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odyssey hubris essay In William Cronon, ed., Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature , New York: W. W. Researchpapers/ben Franklin? Norton Co., 1995, 69-90. The time has come to rethink wilderness. This will seem a heretical claim to many environmentalists, since the idea of wilderness has for decades been a fundamental tenetindeed, a passionof the environmental movement, especially in on martin luther, the United States. For many Americans wilderness stands as the researchpapers/ben, last remaining place where civilization, that all too human disease, has not fully infected the about money, earth. It is an franklin island in the polluted sea of statement urban-industrial modernity, the one place we can turn for escape from our own too-muchness. Seen in this way, wilderness presents itself as the best antidote to franklin, our human selves, a refuge we must somehow recover if we hope to resume dallas, save the planet. As Henry David Thoreau once famously declared, “In Wildness is the preservation of the World.” (1) But is it? The more one knows of its peculiar history, the more one realizes that wilderness is not quite what it seems. Far from franklin, being the paper, one place on earth that stands apart from franklin, humanity, it is quite profoundly a human creationindeed, the essays luther i have a dream speech, creation of very particular human cultures at very particular moments in franklin, human history.

It is not a pristine sanctuary where the last remnant of an untouched, endangered, but still transcendent nature can for at least a little while longer be encountered without the contaminating taint of civilization. Instead, it’s a product of that civilization, and could hardly be contaminated by the very stuff of simple english money which it is made. Wilderness hides its unnaturalness behind a mask that is all the more beguiling because it seems so natural. As we gaze into franklin, the mirror it holds up for us, we too easily imagine that what we behold is Nature when in fact we see the reflection of our own unexamined longings and desires. For this reason, we mistake ourselves when we suppose that wilderness can be the solution to our culture’s problematic relationships with the nonhuman world, for wilderness is itself no small part of the problem. To assert the unnaturalness of so natural a place will no doubt seem absurd or even perverse to essay on advantages and disadvantages flying, many readers, so let me hasten to add that the nonhuman world we encounter in wilderness is far from being merely our own invention. Franklin? I celebrate with others who love wilderness the beauty and essays on martin king, power of the things it contains. Each of us who has spent time there can conjure images and franklin, sensations that seem all the more hauntingly real for having engraved themselves so indelibly on our memories. Such memories may be uniquely our own, but they are also familiar enough be to be instantly recognizable to others.

Remember this? The torrents of mist shoot out from the base of a great waterfall in the depths of a Sierra canyon, the tiny droplets cooling your face as you listen to the roar of the water and statement for immigration paper, gaze up toward the sky through a rainbow that hovers just out of reach. Remember this too: looking out across a desert canyon in the evening air, the only sound a lone raven calling in the distance, the rock walls dropping away into a chasm so deep that its bottom all but vanishes as you squint into the amber light of the setting sun. And this: the researchpapers/ben franklin, moment beside the essay of kite flying, trail as you sit on a sandstone ledge, your boots damp with the morning dew while you take in researchpapers/ben franklin, the rich smell of the pines, and the small red foxor maybe for you it was a raccoon or a coyote or a deerthat suddenly ambles across your path, stopping for essay on advantages and disadvantages of kite flying a long moment to gaze in your direction with cautious indifference before continuing on its way. Remember the researchpapers/ben franklin, feelings of such moments, and you will know as well as I do that you were in the presence of something irreducibly nonhuman, something profoundly Other than yourself Wilderness is simple english essays money, made of that too. And yet: what brought each of us to the places where such memories became possible is entirely a cultural invention. Go back 250 years in researchpapers/ben franklin, American and European history, and you do not find nearly so many people wandering around remote corners of the planet looking for what today we would call “the wilderness experience.” As late as the for immigration paper, eighteenth century, the most common usage of the word “wilderness” in the English language referred to researchpapers/ben franklin, landscapes that generally carried adjectives far different from the ones they attract today. To be a wilderness then was to be “deserted,” “savage,” “desolate,” “barren”in short, a “waste,” the word’s nearest synonym.

Its connotations were anything but positive, and the emotion one was most likely to researched papers, feel in its presence was “bewilderment” or terror. (2) Many of the word’s strongest associations then were biblical, for it is used over and over again in the King James Version to refer to places on the margins of civilization where it is all too easy to lose oneself in moral confusion and despair. The wilderness was where Moses had wandered with his people for forty years, and where they had nearly abandoned their God to worship a golden idol. (3) “For Pharaoh will say of the Children of researchpapers/ben franklin Israel,” we read in Exodus, “They are entangled in the land, the wilderness hath shut them in.” (4) The wilderness was where Christ had struggled with the devil and papers, endured his temptations: “And immediately the Spirit driveth him into the wilderness. And he was there in researchpapers/ben franklin, the wilderness for forty days tempted of resume writing services texas Satan; and was with the wild beasts; and the angels ministered unto him.” (5) The “delicious Paradise” of John Milton’s Eden was surrounded by “a steep wilderness, whose hairy sides /Access denied” to all who sought entry.” When Adam and Eve were driven from that garden, the world they entered was a wilderness that only their labor and pain could redeem. Wilderness, in researchpapers/ben, short, was a place to which one came only against one’s will, and always in essay and disadvantages of kite, fear and trembling. Whatever value it might have arose solely from the possibility that it might be “reclaimed” and turned toward human endsplanted as a garden, say, or a city upon a hill. (7) In its raw state, it had little or nothing to franklin, offer civilized men and women. But by the end of the on martin luther king speech, nineteenth century, all this had changed. Researchpapers/ben Franklin? The wastelands that had once seemed worthless had for some people come to for immigration paper, seem almost beyond price. That Thoreau in 1862 could declare wildness to researchpapers/ben, be the simple english essays money, preservation of the world suggests the sea change that was going on. Wilderness had once been the antithesis of all that was orderly and goodit had been the darkness, one might say, on the far side of the garden walland yet now it was frequently likened to Eden itself.

When John Muir arrived in the Sierra Nevada in researchpapers/ben, 1869, he would declare, “No description of Heaven that I have ever heard or read of seems half so fine.” (8) He was hardly alone in expressing such emotions. One by one, various corners of the American map came to essay on advantages and disadvantages of kite flying, be designated as sites whose wild beauty was so spectacular that a growing number of citizens had to visit and see them for themselves. Niagara Falls was the first to undergo this transformation, but it was soon followed by the Catskills, the researchpapers/ben, Adirondacks, Yosemite, Yellowstone, and others. Essay And Disadvantages? Yosemite was deeded by the U. S. government to the state of California in 1864 as the nation’s first wildland park, and Yellowstone became the first true national park in 1872. (9) By the franklin, first decade of the twentieth century, in the single most famous episode in American conservation history, a national debate had exploded over whether the city of San Francisco should be permitted to augment its water supply by damming the Tuolumne River in Hetch Hetchy valley, well within the boundaries of Yosemite National Park. The dam was eventually built, but what today seems no less significant is that so many people fought to prevent its completion. Even as the fight was being lost, Hetch Hetchy became the baffle cry of an emerging movement to preserve wilderness. Fifty years earlier, such opposition would have been unthinkable. Few would have questioned the merits of “reclaiming” a wasteland like this in order to put it to simple english about, human use. Now the defenders of Hetch Hetchy attracted widespread national attention by portraying such an researchpapers/ben act not as improvement or progress but as desecration and vandalism. Buy Powerpoint? Lest one doubt that the researchpapers/ben franklin, old biblical metaphors had been turned completely on their heads, listen to John Muir attack the dam’s defenders. “Their arguments,” he wrote, “are curiously like those of the devil, devised for the destruction of the first gardenso much of the very best Eden fruit going to waste; so much of the best Tuolumne water and researched, Tuolumne scenery going to waste.” (10) For Muir and the growing number of Americans who shared his views, Satan’s home had become God’s Own Temple.

The sources of this rather astonishing transformation were many, but for the purposes of this essay they can be gathered under two broad headings: the researchpapers/ben franklin, sublime and the frontier. Essays On Martin King A Dream? Of the two, the sublime is the older and more pervasive cultural construct, being one of the most important expressions of that broad transatlantic movement we today label as romanticism; the frontier is more peculiarly American, though it too had its European antecedents and researchpapers/ben, parallels. The two converged to remake wilderness in their own image, freighting it with moral values and cultural symbols that it carries to this day. Indeed, it is not too much to say that the modern environmental movement is itself a grandchild of romanticism and post-frontier ideology, which is why it is no accident that so much environmentalist discourse takes its bearings from the wilderness these intellectual movements helped create. Although wilderness may today seem to be just one environmental concern among many, it in for immigration paper, fact serves as the researchpapers/ben, foundation for a long list of researched papers other such concerns that on their face seem quite remote from it. That is why its influence is so pervasive and, potentially, so insidious. To gain such remarkable influence, the concept of wilderness had to become loaded with some of the deepest core values of the culture that created and idealized it: it had to become sacred. This possibility had been present in wilderness even in the days when it had been a place of spiritual danger and moral temptation.

If Satan was there, then so was Christ, who had found angels as well as wild beasts during His sojourn in the desert. In the wilderness the researchpapers/ben franklin, boundaries between human and nonhuman, between natural and thesis paper, supernatural, had always seemed less certain than elsewhere. Researchpapers/ben Franklin? This was why the early Christian saints and statement paper, mystics had often emulated Christ’s desert retreat as they sought to experience for themselves the visions and spiritual testing He had endured. One might meet devils and run the risk of losing one’s soul in such a place, but one might also meet God. For some that possibility was worth almost any price. By the eighteenth century this sense of the wilderness as a landscape where the supernatural lay just beneath the surface was expressed in the doctrine of the sublime, a word whose modern usage has been so watered down by commercial hype and researchpapers/ben franklin, tourist advertising that it retains only a dim echo of its former power. Thesis For Immigration? (11) In the theories of Edmund Burke, Immanuel Kant, William Gilpin, and franklin, others, sublime landscapes were those rare places on earth where one had more chance than elsewhere to glimpse the face of God. Thesis? (12) Romantics had a clear notion of where one could be most sure of having this experience. Although God might, of course, choose to show Himself anywhere, He would most often be found in those vast, powerful landscapes where one could not help feeling insignificant and researchpapers/ben, being reminded of one’s own mortality.

Where were these sublime places? The eighteenth century catalog of their locations feels very familiar, for can i online we still see and researchpapers/ben, value landscapes as it taught us to thesis statement for immigration paper, do. God was on researchpapers/ben the mountaintop, in the chasm, in the waterfall, in the thundercloud, in researched papers, the rainbow, in the sunset. One has only to think of the sites that Americans chose for their first national parksYellowstone, Yosemite, Grand Canyon, Rainier, Zionto realize that virtually all of them fit one or more of researchpapers/ben franklin these categories. Less sublime landscapes simply did not appear worthy of such protection; not until the 1940s, for resume services dallas instance, would the first swamp be honored, in researchpapers/ben franklin, Everglades National Park, and to this day there is no national park in the grasslands. (13) Among the best proofs that one had entered a sublime landscape was the emotion it evoked. For the thesis, early romantic writers and researchpapers/ben franklin, artists who first began to celebrate it, the sublime was far from being a pleasurable experience.

The classic description is on advantages of kite, that of William Wordsworth as he recounted climbing the Alps and franklin, crossing the Simplon Pass in researched, his autobiographical poem “The Prelude.” There, surrounded by crags and waterfalls, the poet felt himself literally to be in researchpapers/ben franklin, the presence of the divineand experienced an emotion remarkably close to resume services, terror: The immeasurable height. Of woods decaying, never to be decayed, The stationary blasts of researchpapers/ben waterfalls, And in the narrow rent at researched papers, every turn. Winds thwarting winds, bewildered and forlorn, The torrents shooting from the clear blue sky, The rocks that muttered close upon our ears, Black drizzling crags that spake by the way-side. As if a voice were in them, the researchpapers/ben, sick sight.

And giddy prospect of the raving stream, The unfettered clouds and luther a dream speech, region of the Heavens, Tumult and peace, the darkness and researchpapers/ben, the light. Were all like workings of one mind, the on martin a dream speech, features. Of the same face, blossoms upon one tree; Characters of the great Apocalypse, The types and franklin, symbols of Eternity, Of first, and last, and resume services, midst, and without end. (14) This was no casual stroll in the mountains, no simple sojourn in the gentle lap of nonhuman nature.

What Wordsworth described was nothing less than a religious experience, akin to that of the Old Testament prophets as they conversed with their wrathful God. The symbols he detected in this wilderness landscape were more supernatural than natural, and they inspired more awe and dismay than joy or pleasure. No mere mortal was meant to linger long in such a place, so it was with considerable relief that Wordsworth and his companion made their way back down from the peaks to the sheltering valleys. Lest you suspect that this view of the sublime was limited to timid Europeans who lacked the American know-how for feeling at home in the wilderness, remember Henry David Thoreau’s 1846 climb of Mount Katahdin, in Maine. Although Thoreau is regarded by many today as one of the great American celebrators of wilderness, his emotions about Katahdin were no less ambivalent than Wordsworth’s about the Alps. It was vast, Titanic, and researchpapers/ben, such as man never inhabits. Essays About? Some part of the beholder, even some vital part, seems to escape through the researchpapers/ben, loose grating of his ribs as he ascends. Can I Buy Powerpoint For Mac? He is researchpapers/ben, more lone than you can imagine . Resume Writing Dallas Texas? Vast, Titanic, inhuman Nature has got him at disadvantage, caught him alone, and pilfers him of researchpapers/ben franklin some of his divine faculty. She does not smile on him as in the plains. She seems to say sternly, why came ye here before your time? This ground is not prepared for you.

Is it not enough that I smile in researched, the valleys? I have never made this soil for thy feet, this air for thy breathing, these rocks for thy neighbors. I cannot pity nor fondle thee here, but forever relentlessly drive thee hence to where I am kind. Why seek me where I have not called thee, and then complain because you find me but a stepmother? (15) This is surely not the way a modern backpacker or nature lover would describe Maine’s most famous mountain, but that is because Thoreau’s description owes as much to Wordsworth and other romantic contemporaries as to the rocks and clouds of researchpapers/ben franklin Katahdin itself. English? His words took the physical mountain on which he stood and transmuted it into an icon of the sublime: a symbol of God’s presence on earth. The power and the glory of franklin that icon were such that only a prophet might gaze on it for resume writing services long. In effect, romantics like Thoreau joined Moses and the children of Israel in Exodus when “they looked toward the wilderness, and behold, the glory of the Lord appeared in the cloud.” (16) But even as it came to embody the researchpapers/ben, awesome power of the sublime, wilderness was also being tamednot just by those who were building settlements in its midst but also by those who most celebrated its inhuman beauty. By the papers, second half of the nineteenth century, the terrible awe that Wordsworth and franklin, Thoreau regarded as the appropriately pious stance to adopt in english about money, the presence of their mountaintop God was giving way to a much more comfortable, almost sentimental demeanor.

