Dissertation student achievement

annotated resources This edition of American Sociologist presents an excellent overview of Participatory Action Research. After reviewing a number of other sources on the subject, such as William Foote Whyte’s _Participatory Action Research_ and _Action Research_, by Chris Argyris, Robert Putnam and Diana McLain, I found that this edition of American Sociologist best suited my interests as a novitiate in the discipline. The introductory article, by Randy Stoecker and Edna Bonachich, makes the student achievement case for PAR within the field of martin and the hand grenade essay Sociology, advocating its use as an effective tool for both social change and substantive research development. The articles that follow elaborate on PAR theory and provide real-world examples of PAR based initiatives. Centers for dissertation Disease Control Prevention. Essay Wrigley. (2000). Protecting the health of Latino communities: Combating HIV/AIDS. [1-16]. (Timothy Hogan) The U.S. HIV/AIDS epidemic has expanded from one that primarily impacted homosexual, Caucasian men in the 1980s to an epidemic that now affects a more diverse population than ever before. Much like other ethnic groups, Latinos saw the HIV/AIDS epidemic encroach on dissertation student, their communities throughout the 1990s, and at the time of this report accounted for an estimated 20% of all new HIV infections.

The tremendous diversity within Latino communities makes addressing HIV/AIDS particularly challenging. Indeed the many countries that Latinos emigrate from (i.e. Mexico, Cuba, and how to the business plan Puerto Rico) reflect a variety of dissertation student cultures, attitudes, and HIV/AIDS risk factors. Wrigley. Given this variety, HIV/AIDS education and prevention services need to be finely tailored to each culture to dissertation student achievement, ensure effectiveness. ·Behavioral and wrigley biomedical research – while behavioral research focuses on identifying the dissertation factors that influence risky behavior and evaluating approaches to reducing risk, biomedical research evaluates new and potential “tools” that might reduce the risk of HIV transmission, ensures proven medical approaches to prevention, and improves treatment. Phd Thesis Bibliography. ·Helping communities – by partnering with local Latino communities, engaging in dissertation student achievement community planning, and providing funds, the and the CDC effectively eliminates “cookbook” approaches to outreach, education, and prevention and instead pursues uniquely designed and tailored efforts. Chris Atton. Alternative Literature: A Practical Guide for Librarians. Brookfield, VT: Gower. (Ellen Knutson) Atton provides a brief history of alternative literature and the what he considers to be its nature and value. He argues that alternative literature is concerned with social change; that they discuss their subjects in opposition to or independently of pre-existing social and political structures. Further, he contends that it is their content which holds the most powerful argument for student their acquisition.

Because alternative publications are more interested in wrigley the free flow of ideas and not profit, they provide “interpretations of the world which we might not otherwise see and information about the world that we simply will not find anywhere else” (18). In order to strengthen his argument that alternative publications contain important information, he dedicates quite a number of pages to the subjects of alternative literature. Student. Community Development project (Seon Jeong) Gentrification of the West Town/Humboldt Park community, including the area known as Paseo Boricua. App For Writing College Papers. Community organizations participate actively in dissertation achievement the efforts of “proper community development” focusing on the followings: 1) The beautification of phd thesis bibliography Paseo Boricua; 2) The development of the Puerto Rican Institute of Art and dissertation student Culture; 3) The annual celebration of the WinterFest/Three Kings Day Festivities; 4) The development of economic and number 10 of the federalist commercial projects including a restaurant district in Paseo Boricua and commercial strips on North Avenue and Division Street (west of dissertation student achievement Humboldt Park). I am thinking to participate public forum or decision making meeting regarding to this project. Dionne, Jr., E. J. Why Americans Hate Politics.

First Touchstone ed. Best App For Writing College Papers. New York: Simon Schuster, 1992. (Lauren M. Siebert) In this engaging and dissertation student achievement well-written book, Washington Post writer E. J. Dionne, Jr. tackles the app for writing college papers problem of growing voter disinterest in the United States over the past thirty years. Student. Dionne argues that the dichotomy of liberal versus conservative ideologies has framed public debates as a series of false choices, alienating American voters by ignoring problems and instead focusing on “issues.” Through a detailed analysis of U.S. political history, Dionne concludes that the liberalism of the Sixties failed, for example, when it failed to recognize how the absolutist framing of special interest politics divided loyal Democrats and exacerbated economic anxieties among middle-income white voters. Likewise, the conservatives of the Eighties fueled the sense of how to make plan apathy and helplessness by shamelessly playing on dissertation student, largely white economic insecurities and, once in office, increasing the tax burden for middle- and lower-income Americans—both black and white. Dionne argues that the framing of issues in terms of grenade essay yes-or-no questions (abortion—right or wrong?

Affirmative action—good or bad?) has failed to reflect the diversity of opinion. Moreover, it has shifted focus away from the root causes of social problems in the country and, in the name of achievement short-term partisan gain, has ignored the agreements and shared stances that could lead to hand essay, creative solutions to those problems. I have selected this book for my project because it offers insight into dissertation achievement the trend of citizen alienation in this country. The author argues that Americans continue to believe in phd thesis bibliography the common good and need to move beyond partisan framing toward legislative solutions on which the majority of student people already agree. Unlike other readings in phd thesis this annotated bibliography, Dionne does not give direct examples of how the disenfranchised populace might unite to realize this goal. However, his well supported claim that most Americans share common values for their communities, despite their ideological leanings , provides a sense of hope that political debated can be reclaimed and that public life can be revitalized. It is also an instructive and dissertation readable primer on number 10 of the federalist, the history of social issues in dissertation achievement U.S. politics from martin hand essay 1960-1992. Edwards, Kirsten. Teen Library Events: A Month By Month Guide Greenwood Professional Guides for Young Adult Librarians. 2002. (Jessica Jones) Edwards book is extremely practical. Starting with January she lists several programming ideas for each month of the year.

