesis “gerrymandering,” concentrating the parts of a response to literature, opposition party’s voters into as few districts as possible while placing one’s own voters into as many as possible likely to yield victories. Republican and Democratic state legislatures have gerrymandered for a half century. That is why today’s Congress consists more and more of statement persons who represent their respective party establishments — not nearly as much as in Britain, but heading in that direction. Once districts are gerrymandered “safe” for one party or another, the education, voters therein count less because party leaders can count more on elected legislators to toe the party line. To the extent party leaders do not have to worry about voters, they can choose privileged interlocutors, representing those in society whom they find most amenable. In America ever more since the 1930s — elsewhere in the world this practice is ubiquitous and long-standing — government has designated certain individuals, companies, and organizations within each of society’s sectors as (junior) partners in elaborating laws and administrative rules for those sectors.

The government empowers the problem, persons it has chosen over those not chosen, deems them the sector’s true representatives, and rewards them. They become part of the ruling class. Thus in 2009-10 the American Medical Association (AMA) strongly supported the new medical care law, which the administration touted as having the support of dubois essays “the doctors” even though the vast majority of America’s 975,000 physicians opposed it. Those who run the AMA, however, have a government contract as exclusive providers of the codes by which physicians and hospitals bill the government for their services. The millions of dollars that flow thereby to the AMA’s officers keep them in of thesis problem, line, while the impracticality of doing without the billing codes tamps down rebellion in the doctor ranks. When the administration wanted to bolster its case that the state of Arizona’s enforcement of federal immigration laws was offensive to Hispanics, the rules, National Association of statement of thesis Chiefs of Police — whose officials depend on the administration for their salaries — issued a statement that the laws would endanger all Americans by on traffic rules, raising Hispanics’ animosity. This reflected conversations with the administration rather than a vote of the nation’s police chiefs. Similarly, modern labor unions are ever less bunches of workers banding together and ever more bundled under the aegis of an organization chosen jointly by employers and government. Prototypical is the statement problem, Service Employees International Union, which grew spectacularly by persuading managers of quarterly government agencies as well as of publicly funded private entities that placing their employees in the SEIU would relieve them of responsibility. Not by statement of thesis problem, being elected by workers’ secret ballots did the homework oh homework, SEIU conquer workplace after workplace, but rather by such deals, or by the union presenting what it claims are cards from workers approving of representation. The union gets 2 percent of the statement, workers’ pay, which it recycles as contributions to the Democratic Party, which it recycles in greater power over public employees.

The union’s leadership is part of the on traffic, ruling class’s beating heart. The point is that a doctor, a building contractor, a janitor, or a schoolteacher counts in today’s America insofar as he is part of the hierarchy of a sector organization affiliated with the ruling class. Less and less do such persons count as voters. Ordinary people have also gone a long way toward losing equal treatment under law. The America described in of thesis, civics books, in which no one could be convicted or fined except by a jury of his peers for having violated laws passed by rules, elected representatives, started disappearing when the New Deal inaugurated today’s administrative state — in which bureaucrats make, enforce, and adjudicate nearly all the rules.

Today’s legal-administrative texts are incomprehensibly detailed and problem, freighted with provisions crafted exquisitely to affect equal individuals unequally. The bureaucrats do not enforce the rules themselves so much as whatever “agency policy” they choose to draw from them in any given case. If you protest any “agency policy” you will be informed that it was formulated with input from “the public.” But not from the likes of you. Disregard for the text of laws — for essays on sports violence, the dictionary meaning of words and the intentions of problem those who wrote them — in favor of the decider’s discretion has permeated our ruling class from the Supreme Court to homework, the lowest local agency. Ever since Oliver Wendell Holmes argued in 1920 ( Missouri v. Holland ) that presidents, Congresses, and judges could not be bound by the U.S. Statement Of Thesis Problem. Constitution regarding matters that the people who wrote and ratified it could not have foreseen, it has become conventional wisdom among our ruling class that they may transcend the Constitution while pretending allegiance to it. They began by stretching such constitutional terms as “interstate commerce” and “due process,” then transmuting others, e.g., “search and seizure,” into homework oh homework, “privacy.” Thus in 1973 the Supreme Court endowed its invention of “privacy” with a “penumbra” that it deemed “broad enough to problem, encompass a woman’s decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy.” The court gave no other constitutional reasoning, period . Perfunctory to the point of mockery, this constitutional talk was to reassure the homework oh homework, American people that the ruling class was acting within the statement problem, Constitution’s limitations. By the 1990s federal courts were invalidating amendments to parts of a response essay, state constitutions passed by referenda to secure the “positive rights” they invent, because these expressions of statement of thesis popular will were inconsistent with the essay about reform, constitution they themselves were construing. By 2010 some in the ruling class felt confident enough to dispense with the charade. Asked what in of thesis, the Constitution allows Congress and the president to force every American to purchase health insurance, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi replied: “Are you serious?

Are you serious?” No surprise then that lower court judges and bureaucrats take liberties with laws, regulations, and contracts. That is why legal words that say you are in the right avail you less in today’s America than being on the right side of the persons who decide what they want those words to mean. As the discretionary powers of officeholders and of a to literature, of their informal entourages have grown, the importance of policy and of law itself is problem, declining, citizenship is becoming vestigial, and the American people become ever more dependent. Disaggregating and Dispiriting. The ruling class is keener to reform the American people’s family and spiritual lives than their economic and civic ones. In no other areas is the ruling class’s self-definition so definite, its contempt for opposition so patent, its Kulturkampf so open. It believes that the Christian family (and the Orthodox Jewish one too) is rooted in and perpetuates the ignorance commonly called religion, divisive social prejudices, and repressive gender roles, that it is the greatest barrier to human progress because it looks to its very particular interest — often defined as mere coherence against outsiders who most often know better. Essays. Thus the family prevents its members from playing their proper roles in social reform. Worst of all, it reproduces itself. Since marriage is the family’s fertile seed, government at all levels, along with “mainstream” academics and media, have waged war on it. They legislate, regulate, and exhort in statement of thesis problem, support not of rules “the family” — meaning married parents raising children — but rather of “families,” meaning mostly households based on something other than marriage.

The institution of no-fault divorce diminished the of thesis problem, distinction between cohabitation and essay on traffic, marriage — except that husbands are held financially responsible for the children they father, while out-of-wedlock fathers are not. Of Thesis Problem. The tax code penalizes marriage and dubois essays, forces those married couples who raise their own children to subsidize “child care” for problem, those who do not. Top Republicans and Democrats have also led society away from the dubois essays, very notion of marital fidelity by precept as well as by parading their affairs. For example, in statement of thesis, 1997 the Democratic administration’s secretary of defense and the Republican Senate’s majority leader (joined by parts of a essay, the New York Times et al.) condemned the military’s practice of punishing officers who had extramarital affairs. Of Thesis Problem. While the military had assumed that honoring marital vows is as fundamental to the integrity of its units as it is to that of society, consensus at the top declared that insistence on fidelity is “contrary to societal norms.” Not surprisingly, rates of marriage in America have decreased as out-of-wedlock births have increased. The biggest demographic consequence has been that about dubois essays, one in five of all households are women alone or with children, in which case they have about a four in statement of thesis problem, 10 chance of living in poverty. Since unmarried mothers often are or expect to be clients of essays on sports government services, it is not surprising that they are among the statement of thesis, Democratic Party’s most faithful voters. While our ruling class teaches that relationships among men, women, and children are contingent, it also insists that the relationship between each of them and the state is fundamental. That is oh homework, why such as Hillary Clinton have written law review articles and statement problem, books advocating a direct relationship between the government and children, effectively abolishing the presumption of parental authority. Hence whereas within living memory school nurses could not administer an aspirin to a child without the parents’ consent, the people who run America’s schools nowadays administer pregnancy tests and ship girls off to abortion clinics without the parents’ knowledge.

Parents are not allowed to reform, object to what their children are taught. But the government may and often does object to how parents raise children. The ruling class’s assumption is that what it mandates for children is correct ipso facto, while what parents do is potentially abusive. It only of thesis problem, takes an oh homework, anonymous accusation of abuse for parents to be taken away in handcuffs until they prove their innocence. Only sheer political weight (and in California, just barely) has preserved parents’ right to homeschool their children against the ruling class’s desire to accomplish what Woodrow Wilson so yearned: “to make young gentlemen as unlike their fathers as possible.” At stake are the most important questions: What is the right way for human beings to live? By what standard is anything true or good? Who gets to decide what? Implicit in Wilson’s words and explicit in our ruling class’s actions is the dismissal, as the ways of outdated “fathers,” of the statement, answers that most Americans would give to these questions. This dismissal of the oh homework, American people’s intellectual, spiritual, and moral substance is the problem, very heart of what our ruling class is about. Its principal article of faith, its claim to the right to decide for others, is precisely that it knows things and on traffic rules, operates by of thesis problem, standards beyond others’ comprehension.

While the essays, unenlightened ones believe that man is created in the image and likeness of God and that we are subject to His and to His nature’s laws, the enlightened ones know that we are products of evolution, driven by chance, the environment, and the will to primacy. While the un-enlightened are stuck with the problem, antiquated notion that ordinary human minds can reach objective judgments about good and evil, better and worse through reason, the enlightened ones know that all such judgments are subjective and that ordinary people can no more be trusted with reason than they can with guns . Because ordinary people will pervert reason with ideology, religion, or interest, science is “science” only in the “right” hands. Consensus among the right people is the only standard of truth. Facts and logic matter only insofar as proper authority acknowledges them. That is why the essay on traffic rules, ruling class is united and adamant about nothing so much as its right to pronounce definitive, “scientific” judgment on whatever it chooses. Statement. When the government declares, and its associated press echoes that “scientists say” this or that, ordinary people — or for that matter scientists who “don’t say,” or are not part of the ruling class — lose any right to see the information that went into what “scientists say.” Thus when Virginia’s attorney general subpoenaed the data by which Professor Michael Mann had concluded, while paid by essay rules, the state of Virginia, that the earth’s temperatures are rising “like a hockey stick” from statement problem, millennial stability — a conclusion on which billions of dollars’ worth of decisions were made — to investigate the possibility of fraud, the University of Virginia’s faculty senate condemned any inquiry into “scientific endeavor that has satisfied peer review standards” claiming that demands for data “send a chilling message to scientists…and indeed scholars in any discipline.” The Washington Post editorialized that the attorney general’s demands for data amounted to “an assault on reason.” The fact that the “hockey stick” conclusion stands discredited and essay education reform, Mann and of thesis problem, associates are on record manipulating peer review, the fact that science-by-secret-data is an oxymoron, the very distinction between truth and error, all matter far less to the ruling class than the distinction between itself and those they rule. By identifying science and reason with themselves, our rulers delegitimize opposition. Though they cannot prevent Americans from worshiping God, they can make it as socially disabling as smoking — to be done furtively and with a bad social conscience. Though they cannot make Americans wish they were Europeans, they continue to press upon oh homework this nation of refugees from the statement of thesis problem, rest of the oh homework, world the notion that Americans ought to live by “world standards .” Each day, the ruling class produces new “studies” that show that one or another of Americans’ habits is in need of reform, and of thesis problem, that those Americans most resistant to reform are pitiably, perhaps criminally, wrong.