As more and more tourists sought out the wilderness as a spectacle to franklin, be looked at and enjoyed for english money its great beauty, the sublime in effect became domesticated. The wilderness was still sacred, but the religious sentiments it evoked were more those of a pleasant parish church than those of a grand cathedral or a harsh desert retreat. The writer who best captures this late romantic sense of a domesticated sublime is undoubtedly John Muir, whose descriptions of Yosemite and the Sierra Nevada reflect none of the anxiety or terror one finds in earlier writers. Here he is, for instance, sketching on North Dome in Yosemite Valley: No pain here, no dull empty hours, no fear of the past, no fear of the researchpapers/ben, future. These blessed mountains are so compactly filled with God’s beauty, no petty personal hope or experience has room to be. Drinking this champagne water is essay on advantages flying, pure pleasure, so is researchpapers/ben, breathing the thesis statement paper, living air, and every movement of limbs is researchpapers/ben, pleasure, while the body seems to feel beauty when exposed to writing texas, it as it feels the campfire or sunshine, entering not by the eyes alone, but equally through all one’s flesh like radiant heat, making a passionate ecstatic pleasure glow not explainable. The emotions Muir describes in researchpapers/ben franklin, Yosemite could hardly be more different from Thoreau’s on Katahdin or Wordsworth’s on the Simplon Pass. On Martin King A Dream Speech? Yet all three men are participating in the same cultural tradition and contributing to the same myththe mountain as cathedral. Franklin? The three may differ in can i buy powerpoint for mac online, the way they choose to express their pietyWordsworth favoring an awe-filled bewilderment, Thoreau a stern loneliness, Muir a welcome ecstasybut they agree completely about the church in which they prefer to worship.

Muir’s closing words on North Dome diverge from his older contemporaries only in mood, not in researchpapers/ben franklin, their ultimate content: Perched like a fly on this Yosemite dome, I gaze and sketch and bask, oftentimes settling down into dumb admiration without definite hope of ever learning much, yet with the longing, unresting effort that lies at the door of hope, humbly prostrate before the vast display of statement paper God’s power, and eager to offer self-denial and researchpapers/ben franklin, renunciation with eternal toil to learn any lesson in the divine manuscript. Resume Writing Dallas Texas? (17) Muir’s “divine manuscript” and Wordsworth’s “Characters of the great Apocalypse” are in researchpapers/ben, fact pages from the same holy book. The sublime wilderness had ceased to be place of thesis paper satanic temptation and become instead a sacred temple, much as it continues to be for those who love it today. But the romantic sublime was not the only cultural movement that helped transform wilderness into a sacred American icon during the nineteenth century. No less important was the powerful romantic attraction of primitivism, dating back at least to franklin, of that the best antidote to the ills of an overly refined and civilized modern world was a return to simpler, more primitive living. In the United States, this was embodied most strikingly in essay, the national myth of the frontier. The historian Frederick Jackson Turner wrote in researchpapers/ben, 1893 the classic academic statement of this myth, but it had been part of thesis statement for immigration paper American cultural traditions for well over a century. Researchpapers/ben Franklin? As Turner described the process, easterners and European immigrants, in moving to on advantages and disadvantages flying, the wild unsettled lands of the frontier, shed the researchpapers/ben franklin, trappings of essays on martin luther king civilization, rediscovered their primitive racial energies, reinvented direct democratic institutions, and by reinfused themselves with a vigor, an independence, and a creativity that the source of American democracy and national character. Seen in this way, wild country became a place not just of religious redemption but of national renewal, the quintessential location for experiencing what it meant to be an researchpapers/ben American. One of Turner’s most provocative claims was that by luther king a dream speech, the 1890s the frontier was passing away.

Never again would “such gifts of free land offer themselves” to the American people. “The frontier has gone,” he declared, “and with its going has closed the researchpapers/ben franklin, first period of American history.” (18) Built into the frontier myth from its very beginning was the notion that this crucible of American identity was temporary and would pass away. Those who have celebrated the frontier have almost always looked backward as they did so, mourning an older, simpler, truer world that is about to disappear, forever. That world and buy powerpoint for mac, all of its attractions, Turner said, depended on free landon wilderness. Thus, in the myth of the vanishing frontier lay the seeds of franklin wilderness preservation in the United States, for if wild land had been so crucial in simple english about, the making of the nation, then surely one must save its last remnants as monuments to the American pastand as an researchpapers/ben insurance policy to researched, protect its future. Researchpapers/ben? It is no accident that the resume services, movement to set aside national parks and wilderness areas began to researchpapers/ben franklin, gain real momentum at essays, precisely the time that laments about the passing frontier reached their peak. Researchpapers/ben? To protect wilderness was in a very real sense to researched, protect the nation’s most sacred myth of origin. Among the core elements of the frontier myth was the powerful sense among certain groups of Americans that wilderness was the franklin, last bastion of rugged individualism. Thesis Statement For Immigration Paper? Turner tended to stress communitarian themes when writing frontier history, asserting that Americans in primitive conditions had been forced to band together with their neighbors to form communities and democratic institutions. Franklin? For other writers, however, frontier democracy for communities was less compelling than frontier freedom for individuals. (19) By fleeing to the outer margins of settled land and societyso the and disadvantages of kite, story ranan individual could escape the confining strictures of civilized life.

The mood among writers who celebrated frontier individualism was almost always nostalgic; they lamented not just a lost way of life but the passing of the heroic men who had embodied that life. Thus Owen Wister in franklin, the introduction to his classic 1902 novel The Virginian could write of of kite “a vanished world” in which “the horseman, the cow-puncher, the last romantic figure upon our soil” rode only “in his historic yesterday” and would “never come again.” For Wister, the franklin, cowboy was a man who gave his word and kept it (“Wall Street would have found him behind the times”), who did not talk lewdly to women (“Newport would have thought him old-fashioned”), who worked and played hard, and whose “ungoverned hours did not unman him.” (20) Theodore Roosevelt wrote with much the same nostalgic fervor about the “fine, manly qualities” of the “wild rough-rider of the plains.” No one could be more heroically masculine, thought Roosevelt, or more at home in the western wilderness: There he passes his days, there he does his life-work, there, when he meets death, he faces it as he has faced many other evils, with quiet, uncomplaining fortitude. Brave, hospitable, hardy, and adventurous, he is the grim pioneer of our race; he prepares the way for simple english about money the civilization from before whose face he must himself disappear. Hard and dangerous though his existence is, it has yet a wild attraction that strongly draws to it his bold, free spirit. (21) This nostalgia for a passing frontier way of life inevitably implied ambivalence, if not downright hostility, toward modernity and all that it represented. If one saw the wild lands of the frontier as freer, truer, and more natural than other, more modern places, then one was also inclined to see the franklin, cities and thesis for immigration paper, factories of urban-industrial civilization as confining, false, and researchpapers/ben franklin, artificial. Owen Wister looked at the post-frontier “transition” that had followed “the horseman of the plains,” and did not like what he saw: “a shapeless state, a condition of men and essay on advantages of kite, manners as unlovely as is that moment in the year when winter is gone and spring not come, and the face of Nature is ugly.” (22) In the eyes of writers who shared Wister’s distaste for modernity, civilization contaminated its inhabitants and absorbed them into the faceless, collective, contemptible life of the crowd. For all of its troubles and dangers, and franklin, despite the simple english money, fact that it must pass away, the frontier had been a better place. If civilization was to be redeemed, it would be by men like the Virginian who could retain their frontier virtues even as they made the transition to post-frontier life.

The mythic frontier individualist was almost always masculine in gender: here, in the wilderness, a man could be a real man, the rugged individual he was meant to be before civilization sapped his energy and threatened his masculinity. Wister’s contemptuous remarks about Wall Street and Newport suggest what he and many others of his generation believedthat the comforts and researchpapers/ben franklin, seductions of civilized life were especially insidious for men, who all too easily became emasculated by the feminizing tendencies of civilization. More often than not, men who felt this way came, like Wister and Roosevelt, from elite class backgrounds. The curious result was that frontier nostalgia became an important vehicle for expressing a peculiarly bourgeois form of buy powerpoint for mac online antimodernism. The very men who most benefited from urban-industrial capitalism were among those who believed they must escape its debilitating effects. If the frontier was passing, then men who had the means to do so should preserve for themselves some remnant of its wild landscape so that they might enjoy the regeneration and renewal that came from sleeping under the researchpapers/ben, stars, participating in blood sports, and researched, living off the land. The frontier might be gone, but the frontier experience could still be had if only franklin wilderness were preserved. Thus the on martin a dream, decades following the Civil War saw more and more of the nation’s wealthiest citizens seeking out wilderness for themselves.

The elite passion for researchpapers/ben franklin wild land took many forms: enormous estates in the Adirondacks and elsewhere (disingenuously called “camps” despite their many servants and amenities), cattle ranches for would-be rough riders on the Great Plains, guided big-game hunting trips in the Rockies, and luxurious resort hotels wherever railroads pushed their way into sublime landscapes. Wilderness suddenly emerged as the essays about money, landscape of choice for elite tourists, who brought with them strikingly urban ideas of the countryside through which they traveled. Researchpapers/ben? For them, wild land was not a site for productive labor and not a permanent home; rather, it was a place of recreation. Thesis Paper? One went to the wilderness not as a producer but as a consumer, hiring guides and other backcountry residents who could serve as romantic surrogates for the rough riders and hunters of the frontier if one was willing to overlook their new status as employees and servants of the rich. In just this way, wilderness came to embody the researchpapers/ben, national frontier myth, standing for can i buy powerpoint for mac online the wild freedom of America’s past and seeming to represent a highly attractive natural alternative to the ugly artificiality of modern civilization. Researchpapers/ben? The irony, of course, was that in can i, the process wilderness came to researchpapers/ben, reflect the very civilization its devotees sought to escape. Ever since the thesis paper, nineteenth century, celebrating wilderness has been an activity mainly for researchpapers/ben well-to-do city folks. Country people generally know far too much about working the land to regard unworked land as their ideal. In contrast, elite urban tourists and wealthy sportsmen projected their leisure-time frontier fantasies onto the American landscape and so created wilderness in can i buy powerpoint, their own image.

There were other ironies as well, The movement to set aside national parks and wilderness areas followed hard on the heels of the final Indian wars, in researchpapers/ben franklin, which the prior human inhabitants of these areas were rounded up and on martin king i have a dream, moved onto reservations. The myth of the wilderness as “virgin ” uninhabited land had always been especially cruel when seen from the franklin, perspective of the Indians who had once called that land home. Now they were forced to move elsewhere, with the for mac online, result that tourists could safely enjoy the illusion that they were seeing their nation in franklin, its pristine, original state, in the new morning of God’s own creation. (23) Among the researched, things that most marked the new national parks as reflecting a post-frontier consciousness was the relative absence of human violence within their boundaries. The actual frontier had often been a place of conflict, in which invaders and invaded fought for researchpapers/ben control of land and resources. Once set aside within the fixed and carefully policed boundaries of the modern bureaucratic state, the wilderness lost its savage image and became safe: a place more of reverie than of revulsion or fear. Meanwhile, its original inhabitants were kept out by dint of essay of kite flying force, their earlier uses of the land redefined as inappropriate or even illegal. Researchpapers/ben? To this day, for instance, the services dallas, Blackfeet continue to be accused of “poaching” on the lands of Glacier National Park that originally belonged to them and researchpapers/ben, that were ceded by treaty only with the proviso that they be permitted to hunt there. (24) The removal of buy powerpoint for mac online Indians to create an “uninhabited wilderness”uninhabited as never before in the human history of the placereminds us just how invented, just how constructed, the American wilderness really is. To return to my opening argument: there is nothing natural about the concept of wilderness. It is entirely a creation of the culture that holds it dear, a product of the very history it seeks to deny. Indeed, one of the most striking proofs of the cultural invention of wilderness is its thoroughgoing erasure of the history from which it sprang.

In virtually all of its manifestations, wilderness represents a flight from history. Seen as the original garden, it is a place outside of time, from which human beings had to be ejected before the fallen world of history could properly begin. Researchpapers/ben Franklin? Seen as the frontier, it is a savage world at the dawn of statement paper civilization, whose transformation represents the very beginning of the national historical epic. Seen as the bold landscape of franklin frontier heroism, it is the place of youth and childhood, into which men escape by abandoning their pasts and researched, entering a world of freedom where the constraints of civilization fade into memory. Seen as the researchpapers/ben, sacred sublime, it is the home of a God who transcends history by standing as the can i buy powerpoint online, One who remains untouched and unchanged by time’s arrow. Franklin? No matter what the papers, angle from which we regard it, wilderness offers us the researchpapers/ben franklin, illusion that we can escape the cares and resume services, troubles of the world in researchpapers/ben franklin, which our past has ensnared us. Statement Paper? (25) This escape from history is one reason why the language we use to talk about wilderness is often permeated with spiritual and religious values that reflect human ideals far more than the material world of physical nature. Franklin? Wilderness fulfills the old romantic project of secularizing Judeo-Christian values so as to make a new cathedral not in some petty human building but in God’s own creation, Nature itself. Thesis Statement For Immigration Paper? Many environmentalists who reject traditional notions of the Godhead and who regard themselves as agnostics or even atheists nonetheless express feelings tantamount to researchpapers/ben, religious awe when in the presence of wildernessa fact that testifies to the success of the services dallas texas, romantic project. Those who have no difficulty seeing God as the expression of our human dreams and desires nonetheless have trouble recognizing that in a secular age Nature can offer precisely the same sort of mirror. Thus it is that wilderness serves as the researchpapers/ben franklin, unexamined foundation on which so many of the quasi-religious values of modern environmentalism rest.

The critique of modernity that is one of resume writing texas environmentalism’s most important contributions to researchpapers/ben, the moral and political discourse of our time more often than not appeals, explicitly or implicitly, to wilderness as the standard against which to measure the failings of our human world. Wilderness is the natural, unfallen antithesis of an unnatural civilization that has lost its soul. It is resume writing dallas texas, a place of freedom in which we can recover the true selves we have lost to the corrupting influences of our artificial lives. Most of all, it is the ultimate landscape of authenticity. Combining the sacred grandeur of the sublime with the primitive simplicity of the frontier, it is the place where we can see the franklin, world as it really is, and so know ourselves as we really areor ought to be. But the trouble with wilderness is that it quietly expresses and reproduces the very values its devotees seek to can i for mac online, reject. The flight from history that is very nearly the core of wilderness represents the false hope of an researchpapers/ben escape from responsibility, the essays on martin king i have, illusion that we can somehow wipe clean the slate of our past and return to the tabula rasa that supposedly existed before we began to leave our marks on researchpapers/ben the world. The dream of an unworked natural landscape is very much the fantasy of people who have never themselves had to work the land to king i have a dream, make a livingurban folk for whom food comes from a supermarket or a restaurant instead of a field, and for franklin whom the wooden houses in which they live and work apparently have no meaningful connection to the forests in which trees grow and die. Only people whose relation to thesis paper, the land was already alienated could hold up wilderness as a model for human life in nature, for the romantic ideology of researchpapers/ben wilderness leaves precisely nowhere for papers human beings actually to make their living from the land. This, then, is the central paradox: wilderness embodies a dualistic vision in which the human is entirely outside the researchpapers/ben, natural. If we allow ourselves to believe that nature, to be true, must also be wild, then our very presence in nature represents its fall.

The place where we are is the place where nature is thesis for immigration, not. If this is soif by definition wilderness leaves no place for franklin human beings, save perhaps as contemplative sojourners enjoying their leisurely reverie in God’s natural cathedralthen also by definition it can offer no solution to and disadvantages of kite, the environmental and other problems that confront us. To the extent that we celebrate wilderness as the measure with which we judge civilization, we reproduce the dualism that sets humanity and nature at opposite poles. We thereby leave ourselves little hope of discovering what an ethical, sustainable, honorable human place in nature might actually look like. Worse: to researchpapers/ben franklin, the extent that we live in an urban-industrial civilization but at services, the same time pretend to ourselves that our real home is in the wilderness, to just that extent we give ourselves permission to evade responsibility for the lives we actually lead.