Some are themed with the month, time of year or a major holiday, others have no relations but are just good programming ideas. Each month Edwards features one or two major events, such as beginning the new year, by starting a book club in January along with several other smaller events, such as a Printz award display, making books, or book marks, getting to know you bingo and lots more. What makes her book so useful is that she not only descries potential activities, but then lists explicit directions, with illustrations and often includes sample poster or handouts that can be customized for individual librarians. Achievement. I plan on using these ideas as a starting point with the Teen Mac group. I can show them the book and talk about several of the martin and the essay ideas. They can. then choose a few of the ideas to use and I will do the dissertation work the make the projects happen. I think this maybe one of the most valuable tools that I found at essay the library. I also plan to introduce the other librarians to student achievement, the book so they may use it in the future to plan more teen events.

Its also brand new so it will be even more up to phd thesis, date than Jones' book. Hard Choice: An Introduction to National Issue Forums put out by Kettering Foundation (Kelly Griffin) This fourty page pamphlet introduces the reasoning behind National Issue Forums and deliberative discussion and highligghts the benifits of community choice work. The Harwood Group (1993) Meaningful Chaos: how people form relationships with public concerns. Dissertation Student Achievement. Kettering Foundation (Seon Jeong) The report identified each of the essay by robert wrigley nine factors that play a pivotal role in engaging the dissertation student public on public concerns. Those factors are emerged in the conversations with citizens. I noticed the gap between what we professionals see and what citizens do through this reading such as we easily assumed that the best app for writing papers public have to deal with their webs of concerns in a one-by-one while the reality is dissertation student, that the people think of public concerns in webs of essay by robert multiple, interconnected concerns. Followings are those factors that I will apply to analyze the success of achievement building La Casita de Don Pedro. 1) Connections: People tend to enlarge, rather than narrow, their views of essay 10 of public concerns, making connections among ideas and student achievement topics that society tends to fragment. 2) Personal context: People relate to concerns that ‘fit’ with their personal context- not only their own self-interest, but that which is meaningful or imaginable to them in their lives. 3) Coherence: People want public discourse to tell the ‘whole story’ on public concerns- with explanation, memory, and a sense of overview.

They are seeking a deeper sense of phd thesis bibliography understanding and meaning. 4) Room for dissertation achievement a ambivalence: People resist polarization on public concerns, seeking instead room for essay ambivalence- a gray area in the public debate in dissertation achievement which to question, discuss, test ideas, and gain confidence about essay number 10 of, their views. 5) Emotion: The presence of emotion in public life is essential if people are to form and sustain relationships with public concerns. 6) Authenticity: Information and individuals must ‘ring true’ to dissertation, people – reflecting to people a basic sense of reality and the general belief that they are being squared with. 7) Sense of Possibilities: People are seeking a sense of possibility – that action might occur on a public concern, and app for writing college that they might play a personal role in it.

8)Catalysts: Everyday Americans, not just experts and elites, are key catalysts in helping people form relationships with public concerns. 9)Mediating Institutions: Mediating institutions are key places where people come together to talk and act on public concerns. The Harwood Group. Citizens and Politics: A View from dissertation achievement Main Street America. Bethesda, MD: Kettering Foundation, 1991. (Lauren M. Siebert) This resource combines the findings of two completed and one unfinished study on American attitudes toward politics, voting and civic involvement.

It finds that people do not feel apathetic about politics so much as they feel impotent to make their voices heard in the political arena. Following nicely on paper, Dionne, the report notes that issues surrounding voter apathy have been “misframed” and that citizens expend resources on dissertation student achievement, smaller and narrower issues of voter registration, term limits and campaign finance reform without examining the systemic problems of best app for how Americans “do politics.” The study suggests a six-point agenda for solving the root problems of our political ills, including connecting national issues to dissertation student, peoples immediate lives, providing space for public discussion and promoting constructive citizen/legislator communication. Best College. Among the findings that are of particular interest to my project of holding community forums at the Douglass Branch library, is the fact that Americans are not radically separated from all forms of civic involvement, as some have suggested. In fact, many people are involved in some way, either through their children, their churches or their neighborhood associations, with their communities. In these forums, citizens feel that they can affect change, have a stake in the issue and will be heard by other participants. This suggests that a community forum that follows local concerns may have a role to student, play in the promotion of literacy and of the library among adults in the area of the Douglass Branch.

It is necessary to note that the studies synthesized in this report were done through ten focus groups in various cities across the country. While this methodology is good for collecting illusive input that might be too nuanced for a large-scale survey, the report lacked specific data on selection processes and criteria for bibliography participants and information on attrition within each focus group. Though the authors of the study include a section on methodology as an appendix to student, the work, this information should be disclosed and discussed within the context of the study and not slotted in as an best writing college papers endnote. Independent Publishing Resource Center. http://www.iprc.org (Ellen Knutson) The Independent Publishing Resource Center (IPRC) was founded in 1998 in student Portland, Oregon. It “facilitates creative expression and identity by providing individual access to the resources and tools for plan the creation of independently published media and art.” They offer workshops including: Bookbinding (Basic, Historic Alternative Book Structures); Publishing Software (Image Scanning, Photoshop, Quark); Internet and Macintosh Computer Basics; Comic, Zine, Chapbook and Web publishing; Distribution and Promotion for Independent Press; and Letterpress Printing, Printmaking Basics, and Graphic Design Concepts. The workshop are offered not only in dissertation achievement house, but also in conjunction with organizations. 10 Of The Federalist. The IPRC also maintains a library of self-published and independently produced materials including comics, chap books, novels, catalogs, zines, artists' books and more. Student. Their catalog is available. online at: http://www.iprc.org/library-search.php and best app for writing college as of September 28, 2002 contains over 4,100 records. Many of these records include a detailed description of the material making it extraordinarily useful for people wanting to dissertation student achievement, find out more about zines and how to maintain them in research paper a library. Jones, Patrick.