Thus does it go about disaggregating and dispiriting the dubois essays, ruled. America’s best and brightest believe themselves qualified and duty bound to statement of thesis problem, direct the parts to literature essay, lives not only of Americans but of foreigners as well. George W. Bush’s 2005 inaugural statement that America cannot be free until the whole world is free and hence that America must push and prod mankind to freedom was but an extrapolation of the sentiments of America’s Progressive class, first articulated by such as Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson and Columbia’s Nicholas Murray Butler. But while the early Progressives expected the rest of the world to follow peacefully, today’s ruling class makes decisions about war and of thesis, peace at least as much forcibly to tinker with the innards of foreign bodies politic as to protect America. Homework Oh Homework. Indeed, they conflate the of thesis problem, two purposes in the face of the American people’s insistence to draw a bright line between war against our enemies and peace with non-enemies in whose affairs we do not interfere. That is why, from Wilson to Kissinger, the ruling class has complained that the American people oscillate between bellicosity and “isolationism.” Because our ruling class deems unsophisticated the American people’s perennial preference for decisive military action or none, its default solution to international threats has been to commit blood and treasure to long-term, twilight efforts to reform the world’s Vietnams, Somalias, Iraqs, and Afghanistans, believing that changing hearts and minds is the prerequisite of peace and that it knows how to change them. The apparently endless series of wars in which our ruling class has embroiled America, wars that have achieved nothing worthwhile at quarterly, great cost in of thesis, lives and treasure, has contributed to defining it, and to discrediting it — but not in its own eyes.

Rather, even as our ruling class has lectured, cajoled, and sometimes intruded violently to reform foreign countries in its own image, it has apologized to them for America not having matched that image — their private image. Woodrow Wilson began this double game in 1919, when he assured Europe’s peoples that America had mandated him to homework, demand their agreement to Article X of the peace treaty (the League of Nations) and then swore to the American people that Article X was the Europeans’ non-negotiable demand. The fact that the U.S. government had seized control of transatlantic cable communications helped hide (for a while) that the League scheme was merely the American Progressives’ private dream. In our time, this double game is quotidian on the evening news. Notably, President Obama apologized to Europe because “the United States has fallen short of meeting its responsibilities” to reduce carbon emissions by taxation. But the American people never assumed such responsibility, and statement of thesis problem, oppose doing so. Hence President Obama was not apologizing for anything that he or anyone he respected had done, but rather blaming his fellow Americans for not doing what he thinks they should do while glossing over reform the fact that the statement of thesis, Europeans had done the taxing but not the reducing. Wilson redux.

Similarly, Obama “apologized” to Europeans because some Americans — not him and his friends — had shown “arrogance and been dismissive” toward them, and to dubois essays, the world because President Truman had used the atom bomb to statement of thesis problem, end World War II. So President Clinton apologized to homework oh homework, Africans because some Americans held African slaves until 1865 and others were mean to Negroes thereafter — not himself and his friends, of statement problem course. So assistant secretary of state Michael Posner apologized to Chinese diplomats for Arizona’s law that directs police to check immigration status. Republicans engage in that sort of thing as well: former Soviet dictator Mikhail Gorbachev tells us that in 1987 then vice president George H. Dubois Essays. W. Problem. Bush distanced himself from his own administration by telling him, “Reagan is a conservative, an extreme conservative. All the dummies and blockheads are with him…” This is all about a class of Americans distinguishing itself from its inferiors.

It recalls the Pharisee in the Temple: “Lord, I thank thee that I am not like other men…” In sum, our ruling class does not like the rest of America. About Reform. Most of of thesis problem all does it dislike that so many Americans think America is substantially different from the rest of the on sports violence, world and like it that way. For our ruling class, however, America is a work in progress, just like the rest the world, and they are the engineers. Describing America’s country class is problematic because it is statement of thesis problem, so heterogeneous. It has no privileged podiums, and speaks with many voices, often inharmonious. It shares above all the desire to be rid of oh homework rulers it regards inept and haughty. It defines itself practically in terms of reflexive reaction against the rulers’ defining ideas and proclivities — e.g., ever higher taxes and expanding government, subsidizing political favorites, social engineering, approval of statement abortion, etc. Many want to restore a way of life largely superseded.

Demographically, the dubois essays, country class is the other side of the ruling class’s coin: its most distinguishing characteristics are marriage, children, and religious practice. While the country class, like the ruling class, includes the professionally accomplished and the mediocre, geniuses and dolts, it is different because of statement of thesis its non-orientation to rules, government and its members’ yearning to rule themselves rather than be ruled by others. Even when members of the statement, country class happen to be government officials or officers of major corporations, their concerns are essentially private; in their view, government owes to its people equal treatment rather than action to correct what anyone perceives as imbalance or grievance. Hence they tend to oppose special treatment, whether for corporations or for social categories. Rather than gaming government regulations, they try to stay as far from them as possible. Thus the Supreme Court’s 2005 decision in Kelo , which allows the private property of essay rules some to be taken by others with better connections to statement problem, government, reminded the country class that government is not its friend. Negative orientation to privilege distinguishes the corporate officer who tries to keep his company from joining the quarterly, Business Council of large corporations who have close ties with government from the fellow in the next office. The first wants the company to grow by producing. The second wants it to grow by of thesis, moving to the trough. It sets apart the schoolteacher who resents the union to which he is essay rules, forced to belong for putting the union’s interests above those of statement of thesis parents who want to choose their children’s schools. Essays On Sports Violence. In general, the country class includes all those in statement, stations high and low who are aghast at how relatively little honest work yields, by comparison with what just a little connection with the of a to literature, right bureaucracy can get you.

It includes those who take the side of outsiders against insiders, of problem small institutions against large ones, of local government against the state or federal. The country class is convinced that big business, big government, and big finance are linked as never before and that ordinary people are more unequal than ever. Members of the country class who want to dubois essays, rise in their profession through sheer competence try at once to avoid the ruling class’s rituals while guarding against infringing its prejudices. Averse to of thesis problem, wheedling, they tend to think that exams should play a major role in getting or advancing in jobs, that records of homework oh homework performance — including academic ones — should be matters of public record, and that professional disputes should be settled by open argument. For such people, the Supreme Court’s 2009 decision in Ricci , upholding the right of firefighters to be promoted according to the results of a professional exam, revived the hope that competence may sometimes still trump political connections. Nothing has set the country class apart, defined it, made it conscious of itself, given it whatever coherence it has, so much as the ruling class’s insistence that people other than themselves are intellectually and hence otherwise humanly inferior. Persons who were brought up to believe themselves as worthy as anyone, who manage their own lives to statement of thesis, their own satisfaction, naturally resent politicians of both parties who say that the issues of modern life are too complex for any but themselves. Most are insulted by the ruling class’s dismissal of opposition as mere “anger and frustration” — an imputation of stupidity — while others just scoff at the claim that the ruling class’s bureaucratic language demonstrates superior intelligence. A few ask the fundamental question: Since when and by what right does intelligence trump human equality?

Moreover, if the politicians are so smart, why have they made life worse? The country class actually believes that America’s ways are superior to oh homework, the rest of the statement of thesis problem, world’s, and regards most of mankind as less free, less prosperous, and less virtuous. Thus while it delights in croissants and thinks Toyota’s factory methods are worth imitating, it dislikes the idea of manne essay adhering to “world standards.” This class also takes part in the U.S. armed forces body and of thesis, soul: nearly all the enlisted, non-commissioned officers and officers under flag rank belong to this class in every measurable way. Few vote for the Democratic Party. You do not doubt that you are amidst the essays violence, country class rather than with the ruling class when the American flag passes by or “God Bless America” is statement of thesis, sung after seven innings of baseball, and most people show reverence. Essay On Traffic. The same people wince at the National Football League’s plaintive renditions of the “Star Spangled Banner.” Unlike the ruling class, the of thesis problem, country class does not share a single intellectual orthodoxy, set of tastes, or ideal lifestyle. Its different sectors draw their notions of human equality from different sources: Christians and Jews believe it is God’s law. Libertarians assert it from Hobbesian and Darwinist bases. Many consider equality the foundation of Americanism.

Others just hate snobs. Manne. Some parts of the country class now follow the stars and the music out of Nashville, Tennessee, and statement problem, Branson, Missouri — entertainment complexes larger than Hollywood’s — because since the 1970s most of education Hollywood’s products have appealed more to of thesis problem, the mores of the parts of a response to literature, ruling class and its underclass clients than to statement problem, those of large percentages of Americans. Rules. The same goes for problem, “popular music” and essays violence, television. For some in the country class Christian radio and TV are the statement problem, lodestone of sociopolitical taste, while the essay about education, very secular Fox News serves the same purpose for others. While symphonies and opera houses around the country, as well as the stations that broadcast them, are firmly in of thesis, the ruling class’s hands, a considerable part of the dubois essays, country class appreciates these things for their own sake. By that very token, the country class’s characteristic cultural venture — the homeschool movement — stresses the classics across the board in science, literature, music, and statement of thesis, history even as the ruling class abandons them. Each of the country class’s diverse parts has its own agenda, which flows from the peculiar ways in which the ruling class impacts its concerns. Essay Rules. Independent businesspeople are naturally more sensitive to the growth of privileged relations between government and their competitors. Persons who would like to statement of thesis problem, lead their community rue the advantages that Democratic and Republican party establishments are accruing. Parents of young children and young women anxious about marriage worry that cultural directives from on high are dispelling their dreams.

The faithful to God sense persecution. All resent higher taxes and loss of freedom. More and more realize that their own agenda’s advancement requires concerting resistance to the ruling class across the board. Not being at the table when government makes the rules about how you must run your business, knowing that you will be required to pay more, work harder, and show deference for the privilege of making less money, is the about reform, independent businessman’s nightmare. Statement. But what to do about it? In our time the interpenetration of government and oh homework, business — the network of subsidies, preferences, and regulations — is so thick and deep, the people “at the table” receive and of thesis problem, recycle into politics so much money, that independent businesspeople cannot hope to undo any given regulation or grant of privilege. Just as no manufacturer can hope to reduce the essay rules, subsidies that raise his fuel costs, no set of doctors can shield themselves from the increased costs and bureaucracy resulting from government mandates.

Hence independent business’s agenda has been to statement of thesis problem, resist the expansion of government in manne quarterly essay, general, and of course to reduce taxes. Pursuit of this agenda with arguments about economic efficiency and job creation — and through support of the Republican Party — usually results in of thesis, enough relief to discourage more vigorous remonstrance. Sometimes, however, the economic argument is homework, framed in moral terms: “The sum of good government,” said Thomas Jefferson, is not taking “from the mouth of labor the bread it has earned.” For government to advantage some at others’ expense, said he, “is to violate arbitrarily the first principle of association.” In our time, more and statement of thesis, more independent businesspeople have come to think of their economic problems in moral terms. But few realize how revolutionary that is. As bureaucrats and teachers’ unions disempowered neighborhood school boards, while the governments of towns, counties, and of a response to literature essay, states were becoming conduits for federal mandates, as the ruling class reduced the number and importance of of thesis problem things that American communities could decide for themselves, America’s thirst for self-governance reawakened.

The fact that public employees are almost always paid more and essay rules, have more generous benefits than the private sector people whose taxes support them only sharpened the problem, sense among many in the country class that they now work for public employees rather than the other way around. Essay Education Reform. But how to reverse the roles? How can voters regain control of statement of thesis problem government? Restoring localities’ traditional powers over schools, including standards, curriculum, and prayer, would take repudiating two generations of Supreme Court rulings. So would the restoration of essay traditional “police” powers over behavior in public places. Bringing public employee unions to heel is of thesis, only incidentally a matter of cutting pay and benefits. As self-governance is crimped primarily by the powers of government personified in its employees, restoring it involves primarily deciding that any number of functions now performed and the professional specialties who perform them, e.g., social workers, are superfluous or worse. Explaining to one’s self and neighbors why such functions and dubois essays, personnel do more harm than good, while the ruling class brings its powers to bear to discredit you, is a very revolutionary thing to do. America’s pro-family movement is statement problem, a reaction to the ruling class’s challenges: emptying marriage of legal sanction, promoting abortion, and progressively excluding parents from on sports, their children’s education. Americans reacted to problem, these challenges primarily by sorting themselves out.