We inhabit civilization while holding some part of researchpapers/ben franklin ourselveswhat we imagine to be the most precious partaloof from its entanglements. We work our nine-to-five jobs in its institutions, we eat its food, we drive its cars (not least to reach the wilderness), we benefit from the intricate and all too invisible networks with which it shelters us, all the while pretending that these things are not an essential part of who we are. By imagining that our true home is in the wilderness, we forgive ourselves the homes we actually inhabit. In its flight from history, in its siren song of escape, in its reproduction of the researched, dangerous dualism that sets human beings outside of naturein all of these ways, wilderness poses a serious threat to responsible environmentalism at the end of the twentieth century. By now I hope it is franklin, clear that my criticism in this essay is not directed at wild nature per se, or even at efforts to set aside large tracts of wild land, but rather at the specific habits of thinking that flow from this complex cultural construction called wilderness. It is not the thesis statement for immigration, things we label as wilderness that are the problemfor nonhuman nature and large tracts of the natural world do deserve protectionbut rather what we ourselves mean when we use the label. Lest one doubt how pervasive these habits of researchpapers/ben thought actually are in essays luther a dream, contemporary environmentalism, let me list some of the places where wilderness serves as the ideological underpinning for franklin environmental concerns that might otherwise seem quite remote from essays on martin luther king i have a dream speech, it. Defenders of biological diversity, for researchpapers/ben franklin instance, although sometimes appealing to more utilitarian concerns, often point to “untouched” ecosystems as the best and richest repositories of the essays money, undiscovered species we must certainly try to researchpapers/ben, protect. Although at first blush an apparently more “scientific” concept than wilderness, biological diversity in fact invokes many of the same sacred values, which is why organizations like the Nature Conservancy have been so quick to on martin i have, employ it as an alternative to the seemingly fuzzier and more problematic concept of franklin wilderness. There is a paradox here, of papers course.

To the extent that biological diversity (indeed, even wilderness itself) is likely to survive in the future only by the most vigilant and self-conscious management of the ecosystems that sustain it, the ideology of wilderness is potentially in direct conflict with the franklin, very thing it encourages us to protect. (26) The most striking instances of this have revolved around “endangered species,” which serve as vulnerable symbols of biological diversity while at the same time standing as surrogates for wilderness itself. The terms of the Endangered Species Act in the United States have often meant that those hoping to thesis for immigration, defend pristine wilderness have had to rely on researchpapers/ben a single endangered species like the spotted owl to gain legal standing for their casethereby making the full power of the essay on advantages and disadvantages of kite flying, sacred land inhere in a single numinous organism whose habitat then becomes the object of intense debate about franklin appropriate management and use. (27) The ease with which anti-environmental forces like the wise-use movement have attacked such single-species preservation efforts suggests the paper, vulnerability of strategies like these. Perhaps partly because our own conflicts over such places and organisms have become so messy, the convergence of wilderness values with concerns about biological diversity and endangered species has helped produce a deep fascination for remote ecosystems, where it is researchpapers/ben, easier to imagine that nature might somehow be “left alone” to flourish by simple english essays about money, its own pristine devices. The classic example is the tropical rain forest, which since the 1970s has become the researchpapers/ben, most powerful modern icon of unfallen, sacred landa veritable Garden of Edenfor many Americans and Europeans. Papers? And yet protecting the researchpapers/ben, rain forest in simple english, the eyes of First World environmentalists all too often means protecting it from the people who live there. Those who seek to preserve such “wilderness” from the activities of native peoples run the risk of reproducing the same tragedybeing forceably removed from an ancient homethat befell American Indians. Third World countries face massive environmental problems and deep social conflicts, but these are not likely to be solved by a cultural myth that encourages us to researchpapers/ben, “preserve” peopleless landscapes that have not existed in on martin luther i have a dream speech, such places for millennia. Franklin? At its worst, as environmentalists are beginning to realize, exporting American notions of essay on advantages of kite flying wilderness in researchpapers/ben franklin, this way can become an unthinking and self-defeating form of cultural imperialism. (28) Perhaps the most suggestive example of the way that wilderness thinking can underpin other environmental concerns has emerged in the recent debate about can i buy powerpoint online “global change.” In 1989 the journalist Bill McKibben published a book entitled The End of Nature, in which he argued that the prospect of global climate change as a result of unintentional human manipulation of the atmosphere means that nature as we once knew it no longer exists. (29) Whereas earlier generations inhabited a natural world that remained more or less unaffected by their actions, our own generation is uniquely different.

We and our children will henceforth live in researchpapers/ben franklin, a biosphere completely altered by our own activity, a planet in which the human and the natural can no longer be distinguished, because the one has overwhelmed the other. In McKibben’s view, nature has died, and we are responsible for killing it. “The planet,” he declares, “is utterly different now.” (30) But such a perspective is possible only if we accept the wilderness premise that nature, to be natural, must also be pristineremote from humanity and untouched by our common past. In fact, everything we know about environmental history suggests that people have been manipulating the natural world on various scales for as long as we have a record of their passing. Services? Moreover, we have unassailable evidence that many of the environmental changes we now face also occurred quite apart from human intervention at one time or another in the earth’s past. Franklin? (31) The point is not that our current problems are trivial, or that our devastating effects on the earth’s ecosystems should be accepted as inevitable or “natural.” It is rather that we seem unlikely to make much progress in solving these problems if we hold up to simple about money, ourselves as the mirror of researchpapers/ben nature a wilderness we ourselves cannot inhabit. To do so is merely to take to a logical extreme the buy powerpoint for mac online, paradox that was built into wilderness from the beginning: if nature dies because we enter it, then the franklin, only way to save nature is to kill ourselves.

The absurdity of this proposition flows from the underlying dualism it expresses. Not only does it ascribe greater power to humanity that we in fact possessphysical and biological nature will surely survive in some form or another long after we ourselves have gone the way of all fleshbut in the end it offers us little more than a self-defeating counsel of resume writing services texas despair. The tautology gives us no way out: if wild nature is the only thing worth saving, and if our mere presence destroys it, then the sole solution to our own unnaturalness, the only way to protect sacred wilderness from profane humanity, would seem to be suicide. It is not a proposition that seems likely to franklin, produce very positive or practical results. And yet radical environmentalists and deep ecologists all too frequently come close to accepting this premise as a first principle.

When they express, for instance, the resume services dallas texas, popular notion that our environmental problems began with the invention of agriculture, they push the human fall from natural grace so far back into the past that all of civilized history becomes a tale of researchpapers/ben franklin ecological declension. Earth First! founder Dave Foreman captures the thesis for immigration paper, familiar parable succinctly when he writes, Before agriculture was midwifed in the Middle East, humans were in the wilderness. We had no concept of researchpapers/ben “wilderness” because everything was wilderness and we were a part of it. But with irrigation ditches, crop surpluses, and permanent villages, we became apart from the natural world. For Mac Online? Between the franklin, wilderness that created us and the civilization created by us grew an thesis statement ever-widening rift. (32) In this view the farm becomes the first and most important battlefield in the long war against wild nature, and all else follows in its wake. Researchpapers/ben? From such a starting place, it is hard not to reach the researched papers, conclusion that the only way human beings can hope to live naturally on earth is to follow the hunter-gatherers back into a wilderness Eden and abandon virtually everything that civilization has given us. It may indeed turn out that civilization will end in ecological collapse or nuclear disaster, whereupon one might expect to find any human survivors returning to a way of life closer to franklin, that celebrated by Foreman and his followers. For most of us, though, such a debacle would be cause for regret, a sign that humanity had failed to fulfill its own promise and failed to honor its own highest valuesincluding those of the researched, deep ecologists. In offering wilderness as the franklin, ultimate hunter-gatherer alternative to civilization, Foreman reproduces an extreme but still easily recognizable version of the researched papers, myth of frontier primitivism.

When he writes of his fellow Earth Firsters that “we believe we must return to being animal, to glorying in researchpapers/ben, our sweat, hormones, tears, and blood” and can i buy powerpoint for mac, that “we struggle against the modern compulsion to become dull, passionless androids,” he is following in the footsteps of Owen Wister. (33) Although his arguments give primacy to defending biodiversity and the autonomy of wild nature, his prose becomes most passionate when he speaks of preserving “the wilderness experience.” His own ideal “Big Outside” bears an uncanny resemblance to that of the frontier myth: wide open spaces and virgin land with no trails, no signs, no facilities, no maps, no guides, no rescues, no modern equipment. Researchpapers/ben Franklin? Tellingly, it is a land where hardy travelers can support themselves by hunting with “primitive weapons (bow and researched papers, arrow, atlatl, knife, sharp rock).” (34) Foreman claims that “the primary value of wilderness is franklin, not as a proving ground for young Huck Finns and Annie Oakleys,” but his heart is researched papers, with Huck and franklin, Annie all the same. He admits that “preserving a quality wilderness experience for the human visitor, letting her or him flex Paleolithic muscles or seek visions, remains a tremendously important secondary purpose.” (35) Just so does Teddy Roosevelt’s rough rider live on in the greener garb of a new age. However much one may be attracted to such a vision, it entails problematic consequences. For one, it makes wilderness the locus for an epic struggle between malign civilization and benign nature, compared with which all other social, political, and moral concerns seem trivial. Foreman writes, “The preservation of wildness and native diversity is the most important issue. Writing Dallas? Issues directly affecting only humans pale in comparison.” (36) Presumably so do any environmental problems whose victims are mainly people, for researchpapers/ben such problems usually surface in landscapes that have already “fallen” and are no longer wild. This would seem to exclude from the radical environmentalist agenda problems of occupational health and safety in english, industrial settings, problems of toxic waste exposure on researchpapers/ben franklin “unnatural” urban and agricultural sites, problems of poor children poisoned by statement for immigration paper, lead exposure in the inner city, problems of famine and poverty and human suffering in the “overpopulated” places of the earthproblems, in short, of environmental justice.

If we set too high a stock on wilderness, too many other corners of the earth become less than natural and too many other people become less than human, thereby giving us permission not to care much about their suffering or their fate. It is researchpapers/ben franklin, no accident that these supposedly inconsequential environmental problems affect mainly poor people, for for immigration the long affiliation between wilderness and wealth means that the only poor people who count when wilderness is the issue are hunter-gatherers, who presumably do not consider themselves to be poor in the first place. The dualism at the heart of wilderness encourages its advocates to conceive of its protection as a crude conflict between the “human” and researchpapers/ben, the “nonhuman”or, more often, between those who value the nonhuman and on martin king i have speech, those who do not. This in turn tempts one to ignore crucial differences among humans and the complex cultural and historical reasons why different peoples may feel very differently about the meaning of wilderness. Why, for instance, is the ” wilderness experience” so often conceived as a form of recreation best enjoyed by those whose class privileges give them the time and franklin, resources to leave their jobs behind and “get away from it all?” Why does the protection of wilderness so often seem to pit urban recreationists against papers, rural people who actually earn their living from the land (excepting those who sell goods and services to the tourists themselves)? Why in researchpapers/ben franklin, the debates about pristine natural areas are “primitive” peoples idealized, even sentimentalized, until the can i online, moment they do something unprimitive, modern, and unnatural, and thereby fall from environmental grace? What are the researchpapers/ben franklin, consequences of a wilderness ideology that devalues productive labor and the very concrete knowledge that comes from working the land with one’s own hands? (37) All of these questions imply conflicts among different groups of people, conflicts that are obscured behind the deceptive clarity of “human” vs. “nonhuman.” If in answering these knotty questions we resort to so simplistic an opposition, we are almost certain to ignore the very subtleties and complexities we need to understand. But the most troubling cultural baggage that accompanies the celebration of wilderness has less to do with remote rain forests and peoples than with the ways we think about ourselveswe American environmentalists who quite rightly worry about the future of the earth and the threats we pose to the natural world.

Idealizing a distant wilderness too often means not idealizing the environment in which we actually live, the landscape that for better or worse we call home. Most of simple our most serious environmental problems start right here, at home, and if we are to solve those problems, we need an environmental ethic that will tell us as much about using nature as about researchpapers/ben franklin not using it. The wilderness dualism tends to cast any use as abuse, and thereby denies us a middle ground in which responsible use and non-use might attain some kind of balanced, sustainable relationship. My own belief is that only by exploring this middle ground will we learn ways of imagining a better world for all of us: humans and nonhumans, rich people and poor, women and researched papers, men, First Worlders and Third Worlders, white folks and people of color, consumers and producersa world better for franklin humanity in all of its diversity and for all the rest of nature too. The middle ground is where we actually live. It is where weall of us, in our different places and waysmake our homes.

That is why, when I think of the times I myself have come closest to experiencing what I might call the sacred in nature, I often find myself remembering wild places much closer to home. I think, for instance, of buy powerpoint a small pond near my house where water bubbles up from limestone springs to feed a series of pools that rarely freeze in researchpapers/ben franklin, winter and so play home to waterfowl that stay here for the protective warmth even on the coldest of winter days, gliding silently through streaming mists as the snow falls from gray February skies. Essays Speech? I think of researchpapers/ben franklin a November evening long ago when I found myself on a Wisconsin hilltop in rain and on martin king i have a dream speech, dense fog, only to have the setting sun break through the clouds to cast an otherworldly golden light on the misty farms and woodlands below, a scene so unexpected and researchpapers/ben franklin, joyous that I lingered past dusk so as not to miss any part of the gift that had come my way. And I think perhaps most especially of the blown-out, bankrupt farm in the sand country of central Wisconsin where Aldo Leopold and his family tried one of the thesis statement for immigration paper, first American experiments in ecological restoration, turning ravaged and infertile soil into carefully tended ground where the human and franklin, the nonhuman could exist side by side in relative harmony. What I celebrate about such places is not just their wildness, though that certainly is among their most important qualities; what I celebrate even more is that they remind us of the wildness in researched, our own backyards, of the nature that is all around us if only we have eyes to see it. Indeed, my principal objection to wilderness is researchpapers/ben, that it may teach us to be dismissive or even contemptuous of papers such humble places and experiences. Without our quite realizing it, wilderness tends to privilege some parts of nature at the expense of others. Most of us, I suspect, still follow the conventions of the romantic sublime in finding the mountaintop more glorious than the plains, the ancient forest nobler than the grasslands, the mighty canyon more inspiring than the humble marsh. Even John Muir, in arguing against researchpapers/ben, those who sought to dam his beloved Hetch Hetchy valley in the Sierra Nevada, argued for alternative dam sites in the gentler valleys of the foothillsa preference that had nothing to do with nature and everything with the cultural traditions of the sublime. (38) Just as problematically, our frontier traditions have encouraged Americans to define “true” wilderness as requiring very large tracts of roadless landwhat Dave Foreman calls “The Big Outside.” Leaving aside the legitimate empirical question in conservation biology of how large a tract of land must be before a given species can reproduce on it, the services dallas texas, emphasis on big wilderness reflects a romantic frontier belief that one hasn’t really gotten away from civilization unless one can go for researchpapers/ben days at a time without encountering another human being. Essays On Martin King I Have A Dream Speech? By teaching us to fetishize sublime places and wide open country, these peculiarly American ways of thinking about wilderness encourage us to adopt too high a standard for what counts as “natural.” If it isn’t hundreds of researchpapers/ben franklin square miles big, if it doesn’t give us God’s eye views or grand vistas, if it doesn’t permit us the illusion that we are alone on writing services dallas texas the planet, then it really isn’t natural.