Connecting Young Adults and Libraries: a How to Do it Manual Neal Schuman Publishers, 2nd edition, 1998. (Jessica Jones) Patrick Jones' big pink book is one of the dissertation achievement best YA resources available and for many years it was the only book in the library literature that was devoted to YA issues and hand grenade featured a large section on YA programming that went beyond the book group. The 1998, 2nd edition features using the internet with YA's, contemporary marketing ideas to increase YA use of the dissertation achievement library and new programming ideas. The book also features and extensive bibliography of literature about YAs libraries and more. It is an excellent place to start a research project. Another appendix also lists hundreds of publishers of YA materials, which could be really helpful for a new YA librarian. adults. A table of contents, including many links is also available online at http://www.connectingYA.com/toc.html on Jones' website. Julie Herrada, special column editor, with contributions by Billie Aul, Andy “Sunfrog” Smith, Michael Bainski, and Tom Trusky. “Zines in Libraries: A Culture Preserved.” Serials Review, Summer 1995: 79-88. (Ellen Knutson) Julie Herrada is the curator (assistant curator at the time of this article) of the Labadie Collection of social protest literature at the University of Michigan. She begins by giving a brief history of zines and then argues why librarian should collect zines and other underground literature.

In short, she says that it is the responsibility of paper librarians to understand how people challenge the transform “the walls of censorship and student control of information by mainstream mass media” well enough to essay, disseminate this information. (81). ones--have alternative procedures for thing such as paperback books, and vertical files. Dissertation. These procedures, suggests Aul, can be adapted to accommodate zines. sound-byte slogans…” (84). La Casita de Don Pedro (Seon Jeong) This is the website describing the process of martin hand essay building this garden. Through the information provided, I found out several networks, main bodies who involved in this project.

However, those parties need to be identified in detail especially how do they get to know each other and what were each of the goals. Student. 1)Students at Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos Alternative High School. 2)Puerto Rican community organizations: PRCC and DSBDA. 3)Archi-treasures, a nonprofit organization founded in 1996 with the mission of raising community involvement in the urban landscape.

4)Project for hand grenade Public Space: a nonprofit organization founded in 1975 with the mission of helping people of all ages create the kinds of places that build communities. http://www.pps.org/ Mathews, David. For Communities to Work. Dissertation Student. 2001. (Lauren M. Siebert) This manuscript summarizes the plan work of David Mathews, a scholar whose writings are at the heart of the National Issue Forums. Dissertation Student. Mathews argues that a group of people, whether united by a locality or a government, does not automatically constitute a “public.” People must learn to become part of a public just as communities must learn how to affect solutions to shared problems. He writes that some communities are more successful at phd thesis bibliography tackling local problems because they approach those problems differently than other communities. The standard tactic of solving either local or national issues involves a few people formulating a “solution” and then “educating” the people as to why this path is the best, before the populace has even discussed or defined the problem. Combining this habit with pressure for immediate and measurable results promotes cart-before-the-horse initiatives and short-sited decisions. This formula can devolve quickly into dissertation student achievement partisan debates on which solution is “right,” and sacrificing long-term gains in essay favor of dissertation achievement fast results steadily erodes the community’s sense of and the hand grenade civic power. Student Achievement. Mathews stresses the importance of agency and ownership as a meter for civic activity and argues that people become passive about political problems when those problems are large or when they cannot see a personal stake in the solutions. He states that these large issues must be dealt with in spite of their enormity. Instead of narrowing focus to one aspect of a problem, citizens can handle these large problems by framing discussion in ways that encourage agency.

By connection big issues with everyday lives, people gain a sense of ownership and refugees paper power within the decision-making process. If they are then provided with a space in which to dissertation, discuss and deliberate, to learn about the problem and how to the business share experiences (instead of forcing ideologies), then they can assess and make judgments on complicated issues. Mathews notes that often more useful than changing citizens’ stances is changing citizens’ ideas their neighbors’ opinions. He concludes by dissertation student, encouraging existing institutions such as schools and libraries to provide space for public deliberation on local and national problems and to college papers, foster relationships between community members and public officials. National Issues Forum, home page. Dissertation Student. Accessed September 20, 2002. Refugees Research Paper. Available http://www.nifi.org/ppi.html (Chad Fennell)

The National Issues Forum presents a unique and well established framework for student us to utilize as we develop our project (in conjunction with local adult learners). Our group maintains two expert contacts associated with the National Issues Forum: Taylor Wilmington and Ellen Knutson. Both have already begun to instruct us on core concepts associated with the forums. Research Paper. Ellen has presented us with some practical, hands-on application information as well. Politics for dissertation People: Finding a Responsible Public Voice by Dave Matthews (Kelly Griffin) This text is a great overview about the problems that plague civic life today and solutions on how to improve community and individual participation in politics. In the first chapter, Matthews analyzes the reasons there seems to be a disconnection between citizens and paper government and how this phenomena seems to achievement, be becoming more critical. How To Make The Business. For instance, Matthews discusses how the rise of the professional politican has turned many citizens off. Furthermore, and I believe more critical, Matthews asserts how it seems lobbyist seem to be the ones represented by politicans lately, not citizens. He also touches on the media, smear campaigning and a general feeling of disconnect as the reasons why people feel pushed out of politics and civic life. Resnicow, K., Baranowski, T, Ahluwalia, J., Braithwaite, R. (1999). Cultural sensitivity in dissertation achievement public health: Defined and demystified.

Ethnicity Disease, 9, 10-21. (Timothy Hogan) The need for cultural sensitivity in public health and health prevention programs is driven by two factors: The dynamic demographics of phd thesis bibliography U.S. society, and dissertation achievement the need to incorporate race/ethnic specific determinants of behavior into number 10 of the federalist targeted health promotion programs. Through their work with African American and student achievement Hispanic/Latino populations, Resnicow and his colleagues delineated a multi-dimensional definition of cultural sensitivity that they hope will be valuable to both a wide range of researchers and practitioners alike. They define cultural sensitivity as “the extent to which ethnic/cultural characteristics, experiences, norms, values, behavioral patterns, and beliefs of a target population as well as relevant historical, environmental, and social forces are incorporated in the design, delivery, and evaluation of martin hand targeted health promotion materials and programs.” It is conceptualized by. two primary dimensions: ·Deep Structure - Involves how socio-demographic and racial/ethnic populations differ in general (i.e. core cultural values) as well as how ethnic, cultural, social, environmental, and historical factors may influence specific health behaviors. Dissertation. This includes investigating perceptions relating to how religion, family, society, economics, and app for college papers the U.S. government might influence the target population and dissertation student their behaviors. For example, core cultural values that should be considered when developing materials or programs for Hispanics/Latinos include familismo, respeto, and simpatia.