Close friendships and above all marriages became rarer between persons who think well of divorce, abortion, and government authority over children and those who do not. The homeschool movement, for which the Internet became the great facilitator, involves not only each family educating its own children, but also extensive and growing social, intellectual, and spiritual contact among like-minded persons. In short, the part of the on traffic rules, country class that is most concerned with family matters has taken on something of a biological identity. Few in this part of the country class have any illusion, however, that simply retreating into private associations will long save their families from societal influences made to order to discredit their ways. But stopping the statement of thesis, ruling class’s intrusions would require discrediting its entire conception of man, of homework right and wrong, as well as of the problem, role of essay about reform courts in popular government. That revolutionary task would involve far more than legislation. The ruling class’s manifold efforts to problem, discredit and drive worship of God out of public life — not even the Soviet Union arrested students for wearing crosses or praying, or reading the dubois essays, Bible on statement problem school property, as some U.S. Essay. localities have done in response to Supreme Court rulings — convinced many among the vast majority of Americans who believe and pray that today’s regime is hostile to the most important things of problem all. Every December, they are reminded that the ruling class deems the very word “Christmas” to be offensive.

Every time they try to manifest their religious identity in dubois essays, public affairs, they are deluged by accusations of being “American Taliban” trying to set up a “theocracy.” Let members of the country class object to anything the ruling class says or does, and of thesis problem, likely as not their objection will be characterized as “religious,” that is to say irrational, that is to say not to be considered on a par with the on traffic, “science” of which the ruling class is the sole legitimate interpreter. Because aggressive, intolerant secularism is the moral and intellectual basis of the ruling class’s claim to rule, resistance to problem, that rule, whether to the immorality of essay on traffic rules economic subsidies and privileges, or to statement problem, the violation of the principle of equal treatment under equal law, or to its seizure of children’s education, must deal with secularism’s intellectual and moral core. Essays Violence. This lies beyond the statement of thesis problem, boundaries of politics as the term is commonly understood. The ruling class’s appetite for of a to literature, deference, power, and perks grows. Statement Problem. The country class disrespects its rulers, wants to curtail their power and reduce their perks. The ruling class wears on its sleeve the view that the rest of Americans are racist, greedy, and above all stupid.

The country class is ever more convinced that our rulers are corrupt, malevolent, and on sports, inept. The rulers want the ruled to shut up and obey. The ruled want self-governance. Statement Of Thesis. The clash between the two is essay about, about which side’s vision of itself and of the other is right and which is wrong. Because each side — especially the ruling class — embodies its views on the issues, concessions by one side to another on of thesis problem any issue tend to discredit that side’s view of oh homework itself. Of Thesis. One side or the of a, other will prevail. Statement Of Thesis. The clash is as sure and momentous as its outcome is about, unpredictable. In this clash, the ruling class holds most of the cards: because it has established itself as the fount of authority, its primacy is based on habits of deference. Breaking them, establishing other founts of authority, other ways of doing things, would involve far more than electoral politics. Though the country class had long argued along with Edmund Burke against of thesis, making revolutionary changes, it faces the uncomfortable question common to all who have had revolutionary changes imposed on them: are we now to accept what was done to us just because it was done?

Sweeping away a half century’s accretions of bad habits — taking care to homework, preserve the good among them — is hard enough. Establishing, even reestablishing, a set of better institutions and statement, habits is much harder, especially as the country class wholly lacks organization. By contrast, the ruling class holds strong defensive positions and is well represented by the Democratic Party. But a two to one numerical disadvantage augurs defeat, while victory would leave it in control of a people whose confidence it cannot regain. Certainly the country class lacks its own political vehicle — and perhaps the coherence to establish one. Manne Essay. In the of thesis, short term at essay about education reform, least, the statement problem, country class has no alternative but to channel its political efforts through the Republican Party, which is eager for its support. But the Republican Party does not live to represent the country class. For it to do so, it would have to become principles-based, as it has not been since the mid-1860s.

The few who tried to make it so the dubois essays, party treated as rebels: Barry Goldwater and Ronald Reagan. The party helped defeat Goldwater. When it failed to stop Reagan, it saddled his and subsequent Republican administrations with establishmentarians who, under the Bush family, repudiated Reagan’s principles as much as they could. Barack Obama exaggerated in of thesis problem, charging that Republicans had driven the country “into the parts of a response to literature, ditch” all alone. But they had a hand in it. Of Thesis Problem. Few Republican voters, never mind the larger country class, have confidence that the dubois essays, party is on their side.

Because, in the long run, the country class will not support a party as conflicted as today’s Republicans, those Republican politicians who really want to represent it will either reform the party in an unmistakable manner, or start a new one as Whigs like Abraham Lincoln started the Republican Party in the 1850s. The name of the party that will represent America’s country class is far less important than what, precisely, it represents and how it goes about representing it because, for the foreseeable future, American politics will consist of confrontation between what we might call the Country Party and the ruling class. The Democratic Party having transformed itself into a unit with near-European discipline, challenging it would seem to statement of thesis, require empowering a rival party at least as disciplined. What other antidote is essays on sports violence, there to government by one party but government by another party? Yet this logic, though all too familiar to most of the world, has always been foreign to America and naturally leads further in statement, the direction toward which the ruling class has led.

Any country party would have to be wise and quarterly, skillful indeed not to become the Democrats’ mirror image. Yet to defend the country class, to break down the problem, ruling class’s presumptions, it has no choice but to imitate the Democrats, at least in some ways and for a while. Consider: The ruling class denies its opponents’ legitimacy. Seldom does a Democratic official or member of the ruling class speak on public affairs without reiterating the response essay, litany of his class’s claim to authority, contrasting it with opponents who are either uninformed, stupid, racist, shills for business, violent, fundamentalist, or all of the above. They do this in the hope that opponents, hearing no other characterizations of themselves and no authoritative voice discrediting the ruling class, will be dispirited.

For the country class seriously to contend for self-governance, the political party that represents it will have to discredit not just such patent frauds as ethanol mandates, the of thesis problem, pretense that taxes can control “climate change,” and essay about education, the outrage of banning God from of thesis, public life. More important, such a serious party would have to attack the ruling class’s fundamental claims to its superior intellect and morality in ways that dispirit the about, target and hearten one’s own . The Democrats having set the rules of modern politics, opponents who want electoral success are obliged to follow them. Suppose that the Country Party (whatever its name might be) were to capture Congress, the presidency, and most statehouses. What then would it do? Especially if its majority were slim, it would be tempted to follow the Democrats’ plan of 2009-2010, namely to write its wish list of reforms into law regardless of the Constitution and of thesis problem, enact them by partisan majorities supported by interest groups that gain from homework, them, while continuing to vilify the other side. Whatever effect this might have, it surely would not be to make America safe for self-governance because by carrying out its own “revolution from above” to reverse the ruling class’s previous “revolution from statement problem, above,” it would have made that ruinous practice standard in America. Moreover, a revolution designed at essay, party headquarters would be antithetical to the country class’s diversity as well as to the American Founders’ legacy. Achieving the of thesis, country class’s inherently revolutionary objectives in a manner consistent with the Constitution and essay on traffic, with its own diversity would require the Country Party to use legislation primarily as a tool to statement problem, remove obstacles, to instruct, to reintroduce into American life ways and habits that had been cast aside. Passing national legislation is easier than getting people to take up the responsibilities of citizens, fathers, and entrepreneurs.

Reducing the taxes that most Americans resent requires eliminating the network of subsidies to parts response to literature essay, millions of of thesis problem other Americans that these taxes finance, and eliminating the jobs of government employees who administer them. Eliminating that network is practical, if at all, if done simultaneously, both because subsidies are morally wrong and economically counterproductive, and because the country cannot afford the practice in general. Essay On Traffic Rules. The electorate is likely to of thesis problem, cut off millions of government clients, high and low, only if its choice is between no economic privilege for anyone and ratifying government’s role as the arbiter of all our fortunes. Of A Response. The same goes for government grants to and contracts with so-called nonprofit institutions or non-governmental organizations. The case against all arrangements by which the government favors some groups of citizens is easier to make than that against any such arrangement. Without too much fuss, a few obviously burdensome bureaucracies, like the Department of Education, can be eliminated, while money can be cut off to problem, partisan enterprises such as the National Endowments and public broadcasting.

That sort of thing is as necessary to the American body politic as a weight reduction program is essential to restoring the health of essay on traffic any human body degraded by obesity and lack of exercise. Yet shedding fat is the easy part. Statement Of Thesis. Restoring atrophied muscles is harder. Reenabling the body to do elementary tasks takes yet more concentration. The grandparents of today’s Americans (132 million in education, 1940) had opportunities to serve on problem 117,000 school boards. To exercise responsibilities comparable to their grandparents’, today’s 310 million Americans would have radically to decentralize the mere 15,000 districts into which public school children are now concentrated. They would have to take responsibility for curriculum and administration away from credentialed experts, and they would have to explain why they know better.

This would involve a level of political articulation of the body politic far beyond voting in elections every two years. If self-governance means anything, it means that those who exercise government power must depend on elections. The shorter the electoral leash, the likelier an homework, official to have his chain yanked by voters, the of thesis problem, more truly republican the government is. Yet to subject the modern administrative state’s agencies to electoral control would require ordinary citizens to take an interest in any number of technical matters. Law can require environmental regulators or insurance commissioners, or judges or auditors to be elected. But only citizens’ discernment and vigilance could make these officials good. Only citizens’ understanding of and commitment to law can possibly reverse the patent disregard for the Constitution and statutes that has permeated American life. Homework Oh Homework. Unfortunately, it is easier for anyone who dislikes a court’s or an statement of thesis problem, official’s unlawful act to counter it with another unlawful one than to draw all parties back to the foundation of truth.

How, for example, to remind America of, and to drive home to the ruling class, Lincoln’s lesson that trifling with the Constitution for the most heartfelt of motives destroys its protections for all? What if a country class majority in both houses of Congress were to co-sponsor a “Bill of Attainder to deprive Nancy Pelosi, Barack Obama, and other persons of liberty and property without further process of law for having violated the following ex post facto law…” and larded this constitutional monstrosity with an Article III Section 2 exemption from federal court review? When the affected members of the on traffic, ruling class asked where Congress gets the authority to pass a bill every word of which is contrary to the Constitution, they would be confronted, publicly, with House Speaker Nancy Pelosi’s answer to a question on of thesis problem the Congress’s constitutional authority to mandate individuals to purchase certain kinds of insurance: “Are you kidding? Are you kidding?” The point having been made, the Country Party could lead public discussions around the country on essay rules why even the noblest purposes (maybe even Title II of the statement problem, Civil Rights Bill of 1964?) cannot be allowed to trump the Constitution. How the country class and ruling class might clash on each item of their contrasting agendas is beyond my scope. Suffice it to say that the ruling class’s greatest difficulty — aside from being outnumbered — will be to argue, against the grain of reality, that the dubois essays, revolution it continues to press upon America is sustainable.

For its part, the country class’s greatest difficulty will be to enable a revolution to take place without imposing it. America has been imposed on enough. Editor’s Note: This version corrects an error that appears the print edition of this article, which incorrectly lists Barack Obama as a research assistant to Laurence Tribe in 1984. He in fact was an assistant to Tribe in 1988-89. Update: The article has also been changed to correct a quote from Nancy Pelosi.

What Bar Graders See When They Read Your Essays. Sometimes bar students hear suggestions like, “just make your essay look like you know what you’re doing, even if you don’t” or “come across as polished, your rules don’t need to be perfect .” This is actually good advice. The problem is that sometimes bar students take this too far and try to pull a fast one on the grader. You can’t turn in an essay of gibberish with nice headers and expect to pass. The graders do actually read your work, even if they do so quickly. In an effort to of thesis stamp out some misinformation and bad habits I’ve seen recently, here are some tips to help you better understand what the graders are looking for. Parts Response Essay! I’ve also included the statement problem most common student push-back responses I hear and why these are wrong: Good advice: Use simple, straightforward sentence structure.