It’s too small, too plain, or too crowded to be authentically wild. In critiquing wilderness as I have done in this essay, I’m forced to confront my own deep ambivalence about franklin its meaning for modern environmentalism. On the one hand, one of my own most important environmental ethics is that people should always be conscious that they are part of the natural world, inextricably tied to the ecological systems that sustain their lives. Any way of looking at nature that encourages us to believe we are separate from natureas wilderness tends to dois likely to reinforce environmentally irresponsible behavior. On the can i buy powerpoint for mac, other hand, I also think it no less crucial for us to recognize and honor nonhuman nature as a world we did not create, a world with its own independent, nonhuman reasons for being as it is.

The autonomy of nonhuman nature seems to me an indispensable corrective to researchpapers/ben, human arrogance. Any way of looking at nature that helps us rememberas wilderness also tends to researched papers, dothat the interests of researchpapers/ben franklin people are not necessarily identical to on advantages and disadvantages of kite, those of every other creature or of the earth itself is likely to researchpapers/ben, foster responsible behavior. To the extent that wilderness has served as an important vehicle for articulating deep moral values regarding our obligations and responsibilities to the nonhuman world, I would not want to jettison the contributions it has made to resume services, our culture’s ways of thinking about nature. If the core problem of wilderness is that it distances us too much from the very things it teaches us to value, then the question we must ask is what it can tell us about home, the place where we actually live. How can we take the positive values we associate with wilderness and bring them closer to franklin, home? I think the answer to this question will come by broadening our sense of the otherness that wilderness seeks to define and protect. In reminding us of the world we did not make, wilderness can teach profound feelings of humility and respect as we confront our fellow beings and the earth itself. On Martin Luther I Have? Feelings like these argue for franklin the importance of self-awareness and self criticism as we exercise our own ability to transform the world around us, helping us set responsible limits to human masterywhich without such limits too easily becomes human hubris. Wilderness is the place where, symbolically at least, we try to researched papers, withhold our power to researchpapers/ben franklin, dominate. Wallace Stegner once wrote of.

the special human mark, the papers, special record of human passage, that distinguishes man from all other species. It is rare enough among men, impossible to any other form of life. It is simply the deliberate and chosen refusal to researchpapers/ben franklin, make any marks at all. We are the most dangerous species of i have a dream life on the planet, and every other species, even the earth itself, has cause to fear our power to exterminate. But we are also the only species which, when it chooses to do so, will go to great effort to researchpapers/ben, save what it might destroy. (39) The myth of wilderness, which Stegner knowingly reproduces in these remarks, is that we can somehow leave nature untouched by our passage.

By now it should be clear that this for the most part is an illusion. But Stegner’s deeper message then becomes all the more compelling. If living in history means that we cannot help leaving marks on a fallen world, then the dilemma we face is to decide what kinds of marks we wish to leave. It is just here that our cultural traditions of wilderness remain so important. In the can i for mac online, broadest sense, wilderness teaches us to ask whether the Other must always bend to our will, and, if not, under what circumstances it should be allowed to flourish without our intervention. Researchpapers/ben? This is surely a question worth asking about everything we do, and not just about the natural world. When we visit a wilderness area, we find ourselves surrounded by plants and animals and physical landscapes whose otherness compels our attention. In forcing us to papers, acknowledge that they are not of our making, that they have little or no need of our continued existence, they recall for researchpapers/ben us a creation far greater than our own.

In the researched, wilderness, we need no reminder that a tree has its own reasons for being, quite apart from us. Researchpapers/ben? The same is thesis statement, less true in franklin, the gardens we plant and tend ourselves: there it is far easier to forget the otherness of the tree. (40) Indeed, one could almost measure wilderness by the extent to which our recognition of its otherness requires a conscious, willed act on our part. The romantic legacy means that wilderness is on advantages and disadvantages, more a state of mind than a fact of nature, and researchpapers/ben franklin, the state of mind that today most defines wilderness is wonder. The striking power of the essay and disadvantages, wild is that wonder in the face of it requires no act of will, but forces itself upon usas an expression of the franklin, nonhuman world experienced through the lens of our cultural historyas proof that ours is not the only presence in researched, the universe. Wilderness gets us into researchpapers/ben, trouble only simple english essays about money if we imagine that this experience of wonder and otherness is researchpapers/ben, limited to the remote corners of the planet, or that it somehow depends on pristine landscapes we ourselves do not inhabit. Nothing could be more misleading. The tree in the garden is in reality no less other, no less worthy of our wonder and respect, than the tree in an ancient forest that has never known an ax or a saweven though the tree in researched papers, the forest reflects a more intricate web of ecological relationships. The tree in the garden could easily have sprung from the same seed as the tree in the forest, and researchpapers/ben, we can claim only its location and perhaps its form as our own. Both trees stand apart from us; both share our common world.

The special power of the essay, tree in the wilderness is to remind us of this fact. It can teach us to recognize the wildness we did not see in the tree we planted in our own backyard. Researchpapers/ben? By seeing the otherness in that which is most unfamiliar, we can learn to see it too in that which at resume services dallas texas, first seemed merely ordinary. Franklin? If wilderness can do thisif it can help us perceive and writing texas, respect a nature we had forgotten to researchpapers/ben franklin, recognize as naturalthen it will become part of the solution to our environmental dilemmas rather than part of the problem. This will only happen, however, if we abandon the dualism that sees the tree in the garden as artificialcompletely fallen and unnaturaland the tree in the wilderness as naturalcompletely pristine and wild. Both trees in some ultimate sense are wild; both in a practical sense now depend on our management and care.

We are responsible for both, even though we can claim credit for buy powerpoint online neither. Our challenge is to franklin, stop thinking of such things according to set of bipolar moral scales in which the human and the nonhuman, the unnatural and the natural, the fallen and the unfallen, serve as our conceptual map for english about money understanding and valuing the world. Franklin? Instead, we need to embrace the full continuum of a natural landscape that is also cultural, in thesis paper, which the city, the suburb, the pastoral, and the wild each has its proper place, which we permit ourselves to celebrate without needlessly denigrating the others. We need to honor the Other within and the Other next door as much as we do the franklin, exotic Other that lives far awaya lesson that applies as much to people as it does to (other) natural things. In particular, we need to discover a common middle ground in which all of these things, from the city to thesis, the wilderness, can somehow be encompassed in the word “home.” Home, after all, is the place where finally we make our living.

It is the place for which we take responsibility, the place we try to franklin, sustain so we can pass on what is simple essays money, best in it (and in ourselves) to our children. (41) The task of making a home in researchpapers/ben, nature is what Wendell Berry has called “the forever unfinished lifework of our species.” “The only thing we have to preserve nature with” he writes, “is culture; the only thing we have to preserve wildness with is domesticity.” (42) Calling a place home inevitably means that we will use the on advantages and disadvantages of kite flying, nature we find in it, for there can be no escape from manipulating and working and even killing some parts of nature to make our home. But if we acknowledge the autonomy and otherness of the things and creatures around usan autonomy our culture has taught us to label with the word “wild”then we will at least think carefully about the researchpapers/ben franklin, uses to which we put them, and even ask if we should use them at all. just so can we still join Thoreau in declaring that “in Wildness is the preservation of the World,” for wildness (as opposed to dallas texas, wilderness) can be found anywhere: in the seemingly tame fields and woodlots of researchpapers/ben Massachusetts, in the cracks of a Manhattan sidewalk, even in on martin luther king i have a dream, the cells of our own bodies. As Gary Snyder has wisely said, “A person with a clear heart and open mind can experience the wilderness anywhere on earth. It is a quality of one’s own consciousness. The planet is a wild place and researchpapers/ben, always will be.” (43) To think ourselves capable of english essays money causing “the end of researchpapers/ben nature” is an act of great hubris, for it means forgetting the wildness that dwells everywhere within and around us.

Learning to honor the wildlearning to on advantages, remember and acknowledge the autonomy of the othermeans striving for critical self-consciousness in all of our actions. It means the deep reflection and respect must accompany each act of use, and means too that we must always consider the possibility of non-use. It means looking at the part of nature we intend to researchpapers/ben, turn toward our own ends and asking whether we can use it again and again and againsustainablywithout its being diminished in the process. It means never imagining that we can flee into a mythical wilderness to writing dallas texas, escape history and the obligation to take responsibility for researchpapers/ben our own actions that history inescapably entails. Most of all, it means practicing remembrance and gratitude, for thanksgiving is the simplest and simple english essays about money, most basic of ways for researchpapers/ben us to recollect the nature, the culture, and the history that have come together to english essays money, make the world as we know it. If wildness can stop being (just) out there and start being (also) in here, if it can start being as humane as it is researchpapers/ben franklin, natural, then perhaps we can get on with the unending task of struggling to live rightly in the worldnot just in the garden, not just in the wilderness, but in the home that encompasses them both. 1. Henry David Thoreau, “Walking,” The Works of Thoreau, ed. Henry S. Canby (Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin, 1937), p. 672. 2. Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. “wilderness”; see also Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, 3rd ed. (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Univ. Papers? Press, 1982), pp. 1-22; and Max Oelsehlaeger, The Idea of Wilderness: From Prehistory to the Age of Ecology (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Univ.

Press, 1991). 3. Exodus 32:1-35, KJV. 4. Exodus 14:3, KJV. 5. Franklin? Mark 1:12-13, KJV; see also Matthew 4:1-11; Luke 4:1-13. 6. John Milton, “Paradise Lost,” John Milton: Complete Poems and Major Prose, ed. Merritt Y. Hughes (New York: Odyssey Press, 1957), pp. 280-81, lines 131-42.

7. I have discussed this theme at resume services, length in “Landscapes of franklin Abundance and Scarcity,” in Clyde Milner et al., eds., Oxford History of the American West (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1994), pp. 603-37. Essay On Advantages Of Kite? The classic work on the Puritan “city on researchpapers/ben franklin a hill” in luther king, colonial New England is Perry Miller, Errand into the Wilderness (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Univ. Researchpapers/ben Franklin? Press, 1956). 8. John Muir, My First Summer in the Sierra (1911), reprinted in John Muir: The Eight Wilderness Discovery Books (London, England: Diadem; Seattle, Washington: Mountaineers, 1992), P. 211. 9. Alfred Route, National Parks: The American Experience, 2nd ed. (Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1987) 10.

John Muir, The Yosemite (1912), reprinted in John Muir: Eight Wilderness Discovery Books, P. I Have A Dream? 715. 11. Scholarly work on the sublime is extensive. Among the most important studies are Samuel Monk, The Sublime: A Study of Critical Theories in XVIII-Century England (New York: Modern Language Association, 1935); Basil Willey, The Eighteenth-Century Background: Studies on the Idea of Nature in researchpapers/ben franklin, the Thought of the Period (London, England: Chattus and Windus, 1949); Marjorie Hope Nicolson, Mountain Gloom and Mountain Glory: The Development of the Aesthetics of the Infinite (Ithaca, New York: Cornell Univ. Press, 1959); Thomas Weiskel, The Romantic Sublime: Studies in the Structure and Psychology of Transcendence (Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkin.s Univ. Press, 1976); Barbara Novak, Nature and Culture: American Landscape Painting, 1825-1875 (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, ig8o). 12. Buy Powerpoint For Mac? The classic works are Immanuel Kant, Observations on franklin the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime (1764), trans. John T. Goldthwait (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 196o); Edmund Burke, A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful, ed.

James T. Boulton (1958; Notre Dame, Indiana: Univ. of Notre Dame Press, 1968); William Gilpin, Three Essays: On Picturesque Beauty; on Picturesque Travel; and on Sketching Landscape (London, England, 1803) 13. Of Kite Flying? See Ann Vileisis, “From Wastelands to Wetlands” (unpublished senior essay, Yale Univ., 1989); Route, National Parks. 14. William Wordsworth, “The Prelude,” bk. 6, in Thomas Hutchinson, ed., The Poetical Works of Wordsworth (London, England: Oxford Umv. Researchpapers/ben Franklin? Press, 1936), p. 536. 15. Henry David Thoreau, The Maine Woods (1864), in money, Henry David Thoreau (New York: Library of America, 1985), pp.

640-41. 16. Exodus 16:10, KJV. 17. John Muir, My First Summer in the Sierra, p. Researchpapers/ben Franklin? 238. Part of the and disadvantages of kite, difference between these descriptions may reflect the landscapes the three authors were describing. In his essay, “Reinventing Common Nature: Yosemite and researchpapers/ben, Mount RushmoreA Meandering Tale of researched papers a Double Nature,” Kenneth Olwig notes that early American travelers experienced Yosemite as much through the aesthetic tropes of the researchpapers/ben, pastoral as through those of the sublime. The ease with which Muir celebrated the gentle divinity of the Sierra Nevada had much to do with the pastoral qualities of the landscape he described. See Olwig, “Reinventing Common Nature: Yosemite and simple english, Mount RushmoreA Meandering Tale of researchpapers/ben a Double Nature,” Uncommon Ground: Toward Reinventing Nature, ed.

William Cronon (New York: W. W. Essay Flying? Norton CO, 1995), PP 379-408. 18. Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in American History (New York: Henry Holt, 1920), pp. Franklin? 37-38. 19. Thesis? Richard Slotkin has made this observation the linchpin of researchpapers/ben franklin his comparison between Turner and Theodore Roosevelt. Thesis Statement Paper? See Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America (New York: Atheneum, 1992), pp.

29-62. 20. Owen Wister, The Virginian: A Horseman of the Plains (New York: Macmillan, 1902), pp. viii-ix. 21. Theodore Roosevelt, Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail (1888; NewYork: Century, 1899), p. 100. 22.

Wister, Virginian, p. x. 23. On the many problems with this view, see William M. Denevan, “The Pristine Myth: The Landscape of the Americas in 1492,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82 (1992): 369-85. 24. Franklin? Louis Warren, “The Hunter’s Came: Poachers, Conservationists, and Twentieth-Century America” (Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1994). 25.

Wilderness also lies at the foundation of the Clementsian ecological concept of the climax. See Michael Barbour, “Ecological Fragmentation in the Fifties” in can i online, Cronon, Uncommon Ground, pp. 233-55, and William Cronon, “Introduction: In Search of Nature,” in Cronon, Uncommon Ground, pp. Franklin? 23-56. 26. On the many paradoxes of having to manage wilderness in order to maintain the appearance of an unmanaged landscape, see John C. Papers? Hendee et al., Wilderness Management, USDA Forest Service Miscellaneous Publication No.

1365 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1978). 27. Researchpapers/ben? See James Proctor, “Whose Nature?: The Contested Moral Terrain of Ancient Forests,” in Cronon, Uncommon Ground, pp. 269-97. 28.

See Candace Slater, “Amazonia as Edenic Narrative,” in Cronon, Uncommon Ground, pp. 114-31. This argument has been powerfully made by Ramachandra Cuba, “Radical American Environmentalism: A Third World Critique,” Environmental Ethics 11 (1989): 71-83. 29. Bill McKibben, The End of resume writing services dallas texas Nature (New York: Random House, 1989). 30. McKibben, The End of Nature, p. 49. 31. Researchpapers/ben Franklin? Even comparable extinction rates have occurred before, though we surely would not want to emulate the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary extinctions as a model for responsible manipulation of the biosphere! 32.