Schlomann, Deborah, Project READ, an affiliate of martin and the Literacy Volunteers of America, Parkland College, Champaign, Illinois (Chad Fennell) Deborah, and by extension the Project READ program, offer real depth and experience to our project. Project Read already performs literacy training at the Douglass Library, lending us an existing local literacy network with which to work. As a result, we may focus our initial efforts more upon program design and development and less upon advertising and recruiting. Moreover, our connection with Deborah markedly increases the potential to include adult learners in the earliest phases of our project, greatly improving the overall potential for student achievement project success. The Federalist. Deborah’s experience with adult learners within our very target population makes her, by far, the most valuable information resource for adult literacy available.

I expect that our initial meeting will generate further citations specific to our literacy agenda. Siegel, K., Raveis, V. (1997). Perceptions of access to HIV-related information, care, and dissertation student services among infected minority men. Qualitative Health Research, 7(1), 9-32. (Timothy Hogan) During the 1990s, the United States AIDS epidemic began to affect a more diverse range of essay by robert wrigley populations, underwent a kind of “demographic shift,” and subsequently became an epidemic of color. Of the various ethnic minority groups into which the epidemic shifted, AIDS/HIV has had the achievement most devastating impact in by robert African American and Latino communities. The qualitative study described in this article aimed to generate new insights into the adaptive challenges confronting HIV-infected gay/bisexual minority men. Using structured questionnaires and unstructured, focused interviews as data collection tools, homosexual African American and Puerto Rican men in the New York metropolitan area (93 total participants recruited through a variant of purposeful sampling) were asked to reflect on their daily experiences as HIV positive individuals. patients from differing racial, cultural, and socioeconomic groups. More specifically, the minority men felt that mainstream HIV/AIDS organizations are, for the most part, largely disinterested in achievement pursuing the needs of non-white and non-middle-class clients or members. It is unfortunate that the how to make services offered by race/ethnic based HIV/AIDS organizations were also assigned less than flattering evaluations, being called “insubstantial,” and “political.” Mobilization from within these racial/ethnic minority communities (i.e. self-help) was seen as the best alternative for dissertation achievement battling the HIV/AIDS epidemic.

Teen Mac Group at the Douglass Branch Library (Jessica Jones) Since I am going to be working with the writing teen group at student achievement the Douglas Branch Library, mostly doing research for research ideas about additional programming for the group, I started my research by picking up several books from the LIS library, looking at a friends website that she made for dissertation student LIS 304 and at some other websites I had heard about on the yalsa-bk listserv. Writing by Teenagers was first started by GSLIS alumni Julia Kingsbury, now YA librarian with Fresno Public Libraries. This is an incredible page detailing dozens of martin novels, poem and story collections and web published works that are all written by teenagers. All of the books on the page feature authors who were published in their teen years, or who wrote the stories as teen and published them a few years later. From classic YA author S. E. Hinton to the up and coming Amelia Atwater Rhodes (who is on her fourth book at dissertation achievement 18!) Julia's pages is a comprehensive listing of teen writers. This website rocks! The group was started by Ralph Nader in April of 2001 to advance justice by strengthening citizen participation in best writing college papers power. Also, it provides tools to build democracy.

How wonderful! Since I am a democracy enthusiast and my project is about strengthening citizen participation, I fould the site to be very helpful. ideals into dissertation student altered policy for democracy, justice and sustainability. Essay. Another nice project is the Incubation Program which provides start-up organizations office space, resouces and guidence as they struggle to get started. Last Modified: Friday, December 06, 2002 09:06:52 PM.

Freundschaft in dissertation student, Zeiten von Social Media. Der folgende Essay sprengt den Rahmen eines Blogposts. Essay The Federalist? Wer ihn ausdrucken mochte, kann das mit einer gut lesbaren pdf-Version tun. Achievement? Wie immer bin ich an refugees, weiter fuhrenden Inputs und Kritik sehr interessiert. Ich habe den Text zwei Uberarbeitungen und Erweiterungen unterzogen (Version 1, Version 2). Dissertation Achievement? Neu sind die Abschnitte zu Jane Austen, zur parasozialen Interaktion und zur Korperlichkeit hinzugekommen, andere wurden erweitert. Best? Ich danke fur die vielen Ruckmeldungen, besonders Sarah Genner, Peter Gassner, Jan Zuppinger, Britta Holden, Romana Ganzoni, Martin Lindner, Michele Meyer, Dominik Achermann und Marianne Schafer.) Ich suche Zeichen, aber wofur?

Was ist das Objekt meiner Lekture? Ist es jenes: werde ich geliebt (nicht mehr geliebt, noch immer geliebt)? Ist es meine Zukunft, die ich zu lesen versuche? […] Ist es letztlich nicht eher so, dass ich von jener Frage abhangig bliebe, auf die ich vom Gesicht des Anderen unermudlich die Antwort fordere: was bin ich wert? – Roland Barthes, Fragmente einer Sprache der Liebe, Die Unsicherheit der Zeichen. Eine der ersten Lektionen, die wir beim Nachdenken uber Social Media lernen, besteht in achievement, der Erkenntnis, dass Facebook-Freunde keine echten Freunde sind. Best App For Writing College Papers? Wirklich uberraschen wird uns diese Einsicht nicht; sie stellt aber fur viele Menschen den Abschluss ihrer Auseinandersetzung mit dem Verhaltnis von Social Media, Beziehungen und Freundschaften dar.

In den folgenden Abschnitten mochte ich dieses Verhaltnis von verschiedenen Seiten her diskutieren und einige Thesen dazu prasentieren, welche das Vorurteil hinterfragen, das besagt, digital gepflegte Beziehungen seien oberflachlicher oder weniger real als andere. Ein guter Freund ist das Beste auf der Welt. Student? Aber 500 Freunde? Unter der Herrschaft von Facebook wachst die Zahl der Freunde wie Entengrutze im Gartenteich. And The Hand Grenade? Es gibt aber noch jemanden, der sich dem Netzwerk entzieht: den Mof – den Menschen ohne Freunde. Dissertation? In einer Zeit, in der es mehr Blogger als Backer gibt, ist der Mof wie ein blasser, mickriger Erpel, der sich vor lauter Entengrutze nicht ins Wasser traut und das Schwimmen verlernt.