Critique: Doesn’t this come across sounding too elementary? Answer: No. You want your exam to be easy to read. Think of it this way: which one is on sports violence easier to statement of thesis read? The fact that Dan mentioned that he was inclined to manne quarterly utilize his liability insurance to cover Paula’s injuries indicates that he was the driver responsible for the accident, despite that this sort of evidence may be excluded for public policy reasons. Dan said he had plenty of insurance to statement of thesis problem cover Paula. Rules! This shows Dan thought he caused the accident because his insurance would not cover another driver unless he was the one at fault. Obviously, the second sentence is shorter, but it’s also more direct. Statement Of Thesis Problem! If your job was to figure out dubois essays, quickly whether the person writing these understood the rules of evidence, which one do you think paints the clearer picture? Writing on the bar is not about “sounding sophisticated” as some students think.

It’s about getting your ideas across succinctly and accurately in the format that the graders find easiest to of thesis problem grade. Students will sometimes ask me why I’m asking them to “dumb everything down for the grader.” Hey, obviously the graders are pretty smart people who are most likely capable of getting through complex clauses, complicated syntax, and big words. But, that doesn’t mean they want to read all this stuff, or that they have the time. Your job is to make your writing easy to grade. Polished and professional-sounding, yes, but not bombastic or long-winded. Good Advice: Split into short paragraphs:

Critique: Won’t this look too choppy? Answer: Not at all. Besides, choppy is of a to literature essay better than sloppy. If you’re a grader and your assignment is to look for the ratio between analysis and rules and make sure in one minute or less a student was making sense of the question being asked, which example would help make your job easier? One big block of statement of thesis problem text or smaller, defined pieces? Probably the second option. But why?

Blocks of on sports text are just harder to read. Large groupings of words, and especially full pages of text without paragraph breaks are a big red flag to the grader. This shows your thoughts aren’t organized. Of Thesis! If they were, you would have known how to get to the point faster. Have you ever tried to explain something you didn’t quite understand yourself? Imagine trying to tell someone how to essay rules make a complicated recipe, or how your car’s engine works. Of Thesis! You would probably use more words and manne, have trouble getting to the point. On the other hand, if you understand the topic with perfect clarity, say, you’re describing your daily morning routine or how to mail a letter, you can probably do this quicker and without so much hemming and hawing. So, to deconstruct this and flip it around another way: If the graders see big blocks of statement of thesis problem text, they think the student might be confused or disorganized. Parts Of A Essay! If they see short bite-sized pieces, they are more likely to think this person knows what they’re talking about.

Sometimes students think that merging everything together will help camouflage a rule they don’t know or hide the of thesis fact that their reasoning is circular. This isn’t the case. Even if your rule is off-base and your analysis is of a response essay flawed, you’re better off at least presenting them clearly and statement, concisely. Critique: Doesn’t this look too simplistic, I’m trying to be a lawyer, not a 1L? Answer: Nope. Essay! IRAC is what they want to see. I don’t care if you hate IRAC.

Use it anyway. Remember, this is not a brief you’re turning in to the court, it’s an exam. Statement Of Thesis! IRAC shows you know how to dubois essays follow the rules. Of Thesis! IRAC shows the grader where your analysis is. And hey, if the parts of a response essay graders can skim straight to your analysis, they may be more inclined to problem skip over problems in your rule if there are any! Some students ask me whether using IRAC will more or less “showcase” the fact that they don’t know the essay rule since their rule may be too short or miss some important buzzwords. It doesn’t matter. You can write passable analysis using an incomplete rule.

You are better off sticking to IRAC and making sure your answer at least looks like it conforms than trying to statement of thesis problem pull a fast one on the grader by dumping everything into one huge block of text (see above). The grader will see this and think right off the bat that the person writing this should have planned better. Good Advice: Put a reason in your conclusion: Critique: Why? This takes too much extra time and education reform, I don’t want to be duplicative. Answer: It won’t take more time if you are planning effectively before you write. What does it mean to put a reason in a conclusion anyway? Here’s an example: Thus, Paul adversely possessed the property.

This conclusion has no reason in it because there is no explanation, just a statement of the end result. Statement Of Thesis Problem! Compare to this: Thus, since Paul lit a fire in the cabin and occupied during the winter, the parts of a essay smoke and snow tracks would have been visible. Also, these are things a true owner would do. This means Paul probably meets the test for statement adverse possession. The second example takes longer to write, sure, but keep in mind, this is not your analysis , this is just a brief summary at the end. You don’t need to go into lots of detail. In fact, you shouldn’t.

To be fair, yes, not every conclusion needs a reason. Also, conclusions never need to be long. They should always be concise. If you had all the time in the world, I would say sure, put an explanation in manne quarterly every conclusion for how you got there. Since time is limited, though, you need to statement be more discerning. Here’s my advice: put a reason into the conclusions where the analysis was meaty and homework oh homework, included lots of facts. This helps the grader skim over that longer analysis and skip to the end while still gleaning that you saw and used the right facts. Note, this does not mean you have to rehash each rule element. In the example above, I only statement, touched on the biggest points from the oh homework analysis, not every single element of adverse possession—you will have already walked through all that in statement problem your analysis. If you think this kind of conclusion takes too long, that probably means you don’t have enough of dubois essays a grasp on what you’re writing as you’re writing it. If you finish your adverse possession analysis and you can’t tell the grader in two sentences (1) why the claim succeeds or fails and (2) which facts that question turns on, that means your analysis must not have been very clear because you probably don’t have the answer completely figured out.

If you can’t put a short conclusion and statement problem, center in on homework the most important reason that backs up that conclusion, that means you didn’t answer the question. Often students will say, “but what if my conclusion is wrong? I don’t want to highlight that.” Ultimately, that doesn’t matter as much as you might think. How you use the facts and apply the law is worth more points than the statement of thesis problem end result you come to. Again here, leaving out essay on traffic rules, a conclusion is not a good way to statement problem “pull a fast one” on the grader (missing conclusions also mean faulty IRAC—see above). Quarterly! A short conclusion with the wrong reasoning is better than no conclusion at all or a conclusion that leaves the statement of thesis problem grader guessing at what you meant or why you’re claiming something is true.

Good Advice: Answer the question being asked, and follow the manne quarterly call of the question given. Critique: But, this shows no creativity or ability to think outside the box. Who ever said the of thesis problem bar exam gave points for creativity? It doesn’t. The grader reading your essay will have thousands of essays just like yours—thousands. The chances of parts response to literature essay you seeing the fact pattern differently than everyone else is more likely to statement mean you’re wrong than creative.

Even if you do happen to make some amazing argument no one else has thought of, guess what, it probably isn’t on on sports the grader’s points rubric anyway. The bar examiners figure out in advance how many points they can give for each section of each essay. For example, if the issue on statement of thesis a Contracts essay about about reform, time being of the essence is worth 5 points and statement of thesis problem, you write a way-outside-the-box argument that takes 15 minutes, even if it’s incredible , it’s still only worth that same 5 points. Quarterly! If your amazing argument doesn’t appear anywhere on their list, you get zero for all that time you spent. Similarly, if the call of the question gives you three numbered parts with two sub-parts under each and you decide to toss this structure and come up with your own configuration, that’s a bad choice. This doesn’t show creativity. It shows a lack of clarity and an inability to follow the clear instructions given. Your goal here is to predictably conform. Problem! Which issues are most likely on the graders’ list? Use the facts to help you figure that out. Then, discuss no more and no less than that.

Critique: Retyping the facts takes too long, they know what I’m getting at if I use shorthand. Answer: You’re making it harder for yourself if you try to paraphrase everything. Let’s say it’s your job were to find out whether I am doing the essay on traffic right homicide analysis and statement problem, these are the facts you give me: “Dan exploded in anger after hearing Tom call him crazy and then struck Tom with his fist.” What would be the about reform problem with the following? Dan was clearly angry because Tom had said very rude things to him and caused him to irrationally respond by punching him in the side of his head, which caused Dan to fall and hit his head on statement of thesis the corner of the essays shelf, thereby killing him. Statement! This means Dan was probably guilty of homicide because he killed Tom, even though he may have the response charge mitigated to voluntary manslaughter if he can show that the rude remarks were enough for statement problem adequate provocation. Upon reading some analysis like this, a grader might have questions like these: Why was it “clear” Dan was angry? Which fact tells you that? What “very rude remarks” exactly? What does that mean?

Why was the response irrational ? Does being rational matter in the context of the rule? The facts never said Dan punched Tom in essays the head, they said he “struck him with his fist,” is that different? Does it matter? Are rude remarks ever enough for adequate provocation? Where did all these “corner of the statement of thesis shelf” facts come from?

Are you making things up? You’re much better off using the wording they give you. Essay On Traffic Rules! Talk about statement problem, why Dan “exploded” in anger (this shows suddenness, right? And that ties into heat of passion). Go ahead and actually say that Tom called Dan “crazy.” Don’t just gloss over essay rules, this as “rude remarks” because that is statement of thesis problem highly subjective and could mean anything and leave the homework oh homework grader wondering. Don’t manufacture extra facts that aren’t there. Statement Problem! Don’t bring in facts that don’t help you either check off or negate an element of the rule you’re using. The better analysis would use the precise fact words given, “exploded,” “crazy,” “struck” with “fist,” etc.

Ideally, you want to take each fact and of a essay, figure out which rule element it matches with and statement of thesis, then explain how. And finally, for any hand-writers out of a to literature, there… Critique: If the grader can’t tell exactly what the word is, maybe they will give me the benefit of the doubt? Answer: Nope, they definitely won’t. Don’t try to be sneaky and trail off so your script is harder to statement problem read.

The grader won’t assume you meant the correct thing, they will count this against you if they can’t read what you wrote. Plus (according to dubois essays actual bar graders I’ve spoken to), if a grader thinks you’re trying to pull one over on them on purpose, they really hate this and will view your essay less favorably. Ariel Salzer is a Tutor and Mentor Tutor for Law School Toolbox, Bar Exam Toolbox, and Trebuchet. Ariel has taught everything from conjunctions to calculus on statement four different continents. A primary and secondary school educator in the U.S. and manne essay, abroad before law school, Ariel has always had penchant for statement teaching and editing. As a student at the University of San Francisco School of Law, Ariel tutored Torts and led 1L workshops on time management, exam preparation, legal writing, and outlining.

As the chief Technical Editor on homework oh homework the Executive Board of the of thesis problem USF Law Review, Ariel was in charge of ensuring the accuracy of thousands legal citations, and has become a Bluebook expert. She also served as a Case Counsel for the USF Moot Court program, and received CALI awards for high-scoring two classes, including Legal Research and Writing. After practicing law as a product liability litigator in California for a number of years, Ariel found her way back to teaching and now enjoys helping students find success in their law school classes and on parts of a response to literature essay the bar exam. Easy Steps to of thesis Take During Law School to Improve Your Bar Prep Readiness. The weeks between graduating from law school and taking the bar exam will be intense. Bar prep will consist of dubois essays memorizing hundreds of nuanced legal #x02026; [Read More. ] about Easy Steps to Take During Law School to Improve Your Bar Prep Readiness. A 2L Perspective on the Bar Exam and Preparation. The bar exam, one scary last final that a majority of law school students take following graduation.

This closed-book exam seems like a far off #x02026; [Read More. ] about A 2L Perspective on of thesis problem the Bar Exam and essay reform, Preparation. Deciding which bar exam to of thesis take will probably be one of the more difficult decisions you make during your 3L year. Essay On Traffic Rules! Unlike many other careers, the exam #x02026; [Read More. ] about Which Bar Exam Should I Take? Passing your bar exam will be exponentially more challenging than passing your Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination (MPRE), but there is problem #x02026; [Read More. ] about dubois essays, Preparing for statement of thesis problem the MPRE. Managing The Clock On A 90-Minute Performance Test.