Dave Foreman, Confessions of an Eco-Warrior (New York: Harmony Books, 1991, p. 69 (italics in original). For a sampling of other writings by followers of deep ecology and/or Earth First!, see Michael Tobias, ed., Deep Ecology (San Diego, California: Avant Books, 1984); Bill Devall and George Sessions, Deep Ecology: Living as if Nature Mattered (Salt Lake City, Utah: Gibbs Smith, 1985); Michael Tobias, After Eden: History, Ecology, and Conscience (San Diego, California: Avant Books, 1985); Dave Foreman and Bill Haywood, eds., Ecodefense: A Field Guide to Monkey Wrenching, 2nd ed. (Tucson, Arizona: Ned Ludd Books, 1987); Bill Devall, Simple in Means, Rich in Ends: Practicing Deep Ecology (Salt Lake City, Utah: Gibbs Smith, 1988); Steve Chase, ed., Defending the Earth: A Dialogue between Murray Bookchin Dave Foreman (Boston, Massachusetts: South End Press, 1991); John Davis, ed., The Earth First, Reader. Ten Years of Radical Environmentalism (Salt Lake City, Utah: Gibbs Smith, 1991); Bill Devall, Living Richly in an Age of Limits: Using Deep Ecology for an Abundant Life (Salt Lake, City, Utah: Gibbs Smith, 1993); Michael E. Zimmerman ct al., eds., Environmental Philosophy: From Animal Rights to english about money, Radical Ecology (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1993). A useful survey of the different factions of radical environmentalism can be found in Carolyn Merchant, Radical Ecology: The Search for researchpapers/ben franklin a Livable World (New York: Routledge, 1992). For a very interesting critique of this literature (first published in the anarchist newspaper Fifth Estate), see George Bradford, How Deep is english essays, Deep Ecology? (Ojai, California: Times Change Press, 1989). 33. Foreman, Confessions of an Eco-Warrior, P. 34. 34. Franklin? Foreman, Confessions of an Eco-Warrior, p. 65. See also Dave Foreman and Howie Wolke, The Big Outside: A Descriptive Inventory of the Big Wilderness Areas of the U.S. (Tucson, Arizona: Ned Ludd Books, 1989). 35.

Foreman, Confessions of an Eco-Warrior, p. 63. 36. Luther I Have A Dream? Foreman, Confessions of an researchpapers/ben franklin Eco-Warrior, P. On Advantages And Disadvantages Of Kite Flying? 27. 37. Researchpapers/ben? See Richard White, ”’Are You an Environmentalist or Do You Work for a Living?’: Work and papers, Nature,” in Cronon, Uncommon Ground, pp. 171-85. Compare its analysis of environmental knowledge through work with Jennifer Price’s analysis of environmental knowledge through consumption. It is not much of an exaggeration to say that the researchpapers/ben franklin, wilderness experience is essentially consumerist in its impulses. 38. Compare with Muir, Yosemite, in John Muir: Eight Wilderness Discovery Books, p. 714. 39.

Wallace Stegner, ed., This Is Dinosaur: Echo Park Country and Its Magic Rivers (New York: Knopf, 1955), P. 17 (italics in original). 40. Katherine Hayles helped me see the importance of this argument. 41. Analogous arguments can be found in John Brinckerhoff Jackson, “Beyond Wilderness,” A Sense of Place, a Sense of resume writing dallas Time (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Univ. Press, 1994), pp. 71-91, and in the wonderful collection of essays by Michael Pollan, Second Nature: A Gardener’s Education (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1991). 42. Wendell Berry, Home Economics (San Francisco, California: North Point, 1987), pp. 138, 143. 43.

Gary Snyder, quoted in New York Times, “Week in Review,” 18 September 1994, p. Researchpapers/ben Franklin? 6. Excerpted from writing, Uncommon Ground: Toward Reinventing Nature, edited by franklin, William Cronon. Copyright 1995 by William Cronon. Reprinted with permission of the publisher, W. W. Norton Company, Inc. Copyright William Cronon. (Please do not reprint without permission; links to this website are fine.)

an essay on the film Birkbeck Institute for the Moving Image. FOR CRITICAL TIMES. “For it is the critical faculty that invents fresh forms” (Oscar Wilde) The essay film is doubly an act of criticism. It engages critically with the forms of cinema and at researchpapers/ben, the same time casts a critical eye on the world that cinema inhabits. The selection of buy powerpoint for mac online, films for this year’s edition of the Essay Film Festival showcases a striking, inspirational diversity of cutting-edge practice and charged political critique from around the globe, encompassing video-essay activism, documents of war’s impact, historical reconstruction, poetry as anti-colonial gesture, self-portraiture, the diary form, found footage historiography, and meditations on landscape and the often bloody histories layered and rooted therein. Coursing through the researchpapers/ben entire programme is statement paper, a keenly felt apprehension of how the franklin present connects with the online past, how the individual connects with the researchpapers/ben social body, and english money, how seeing is researchpapers/ben, inflected by power and ideology – preoccupations that seem especially urgent and pertinent at this troubled juncture. We are particularly delighted and english essays money, honoured to researchpapers/ben, welcome the celebrated director and cinematographer Babette Mangolte to the festival for two special screenings of simple english money, her essay work. Franklin. Born in resume services texas, France but resident in the USA for many years, Mangolte’s unique body of work stretches back to the mid-1970s and incorporates reflections on her own processes in relation to capturing human subjects and landscapes on film.

We are also thrilled to welcome another veteran filmmaker, Jocelyne Saab, who will screen her fabled Beirut trilogy, shot in the 1970s and 80s, which documents not only the destruction wrought by war on the city where she was born, but also the resilience and franklin, spirit of its citizens. Can I Buy Powerpoint For Mac Online. The poet Etel Adnan sums up the trilogy thus: “Jocelyne has instinctively grasped the essence of researchpapers/ben, this conflict. This is a rare body of luther, work, of prime importance for researchpapers/ben franklin the history of Lebanon and beyond.” Other filmmaker guests who will present and discuss their work in detail include Deborah Stratman, Zoe Beloff, Andres di Tella, Ehsan Khoshbakht, and George Clark – all artists for whom the essayistic form enables a unique reflection on the social and political context in which film and reality intertwine and interact. There will also be two UK premieres of great significance: Tongpan is a hugely important film in Thai cinema history, a collective endeavour that restages the debates between peasants and intellectuals about the controversial building of a dam in 1970s Thailand; and the recent festival hit Le Moulin , directed by Huang Ya-Li, which looks at english about, the cultural and political history of researchpapers/ben, Taiwan under Japanese colonial rule from the 1930s to the 1950s through the prism of a group of dissenting artists and poets. Essays On Martin Luther King A Dream. Rounding things off are three special-focus curated events.

Perfidious Albion is curated by Catherine Grant and Sarah Wood (two of whose films will be screened) and assesses Britain’s historical reputation for treachery; Kevin B. Lee screens and presents, alongside his own work, a variety of recent video-essay works that explore the franklin dynamics of simple, film criticism and political activism; and students and researchpapers/ben, staff from the Bartlett School of Architecture showcase essayistic film works integrated into thesis statement for immigration, architectural research and practice. Finally, in collaboration with the Goethe Institute, film scholar Volker Pantenburg will host three sessions devoted to the rich vein of essay films made in researchpapers/ben, the context of West German television in the 1970s, including films by Harun Farocki and Ingemo Engstrom, and a discussion with Werner Dutsch. We look forward to welcoming you to this year’s Essay Film Festival – please read on services dallas to discover more information about the sessions at the ICA, Birkbeck Cinema, and the Goethe Institute. On behalf of the Essay Film Festival, Michael Temple, Matthew Barrington, Azmina Abdulla, Kieron Corless, Catherine Grant, Janet McCabe, Ricardo Matos Cabo, Laura Mulvey, and Treasa O’Brien. Session #1: 327 Notebooks + Filmmaker in conversation. Institute of Contemporary Arts, The Mall, London, SW1Y 5AH. Filmmaker Andres Di Tella will be in conversation with John Kraniauskas (Birkbeck). Session #2: Thinking Cinema on Television : Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR), ca.

1975 (SESSION 1) Session #3: The Camera: Je, or La Camera: I , in the presence of Babette Mangolte. Institute of Contemporary Arts, The Mall, London, SW1Y 5AH. Filmmaker Babette Mangolte will be in conversation with Laura Mulvey . Session #4: Three Landscape Films by Babette Mangolte + Filmmaker in researchpapers/ben franklin, conversation. Institute of Contemporary Arts, The Mall, London, SW1Y 5AH. Filmmaker Babette Mangolte will be in simple english about money, conversation with Laura Mulvey and Lucy Reynolds. Session #5: Illustrated talk by Zoe Beloff, including screenings of three films, and conversation with Esther Leslie Laura Mulvey. Birkbeck Cinema, 43 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0PD. Session #6: Thinking Cinema on Television : Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR), ca. 1975 (SESSION 2) Session #7: Thinking Cinema on Television : Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR), ca.

1975 (SESSION 3) Session #8: ABOUT THE ISLAND CURATED BY GEORGE CLARK. Researchpapers/ben. Birkbeck Cinema, 43 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0PD. Essays On Martin King I Have A Dream Speech. Session #9: The Illinois Parables + Filmmaker in researchpapers/ben franklin, conversation. Institute of Contemporary Arts, The Mall, London, SW1Y 5AH. Filmmaker Deborah Stratman will be in conversation with critic and film essayist Kevin B. Lee. Session #10: Perfidious Albion , a programme curated by Catherine Grant and Sarah Wood. Birkbeck Cinema, 43 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0PD. Session #11: Le Moulin , introduced by Luke Robinson. Institute of Contemporary Arts, The Mall, London, SW1Y 5AH.

Session #12: Screening of resume services dallas, Tongpan (Euthana Mukdasanit, Surachai Janthimathorn, 1977) with introduction and discussion. Birkbeck Cinema, 43 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0PD. Tongpan will be introduced and franklin, discussed by May Adadol Ingawanij (Westminster), Graiwoot Chulphongsathorn (Queen Mary London). Session #13: Critique, Protest, Activism and the Video Essay, a lecture-performance by Kevin B. Lee. Institute of english essays money, Contemporary Arts, The Mall, London, SW1Y 5AH. Session #14: The Architectural Essay Film, with Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL. Birkbeck Cinema, 43 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0PD. A special two-part collaboration with the researchpapers/ben franklin Bartlett School of Architecture. Session #15: Essay Film Festival 2017: Screening of Filmfarsi with filmmaker Ehsan Khoshbakht in conversation. Researched. Birkbeck Cinema, 43 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0PD.

Filmmaker Ehsan Khoshbakht will be in conversation with Treasa O’Brien (Westminster) Session #16: Screenings and discussion with filmmaker Jocelyne Saab. Birkbeck Cinema, 43 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0PD. Filmmaker Jocelybe Saab will be in conversation with Tim Markham (Birkbeck) and Stefanie van der Peer (Exeter) Friday 20th January 2016, 6pm-9pm. Introduced by film historian and Kramer expert Bernard Eisenschitz. Saturday 18th February 2016, 1pm-4pm.

Selection of shorts by the American director curated by Dr. Franklin. Erika Balsom.

History Department – Essay Writing Guide. This guide is intended to provide you with information about the skills of essay writing, including how and franklin, when to use footnotes or endnotes, presentation requirements and how to reference different kinds of sources (books, articles or web pages, for instance) and with more general advice about planning, introducing and developing your essays as coherent and effective arguments. The most important point to remember in working through this guide is that writing good essays and communicating your ideas effectively are skills you can learn, develop and build. One of the most important skills developed in an Arts degree is the thesis statement ability to communicate your ideas in writing clearly and effectively. This involves numerous other skills, including the ability to summarise and paraphrase the work of franklin, other writers, the development of arguments and conclusions, and essays on martin a dream, the effective use of evidence to support a case. Essay writing in researchpapers/ben, History is particularly aimed at helping you progressively develop your skills in research, analysing different forms of source material, using different kinds of evidence, and writing strong, critical and clear arguments.

In most History subjects, you will be asked to produce different kinds of buy powerpoint online, writing. Short tutorial and document exercises usually address specific skills or tasks (locating sources, analysing a documents point of view, or assessing how particular images or words help us understand historical context, for instance), while examinations assess your knowledge of the content covered in particular subjects. Essays provide you with an opportunity to researchpapers/ben franklin explore a particular issue or theme in more depth. Simple English About Money? In general, the functions of an essay are: to introduce an argument, or contention, based upon the question or problem you choose to tackle; to develop and defend that argument or contention by discussing and researchpapers/ben, analysing a range of appropriate evidence, and by critically assessing the interpretations of other historians; and to propose conclusions. The best essays have a clear line of argument, and they present a thesis. In other words, they state a position, defend that position, and arrive at strong, clear conclusions. They have a well-defined introduction which identifies the central problem or issue and introduces the argument, a body which logically develops the essay on advantages of kite flying argument point-by-point, and a conclusion which sums up the argument. There are no simple instructions for good essay writing. As you progress through your university course, you should be developing skills in researchpapers/ben franklin, research, analysis and communication which will not only allow you to write good essays, but to effectively communicate your ideas in other situations as well. For Immigration? The tutors assessment of researchpapers/ben, your essays provides you with feedback on your progress in these different skills.

The desired outcomes of essays in can i buy powerpoint, third-year subjects include formulating research projects and acquiring independent research skills; presenting a sustained argument, based mainly on substantial primary sources; placing secondary sources in researchpapers/ben, their cultural, ideological and epistemological context by dallas, showing where they fit into the current state of historical knowledge; and researchpapers/ben, greater awareness of the ongoing debates about the statement for immigration paper philosophy and practice of history. The desired outcomes of researchpapers/ben franklin, essays in second-year subjects include developing skills in the use of bibliographies and other reference material, critical reading, putting more independent thought and reflection into essays; greater understanding of documentary criticism and interpretation, and the critical analysis of secondary interpretations by other historians. The desired outcomes of essays in first-year subjects include: helping you learn to argue your own position against other points of view; development of the conventions of resume writing, good historical essay writing, such as rigorous documentation and footnoting; awareness of the variety of researchpapers/ben, representations of the past; familiarity with the can i different ways historians use evidence; and franklin, the ability to recognise, analyse and on martin king a dream speech, summarise an historical argument. Do not assume that you should target your arguments for particular lecturers or tutors. For a start, your predictions may be inaccurate. Moreover, arguing what you think you ought to argue is a lot more complicated and a lot less interesting than arguing what you come to franklin believe as you gather information, review different interpretations, and form your own perspectives on an issue or problem. Any teacher can tell you that some of the best essays they read develop arguments they don’t agree with at all, or arguments which challenge their own interpretations.

Writing is easier if you imagine an audience: a person you want to convince of for mac online, something, a person who wants to know about your ideas and perspectives. Your task, however, is not to researchpapers/ben franklin tell your audience what they think, but to tell your audience what you think, and give them reasons and evidence which show why your conclusions are significant, interesting and english about, convincing. 3. Choosing and comprehending the question or topic. Choose a topic or question you find interesting and challenging: it is researchpapers/ben franklin easier and much more enjoyable to on martin luther develop and defend a strong argument on researchpapers/ben franklin, something which interests and intrigues you than on thesis, something you find boring or simple. Researchpapers/ben? Writing is not the outcome or the online finished product of learning: it is a vital part of learning. It is researchpapers/ben a way of sorting out and clarifying your interpretations, trying out your ideas, and discovering new ways of thinking about an issue.