Mofs werden verlacht. And The Hand Grenade? Aber was ist das zwanghafte Horten von Freunden anderes als ein neues Messie-Syndrom? Wer irgendwann im Meer seiner Freunde zu ertrinken droht, der brauchte wie Schneider Bock das rettende Federvieh. Dissertation Achievement? Nur hat sich unser Erpel namens Mof langst in bibliography, die Blumenrabatte zuruckgezogen, schnabuliert ekstatisch Schnecken und wird daruber fett und flugunfahig. Student Achievement? – Heike Kunert, Die Zeit 23, 2013. Ob wir in martin and the hand essay, den sozialen Netzwerken tatsachlich nicht nur das Schwimmen im Ententeich verlernen, sondern auch noch gleich flugunfahig werden, ist zumindest auf den ersten Blick nicht klar. Student? Menschen trinken immer noch Rotwein zusammen, erzahlen sich Geheimnisse und bringen sich gegenseitig Suppe, wenn jemand krank ist. Freundschaft – Versuch einer Definition.

Ich glaube, Freundschaft kann sich blo? praktisch erzeugen, praktisch Dauer gewinnen. Research Paper? Neigung, ja sogar Liebe hilft alles nichts zur Freundschaft, die wahre, die tatige, produktive besteht darin, da? wir gleichen Schritt im Leben halten, da? er meine Zwecke billigt, ich die seinigen, und da? wir so unverruckt zusammen fortgehen. Student? – Goethe, Maximen und Reflexionen, Vierte Abteilung. Goethes pragmatische Ansicht kann als Ausgangspunkt fur eine Prazisierung der Beziehung dienen, die hier als Freundschaft bezeichnet wird: Gemeint ist eine Beziehung, die eine Geschichte hat und sich uber gemeinsame Erfahrungen definiert. Bibliography? Dabei werden Spielregeln in student, Bezug auf gegenseitige Erwartungen festgelegt, die normalerweise eingehalten werden. Make? Die Spielregeln ergeben sich dabei im Spiel selber – Bedingung fur eine Freundschaft ist also der Austausch und das Vertrauen darauf, dass der oder die andere die eigenen Erwartungen respektiert. Erfahrungen und Austausch sind Bedingung fur eine Freundschaft. Dissertation? Sie sind auf verschiedenen Ebenen anzusiedeln und ergeben sich durch sprachliche Vermittlungs- und Deutungsverfahren.

Entscheidend ist dabei auch die Bedeutung von Wiederholungen und Ritualen, durch die sich auch Anteilnahme manifestieren kann: Immer wieder gemeinsam dasselbe tun, sich ahnliche Geschichten anhoren, die Erlebnisse im Beruf und in essay, der Familie austauschen, loswerden, abhoren; gemeinsame Interessen pflegen, Hobbies aufbauen, sprachliche Marotten entwickeln etc. Und doch ist Freundschaft nicht vorhersehbar, obwohl sich die freundschaftliche Beziehung oft anfuhlt, als ware darin vieles vorbestimmt: Mit wem ich in dissertation, eine freundschaftliche Beziehung trete, ist in refugees, hohem Ma?e zufallig, genauer: kontingent. Dissertation Achievement? Wir treffen viele Menschen, die wir noch nicht kennen, lernen einige davon kennen und mit wenigen schlie?en wir Freundschaft. Die Funktion von Social Media in phd thesis, Freundschaften. With instant messaging, ‘Whassup?’ is dissertation student all you need to essay by robert wrigley, say. Achievement? Texting is for essay number 10 of, ‘Where are you, where am I, let’s do this, let’s do that.’ Among friends, however, texting can be just as random as IM. Student Achievement? Among close friends, you can text to wrigley, just say ‘Whassup?’ – Reynold, 16, zitiert in: Sherry Turkle, Alone Together (2012) Zunachst sind Social Media einfach eine weitere Form von menschlicher Kommunikation. Dissertation? Menschen reden miteinander oft uber belanglose Dinge, weil sie so zeigen konnen, dass sie soziale Wesen sind. The Business? Ob sie das nun auf dem wochentlichen Gemusemarkt, in dissertation student achievement, der Umkleide des Fitnessstudios oder auf Twitter tun, scheint nicht relevant zu sein und verandert die Struktur ihrer Beziehungen nicht. Viele Beziehungen benotigen Small Talk um gegenseitige Erwartungen zu erfullen (z.B. Refugees? um am Schluss eines Gesprachs nicht den Eindruck zu erwecken, jemand wurde zuruckgewiesen).

Small Talk hilft auch dabei, sich kennen und vertrauen zu lernen. Dissertation Achievement? Social Media sind voll mit Small Talk. Social Media bedeuten fur unsere Kommunikation daruber hinaus gro?ere Effizienz und hohere Geschwindigkeit. And The Grenade? So verandern sie den Aufbau und die Pflege von Freundschaften, wie die im Folgenden diskutierten Aspekte ausfuhrlich zeigen. Dissertation Student? Mobiler Zugriff auf Netzwerke macht es Freundinnen und Freunden moglich, sich unabhangig von Ort und Zeit besprechen zu konnen, ohne dass es dafur einen bestimmten Anlass oder einen gro?eren Energieaufwand brauchte. Martin Hand Grenade Essay? Kommt hinzu, dass der soziale Aspekt ja auch beinhaltet, dass Mitteilungen offentlich gemacht werden konnen, d.h. Achievement? ein ganzes Netzwerk oder eine ganze Gruppe erreichen konnen. Wer standig mit all seinen Bekannten kommunizieren kann, braucht Selektionskriterien und -techniken. How To The Business? Und hier liegt wohl eine der wesentlichen Veranderungen. Whitney Erin Boesel beschreibt in dissertation, einem lesenswerten Essay ein Phanomen, das sie »Devolution« der Freundschaft nennt.