Most bar exams require applicants to parts essay complete one or two 90-minute performance tests as a component of the exams. A performance test asks you to of thesis problem #x02026; [Read More. Essay On Traffic! ] about Managing The Clock On A 90-Minute Performance Test. Sign up for of thesis problem our free weekly email with useful tips!

6 Resume Rules for 2017 That You May Not Know About. We#8217;re only in the second week of the new year, so this is a great time to talk about resume rules for 2017. This time last year, readers talked about whether or not they apply to jobs when they don#8217;t meet all the of thesis requirements (also see our imposter syndrome post), and quarterly, a few years ago Kat answered a reader email about unusual ways to get your resume noticed. Here are six resume rules for 2017 that you may not have heard: 1. Know that the #8220;one page#8221; limit no longer applies. Of Thesis! Depending on parts of a response to literature your career and circumstances, it#8217;s OK if your resume goes beyond a page. To figure out whether to make your resume one, two, or even three pages, check out these guidelines from Monster. Statement Of Thesis! No matter what, though, keep it concise #8212; and manne essay, make 100% sure there are no typos!

2. Tailor your resume to each position and statement of thesis problem, company; don#8217;t keep sending every employer exactly the same one. Use the words and phrases from the job description in each resume, especially because it#8217;s more likely to be read by a computer first than by a human. 3. Include the URL of your LinkedIn profile and any relevant, employer-friendly social media accounts. (After all, the company is going to google you anyway!) If you have a portfolio website, include that too. Essays Violence! By the statement problem way, if your LinkedIn URL looks something like this: linkedin.com/in/jane-smith-5cu95802, create a custom URL for your public profile (e.g., linkedin.com/in/janesmith) by dubois essays, updating your public profile settings. Statement Problem! 4. Include a summary or #8220;personal branding statement#8221; rather than an objective, which has fallen out of favor over the years. Essays Violence! Here are some examples from the web: #8220;corporate troubleshooter regularly assigned to the most challenging initiatives#8221; (source) #8220;cost-conscious benefits manager who has creatively tailored plans to employee needs at below average employer cost#8221; (source) #8220;online ad sales director with 12 years of experience leading sales teams in statement of thesis, start-up, rapidly growing, and established companies#8221; (source) 5. Don#8217;t leave college activities on your resume forever.

Career experts recommend removing them anywhere from two to five years after graduation. Dubois Essays! And unless you#8217;re a recent graduate, don#8217;t include your graduation year. Statement Problem! Once you#8217;ve past the #8220;young professional#8221; stage, leaving it off may protect you from age discrimination (and motherhood discrimination). (You might ask, #8220;Well, can#8217;t they tell how old I am by dubois essays, looking at my listed positions?#8221; but Alison Green of of thesis problem Ask a Manager recommends removing jobs that you held more than 15-20 years ago.) 6. Save and send/upload your resume as a PDF (rather than a Word document) so that the formatting will look exactly the same to the hiring manager as it does to you. Tip: I literally did not learn this until today, so some of homework you may not know this either #8212; when you choose #8220;Export#8221; in of thesis, Word and manne, create a PDF, the formatting will be preserved, including hyperlinks. (A note based on of thesis problem some of the violence comments #8212; if you KNOW a bot will be looking at your resume, upload a plain .txt version as well as a PDF version for statement problem human eyes, if you can.) When is the dubois essays last time you updated your resume? How long is statement problem it? How much do you alter it for each position you apply for?

For those of you who REVIEW resumes, what are your main takeaways? Have you read about any other resume rules for 2017? Getting Past the First Cut with a Resume That Grabs Digital Eyes [New York Times] What To Remove From Your Resume In 2017 [Forbes] How Long Can Your Resume Be? [Ask a Manager] 16 Things You Should Remove From Your Resume [The Ladders] Research: How Subtle Class Cues Can Backfire on Your Resume [Harvard Business Review] I would be weary of the PDF rule. I always used to submit resumes as PDFs it just seemed more polished. But one of my friend who works in HR for about education reform a big multi-national company says that they get so many applications for each job that they all get scanned by automated software for of thesis keywords before ever being seen by manne quarterly essay, a person. And many of of thesis those software applications cannot properly search PDFs, even though candidates are told this is an acceptable format. If your application is dubois essays being submitted to statement of thesis problem, what is reform obviously HR software, I#8217;d think twice and submit a Word document if it#8217;s a supported format. They probably can#8217;t search PDFs if they#8217;re a scan of something.

But the statement problem PDFs you save from oh homework, Microsoft Word are most definitely searchable. I don#8217;t know how the search function of these software applications work, but apparently a number of of thesis them struggle with PDFs. Knowing that, why take the risk? They#8217;re only not searchable if they#8217;re scanned. I think it#8217;s riskier to send a .doc than to send a searchable, natively created PDF. Here#8217;s an example where spellcheck won#8217;t help you. You meant wary but wrote weary.

Both are words, so spellcheck is going to think you#8217;re fine. Always have a good friend or colleague check your entire resume. I review resumes pretty regularly and I HATE when someone sends a Word document. Whether fair or not, it makes me feel like the applicant is not very tech-savvy. Even when the format stays as the applicant intended (which it seldom does), I always use the Show/Hide formatting button and can often see that s/he made the essay rules resume #8220;look#8221; good but is not a very adept/efficient Word user. In fairness, my organization does not use automated software but I haven#8217;t heard of statement of thesis problems with resume scanning software and PDFs as long as OCR is applied.

Another big turn-off is people who describe themselves as #8220;detail-oriented#8221; but have an error in their resume. Essay On Traffic Rules! I am much less forgiving of an of thesis problem error when the applicant has listed #8220;attention to detail#8221; as one of their selling points. Manne Essay! Similarly, I more apt to problem, forgive a minor error on quarterly essay our online application (unique to us, no spell check, etc.) than I am to overlook an error on of thesis problem your resume or cover letter, which you#8217;ve had time to parts of a essay, prep, check and have others review. Is #4 actually a thing people recommend now? I always think it looks a bit cliched and useless, and problem, as a hiring manager, I wouldn#8217;t even bother to read it. If you have some special skill/relation to the job, tell me in your cover letter or email don#8217;t give me random marketing jargon. Essays! Agree, I would be surprised to see this on statement problem a resume and would assume the person is out of touch with current norms. Oh Homework! This should be in the cover letter. Keeping it in statement, is a waste of space. I see this a lot so I know it#8217;s done.

I#8217;m not in Law, though, so that may be the difference? It doesn#8217;t bother me as long as it#8217;s brief. Even if they use marketing jargon, it still gives me a sense of what the applicant believes are their top professional or personal traits, which can be telling. Rules! It#8217;s like the classic interview question, #8220;describe yourself in statement of thesis, three words#8221; (or some iteration of violence that). The cover letter, on the other hand, is how their skills and experience will align with my organization and statement of thesis problem, the position. I am really, really against #8220;personal branding statements#8221; on dubois essays resumes. I don#8217;t need or want that on your resume. The resume is valuable space and should be devoted to highlighting how the applicant#8217;s skills and statement, experience match the employer#8217;s need.

I would keep graduation year on resumes, but that may be a law-specific thing I need to know when you graduated so I know what kind of level of seniority I#8217;m looking at. I#8217;m also really against wasting resume space on #8220;other interests,#8221; but I know lots of quarterly essay people here disagree with me. And I do get that, say, summer associate candidates may not have a ton of stuff to include on statement the resume and thus the fluff gives the interviewer something to quarterly, talk about. But if you have enough substantive material to fill up a page, please, for statement the love of god, do not cut any of it so you can include that you enjoy hiking, cooking, and essay about, SEC football. Statement Of Thesis Problem! What would you think of including law school graduation year, but losing college graduation year and homework, grad school graduation year? In my case, I graduated in statement of thesis, 2010, but did grad school before law school, so I#8217;m 39. And don#8217;t really want to manne essay, broadcast that to a prospective employer. But neither do I want to make the employer suspect I#8217;m even older.

Honestly, if you graduated in statement, 2010, you#8217;re not applying for parts response entry-level jobs, so why would your age be concerning? I think that age discrimination of the kind you#8217;re worried about statement of thesis problem really pops out when you#8217;re looking for that first post-law school job and you#8217;re 10 years older than your classmates I#8217;d be more likely to do what you suggest then. At this point, you#8217;re well into your career so personally I wouldn#8217;t see a significant risk there. Ha- I#8217;ve seen the personal interests work against applicants. There was one law student who put that their special talent was building a house of cards in dubois essays, under a minute (talent changed slightly for privacy). Several people wanted to statement, hand this person a deck of response to literature cards to test them during the interview. They were also known as the card student when discussed internally. Don#8217;t be that person.

But why? It wasn#8217;t an offensive interest. To the contrary, it appeared rather impressive and memorable to the people. Yeah, if he can deliver I think that would be epic. And I would be pleased to be known as #8220;card student.#8221; The #8220;card#8221; applicant goes right along with the problem applicant who wore the education reform really cool/funky/hot thing to of thesis, the interview. Unless it#8217;s relevant (card-house building prepares me for a career in cup stacking), metaphorical (building card houses requires a keen sense of balance, as does this position, and essay on traffic, each piece must be in place) or network-y (when I was at the card house tournament, I met person X, who you may know), why bring it up? I#8217;m not bringing it up. I#8217;m putting it on the very bottom of statement my resume as a fun fact to reward you for plowing through the dubois essays rest of it. Although certainly I am prepared to discuss its relevance to the position if you bring it up. I think it can work for and against#8230; I am off the opinion that card building is pretty awesome.

The ones I think should be avoided: -Travel#8230; And then listing places. I do not have a lot of work experience however, my volunteer life is where I have gained experience. SO I don#8217;t put my interests (reading, knitting, scrapbooking) but I put my volunteer experience that is of thesis relevant to the position I am applying for (for example, I volunteer as an instructor/trainer for girl guides and that gives me experience in public speaking/presenting and facilitating, things I want to do in a career but do not have the experience in that yet). I remember the year everyone was fighting to essay, hire the law student who took a year off school to drive the statement of thesis Weinermobile around the essays on sports violence country. Of Thesis Problem! He had the best stories. The one that was a subject of debate was the guy who put on his resume that he ran the oh homework Boston marathon with a broken foot. Shows determination or stupidity? Don#8217;t think he got an interview. +1 to everything cbackson said. Yeah I agree with all of this. Statement Of Thesis! #4 (branding statement) sounds like something Resume Advice People invented to give themselves something to talk about. No one is (or should be) actually doing this.

Also#8230; #3#8230; unless you#8217;re super hard to find on parts to literature LinkedIn (why, though?) or have a super common name, you don#8217;t need to include a link. I#8217;d frankly rather google it. Agree on keeping the grad year. It honestly looks like you are trying to hide something by leaving it off. I would be wary of a candidate who did. Statement Problem! I am also against putting #8220;interests#8221; on resumes.

It#8217;s not relevant to whether you can do the jobI want to know your education, experience, and interest in the actual work. Also, maybe I#8217;m overthinking things, but I think there#8217;s too big of a risk that your interests are boring (hiking, reading, traveling), will be perceived as taking too much time or energy away from work (triathlons, writing screenplays), falling into or out of some gender stereotype (sewing, baking, metalworking), or being too idiosyncratic (card guy). On Traffic! There#8217;s a possible exception of summer associate applicants because it#8217;s expected. But I also think law firms should stop asking. I kind of feel like if you#8217;re a card builder and you#8217;re interviewing with a firm that is of thesis anti-idisyncratic, then that#8217;s good information and oh homework, it#8217;s a useful screening device on both sides, no? Just read a REALLY interesting Harvard Business Review article addressing this exact topic. Special interest are actually a way that subtle social class cues are conveyed. There#8217;s been research conducted specifically in a law firm setting and (not shockingly), the male with interests like polo and sailing was 4 times more likely to get a callback. When asked to give reasons, employers made generalizations about of thesis problem #8220;good fit.#8221; In a frustrating twist, having money as a woman worked against candidates because they were perceived as not needing to work because of family money. That#8217;s not frustrating at all#8230; I#8217;ll post the link to the article in parts, my reply. All in all very interesting.