Think about the question or topic in these ways: what is the problem it suggests? what is the ‘angle’, the issue, which makes it interesting? what is can i my first reaction to franklin the question: yes, no, maybe? do I agree or disagree with the contention or interpretation the topic suggests? what ideas and issues can I explore by answering this question? is on martin i have speech there a simple answer, or might it be more complex than it looks? what kinds of researchpapers/ben franklin, information is the question asking me to use? what themes can I explore? It is also important to look at the question and ask yourself: do I understand what the question or topic is asking me to do? Have I interpreted the question correctly? If you are not sure, or if you want to check that the approach you are taking does address the question, talk to your tutor. Essay topics are designed to draw on the subject content developed in lectures and essays, tutorials, and on reading you have completed. Reading the works of other historians, such as those suggested in reading lists, will help you see how others have approached that problem or issue. Historians often disagree on the importance or the meaning of events of evidence, or use different kinds of evidence to researchpapers/ben franklin challenge and amend prior interpretations.

They will take different approaches to papers the same question, and suggest different ways of examining an researchpapers/ben issue, be it gender relations in medieval Europe or the reasons for the collapse of the Soviet Union or the impact of thesis for immigration paper, colonial rule in India. What you will see, however, is that all of these writers state a position. They address a problem. They answer a real or implied question. You should trace their strategies for developing arguments and drawing conclusions. As you do your introductory reading, review your lecture notes, and read more widely, think about your point of view, your own position in relation to other writers, and your own response to a problem.

Examine and evaluate the evidence: what conclusions can you draw? Which interpretations do you think best fit the available evidence? Your interpretations and conclusions do not have to be new to researchpapers/ben franklin be original, challenging, and luther i have, convincing. You should argue the case which you think emerges most clearly from the evidence and from your critical review of other historians work. You’ve read the books and researchpapers/ben franklin, articles recommended in the handbook or by your tutor.

You’ve come up with some ideas about how you might approach the question, and you’ve got a pretty good idea about how other historians have interpreted the issues and addressed the topic. You’ve collected some evidence from a range of different sources and you’ve tried mapping out some preliminary ideas and arguments on on martin luther king a dream, paper. You’ve looked again at the major themes of the subject and thought about how you might address them in this essay. In order to plan your essay, you now need to come up with an argument, a point of researchpapers/ben, view which will guide your writing towards a conclusion. Would you agree with the argument that respect for the natural environment is a recent discovery for residents of researched papers, Mars? Having read a variety of sources, you should be able to state your thesis (your answer) in a sentence or two. Yes, because prior to researchpapers/ben franklin the environmental movements of the 1960s, the majority of Martians were more interested in exploiting than respecting the natural environment. No, because Martians have persistently respected their version of the natural environment, because natural environments are always viewed in a romanticised and idealised form. No, it is difficult to money draw a simple, general conclusion on this issue, as the researchpapers/ben franklin evidence suggests that different groups of Martians have interpreted and viewed the on advantages flying environment very differently over time, and no clear trend is visible even now.

When you begin planning your essay, you should always be able to state your thesis in a fairly straightforward way, based on your initial reading and research for the topic. This sentence or two states your case. Broadly, your essay is the exposition and defence of that case: it shows the reader how, and why, you have arrived at those conclusions. To write a good essay, you must first decide what your central argument is going to be, and then plan your essay to develop that argument. Of course, as you write your first draft, you may find that the argument changes and develops in a direction you did not anticipate. Few writers are completely sure of their final conclusions before they begin drafting: the task of writing down and researchpapers/ben franklin, defending the argument often reveals unanticipated problems, or challenges and changes your first thoughts, or leads you toward one interpretation more than another. Writing? Often, too, you might need to go back to your sources, read through some of your notes, or do some further reading to clarify and franklin, expand an of kite emerging point. However, the basic thrust and content of your argument or thesis should be clear enough to allow you to plan the stages of your argument before you begin drafting. Perhaps the single best way of ensuring a successful essay is having a good plan . Researchpapers/ben Franklin? The plan should lay out your argument, for instance in simple money, point form, and you can also use it to indicate where you will use certain items of evidence and supporting arguments.

introduction: state the case for no: Martians have persistently respected their version of the natural environment, because natural environments are always viewed in a romanticised and idealised form explain the thrust of the argument : dispute recent discovery, my essay focuses on previous century to show that respect for environment is always based on historically variable assumptions and preconceptions about beauty, usefulness and worth of researchpapers/ben franklin, nature explain idealisation/romanticisation of the natural environment (summarise Smith’s theory of researched papers, idealisation, discuss paintings, use examples from Connor and Jones) list and give examples of different idealisations of natural environment in the nineteenth century and show different assumptions about beauty and usefulness behind each one (use examples from Green and Brown) show how these different ideals were sometimes contradictory or came into franklin conflict (use example of forestry in Mars Forest) case study: the Martian garden legend (discuss the garden stories); argue that an environment under exploitation also increasingly romanticised (review the different interpretations of Green and Red, show why I think Green fits better with the evidence) summarise above points about previous century; what is thesis statement for immigration paper respected in the recent past: argue that this is another idealisation (evidence: Martian tourist brochures); conclusion: restate the researchpapers/ben franklin case , and argue that understanding respect for essays on martin a dream, natural environment always means analysing the idealisation of natural environments. In the researchpapers/ben short essays common in first year, your plan is likely to be less complex, and may only have four or five main points. As you progress into second and english essays about money, third year, you are expected to develop more sophisticated arguments, which makes good planning even more important. 6a. Introducing and developing the argument. In your introduction , you should state your case and, as in the example above, set out the basic structure of your argument . Researchpapers/ben Franklin? You might also briefly summarise two or three of your main points. If you have decided to adopt a particular focus (for instance, using case studies from a particular time or place, or narrowing the and disadvantages topic to researchpapers/ben concentrate on a particular theme), you should explain this in the introduction as well. Developing the on martin luther argument : The example above shows how an argument is then developed towards its conclusion.

Basically, each stage of your argument should be developed and defended in turn, by showing your interpretation of the franklin appropriate evidence, by critically reviewing the work of other historians, and by using example, case study and papers, explanation. A good way of thinking about this is to imagine that you are building your argument in blocks . Each paragraph is researchpapers/ben franklin a block which builds your argument towards a conclusion. Each block is introduced and described, and then its place in the whole structure is shown. Block 1: stage of the argument. On Mars in the 1850s, the beauty of nature was usually associated with wild, untouched landscapes. Painters rarely drew human figures. If there were humans, nature towered over essay on advantages, them, as in Rembrandt’s Martian Mountains. In her book Environmental Perception on Mars, Joan Brown argues that painters in the 1850s focused on franklin, how nature was being conquered. However, Ash clearly shows that mid-nineteenth-century Martians usually depicted an idealised nature which was to be protected from the buy powerpoint for mac online threats posed by civilisation.

Block 2: next stage of the argument. The most crucial changes occurred after the Martian titanium rushes of the researchpapers/ben 1870s showed the resume writing services dallas texas potentially lucrative returns of mineral exploration and exploitation. Certainly, by the 1880s, most representations of the researchpapers/ben natural environment showed nature being tamed and civilised. Even mining sites appeared in nature paintings, and the work of Joseph Smith is a good example of how even the can i buy powerpoint for mac online most intensive forms of exploitation were represented as beneficial intrusion for the landscape. Block 3: brief summary, and introducing the next stage of the argument. By the 1880s, therefore, the idealised untouched nature of the researchpapers/ben franklin 1850s had been invaded by humans, and an ideal natural landscape was now represented as one which was productive and king i have speech, bountiful. Humans did not threaten nature; they unleashed its potential. It was important for Martians, Smith argued in 1883, to feel relaxed and comfortable about the past and researchpapers/ben, future of the Martian environment. Yet representations of an ideal environment as one conquered and populated by humans never completely replaced the older tradition of mourning the simple about degradation of another form of ideal environment, the Martian garden.

This alternative version became popular again in the 1890s. The body of your essay, therefore, uses evidence, examples and explanation to develop your case point by point. Each paragraph has a point to make, and occasional summary sentences guide the reader through the franklin argument. 6b. Using different kinds of evidence. In developing your case, you will need to simple essays money make decisions about the kinds of sources you will refer to, and the best ways to use them. Sources can generally be defined into two broad types: primary or documentary sources (usually written at the time by an eyewitness, direct participant or close observer) secondary or scholarly sources (usually interpretations and explanations written after the fact by someone analysing the primary or documentary sources) For example, a book containing the researchpapers/ben franklin collected speeches of Charles de Gaulle is a primary source; an analysis of them by on advantages and disadvantages of kite flying, a political scientist or historian is a secondary source. An article in franklin, the Age of 30 June 1900 about the bubonic plague epidemic which affected Sydney during that year is a primary source; an thesis statement for immigration paper article in the Age on 30 June 1990 discussing the impact of the epidemic on public health policy in franklin, Australia is a secondary source. Researched? Broadly, the primary or documentary sources are the raw material used by researchpapers/ben, historians , the subject of your argument, while the secondary or scholarly sources provide examples of how others have analysed and interpreted the problem or issue at hand. The distinction is not hard and papers, fast, and there will always be exceptions.

For instance, if you are writing an essay about researchpapers/ben franklin historians’ representations of on advantages and disadvantages flying, race in Britain, the secondary sources of the researchpapers/ben historians are in fact your primary documentary source. In most essays, you will be expected to critically analyse the interpretations of resume writing services dallas texas, other historians in this way. Franklin? In any event, these different types of sources should both be read critically: analysed for their point of view, for the assumptions, ideas and essay on advantages and disadvantages of kite flying, understandings which inform them, and for the strategies writers use to advance their arguments. Don’t take anything on trust: be a critical reader of all kinds of sources and texts , and use your critical analysis of both primary and secondary sources in your essay. You also need to make decisions about researchpapers/ben how to use evidence: in the form of quotation, or in the form of summarising.

It is best to use quotation strategically and sparingly : quote phrases or passages which best illustrate the point you are trying to make, or which really help you give your reader the flavour of the evidence you are using. If you use a quotation, make sure it fits with the stage of the argument you are advancing. Refer to the language, analyse the assumptions or strategies it reveals. In other words, use quotation when the thesis for immigration paper actual words are the single best way of providing the evidence and developing your case. Researchpapers/ben Franklin? If the quotation is researched less than about thirty words, combine it with your text, as in this example where I am quoting the following phrase which is researchpapers/ben not very long. “You must always use quotation marks to indicate the separation between your words and the words of someone else.” If it is longer than this, you should separate it from the text, and indent it: This is an example of a much longer quote. It contains a few sentences, and needs to be distinguished from the body of the essay. When you are indenting a quote like this, note that you do not have to use quotation marks; as it is already separated, there is no need to papers indicate that by the use of such symbols. In general, use very little quotation from secondary or scholarly sources. It is better to say what you mean in your own words, quoting another historian or interpreter only where the phrase is researchpapers/ben franklin particularly wonderful or where you need to show precisely how that writer made their point in order to criticise, defend or develop it.

In all other cases, it is simple about money best to summarise. Write reflective summaries of what others have written, relating those interpretations to your argument. Researchpapers/ben? You might find that the example paragraphs on the previous page gives you a more concrete idea of how a writer can use a mix of summary and direct quotation from different kinds of sources to develop their argument. In your conclusion, you should restate your case strongly and clearly by summarising your main points. It is also possible to raise issues and can i buy powerpoint, problems in your conclusion, especially broader questions which are beyond the scope of your essay. You might reflect on franklin, what your interpretation implies for buy powerpoint, contemporary debates or discussions, write briefly about the broader implications of your position, or consider what your interpretations tells us about the role and nature of history itself. Use your conclusion to argue for the significance of your argument and your interpretation. Be careful, though: a poorly developed argument followed by sweeping speculations on the nature of the universe or the human condition is unlikely to be either effective or convincing. Again, as you develop your skills in formulating, developing and defending arguments, you will also develop your ability to write more reflectively and to use essays to open up these kinds of complex questions.

7. Writing clearly and effectively. The best single rule is to always use clear expression: write simply and with clarity and avoid complex sentence constructions . Use definite, specific and concrete language. Don’t use unnecessary words, and make sure you understand the words you are using. Writing problems often occur when people try to use very complex language and syntax. A better idea is to establish a simple and clear style first, and then gradually develop more complex sentence forms and means of researchpapers/ben, expression. Writing Services Texas? As you develop your writing skills, vary your sentence structures and lengths to add variety. Short sentences often add emphasis to a particularly important point. Spelling, punctuation and grammatical errors detract from an argument, whatever its quality: careful editing of your draft is very important. It is also important to use accurate language, which is one good reason for using non-discriminatory language. Researchpapers/ben Franklin? For instance, the statement that men adapted themselves to these new conditions should lead any critical reader to ask what women were doing at that time. It is a reasonable and accepted convention that all forms of public communication, including journalism, business language and academic writing, should use non-discriminatory language.

There are at least five effective ways of improving your writing. Always read your own work. what is my main idea, my contention, my argument? am I getting it across to the reader? Take responsibility for critically assessing your own writing . Look at the comments made on your previous essays, and work out whether this one repeats the strengths and overcomes the weaknesses of your previous work. If you need to, speak to the person who assessed your work, and ask them for papers, more guidance. Franklin? Reading other writers.

As you read, evaluate the styles of different writers. What makes them more or less effective? What is most important to you as a reader, and what makes good writers better to read? Practice. English? Like any other set of skills, writing improves with practice and with constructive assessment, by researchpapers/ben franklin, yourself and by on advantages and disadvantages of kite, others. Read your own work out loud . You do not need to comprehend the rules of franklin, grammar or the intricacies of syntax to know when something sounds clumsy, or when a sentence needs punctuation, or when a long paragraph has completely lost its drift. Reading your draft out loud is also a good way to add variety and oomph to your language.

If its boring you to tears, or if you have no idea what it means, it might be time for redrafting. Let other people read what you write . It is researched papers particularly good to give your essay to someone who is not an expert in the area you are writing about. If it doesn’t make sense to franklin them, your argument might need clarification. If they struggle to resume writing services dallas read it, you might need to edit more carefully. University teachers will not usually be able to read drafts of students work, but there are plenty of other people who can give you feedback. Swap essays with fellow students. Get the researchpapers/ben franklin people you live with to read them. Distribute them on buses. 8. Writing Services Dallas Texas? Referencing Instructions for Essays.

Decisions about when to cite sources can be difficult. Effective referencing is another writing skill your university work aims to develop. The reader should, in theory, be able to retrace your steps in gathering evidence for your argument. In other words, you provide citations as a kind of road map that shows readers how you came to researchpapers/ben franklin these conclusions, shows readers where you derived your information and, if relevant, shows readers where you derived the ideas or interpretations that you are paraphrasing, adopting or challenging. Therefore, you need to provide citations in the following instances: where you directly quote someone else’s words; where you are directly summarising someone else’s argument and ideas; where you are summarising arguments and simple essays about money, ideas derived from franklin a number of sources; to point your readers to the source of information; to translate words or phrase in statement, a foreign language that a reader cannot reasonably be presumed to understand. In general, you need to provide sources for statements that are problematic or debatable in researchpapers/ben, the context of your argument, or that a reasonably well-informed person would not be expected to know. Again, the ability to successfully make these judgements is a skill you will develop with practice and essays luther a dream, experience. If you offer a translation of a word or phrase in a foreign language, the basis of your decision should be whether a reader could reasonably be presumed to know the meaning of the phrase or word already. There is researchpapers/ben franklin no need to translate coup d’etat or Sultan or Blitzkrieg, for instance.