Devolution bezeichnet fur sie zunachst die Ubergabe von Arbeitsschritten an research, die Empfanger einer Dienstleistung: Vom Einchecken am Flughafen uber die Wundpflege bis zum Kassiervorgang im Supermarkt werden immer mehr Arbeitsschritte verschoben. Dissertation Achievement? Dasselbe passiere bei Freundschaften. Bibliography? Ein wesentlicher Aspekt freundschaftlicher Kommunikation besteht darin, einander zu erzahlen, was man ohne den Freund/die Freundin erlebt hat: Larmige Nachbarn, Streit mit anderem Freund, Beforderung bei der Arbeit, Stadtetrip nach Paris, neues Hobby: Schrebergarten, tolles Rezept ausprobiert. Dissertation? Solche Inhalte kommunizieren nun aber viele Menschen auf sozialen Netzwerken: Die larmigen Nachbarn erhalten einen Witz auf Twitter, der Streit mit dem Freund wird in einer kryptischen Facebook-Nachricht angedeutet, die Beforderung uberall freudig verkundet und mit Likes bedacht, der Stadtetrip nach Paris, der Schrebergarten und die Kochkunste fotografiert und gepostet. War es vor Social Media die Entscheidung der Produzierenden von Information, welche Inhalte sie wem wie mitteilen wollten (»push«), so verlagert sie sich zunehmend zu den Konsumierenden (»pull«): Wo soll ich bei meinen Freunden mitlesen?

Diese Entscheidung wird auch deshalb schwieriger, weil wir auch viele Dinge automatisch kommunizieren: Unser Spotify-Account teilt anderen mit, welche Musik wir horen, unser Online-Game-Account verkundet High-Scores und unsere Kindle-App versendet die liebsten Zitate – alles ohne bewusste Entscheidung. Dadurch verandern sich Erwartungen: Als guter Freund lese ich bei meinen Freundinnen und Freunden aufmerksam mit und wei? vieles schon, wenn ich ihnen begegne; sie hingegen langweilen mich nicht durch eine Repetition dessen, was sie mir schon per best writing, Social Media mitgeteilt haben konnten. Dissertation Achievement? Ist aber nun die Weigerung, bestimmte Netzwerke zu benutzen, dasselbe wie Freundinnen und Freunden nicht zuhoren? Haben Mitteilungen, die an the business plan, ein gro?eres Publikum gerichtet sind, denselben Stellenwert wie personliche? Und warum nicht? Durch die schiere Menge an achievement, Inhalten in refugees paper, sozialen Netzwerken entstehen zwei Angste: Die »Fear of student achievement, being missed« (FOBM) entsteht, wenn ich in essay, meinen Netzwerken zu wenig interessante Inhalte einstellen kann und mich meine Freundinnen und Freunde nicht mehr genugend wahrnehmen, weil ich gerade keine Radieschen geerntet, keinen Coq-Au-Vin gekocht und keinen Essay publiziert habe. Dissertation? Die »Fear of martin and the essay, missing out« (FOMO) hingegen ist das umgekehrte Problem: Ich kann die Produkte meiner Freundinnen und Freunde nicht mehr ausreichend rezipieren und verliere auf einem oder mehreren Netzwerken den Anschluss. We come to dissertation, experience the essay by robert, column of student, unopened messages in app for writing college papers, our inboxes as a burden. Dissertation? Then, we project our feelings and hand grenade worry that our messages are a burden to student, others . Essay? – Sherry Turkle, Alone Together.

Die so sauber bezeichneten Angste sind nichts Neues. Dissertation Student Achievement? Wir mochten uns alle gerne als attraktive Personen prasentieren und befurchten, die Beziehung zu wichtigen Freundinnen und Freunden zu gefahrden, wenn wir nicht aufmerksam genug sind. By Robert? Aber die sozialen Netzwerke schaffen durch ihre Effizienz mehr Moglichkeiten: Fur Prasenz, aber auch fur Konsum. Dissertation? Das wochentliche Telefongesprach, der jahrliche Ausflug und das Geschenk zum Geburtstag reicht nicht mehr: In real-time mussen Time-Lines gecheckt, Kommentare hinterlassen, Likes gedruckt und Inhalte weiterverbreitet werden. Refugees Paper? Freundschaften werden atemloser. Dissertation Student Achievement? Zur Angst, etwas zu verpassen und vermisst zu werden, kommt die Angst, zu langsam und zu wenig kompetent zu sein. Die Dunbar-Zahl und Weak Ties. Grundsatzlich entsteht hier lediglich eine Sichtbarmachung und Quantifizierung eines Problems, das bei unseren Beziehungen schon immer besteht. Make? Wir konnen nicht allen Menschen, die wir kennen, zum Geburtstag eine Karte oder ein Geschenk schicken, wir konnen uns nicht bei allen daran erinnern, ob sie ihren Kaffee schwarz oder mit Milch oder als Tee mogen, und wir vergessen manchmal nicht nur die Namen, Gesichter oder Geschichten von Menschen, sondern sie selbst. Dissertation? Das nehmen wir aber selten so deutlich wahr, weil wir meistens von den Menschen, die wir nicht beschenken, auch nicht zur Geburtstagsfeier eingeladen werden.

Auf Social Media sind wir aber auf jedem Geburtstag dabei. Number The Federalist? Unsere Netzwerke sind gro?er als die Zahl der Beziehungen, die wir pflegen konnen. Dissertation? Robin Dunbar nimmt an, wir konnten kognitiv maximal 150 Beziehungen pflegen. Number? Es wird einige Anpassungen erfordern bis wir verstehen, dass wir in student achievement, sozialen Netzwerken viele so genannte »Weak Ties«, schwache Verbindungen, pflegen. And The Hand Essay? Diese haben eine wichtige Funktion. Student Achievement? Wenn unsere Wohnung uberschwemmt wird und wir fur einige Wochen bei jemandem unterkommen mussen, sind das immer Menschen, zu denen uns »Strong Ties« verbinden. Phd Thesis? Wollen wir aber einen Restaurant-Tipp fur unsere nachste Stadtereise erhalten, ein Smartphone verkaufen oder fachsimpeln, helfen uns »Weak Ties« weiter. Dissertation? Menschen mit vielen Strong Ties fuhlen sich in der Tendenz glucklicher, die mit vielen Weak Ties sind erfolgreicher. Gute Netzwerke, so behauptet Howard Rheingold, umfassen starke und schwache Verbindungen.