And of course now I see that it was linked at the bottom of the post. Silly me! Trying to lateral or possibly go in problem, house (ouch, paycut) after being told I#8217;m out in my #8220;up or out#8221; big firm. 18 big firm apps via recruiter and so far 11 rejections. Dubois Essays! SIGH/Terrified.

I don#8217;t know that I#8217;d waste time or space on of thesis problem the LinkedIn link if people want to dubois essays, see your LinkedIn profile, don#8217;t they just open up Linkedin and search? I agree too. Plus, my LinkedIn profile had essentially the same information as my resume (educational background, experience). Unless your LinkedIn profile reflects something important that you can#8217;t fit on your resume, I#8217;d ask why you bothered to statement of thesis problem, include the essays on sports violence link. Statement Of Thesis! Even then, you should be able to include anything you really want an quarterly employer to see in your cover letter and resume, especially if you can break the one-page rule. LinkedIn is where the of thesis problem branding statement goes! In 2016 we undertook a time-consuming effort to account for all our income and spending. There are probably tools that would have made this effort easier, but I did it #8220;by hand#8221;: I built a spreadsheet and recorded each month#8217;s income (my salary; husband#8217;s salary; other income) and all expenses (utilities; car expenses; groceries; eating out; travel; discretionary; childcare; etc.). Parts Response To Literature Essay! It is statement not quite complete yet because I am waiting for the next credit card bills to enter all the end of of a response to literature essay year expenses. But, it#8217;s provided very interesting, fairly accurate, and statement, generally reassuring data about the choices we are making.

I don#8217;t plan to do the same in 2017 (because it was a lot of effort), but I will continue to track my discretionary spending (which I#8217;ve done for several years) because it really helps me to education, curb my unnecessary purchases. I tend to use Marshalls/TJMaxx as a form of entertainment, but all those $30-70 purchases really add up (and I#8217;m mostly buying little bit of stuff I really don#8217;t need). I#8217;ve been doing this for years. One of the things I love about it is of thesis that the manne essay record of my expenses is also the diary of statement of thesis problem my life: trips, house projects, tuition, weddings (!), and so on. Essays On Sports Violence! I#8217;ve been tracking my expenses and statement problem, income by on traffic rules, hand using spreadsheets for a few years now, and of thesis problem, if you enter things a couple of times a month it doesn#8217;t take that much time. This is also a good way to keep track of where you are each month WRT your budget for a particular category. I got all excited the other day because I started using if/then formulas to alert myself to categories I#8217;m approaching the limit on or have exceeded. I#8217;ve been doing it for homework the last 7 years with YNAB. It is problem still eye opening to me to this day. I think it is an excellent habit to create. Lawyerly ladies I#8217;m currently struggling with how to essays violence, include this information in my resume: my law school graduation year and statement of thesis problem, firm class year are different.

I have a really specialized skill set and worked full time for my current firm while attending law school. Post-graduation, they offered me a three year bump in essay about, seniority to stay with them, and within the firm, I operate at that level of seniority (now a senior associate). I#8217;m basically looking for a way to say #8220;I graduated in 20XX, but am compensated as and of thesis, given the dubois essays responsibility of a 20(XX+3) grad.#8221; In the scoping sentence under your company/job, I would say a concise version of just that. Thanks for this post and statement of thesis, the links, which absolve me from guilt over coming to a #8220;fun#8221; site when I have other stuff I should be doing! That Harvard Business Review article #8212; ouch. About Education! A resume showing a guy comes from problem, money (sailing, polo) does better than lower-class-looking guys and all women. A resume showing a woman comes from money (sailing, polo) gets the least amount of interest b/c the reviewers assume she#8217;ll quit because she will have a rich husband. I just finished reading that, too. I guess I should#8217;ve put sailing on my resume all these years#8230; Or maybe work #8220;desire to stay single forever#8221; into my mission statement. I enjoyed reading your post.

I worked as a career coach for a few years and everything you covered here it#8217;s on homework point! It is critical to optimize your resume to each position and company culture. There is a free AI resume tool that helps do just that. Super helpful in any job search!

Digital dentistry: Is this the future of dentistry? by Paul L. Child Jr., DMD, CDT, CEO CR Foundation. For more on statement of thesis problem this topic, go to www.dentaleconomics.com and search using the following key words: digital dentistry, dental technology, digital radiography, CAD/CAM, cone beam. The connotations of being past the year 2010 bring about thoughts of futuristic concepts as suggested by movies, the Internet, and a vast array of media. Movies and books, set in homework oh homework a time period only a few decades forward, have portrayed a life filled with advanced medicine, travel, engineering, manufacturing, and statement of thesis problem, even rapid and simple food production. Yet, when we reach that future date, we observe that technology doesn’t change as fast as our minds imagine.

Does dentistry today — often termed “digital dentistry” — represent the high-tech, easy-to-implement solutions that were imagined and written about 30 years ago or even last year? Clinicians with decades of experience or the student of dental history can look back at the advances in dentistry and state clearly that the essays violence dental profession has experienced an exciting amount of technological growth. Yet in comparison to medicine, biomedical engineering, automotive and aeronautics, rapid manufacturing, electronics, and others, dentistry appears to be more than a decade behind in of thesis adopting or integrating new technologies on a widespread basis. Oh Homework! Although this statement may frustrate some early adopters and manufacturers of the new, available technologies in dentistry, a comparison of the technologies used in other advanced industries on statement a routine basis clearly demonstrates this chasm. If other industries have adopted newer and manne quarterly, better technologies (including sharing them among one other), why does dentistry lag behind? Where does our profession stand with new technologies, and statement of thesis, where might we be going? The purpose of this article is to examine the concept of digital dentistry, its advantages and limitations, and make statements and observations on oh homework specific areas of digital dentistry based on of thesis problem research, direct personal experience, and communication with dental manufacturers and clinicians worldwide. It is intended to provide a practical view of digital dentistry, a stimulus for greater adoption of the areas that are proven, and faster integration of new technologies from which our profession can benefit. Fig. 1 — Disruptive innovations and technology follow this curve. (Attributed to Craig Chelius; Technology Adoption Lifecycle as described in Geoffrey Moore’s book “Crossing the Chasm.”) What is digital dentistry?

Digital dentistry may be defined in a broad scope as any dental technology or device that incorporates digital or computer-controlled components in contrast to that of manne mechanical or electrical alone. This broad definition can range from the most commonly thought area of digital dentistry — CAD/CAM (computer aided design/computer aided manufacturing) — to those that may not even be recognized, such as computer-controlled delivery of statement of thesis problem nitrous oxide. The following list represents the majority of the areas of digital dentistry. All are assumed to incorporate some type of digital components; not every conceivable area is listed. CAD/CAM and parts to literature, intraoral imaging — both laboratory- and clinician-controlled Caries diagnosis Computer-aided implant dentistry — including design and fabrication of surgical guides Digital radiography — intraoral and extraoral, including cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) Electric and surgical/implant handpieces Lasers Occlusion and TMJ analysis and diagnosis Photography — extraoral and intraoral Practice and patient record management — including digital patient education Shade matching. There are many other areas of digital dentistry available, and statement of thesis problem, many more are being researched. It is an quarterly essay, exciting time to problem, be in the dental profession as more technologies are being introduced that make dentistry easier, faster, better, and — most important — enjoyable. Adoption and integration of technology. It took roughly two years for air rotor handpieces to gain widespread adoption and replace belt-driven handpieces, about five years for widespread adoption of PFM crowns, and essays on sports, about 25 years for statement of thesis problem implants.

Why such a difference when all are now proven and essay on traffic, widely used? Some new technologies are “disruptive” in of thesis problem nature and can cause rapid change (see Fig. 1). The introduction of dubois essays full zirconia crowns (BruxZir by Glidewell, and others) and problem, other monolithic crowns (IPS e.max CAD/Press by Ivoclar Vivadent) appears to be disruptive by its rapid adoption in the profession (see Fig. Dubois Essays! 2). The examination of other industries and past technological advances proves it generally takes up to of thesis problem, 25 years for a new technology to be accepted and widely used (conversion from the dubois essays early adopters to the early majority as in statement of thesis problem Fig. 1). If digital dentistry is now perceived as the future of dentistry, is essay about reform, it also behind by 25 years? Dentistry, in comparison to the larger industries previously mentioned, is extremely small in terms of financial revenue, potential capital market growth, and outside, nondental investors.

As such, some of the technological advances being developed in statement problem other industries are slow to be integrated in dentistry due to the relatively small global interest and financial input required to transfer the technology so that more efficient and improved dentistry results. However, even though there are newer and better technologies being used in other industries, today dentistry is at the forefront of technology available within our industry, and more clinicians should become part of the early majority. An integral part of understanding the future of dental technology involves observing and understanding new technologies in homework oh homework other industries and how that technology can be integrated into of thesis dentistry. Advantages of digital dentistry. Each area of digital dentistry has advantages in essay comparison to the conventional device or technique. Yet, some of the advantages may be diminished by the increased cost or technique sensitivity.

As an example, although diode lasers have been available for of thesis problem more than a decade, early majority adoption did not occur until the recent decrease in prices of lasers and increased offerings and competition. This has resulted in an alternative to about reform, the lower cost electrosurgery devices. Fig. 3 — Reconstructed 3-D image of the author (made with iCAT and statement, Anatomage InVivo 5 software). 1:1 measurements can be made with rapid implant planning and full diagnostic capabilities. On the other hand, chairside intraoral imaging and fabrication of indirect restorations by the clinician have been available for more than 25 years (via CEREC by response, Sirona).

However, even with new competition driving faster innovation (E4D by D4D Technologies), the price remains high, and of thesis problem, adoption has not yet reached early majority (although it probably should have). To be considered a clear advantage, the area of digital dentistry must include three things: Improved efficiency — both cost and time Improved accuracy in comparison to previous methods A high level of predictability of outcomes. Some areas of essay about education reform digital dentistry lack one or more of these characteristics and of thesis, could easily be improved by adopting or integrating technology from other industries, or eliminating attempts to improve older, outdated technology and implementing newer, disruptive technology. Limitations of digital dentistry. The major limitation of most areas of digital dentistry is cost. Homework Oh Homework! To adopt new technology often requires a higher capital investment, especially at statement, the “innovator” or “early adopter” stage. Despite this, if the new technology meets the above criteria to of a to literature, be considered an advantage, then return on investment can be high if properly implemented. One of the common pitfalls in adopting new dental technology is statement of thesis, lack of desire on the part of the clinician and homework, team to be adequately trained. Statement Of Thesis! Some clinicians will purchase a new technology, yet never read the owner’s manual or seek advanced training on how to operate the homework technology efficiently, often leading to high failure and abandonment.

Misunderstanding the new technology tends to foster slower adoption rates. Of Thesis! This scenario can be easily avoided by greater attendance of basic and advanced hands-on courses in these areas of on sports technology — not just the state’s minimum to maintain the dental license. Major areas of digital dentistry experience growth. I will comment briefly on of thesis the major areas of digital dentistry, their direction, and possible future developments. In determining your adoption and integration of some of the digital dentistry technologies into your practice, consider the following: What is your level of interest? Will the new technology add new excitement, drive, and happiness in your practice? Can you obtain a moderate to high return on investment? Are you willing to dedicate the time and effort to learn the oh homework new technology and continue advancing?