The use of citation to english essays about refer readers to the work of researchpapers/ben franklin, other writers is occasionally useful, but for the most part, your citations refer only to books, articles and other material you have used directly. Only cite information that you have actually looked at can i, yourself, or: always SIGHT what you CITE . It is fine to use a second-hand reference (like a quotation or a summary in a book from a source to which you do not have access), but you should indicate that in researchpapers/ben franklin, your citation. An example of how to simple essays about do this is provided in the next section. Franklin? You can also use citations to clarify specific points, or add a small amount of additional information or supporting evidence. You should not use footnotes or endnotes as a sort of second argument, nor to provide paragraph after paragraph of new information. If it is not important enough to put into the body of the essay, then leave it out. 8b. Numbering and placement of footnote and endnote numbers. When providing footnotes or endnotes, number notes consecutively throughout the text.

Put these numbers at the end of sentences, if at all possible, and services texas, distinguish them from the text either by superscripting (raising above the line) or placing them in brackets. If you use material from two different sources in the same sentence, it is researchpapers/ben franklin often possible to combine the two citations in resume services texas, one footnote, using a semi-colon to separate them. Franklin? Usually, you will refer to information or material at particular places in papers, a larger work so you will need to franklin show the page (p.) or pages (pp.) on which the material is located. This text produces the following footnotes: On Mars in essays i have, the 1850s, the researchpapers/ben ‘beauty’ of nature was usually associated with wild, untouched landscapes. Painters rarely drew human figures. If there were humans, nature towered over them, as in Rembrandt’s ‘Martian Mountains’.

1 In her book Environmental Perception on Mars , Joan Brown argues that “painters in the 1850s focused on how nature was being conquered”. 2 However, Ash clearly shows that mid-nineteenth-century Martians respected an idealised nature which was to be kept separate from civilisation. 3. 1 K. Float (ed.), The Magical World of Ken Rembrandt , New York, 1965, p. 68. 2 Joan Brown, Environmental Perception on Mars , Sydney, 1995, p. 13. 3 Ann Ash, Joan Brown is thesis for immigration Wrong , Sydney, 1996, pp. Researchpapers/ben? 1-23. 8c. Citing different kinds of sources. The following rules should help you through most situations.

The absolute rule is to be consistent. Inconsistency drives readers crazy, and researched papers, is not a good tactic when you are attempting to researchpapers/ben convince those readers of the accuracy of your interpretations and for mac, arguments. Researchpapers/ben? There are also specific rules for the citation of classical texts like the Bible, the Koran and so on. If you are studying subjects in which these texts are used, your tutor will provide you with the information you need to cite correctly. Please note: Some areas of king i have speech, history, especially those published by European and English publishing houses (and now more often Australian publishers), follow the conventions set out in the MHRA (Modern Humanities Research Association’s) Style Guide (available electronically at http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/download.shtml, see section 10.2.2). The guide differs to the above in that it adds the publisher to the publication details, and franklin, is formatted differently. For example: Peter Burke, The European Renaissance: Centres and Peripheries (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998), pp.

54-56. It is now common practice to use full stops only thesis, where the researchpapers/ben franklin abbreviation of the word does not contain the last letter of the word. Essays? So, editor becomes ed., but editors becomes eds. Doctor is Dr, but Professor is Prof.. Researchpapers/ben Franklin? Also, where an abbreviated title is used very commonly, you do not need to put in full stops: for instance, ALP, ACTU or UNESCO . Primary or documentary material cited by another author. If you need to refer to a quote or to a piece of evidence which you accessed in a secondary or scholarly source rather than the original source, use these examples as a guide: R. Papers? G. Menzies, speech in the House of Representatives, 23 March 1943, cited in Judith Brett, Robert Menzies Forgotten People, Melbourne 1992, p. 47. Letter from Lewis Mumford to Frederic Osborn, 2 April 1937, cited in Alison Ravetz, Remaking the Urban Environment, London 1980, pp. 148-9.

The general rule is that if the original source is available, you should go to and use that original source, rather than borrowing your evidence from franklin another writer. Author of can i for mac, document (first name, last name), name of document (use italic or underline), in editor (ed.) or editors (eds), title of researchpapers/ben franklin, collection (use italics or underline), place and essays on martin king i have a dream, date of publication, page or pages. John of researchpapers/ben franklin, Salisbury, Policraticus , trans. Essays On Martin Luther King I Have A Dream? J. Dickinson, in J.B. Ross and M.M. McLaughlin (eds), The Portable Medieval Reader , Harmondsworth, 1977, pp. Researchpapers/ben? 251-2.

(Note: ‘trans.’ is the abbreviation for for immigration, ‘translated by’.) If your area of history follows the researchpapers/ben MHRA Style Guide , this item in your bibliography would follow the same convention outlined earlier, namely: John of Salisbury, Policraticus , trans. J. Dickinson, in The Portable Medieval Reader , ed. by J.B. Ross and M.M. McLaughlin (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977), pp. 251- 2.

If the document was not published but has a title (for instance, an essays on martin luther a dream unpublished paper or a speech or an article), use single inverted commas around the name of the document. If it was not published and has no title (a letter, for instance), there is no need for researchpapers/ben, any marking. Can I Buy Powerpoint For Mac Online? For instance: Friederich Engels, ‘The evils of capitalism’, in researchpapers/ben franklin, K. Kharkov (ed.), The Collected Speeches of Engels , Moscow, 1954, pp. 23-8. Yves of Narbonne, letter to Gerald of Mallemort, c. 1241, in Walter L. Wakefield and essay on advantages and disadvantages of kite, Austin P. Evans (eds), Heresies of the High Middle Ages , New York, 1991, pp.

185-7. If you are going to be using documents in archives, or other unpublished material, consult your tutor for assistance with citation rules. If you are referring to normal newspaper writing (news of events, editorials, and so on), you need only provide the name of the newspaper and the date: The Age , 25 April 1996. If you wish to refer to a specific article, usually by an invited contributor, or to a significant special feature (say, a four-page special report or a report in a weekly magazine), use the same format as for articles in journals or magazines. Author (first name, last name), title (use either italics or underline), place and date of publication, page (p.) or pages (pp.) of the information to which you are referring. So: Tim Bonyhady, The Colonial Earth , Melbourne, 2000, p. Researchpapers/ben Franklin? 13. These publication details are always on one of the first pages of the book (and usually on the page after the essay and disadvantages main title page): these details list the publisher and the place of researchpapers/ben franklin, publication, and give other information, most of which you don’t need to provide (though see the note below). It is important to check if this is the first edition of the book, as subsequent editions may contain major revisions, which your reader will need to know in order to follow your research trail. If the writing dallas texas book is a second or subsequent edition, put that information behind the researchpapers/ben franklin title. Some further examples:

Joanna Bourke, Dismembering the Male: Men’s Bodies , Britain and essays luther, the Great War, London, 1996, pp. Researchpapers/ben? 98-104. John Kasson, Houdini, Tarzan, and the perfect man: the white male body and the challenge of modernity in America , New York, 2001, p. 231. Thompson, Paul, The Voice of the Past: Oral History , 2nd ed., Oxford, 1988, pp. 53-76. Again, for those following the MHRA style of referencing (see above), the publisher is included in the publication details. For example: Peter Burke, The European Renaissance: Centres and Peripheries (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998), pp. 54-56. Place of thesis statement paper, publication is always a city or town, not a state, province, region, nation or continent.

Author (first name, last name), title of chapter (use single inverted commas around title, lower case), in editor (ed.) (or editors (eds)), title of book (use either italics or underline), place and date of publication, pages to which you are referring. Roger Cooter, ‘War and Modern Medicine’, in W. F. Bynum Roy Porter (eds), Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine , London, 1993, p. 156. E. Researchpapers/ben Franklin? Zinkhan, ‘Louisa Albury Lawson: feminist and buy powerpoint online, patriot’, in D. Adelaide (ed.), A Bright and franklin, Fiery Troop , Melbourne, 1988, 27-8. Estelle Freedman, ‘”Uncontrolled Desires”: The Response to the Sexual Psychopath, 1920-1960’, in Kathy Peiss Christina Simmons (eds), Passion and Power: Sexuality in History , Philadelphia, 1989, pp. 187-99. Please note: for those following the MHRA Style Guide (see above), and are including the name of the publisher, a footnote reference would be styled like this example: Eve Salisbury, ‘ “Spare the Rod and essays king speech, Spoil the Child”: Proverbial Speech Acts, Boy Bishop Sermons, and Pedagogical Violence’, in researchpapers/ben franklin, Speculum Sermonis , ed. by Georgiana Donavin, Cary J. Nederman, and Richard Utz (Turnhout: Brepols, 2004), pp. 141-55 (p.

153). (Here ‘pp. 141-55’ indicate the page span of Salisbury’s contribution to the volume, and essay of kite flying, the bracketed ‘(p. 153)’ indicates the specific page reference.) Articles in journals or magazines. Author (first name, last name), title of article (use single inverted commas around title, lower case), title of journal or magazine (use either italics or underline), volume or number, year of publication, pages covered by franklin, the article, specific page(s) to essays a dream which you are referring. Phil Scraton, ‘Policing with Contempt: The Degrading of Truth and Denial of Justice in the Aftermath of the Hillsborough Disaster”, Journal of franklin, Law and Society , vol. 26, 1999, pp. 273-97, p. 275. Emily K. Abel, ‘Valuing Care: Turn-of-the-Century Conflicts between Charity Workers and Women Clients’, Journal of Women’s History , vol. 10, 1998, pp.

32-52, pp. 34-5. You will find information about volume number on the title page of on advantages of kite, each journal. If there is both a volume and franklin, an issue number, just the volume number will usually do (for instance, American Historical Review , 102 (1995), or Australian Historical Studies , 26 (1994-5)). English Essays About Money? Most journals continue numbering pages throughout one volume, even if that volume has several separate issues or numbers. So a reference would read: Katherine Lowe, ‘Elections of Abbesses and Notions of Identity in franklin, Fifteenth- and for mac online, Sixteenth-Century Italy, with Special Reference to Venice’, Renaissance Quarterly , 54 (2001), 389-429 (p. Researchpapers/ben? 390). Director (last name, first name), dir, Name of the film (use either italics or underline), year of release. Hicks, Scott, dir, Shine , 1996.

Hitchcock, Alfred, dir, The Birds , 1963. Name of the buy powerpoint program (in single inverted commas) and, if this program is part of a series, the specific title of the program and researchpapers/ben, the name of the series (use either italics or underline), location of the researched program, date of the program. Aboriginal Land Rights: A Special Report, ABC Radio National, 11 December 2002. Interview with John Howard, 3LO, 8 February 2003. ‘Golly Gee, I’m Interviewing a Famous Person’, Sixty Minutes , Nine Network, 13 February 2001. ‘The Reckoning’, The Frontier House , ABC Television, 27 April 2003. Author of the document (if known), name of the document (if relevant), date of the document (if known), at full WWW address, date on which you accessed the page. ‘Social Conditions in Seventeenth-Century France’, at http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/17france-soc.html, accessed 31 March 2003. ‘Suffragists Picketing the White House, January 1917’ (photograph), at http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail291.html, access 17 April 2003. Sojourner Truth, Narrative of Sojourner Truth, a Northern Slave, Emancipated from Bodily Servitude by the State of New York, in researchpapers/ben, 1828 (1850), at http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/truth50/truth50.html, accessed 16 April 2003.

Using Resources From the Internet and WWW. While there are some very useful sites for historians, including homepages describing research, or containing documents, photographs and interpretive materials, or providing primary documents like speeches, transcripts or debates, you need to researched be as critical and researchpapers/ben franklin, careful in your use of WWW resources as in your use of can i, any other kind of evidence . A good deal of the material on the web is researchpapers/ben franklin not ‘screened’ in any way: it is not edited, reviewed by simple english essays, others, or subject to any control. This is franklin its greatest strength and its greatest weakness as a medium, and makes the researched papers task of critically assessing and using sources even more important. For the citation, you need to give your reader enough information so that they can easily locate your source: in this case, the full web site information. You also need to tell your reader when you accessed the page: because web pages are updated, the information may have changed location or been removed. In fact, it is a good idea to print out a copy of the researchpapers/ben page(s) you are using: you can use them more easily, and you have a copy of the information should it subsequently disappear from the web.

Citing something for the second time: use of abbreviations and short titles. Once you have given full information in the first footnote, you should use abbreviations and short titles to refer to the same source again. What will usually suffice is the statement for immigration authors last name and a short title (i.e. the first few significant words of the franklin title, as below). Ibidem (always abbreviate as Ibid.) indicates in the place just described, but it must follow directly from the previous citation. 1 Joanna Bourke, Dismembering the can i Male: Men’s Bodies, Britain and the Great War , London, 1996, pp.

98-104. 3 Roger Cooter, ‘War and Modern Medicine’, in W. Researchpapers/ben? F. Bynum Roy Porter (eds), Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine , London, 1993, p. 156. 4 Bourke, Dismembering the Male , pp. 126-9. 5 Cooter, ‘War and Modern Medicine’, p. 158. In endnote 6, the information is contained on the same page as endnote 5, and therefore you do not need to repeat the page number. English Essays Money? Again, keep in mind the principle of giving the reader the researchpapers/ben amount of information they would need to essay and disadvantages of kite find the researchpapers/ben material for essays about money, themselves. Researchpapers/ben Franklin? There may be particular conventions which you should observe for researched, particular units: you will be provided with these where necessary. In general, historians do not use the Harvard referencing system. Franklin? Archaeology students, whose discipline does employ this system when referencing, should follow the norms of history referencing when writing history essays.

Similarly, history students should use the Harvard referencing system when writing archaeology essays. Students need to be aware that in archaeology/ancient history a variety of essays on martin luther king a dream, styles is researchpapers/ben used: Harvard, Oxford and MHRA. Students in the Centre for Archaeology and Ancient History must be able to use all of them correctly; they also use unpublished materials of the types outlined for essays on martin king a dream speech, history and reference them in footnotes. In the end, it is a matter of communicating your understanding of your evidence in the style appropriate for your discipline and task. Franklin? Unit coordinators will advise you if you are unsure. 9. Forming a bibliography and researched, an annotated bibliography. Your essay should include a bibliography of all sources. If you have used a wide variety of researchpapers/ben, different types of sources, it is helpful to put them into different sections: for papers, instance, the documents or texts (primary sources) you have used might be separated from the historical scholarship (secondary sources). In general, follow the same conventions described above with the exception that authors’ surnames precede their forenames/initials to allow for easier alphabetisation (as in the example below). List your sources alphabetically within each section. However, you do not need to include the page numbers for researchpapers/ben, specific information or citations in your bibliography.

Films, television and radio shows and documents from web sites should be included: if there is no author, put them at the front of the list and order them alphabetically by title. Essays About Money? Newspapers should be listed, but you do not need to provide the dates. Note: those following the MHRA conventions will include the publisher’s name, along with slightly different formatting, as given in examples above (e.g. Burke, Peter, The European Renaissance: Centres and researchpapers/ben franklin, Peripheries (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998)). Contemporary documents and texts. John of Salisbury, Policraticus , trans. J. Dickinson, in english essays about, J.B. Ross and M.M. McLaughlin (eds), The Portable Medieval Reader, Harmondsworth, 1977.

Truth, Sojourner, Narrative of researchpapers/ben, Sojourner Truth, a Northern Slave, Emancipated from for immigration Bodily Servitude by the State of New York, in 1828 (1850), at http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/truth50/truth50.html, accessed 16 April 2003. The Birds, dir. Alfred Hitchcock, 1963. ‘The Reckoning’, The Frontier House, ABC Television, 27 April 2003. Abel, Emily K., ‘Valuing Care: Turn-of-the-Century Conflicts between Charity Workers and Women Clients’, Journal of Women’s History, vol. 10, 1998, pp.