Viele Social-Media-Beziehungen sind schwach – d.h. The Federalist? aber nicht, dass sie wertlos sind oder nicht in student, zu starken werden konnen. Martin Hand Grenade Essay? Wer regelma?ig Restaurant-Tipps austauscht, geht vielleicht einmal zusammen essen und wer oft uber Motorrader fachsimpelt, trifft sich bald einmal auf einer Messe. Dissertation Student? Zentral ist, dass wir von den Weak Ties Neues erfahren und uns auf die Strong Ties verlassen konnen. Die Medienpsychologie beschreibt mit dem Begriff der parasozialen Interaktion die Moglichkeit, mit einer Person eine Beziehung aufzubauen, die nur medial vermittelt existiert. The Federalist? Genauer: Parasoziale Interaktion beschreibt etwas, das auf den ersten Blick wie eine soziale Interaktion aussieht: zwei Personen handeln in dissertation achievement, wechselseitigem Bezug aufeinander. Plan? Parasozial ist sie deshalb, weil dieses Handeln einseitig stattfindet. Student Achievement? Auf der einen Seite steht eine reale Person, die das Gefuhl hat, mit einer zweiten, fiktiven Person – z.B. Martin Hand? einem Charakter in achievement, einer Fernsehserie oder dem Medienbild einer »celebrity« – sozial zu interagieren. Number 10 Of The Federalist? Sie verfolgt das Leben der fiktiven Person, fiebert mit, lernt ihn oder sie kennen, kurz, die reale baut uber die Zeit eine emotionale Bindung zur fiktiven Person auf. Student Achievement? Die Bindung bleibt allerdings notgedrungen einseitig; der Fernsehbildschirm wirkt als Einwegspiegel im sozialen Handeln. Best College? – Till Westermayer, Carta. Parasoziale Interaktion ist als Phanomen nicht mit dem Aufkommen sozialer Netzwerke verbunden: Auch Gebete konnen als parasoziale Interaktion verstanden werden.

Neuartig sind Vermischungsprozesse, die passieren: Social Media verbinden bekannte und unbekannte Personen ein- oder mehrdirektional. Dissertation Student Achievement? So konnen auch unter Bekannten parasoziale Interaktionen stattfinden (weil z.B. Best College? jemand nicht reagiert) – und parasoziale Interaktionen mit Celebrities oder gar fiktionalen Figuren konnen auf Facebook oder Twitter Antworten auslosen. Dissertation? In Neuen Medien, so Westermayer, entsteht »ein Kontinuum von Beziehungen und Interaktionsformen, die von enger sozialer Beziehung/Interaktion uber lose soziale Beziehungen bis hin zu gelegentlichen Interaktionen und echter parasozialer Interaktion/Beziehung reichen.« Das erklart nun, wenn es so stimmt, zwei Dinge: Den harten Realitatscheck, wenn das Medium gewechselt wird – die leichte, schwellenlose Gruppenzugehorigkeit im Netz lauft bei der Begegnung im realen Raum Gefahr, zu zerschellen; begleitet von dem Gefuhl, aus dem Netz sozialer Beziehungen zu fallen. Und, zweitens, im Umkehrschluss: Ist es nur auf Twitter so, oder sind nicht – und das geht uber strong and essay by robert wrigley weak ties hinaus – soziale Beziehungen auch au?erhalb sozialer Medien weniger fest und klar definiert, als es vielleicht gemeinhin den Anschein haben mag? Wer sind unsere parasozialen Interaktionspartner im realen Raum – und wer, glauben wir, steht zu uns in dissertation student achievement, einer sozialen Beziehung, sieht das aber nicht so? Soziale Netzwerke zeigen die Asymmetrie sozialer Interaktion und Freundschaft auf: Wer schon einmal Soziogramme von Schulklassen erstellt hat, wei?, dass langst nicht alle, die wir als Freunde wahrnehmen, uns auch als Freunde einschatzen. Und dieser Gedankengang zeigt auch auf, dass Freundschaft auf ein Medium beschrankt sein kann. How To Make The Business? Gewisse Aspekte, die fur eine Identitat wichtig sein konnen, sind unter Umstanden an dissertation achievement, ihre mediale Reprasentation gebunden: Der Twitter-Kanal einer Person, ihre Instagram-Bilder oder ihre Snapchats losen moglicherweise eine gro?e Faszination und Sympathie aus, zu der es keine Entsprechung au?erhalb dieser Medien gibt. App For Papers? Und umgekehrt: Die Stimmlage einer Person, ihre Gesten, ihr Blick lassen sich nicht auf Facebook abbilden. Will McAvoy ist der Protagonist der Fernsehserie »Newsroom«.

Kontrollverlust – Filter, Selektion und Archiv. Ein problematischerer Aspekt ist aber die Uneinheitlichkeit der Netzwerke: Als User von Social Media ist nicht ersichtlich, was andere User sehen. Dissertation Achievement? Mein Nachrichtenstrom wird durch eine Reihe von Filtern geformt – zeitliche, algorithmische sowie personlich eingestellte. Phd Thesis? Ich kann einige meiner Kontakte stumm schalten, von anderen nur wenige Beitrage lesen. Student Achievement? Algorithmen berechnen zudem, was fur mich wichtig sein konnte und blenden Unwichtiges automatisch aus. Wer Informationen verbreitet, kann nicht wissen, ob und wie sie ankommen – weil die Empfangenden weit gehende Filtersouveranitat genie?en.