Practice and patient records management and patient education. Implementation of statement problem computers into parts of a response each operatory and throughout the practice is the first and most frequent adoption of digital dentistry. In North America and most developed countries, this has reached the “early majority” stage as all of the criteria for being an advantage have been met. Dentists who have not yet adopted this prerequisite for digital dentistry should do so now! Daily advances and problem, improved software adapted from other industries allow this technology to be affordable, attain the fastest adoption rate, and offer a high return on essays on sports violence investment.

Current and highly effective systems include Eaglesoft (Patterson), Dentrix (Schein), PracticeWorks (Carestream Dental), and Web-based software such as Curve Dental. Digital patient education is growing rapidly. The future in statement of thesis this area will reveal technologies and methods of communication already available in other industries, such as voice-activated and/or touch-screen computer and software instruction, live video and rapid recall of photos and parts of a response, educational components, 3-D video presentation with and without monitors or tablets, and off-site live consultation and education. There are many effective options for of thesis problem digital patient education, including CAESY (Patterson), Guru (Schein), DDS GP for essay rules iPad (Kick Your Apps), Consult-PRO Chairside (Consult-PRO), etc. Statement Of Thesis! A recent CR Foundation (CLINICIANS REPORT) survey of more than 1,000 dentists revealed that 80% would consider purchasing an iPad or tablet for oh homework patient education.

Clearly the time of drawing sketches on paper or using our hands to demonstrate teeth are a thing of the past. The next logical investment into digital dentistry (after full implementation of computers into your practice) is conversion to digital radiography. CLINICIANS REPORT and many other researchers have reported on statement problem the advantages of essays on sports both intraoral and extraoral digital radiography. The main advantages include lower radiation (when following the ALARA principle), significant time reduction, ease of storage and organization, and image enhancements for quick and improved viewing. Although the cost has not decreased significantly during the past five to eight years, the advantages far outweigh any limitations. New and existing developments include wireless sensors (both CCD/CMOS and PSP), caries diagnosis (Logicon by Carestream Dental), Intelligent Positioning System for quick and statement problem, easy digital alignment of the tube head to the sensor (Carestream Dental), and integration with tablets and voice activation. Future improvements will use algorithms based on thousands of patient radiographs that accurately diagnose caries and dubois essays, make suggestions for the dentist. The potential for complete conversion to extraoral imaging only is a serious possibility for the future. There are currently many excellent intraoral digital radiography systems to choose from including Kodak, Dexis, Schick, Gendex, ScanX, etc. Cone beam computed tomography.

Cone beam CT is an exciting technology that has seen rapid growth due to decreased costs, many options to problem, choose from, increased number of general dentists placing implants, decreased radiation compared to conventional CT scans, and rapid adoption by universities and specialists. Although some states, provinces, and countries are struggling with how to regulate this fast-growing area of digital dentistry, its effectiveness and accuracy are unparalleled (see Fig. 3). Due to the moderate learning curve to understand the anatomy, software, and diagnostic capacity, dentists are encouraged to obtain further advanced education on this “disruptive” technology. When implemented properly, the return on investment for many clinicians is far superior to any other area of digital dentistry.

Cone beam CT is being quickly adopted by most specialties and becoming the proposed standard for many surgical procedures, including implant placement, third-molar removal, and endodontics. Excellent options include cone beam CT units from Imaging Sciences International (iCAT), Sirona (Galileos), Carestream (Kodak), Gendex Dental Systems (Gendex), Planmeca (ProMax), and many others. Future advances and essay about, changes will see continued decrease in cost, improved software diagnostic capabilities to automatically take measurements and propose implant positions, algorithms that automatically look for assymetries and pathology to alert the radiologist for further examination, and rapid treatment planning for problem surgeries. CAD/CAM and essay about education reform, intraoral imaging. CAD/CAM for dental manufacturing and statement of thesis, the dental laboratory profession is already in the early majority and will soon approach the late majority. The laboratory profession has discovered what the clinicians have been slower to parts of a to literature essay, recognize — CAD/CAM works. It is faster, more economical, predictable, consistent, and relatively accurate. Return on investment can be incredible if a team approach is adhered to. CEREC has been available nearly 30 years, and recent advances with both CEREC and E4D clearly demonstrate that chairside CAD/CAM is uniquely positioned to lead our profession in statement digital dentistry.

Merging of procedures, such as implant placement and immediate provisionalization, through strategic company alliances and essay on traffic, shared technology allows dentists to do more in less time. Future advances in CAD/CAM will better align dentistry with what most other industries are using CAD/CAM for — complete predictability of outcomes considering all extraneous variables. Statement! This would include automatic restoration design with no further modifications based on about all patient factors, such as skeletal and arch classifications; wear, age, and tooth conditions; excursive movements; TMJ condition; exact input of condylar movements in relation to statement of thesis problem, tooth positions; and design based on esthetics and desired look. For these future advances to take place, manufacturers will need to quarterly, further adopt and of thesis, integrate technologies from other industries and create pathways for increasing investment by moving from parts of a response “early adopters” to “early majority.” For those who have sworn never to fabricate an indirect crown chairside or in their office, digital intraoral imaging/impressioning is growing rapidly and should draw every dentist’s attention.

Scanning teeth and preparations is becoming increasingly easier and of thesis, faster. Currently, there are more than eight companies that offer intraoral imaging, with CEREC (Sirona), E4D (D4D Technologies), LAVA COS (3M), and iTero (Cadent/Align) being the most recognized and used. CR Foundation (CLINICIANS REPORT) has researched all of these scanning systems and proven all to be as accurate as the conventional methods (i.e., stone die systems). Most are more accurate, faster, and easier. Essays On Sports Violence! It is not a question of, “Will CAD/CAM and intraoral imaging replace elastomeric impressions (i.e., VPS, polyether)?” but “When?” Diode lasers are one of the lowest costing areas of statement of thesis digital dentistry to education, adopt, as well as one of the easiest. Only in the past two years has the cost of diode lasers decreased to a level where “early majority” adoption is taking place. Advantages of statement of thesis excellent hemostasis, universal use around all restorations, simplified surgical procedures, and an expanding use in a plethora of dental procedures make this area of dubois essays digital dentistry highly desirable. The current trend is small, portable, cordless, low-cost diode lasers, such as the of thesis NV1 (Discus/Philips) and iLase (Biolase). Other corded versions such as the Navigator (Ivoclar), EZlase 940 (Biolase), and Picasso (AMD) remain popular and essay rules, effective.

The Precise LTM diode laser from Cao Dental should be strongly considered as well, as Dr. Statement Of Thesis Problem! Densen Cao is one of the originators and main innovators of diode lasers and LED curing lights. Advances in lasers include the expanded use in almost every field of dentistry. Further research is needed to validate many of the homework claims, but many users of not only statement of thesis problem, diode lasers but the other categories (CO 2 , Nd:YAG, erbium, etc.) have integrated lasers very effectively into their practices, and their observations seem to correlate with the claims. Use in periodontics, endodontics, surgery, prosthodontics, and general practice has drawn the growing attention of universities and specialists. Essays Violence! Future advances will see integration into dental operatory equipment, similar to of thesis, LED curing lights and intraoral cameras, as well as other software hands-free control advances similar to that in other areas of digital dentistry. Digital dentistry is more than just hype. When properly implemented and fully educated, return on investment can be excellent, increased joy in practicing dentistry can be experienced, and better care for your patients can be delivered. The future of dentistry is now.

Waiting another 10 years to adopt or integrate these new areas of dentistry will leave you decades behind. Decide which areas will best augment your practice, make informed decisions regarding your choice of product/technology, obtain education and training, and essay, have fun! Dr. Paul L. Child Jr. is a prosthodontist, certified dental technician, and statement of thesis problem, CEO of CR Foundation (formerly CRA). Dr.

Child lectures nationally and essays violence, internationally on all areas of dentistry with an emphasis on new and emerging technologies. He maintains membership in many professional associations and academies, and is on the editorial board of several journals. Contact him at of thesis problem, toni@pccdental.com. Sponsored Content is made possible by our sponsor; it does not necessarily reflect the views of our editorial staff. The 2016 Best of Class Technology Awards. Crown lengthening with a CO2 9.3-?m laser. Joshua P. Weintraub, DDS, is confident that he can perform minimally invasive dentistry reliably anesthesia-free with his Solea CO2 9.3 ?m las. Ask Dr.

Christensen: Which dental technologies should I buy? Did You Like this Article? Get All the Dental Industry News Delivered to Your Inbox. Subscribe to an email newsletter today at no cost and receive the dubois essays latest news and statement, information.

legal resume verbs Take advantage of. our free job bank. The Listserv is a free, e-mail discussion group. It provides legal professionals with the chance to problem, network and dubois essays ask profession-related questions. This long-running column examines ethics in the paralegal profession. Do you have an ethical dilemma or question? E-mail us today. Writing Paralegal Resumes. Tips for experienced and new paralegals.

By Linda T. Chin. Many paralegal students who have just graduated from college or who have completed a paralegal studies program most likely are searching for their first paralegal jobs. Experienced paralegals also might be looking to change jobs. This article will assist both new and experienced paralegals in drafting resumes and cover letters that will be concise but comprehensive, appealing but not overwhelming to prospective employers. Sample paralegal resumes and cover letters also are included. Resumes for New Paralegals. Let’s begin with some general pointers.

Your name, home address, phone number and e-mail address should be on top of the resume. Statement Problem! Use more common computer fonts, such as 12-point Times New Roman. Your name can be bold and a larger font than the rest of the response to literature essay content in the resume. Try to keep the resume to one page, if possible. Prospective employers receive numerous resumes so they might not read resumes beyond the first page. Many resumes usually contain four to five sections. Some resumes might include sections such as Honors and Awards or Achievements. For the purpose of this article, I have concentrated on of thesis these sections: Career Objective, Education, Experience, Skills and parts of a response Other Relevant Experience, if applicable. Career objective. This is important for several reasons. It’s the first paragraph after you provide your personal information and it immediately lets the prospective employers know what your career goal is, and encourages them to continue reading the resume.

You should express your career objective by writing a 1-sentence description of the job you are seeking. If you are unsure of the area of statement of thesis problem legal practice in which you want to specialize, focus your objective to essay, a general practice of law. Some examples of career objectives are: “To secure an entry-level position as a paralegal in a real estate law firm,” or “To secure a position in a law firm that can use a legal professional with outstanding research and writing skills.” Education. This section is an important part of the of thesis problem resume for those new paralegals who have just completed their education. If you are a new paralegal with limited or no work experience, this is the section on which you should focus.

Indicate your degree or the on sports paralegal certificate you completed, your major, the of thesis college from which you graduated, and the date of your graduation. List the courses that are relevant to the jobs for which you are applying. In general, law firms seek prospective employees who have skills in areas of legal research and writing, litigation and parts response essay law office management. You also should expand on statement of thesis problem your leadership and homework academic activities in this section. Statement Problem! List your membership in all student and academic organizations. Emphasize your leadership positions and essays violence highlight your respective duties and achievements while serving in those leadership roles. If you were a member of the organization but didn’t hold a leadership position, specify your contributions to statement, the organizations.

For example, you might have arranged for a speaker, publicized an event or coordinated a social event for essay about reform the organization. Did you write for statement problem a college newspaper, or contribute or edit an article for a newsletter or the college yearbook? If so, these activities should be included in about reform, your resume since they show initiative and leadership qualities — characteristics that all employers seek in a prospective employee. Finally, if you have received academic achievements such as being on the dean’s list or graduating with various honors, emphasize these awards and honors in your resume. Experience. This section is the meat of a resume. Statement Problem! While your work history as a new paralegal is minimal, there are other areas besides employment that can be classified as experience. Serving in an internship program is an excellent way to highlight your duties and responsibilities as well as the skills you obtained. Under this section, list the duties you performed, as well as the skills that were enhanced during this internship.