32-52. Kasson, John, Houdini, Tarzan, and researchpapers/ben, the Perfect Man: The White Male Body and the Challenge of Modernity in essays king i have a dream speech, America, New York, 2001. All sources which you have used in order to assist your interpretation of your evidence (the historical scholarship, or secondary sources), should be annotated, when an annotated bibliography is required in the unit. Annotation tells the reader what role a particular source played in developing your argument. A statement of two or three sentences is usually ample. For instance: Joanna Bourke, Dismembering the Male: Men’s Bodies, Britain and the Great War, London, 1996.

Bourke’s argument about the changing meaning of ‘disability’ provided a very important perspective on the links between wartime and postwar debates over franklin, masculine vulnerability. Her interpretation of what ‘shell-shock’ taught doctors about thesis for immigration manhood was particularly valuable for my argument, as was her discussion of dress reform movements during the 1920s. One of the most important skills in effective communication is formatting and presenting your work in ways which help rather than hinder your reader. The impression of researchpapers/ben, clarity, fluency and organisation created by good formatting is very important; conversely, a good essay written without regard for the eye as well as the mind is an writing ineffective piece of communication. Some general guidelines: observe the word length, or at least a margin of error of about 10 per cent: one of the skills of researchpapers/ben, writing is to write to a target, and to tailor your argument to suit the demands of that target. A short 1500 word essay on wartime politics in essay and disadvantages of kite, Nazi Germany or criminality in nineteenth-century Australia is meant to be a short essay, not a major thesis. Adapt your case, and the ground you will cover, so that you can write something effective and convincing within the researchpapers/ben franklin word length; include a word count with your essay. type, print or handwrite the essay on one side of the paper only, using standard A4 paper, and luther a dream, number each page.

For essays of 1500 words or more, it is reasonable for your tutor to expect a typed or printed copy, though handwriting is fine for shorter exercises; double or one-and-a-half spacing is required, because it leaves more room for comments and corrections; leave a 4cm margin on the left hand side, and franklin, a 1.5cm margin on buy powerpoint for mac online, the right, again for comments and ease of franklin, reading. Ensure that you use at resume writing services texas, least a 12-point font. attach a cover sheet (standard cover sheets are available in researchpapers/ben, the pigeonholes under the money counter of the School of researchpapers/ben franklin, Historical Studies’ General Office, W604). You must tick all the boxes on the reverse side of the cover sheet before signing off under the essays on martin king plagiarism and researchpapers/ben, collusion statement on the front of the sheet. ensure that your essay stays together: staples, paper clips, a plastic folder, whatever (we do not grade essays by weight, so go easy on the staples).

Free High School Student Resume Templates for Teens. If you’ve never made a resume before, it can seem more difficult than the researchpapers/ben franklin, job search itself. Fortunately, making a resume is as simple as following a format. With some key information in the right order, anyone can create one. Your First Job Resume: What It Is and Why You Need It.

A resume is a one-page document that summarizes your experience, skills, and other information . The purpose is to researched papers, show you’re a perfect candidate for the position you are applying for. It should be formal, professional, and researchpapers/ben franklin relevant. Resumes give potential employers a way to learn about english essays money applicants quickly and researchpapers/ben easily, and researched they are your first step toward new job opportunities. Researchpapers/ben. An interview might also be needed to land the job, but a resume is essays king i have a dream necessary to franklin, start the process. Resumes let employers quickly screen out job seekers who don’t have the right experience and essays luther king a dream speech qualifications. Franklin. A well-crafted resume that highlights your experience will set you apart from the luther speech, competition. Even if you have little or no work experience yet, these guidelines will get you on track to having a great entry-level resume and all the opportunities that come with it. There are three basic resume formats to researchpapers/ben, choose from: chronological, functional, and combination.

It helps to familiarize yourself with these options before deciding on the right resume template for you. This is one of the most common resume formats. It lists your work history in reverse chronological order, starting with the most recent position. It is texas often headed with a “Career Objective” section. Researchpapers/ben Franklin. We will talk about these sections in more detail later in for mac this post. On a chronological resume you’ll also want to list your education in reverse chronological order, starting with the franklin, most recent school you attended or relevant course you’ve taken. This is a common resume format. It’s easy for resume writing dallas texas, employers to scan a chronological resume quickly and get an idea of your experience. Researchpapers/ben. This kind of resume highlights your work history, so it’s great if you’ve had impressive employment opportunities. If you don’t have much work history, or your work history isn’t relevant to the job you want, this type of resume may not be best for resume services dallas, you.

Prospective employers will throw your resume in the “No” pile if all they see is work that’s not related to the job they are looking to fill, or if your resume looks empty because you didn’t have much experience to list. A functional resume format highlights other sections, like skills and activities, over researchpapers/ben, work experience. Researched Papers. This type of resume focuses on researchpapers/ben, what you know or what you can do, rather than what you’ve done at specific jobs. It will probably still have some sort of work history section, but it will be placed at the bottom rather than at can i, the top of the franklin, page. On Martin A Dream. Your work history might not be listed in researchpapers/ben franklin chronological order on this type of resume. In fact, it might not have dates at essay and disadvantages of kite flying, all, but be listed in order of relevance instead. This type of resume can be great if you have little or no conventional work experience. Researchpapers/ben Franklin. It can hide long gaps in between jobs, and can draw attention to thesis statement for immigration, your other skills or activities. Most employers will be accustomed to the chronological resume format. They will likely know that the reason you chose this format is because you have less work experience or less consistent job history than other job seekers.

But that doesn’t necessarily mean you’re a less desirable candidate. Like a functional resume, a combination resume puts your skills and activities first and foremost. However, this type of resume also lists your work experience in franklin reverse chronological order. It just doesn’t put it near the top like a chronological resume does. This hybrid style gives a balance between promoting your skills and essays money your work history. For teens with work experience that’s impressive but short, this kind of resume is researchpapers/ben franklin ideal. You can show off your work history, but also fill in more space by talking about your skills and other knowledge you have. It’s also useful if the speech, work history you have doesn’t quite fit with the job you’re looking for. With a combination resume, you can put the skills that are relevant to franklin, your ideal job first, but still give details about your past work experience.

Making a combination resume can feel overwhelming, since it uses so much information. Be careful to use only the papers, most relevant information so it doesn’t become cluttered or too wordy. How to researchpapers/ben franklin, Create a Good High School Student Resume. Your resume always needs to buy powerpoint for mac, include your name and contact information. List your name, phone number, email address, and franklin city at the top of your resume. You don’t need to include your full street address, but you can if you’d like. Everything else can be adjusted to fit your unique experience. For example, your resume could include any of the following: Work Experience or Work History Education Career Objective or Summary Professional Skills or Other Skills Activities Hobbies and Interests Achievements, Awards, and Honors References. Each of these sections will consist of simple english essays, a heading in bold or slightly larger font, followed by details about that section.

For example, under the “Education” heading, you might list the schools you’ve attended and franklin the subjects you focused on. Remember, you probably won’t use all of can i buy powerpoint for mac online, these headings. Researchpapers/ben Franklin. Just pick the ones that are most relevant to you and the job you’re seeking. Every section requires a slightly different approach. Let’s break it down and see how it works. This can be a difficult section to tackle on a teen resume, since you might not have any work experience yet.

Don’t worry though. Everyone was in the same situation when they were looking for resume texas, their first job! If you have no work experience, you can leave this section out and focus on franklin, the other sections. Can I For Mac Online. If you do have official work experience, it’s important to mention it in this section, especially if it is a job similar to the one you are applying for. Even if you weren’t officially employed, you probably have more work experience to put on your resume than you think.

Part-time work like babysitting, lawn mowing, tutoring, and even volunteer experience or community service all count as good examples of researchpapers/ben franklin, work experience on a teen resume. Under the thesis statement, “Work Experience” heading, list the researchpapers/ben, name of the company you worked for, your job title, and dates of dallas texas, employment. You should also list your responsibilities, duties, and accomplishments. Researchpapers/ben. That way, it’s clear what kind of can i buy powerpoint for mac online, experience you gained. Use two or three bullet points to list your responsibilities and duties for each job. See our sample high school student resume templates below for real-world examples of franklin, work experience sections.

In the “Education” section, state the paper, high school you attended or presently attend and researchpapers/ben the years you were there or the date you expect to graduate. For example: Crescent High School – Arlington, Virginia. Expected graduation date: May 2017. If there are classes you’ve taken that are relevant to essay and disadvantages of kite, the job you want, you can list that relevant coursework here. You can mention your future education plans too. For example: I have been accepted to researchpapers/ben, Chicago State University, and I am planning to major in business law I will be taking my AP classes next month to prepare for college I will begin attending Chicago State University this fall. The “Career Objective” section shows what kind of job you’re looking for.

It consists of one or two sentences near the essays about money, top of your resume that describe your desired job. For example: Offer excellent hostess service in a busy local restaurant Apply my computer skills to practical work Provide quality delivery for local food business. You can also extend your objective statement into researchpapers/ben, a summary. A summary is a short paragraph that summarizes your experience and essay key skills. For example: I am an researchpapers/ben, energetic, enthusiastic, and active individual with a strong knowledge of grocery items and their use by thesis paper people from franklin different economic and social backgrounds. I have a business mindset and buy powerpoint for mac online am willing to researchpapers/ben franklin, apply these skills as a grocery store employee. This section might seem unnecessary, but it can actually be very helpful to potential employers.

It gives you a chance to simple english essays about money, describe yourself and your goals in franklin your own words. It can also be useful when you don’t have much concrete work experience, but do have skills that potential employers should know about. Make sure the objective or summary is short, clear, and on advantages professional. Professional Skills or Other Skills. You likely have skills that could be relevant to a particular position you are applying for. These can be listed under “Professional Skills.” Make sure the researchpapers/ben franklin, skills are relevant to the job you want. If you are applying for english essays, a gardener job, no need to researchpapers/ben, mention “Ability to handle cash register”, since that skill doesn’t apply to that job. But you might mention, “Ability to use lawn mower and gardening tools safely.” If you have no work experience, this section can help demonstrate whether you are a good fit for the position. You can also list skills that come from writing dallas texas your school or hobbies under “Other Skills.” Make sure they’re still related in some way to what potential employers are looking for.

What are some key skills you might list? Creativity Leadership Adaptability Flexibility Positivity Problem-solving Communication Independence Self-motivation Ability to work under pressure. This section gives an employer insight into your character and interests. It might even tie into the “Skills” section. Think of franklin, extracurricular activities, sports, and clubs you have participated in. Essays Luther King I Have. Taking a lead role in a school play? You are probably creative.

Playing football? You might be a good team player. These are qualities that employers are looking for. Researchpapers/ben Franklin. Some examples of essays on martin luther king speech, school activities that could look good on a resume include: Sports : playing sports in a association or for fun, outdoor activities, fitness training, taking sport lessons, coaching. Researchpapers/ben. Culture : creating art works, shows, plays, films, games, singing or dancing, DIY projects, creative workshops. Community : raising donations for various organizations or humanitarian causes, organizing events, helping kids, seniors, animals, or the researched papers, environment, promoting community enhancements. Just like with skills, only list relevant activities here.

Write down the activity, dates, and researchpapers/ben franklin your role/position. For example: West River Hospital, volunteer, summer 2012 Crescent High School Soccer Team, captain, 2005 – 2013 Stage Drama Festival, lead role, summer 2011. If your resume is essay and disadvantages flying short on work experience, you can list more details about your activities to franklin, show what you gained from them. You might use bullet points to researched papers, write what your responsibilities were or what skills you used in these activities. This section is franklin similar to activities, as it tells an employer more about your character. Buy Powerpoint. Simply make a list of hobbies that might be of interest to potential employers. For example:

Reading books Playing tennis Painting and franklin sculpture. It’s great to mention major achievements and awards you’ve earned at for mac, school or in your activities. Franklin. Prospective employers like to see accomplishments that show commitment and hard work. For example: Student of the Month, March 2013 Perfect Attendance Award, September 2012 Honor Roll, fall 2012. A reference should be someone who can vouch for your knowledge and skills, or who can confirm your work experience. Your teachers, coaches, or former employers can be good references. Paper. Listing your friends or family as references is not recommended, but can be acceptable if you worked for researchpapers/ben, them.

Remember that you must ask a person to serve as a reference before you can list them as one. Many people simply write “References Available on Request” at the bottom of for immigration paper, their resumes. If you do this, make sure you actually have those references available in case a prospective employer requests them. Researchpapers/ben. However, if you have limited experience to put on your resume, you might want to list the names and contact information of your references on your resume. Free High School Student Resume Examples. These teen resume samples will make getting started easy. Essay And Disadvantages Of Kite. There are general purpose high school student resume templates, as well as resumes for specific work experience.

These samples will guide you with a professional resume format and a basic idea of what to write. We also have High School Graduate Resumes and researchpapers/ben other professional resume templates. Creative babysitter resume sample with a summary, education, related and personal skills, hobbies, and essays on martin luther i have speech references examples. Size: 183 B Downloads: 6267 Filename: babysitter-cv-template-sample.docx Uploaded: 2013-07-04 06:21:00 / 3136. Generic design with sample content (skills, knowledge) for researchpapers/ben franklin, a position in a fast food industry. Size: 183 B Downloads: 7434 Filename: fast-food-employee-cv.docx Uploaded: 2013-07-04 06:34:00 / 3138.

Basic design and common content for any type of position. Size: 183 B Downloads: 27328 Filename: geneal-purpose-high-school-resume.docx Uploaded: 2013-07-04 06:36:00 / 3140. Another multi-purpose sample, with blue header theme. Includes customer work and volunteer experience. Size: 183 B Downloads: 18022 Filename: teenager-cv-sample.docx Uploaded: 2013-07-04 06:38:00 / 3142.

Sample for thesis statement, position in gardening or landscape. Creative design theme to attract attention. Size: 183 B Downloads: 3046 Filename: lawn-care-gardening-job-application.docx Uploaded: 2013-07-04 06:39:00 / 3144. Resume sample for students who would like to researchpapers/ben, promote tutoring services to other students or student#039;s parents. Size: 183 B Downloads: 4214 Filename: student-tutor-cv-sample.docx Uploaded: 2013-07-04 06:41:00 / 3146. Generic resume sample for on martin king a dream, part-time grocery store job. Can be easily modified for similar positions in different stores. Size: 183 B Downloads: 6588 Filename: grocery-store-application.docx Uploaded: 2013-07-04 06:42:00 / 3148. Elegant resume for server or host position in a restaurant. Can also be used for kitchen help, cook help, busser, etc.

Size: 183 B Downloads: 4306 Filename: waitress-or-hostess-job.docx Uploaded: 2013-07-04 06:44:00 / 3150. Sample teen resume for full-time or part-time volunteer job for a candidate with previous volunteer work. Size: 183 B Downloads: 4673 Filename: volunteer-position-application.docx Uploaded: 2013-07-04 06:45:00 / 3152. Sample resume for part-time position in warehouse. Size: 183 B Downloads: 5312 Filename: warehouse-position.docx Uploaded: 2013-07-04 06:47:00 / 3154. Sample resume for an apprentice welder and assisting in franklin different welding projects. Size: 183 B Downloads: 3776 Filename: welder-helper-job.docx Uploaded: 2013-07-04 06:48:00 / 3156. Professional sample for a food delivery position. Can be easily modified for a different position in the food industry. Size: 183 B Downloads: 26440 Filename: food-industry-position.docx Uploaded: 2013-07-04 06:17:00 / 3134. 855.213.0348 | MON-FRI 8A-8P, SAT 8A-5P, SUN 10A-6P CST.

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