If you have participated in more than one internship, list the most recent internship first with the relevant dates. Another type of experience is the Academic Service Learning component that many colleges have incorporated into their academic curriculum. Essay On Traffic Rules! St. John’s University in New York, for example, defines Academic Service Learning as a teaching method in which students learn and develop through organized service that reinforces course content. This organized service takes place in nonprofit organizations such as bar associations, senior citizen centers, Legal Aid offices or other organizations that provide legal services at statement of thesis reduced fees or at no cost to the clients. If you have participated in an Academic Service Learning program, you should indicate the organization in which you served, and your duties while serving in parts to literature essay, that capacity. For example, if you helped draft health planning documents in an Elder Law Clinic as part of the Elder Law course you took, you should incorporate these duties in statement problem, the Experience section of your resume. Skills. About Reform! This section of the resume focuses on special skills you have that you might not have highlighted in other sections of the statement of thesis problem resume. Are you familiar with Microsoft Word? Do you have skills in other software applications such as Microsoft PowerPoint or Excel?

Are you an expert in using Westlaw and/or Lexis as a research tool? Are you proficient in a foreign language? If you have any of these skills, include them in the skills section of the resume. However, be honest in assessing your proficiency. For example, don’t indicate fluency in Spanish if you can only read it, but not speak it. Other relevant experience. The last section of the resume is for other relevant experience that you might have but was not addressed in the other sections of the on sports violence resume. For example, if you demonstrated leadership skills while serving in of thesis, a civic or community project or activity, then certainly include this experience. The Cover Letter From New Paralegals. The cover letter should have the following information: your name, address, and the date, name and title of the essays person to whom you are writing, the of thesis problem company or organization and the relevant salutation.

Try to get the exact name of the person to essay rules, whom you are writing since this will be more personal. The first paragraph of the of thesis problem cover letter should explain why you are writing and indicate how you found out about the dubois essays available position. For example, “I am writing to apply for the position of paralegal as advertised in the June 20 New York Times,” or “We met last month at the paralegal conference and I am following up on my interest to obtain a paralegal position in your law firm.” The next few paragraphs are where you want to highlight and statement of thesis problem discuss your qualifications, achievements and experience. On Sports Violence! Summarize your experience rather than repeat what already is in the resume.

Discuss why your qualifications and experience are a good fit with the company and what you can contribute to that company. The final paragraph closes the of thesis letter by thanking the employers for their consideration of your application and notifying them where they can contact you for dubois essays an interview. Also indicate that your resume is of thesis problem enclosed and on sports violence that references are available upon of thesis problem, request. Resumes for dubois essays Experienced Paralegals. Many of my recommendations for resumes for experienced paralegals are similar to resumes for statement problem new paralegals.

Your name, home address, phone number and e-mail address should be on the top of the resume and it should be limited to one page, if possible. Resumes for experienced paralegals should contain the about education following or similar sections: Career Objective, Professional Experience, Skills, Other Relevant Experience and Education. Career objective. This is of thesis important for of a essay experienced paralegals. It signals to the prospective employer whether the of thesis applicant is education reform seeking a career change, a position with greater responsibility or a lateral move to a different company. For example: “To secure a senior level paralegal position with supervisory responsibilities” indicates to statement, the employers that the applicant has prior paralegal experience and is seeking further professional growth. Education. The experienced paralegal should indicate the relevant information under the Education section. You should provide your degree or the response essay certificate completed as well as your major, the college from where you graduated and the date of your graduation. List any awards and honors you received upon graduation.

Since prospective employers will focus more on the work history of experienced paralegals, the education information can be included either at the beginning or at the end of the resume. Experience. For the experienced paralegal, this section of the resume is the most important information provided by the applicant in statement, engaging the interest of the prospective employers. The most common form of presentation is to list jobs in reverse chronological order; therefore, you should list your most recent job first. Indicate the company’s or law firm’s name, list your job titles and dates of employment.

Use active verbs to describe your duties and responsibilities, and be consistent in the use of the verb tense. For examples: “Developed systems for essay billing clients,” “Conducted extensive research for class action lawsuit” and “Maintained and updated court dates.” Skills. This section is statement where you can highlight your technological skills. At a minimum, employers expect their experienced paralegals to be proficient in word processing, and to be able to manne, navigate e-mails and of thesis prepare spreadsheets using Excel. Do you have computer-assisted research skills using Westlaw or Lexis? Are you proficient in other software applications such as CaseMap, LiveNote or Abacus Law? If so, don’t hesitate to list them.

Prospective employers always are seeking applicants who are technologically savvy to help make their law offices become more efficient. Other relevant experience. If you have had relevant experience other than work experience, you can describe it under this section. Were you an active member of quarterly a national or state paralegal organization? Did you volunteer to participate in your firm’s pro bono program in providing legal service to those who could not afford to hire a legal professional? Perhaps you volunteered in events related to statement of thesis, law that were sponsored by essays on sports violence, your community or civic groups.

These all are activities to stress in your resume. They demonstrate initiative, leadership and of thesis commitment to the legal profession. The Cover Letter from essay reform, Experienced Paralegals. The cover letter is your initial introduction to the prospective employer. The purpose of the cover letter is to statement of thesis problem, encourage the employer to read your resume and invite you for an interview. Therefore, like the resume, it has to be error-proof, neat and well-written.

The first paragraph of the cover letter should explain why you are writing and what position you seek. For example: “I am writing to apply for the position of Senior Paralegal that was advertised on your Web site.” Also explain why you are interested in essay on traffic, the position, such as seeking greater and/or more diverse responsibilities. In the of thesis problem next few paragraphs, summarize your qualifications, experience and achievements. For example: “As the enclosed resume indicates, I have had over 10 years of paralegal experience in employment law” or “My 10 years of experience include working with cases involving bankruptcy law.” Follow up as to why this experience will benefit the law firm. You also can highlight specific skills, such as the ability to use computer-assisted research or software applications that help with the management of a law office. The final paragraph closes the dubois essays letter by thanking the employers for problem their consideration of your application and oh homework notifying the employers where they can contact you for statement of thesis an interview. Also indicate that your resume is essay on traffic enclosed and of thesis problem that references are available upon request. SAMPLE COVER LETTER FOR NEW PARALEGALS. 345 Highway Street. Lakeview, NJ 10671. Tobin and Dempf, LLP.

I am writing to apply for the position of manne quarterly Paralegal in your litigation department as advertised in the New Jersey Times , dated June 25, 2008. I have just completed the of thesis ABA Approved-paralegal program at Gainsville State University . My coursework and my internship experience have given me the skills to qualify for this position. As you can see from my resume, in addition to dubois essays, coursework in statement problem, the areas of civil litigation and trial practice, I have enhanced my skills in essay about education, the practice of statement of thesis problem litigation through my internship experiences. I have had practical experience in legal research, writing complaints and legal memoranda, and filing pleadings. I am highly proficient and comfortable in the use of dubois essays technology. Statement Of Thesis! I am proficient in essays on sports violence, using Westlaw to perform research. I am also skilled in using Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, Excel and Outlook. Thank you for your consideration. I look forward to speaking with you further regarding my qualifications for statement problem this position. Essays On Sports Violence! Enclosed in my resume and I will be happy to provide you with references upon statement problem, request.

SAMPLE RESUME FOR NEW PARALEGALS. 345 Highway Street. To secure a position as a paralegal in manne essay, a law firm that specializes in problem, litigation. June 2008: Gainsville State University , Smithtown , New Jersey. Paralegal Certificate Program, ABA Approved. Coursework: Introduction to Law, Civil Litigation, Legal Research and Writing, Tort Law, Family Law, Elder Law,

Real Estate Law, Trial Practice. Leadership and Academic Acitivities: President of Legal Society (2007-2008) – Organized activities for. students in manne essay, the Paralegal Program; arranged for speakers on legal issues; coordinated visits to courts. Feb. 2008-May 2008: Paralegal Intern, Smith Smith, Smithtown , New Jersey. Assisted with scheduling meetings with clients. Helped with filing pleadings. Performed legal research using Westlaw and in the library. Wrote legal memoranda.

Prepared demand letters. Sept. 2007-Jan. 2008: Academic Service Learning in conjunction with Elder Law course, Senior Legal Clinic, Newtown , New Jersey. Assisted in statement problem, drafting advance health planning documents. Interviewed clients for case intake. Assisted with drafting complaints. Assisted in homework oh homework, drafting health proxies and living wills. Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, Excel, Outlook, Westlaw.

Coordinated Annual Fund-Raising Event for the Homeless since 2000. SAMPLE COVER LETTER FOR EXPERIENCED PARALEGALS. 345 Highway Street. Lakeview, NJ 10671. Tobin and Dempf, LLP. I am writing to of thesis, apply for on traffic rules the position of of thesis problem supervising paralegal in your litigation department as advertised in the New Jersey Times , dated June 25, 2008. After more than 10 years of experience as a litigation paralegal, I am seeking a new position that can provide me with additional responsibilities and essay education reform an opportunity to use my supervisory skills. As you can see from my resume, I have had extensive experience as a litigation paralegal and my responsibilities have increased over the years. Recently, I was given the statement of thesis problem additional responsibility of supervising and quarterly essay training secretarial staff and student interns. In that capacity, I have developed my mentoring and supervisory skills.

I am highly proficient and comfortable in the use of statement technology. I am proficient in dubois essays, using Westlaw and Lexis to perform research. I have assisted the statement problem attorneys in parts of a essay, my firm in making presentations using Microsoft PowerPoint and have created spreadsheets using Microsoft Excel. I have become skilled in the use of software applications to assist with the management of complex litigation cases. Statement! As a result, I can offer your firm a high level of manne quarterly expertise in using Concordance, Summation and CaseMap. I believe I can contribute much to your firm. Thank you for taking time from your schedule to consider me for this position. Statement Problem! I look forward to speaking with you further regarding my qualifications.

Enclosed is my resume and on sports violence I will be happy to of thesis problem, provide you with references upon request. SAMPLE RESUME FOR EXPERIENCED PARALEGALS. 345 Highway Street. Lakeview, NJ 10671. To secure a position as a senior-level paralegal with supervisory responsibilities. July 2000-Present: Paralegal, Kleinsmith Associates, Newark , N.J.

Provide legal and administrative support for civil litigation firm. Supervise and train secretarial staff and student interns. Implement an online billing system for clients. Draft legal memoranda and client correspondence. Conduct research employing online resources such as Westlaw and Lexis.

Assist with document production and trial preparation. July 1998-June 2000: Paralegal, Smith Smith, Smithtown , N.J. Assisted with scheduling meetings with clients. Assisted with filing pleadings. Performed legal research using Westlaw and in the library.

Wrote legal memoranda. Prepared billings for clients. Feb. On Traffic Rules! 1998-June 1998: Paralegal Intern, Legal Aid of statement problem New Jersey , Newtown , N.J. Interviewed clients for case intake.

Assisted with drafting complaints. Assisted with document production. Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, Excel, Outlook, Westlaw, Lexis, Concordance, Summation and CaseMap. Member of the American Alliance of Paralegals and the Legal Assistants Association of New Jersey; organized workshops on essays technology for paralegals. Participated in the pro bono program initiated by Kleinsmith Associates. June 1998: Gainsville State University , Smithtown , N.J. Bachelor of of thesis problem Arts, Legal Studies, ABA-Approved Paralegal Program.

Linda T. Chin is an assistant professor at St. John’s University in essays, New York City. She teaches in the American Bar Association-approved legal studies program, which prepares students to work as paralegals in of thesis problem, the legal profession. Manne Essay! Professor Chin’s field of problem expertise is manne quarterly employment and statement problem elder law.