Und die Empfangenden mussen selbst bestimmte und automatisierte Selektionsmechanismen einsetzen, die ihnen gewisse Inhalte ausblenden – ohne zu wissen, wie wichtig sie fur den Aufbau und die Pflege einer Beziehung sind. How To? Eines der starksten Argumente von Sherry Turkle besagt, dass tragfahige Beziehungen auch Kritik und Langweile aushalten mussenKurz: Der Freund kennt den Informationsstand der Freundin nicht – und umgekehrt. Andererseits haben sie Zugriff auf ein Archiv vergangener Au?erungen. Dissertation Achievement? Freundschaft ergibt sich auch durch gemeinsame Erinnerungen, die wiederholt und gefestigt werden. Phd Thesis Bibliography? Die Moglichkeit, jederzeit nach Fotos oder Meldungen im Archiv zu suchen, verandert die Bildung von gemeinsamen Erinnerungen und schafft neue Bedingungen fur Freundschaften. Dissertation Student? Beziehungen ergeben sich aus Erlebnissen in by robert wrigley, Momenten, die sich verandern, wenn sie in dissertation student achievement, Archive abgefullt werden und sich unverandert jederzeit abrufen lassen. Das allgemeine Verdikt der Positivgesellschaft heisst ‘Gefallt mir’. Make The Business Plan? Es ist bezeichnend, dass Facebook sich konsequent weigerte, einen Dislike-Button einzufuhren. Student Achievement? Die Positivgesellschaft meidet jede Spielart der Negativitat, denn diese bringt die Kommunikation ins Stocken. Refugees? […] Auf ‘Like’ folgt schneller Anschlusskommunikation als auf ‘Dislike’. Dissertation Student? Die Negativitat der Ablehnung lasst sich vor allem okonomisch nicht verwerten . Martin And The Hand Grenade? – Byung-Chul Han, Transparenzgesellschaft. Die Reaktionen, mit denen Archiveintragen begegnet werden konnen, sind recht uniform.

Der oben zitierte Byung-Chul Han leitet das Erfordernis, positiv sein zu mussen, weil sich in dissertation achievement, sozialen Netzwerken positive Botschaften darstellen und verbreiten lassen, aus dem Bedurfnis nach Transparenz ab. Essay By Robert? Negative Gefuhle und der Umgang mit Schmerz und Leiden erhalten in student, der transparenten Gesellschaft keinen Raum; generell verunmoglicht Transparenz Bereiche, in the federalist, denen Menschen nicht den Blicken von anderen ausgesetzt sind. Student Achievement? Beziehungen werden gewissermassen totalitar, sie vereinnahmen Menschen und zwingen sie zur Positivitat, ohne Ungedachtem, Undenkbarem, Unbewusste, und Undarstellbarem Raum zu geben. Refugees Paper? Dadurch entfallt aber die Basis von Vertrauen, weil Kontrolle allgegenwartig ist und Geheimnisse verunmoglicht. Freundschaft wird zu einem Teil der eigenen Leistung; meine Freunde und mein Netzwerk dienen der Ausstellung des eigenen Wertes, der nun scheinbar transparent berechnet und dargestellt werden kann, wie das Systeme wie Klout vorgeben. Selbstdarstellung und Fremdwahrnehmung. Der Mensch ist sich nicht einmal selbst transparent – wie sollte er dieser Forderung andern gegenuber genugen sollen? Freundschaften haben auch die Funktion, Selbst- und Fremdwahrnehmung zu vermitteln. Student? Die Regeln des sozialen Miteinanders verhindern oft, dass wir ehrliche Ruckmeldungen uber unsere Wirkung auf andere mit unserem subjektiven Erleben koppeln konnen. Social Media scheinen diese Vermittlung obsolet zu machen, weil sie vorgeben, dass Teilnehmende ihre Auftritte kontrollieren konnen und so wahrgenommen werden, wie sie wahrgenommen werden wollen.

Viele Menschen formulieren als Ideal einer romantischen Beziehung, sich so zeigen zu konnen, wie sie wirklich sind. How To Make Plan? Dabei machen sie aber gleichzeitig deutlich, dass sie sich in dissertation student, verschiedenen Beziehungen verschieden prasentieren. Number The Federalist? Freundschaft wird wesentlich dadurch bestimmt, wie sich Menschen Freundinnen und Freunden gegenuber prasentieren und wie sie von ihnen wahrgenommen werden. Student Achievement? Werden Social Media zum Medium der Freundschaft, so zeigt man sich mit dem Profil gleichzeitig auch einer Offentlichkeit. Hand Grenade Essay? Diese Profile sind aber oft bewusst gestaltet und entsprechen einer Identitat, die mehr angenommen werden als vorgegeben sind. Dissertation? Social Media zeigen, dass wir nie so sind, wie wir wirklich sind, weil wir nur sind, wenn wir von anderen wahrgenommen werden und uns eine Identitat zugeschrieben wird, die sich an martin and the hand grenade essay, unserem eigenen Verstandnis reiben kann. In einem Brief an student, Herder formuliert Goethe ein Ideal der Freundschaft, das der Konzeption sozialer Netzwerke radikal entgegen steht: Wenn wir immer vorsichtig genug waren und uns mit Freunden nur von Einer Seite verbanden, von der sie wirklich mit uns harmonieren, und ihr ubriges Wesen weiter nicht in hand grenade essay, Anspruch nahmen, so wurden die Freundschaften weit dauerhafter und ununterbrochner sein. Dissertation Student? Gewohnlich aber ist es ein Jugendfehler, den wir selbst im Alter nicht ablegen, da? wir verlangen, der Freund solle gleichsam ein anderes Ich sein, solle mit uns nur ein Ganzes ausmachen, woruber wir uns denn eine Zeit lang tauschen, das aber nicht lange dauern kann. Essay Wrigley? – Goethe, Brief an dissertation student achievement, Herder Dezember 1798. Je starker unsere Selbstdarstellung auf Social Media erfolgt, desto weniger ist es moglich, Freundschaften auf einzelne Aspekte zu beschranken und den Anspruch auf eine totale Verbindung zuruckzuweisen. Das personliche Gesprach erlaubt uns deutlicher, Erwartungen zu korrigieren, statt ihnen immer wieder entsprechen zu mussen – Korrekturen an wrigley, der eigenen Darstellung und der fremden Wahrnehmung vorzunehmen.

Und doch braucht es die anderen: »A person is a person through other people«, der Inhalt des Begriffs ubuntu in achievement, Sudafrika, gilt on- wie offline. Social Media als Brief oder Telefon. Kurzlich wurde ich gefragt, wie das denn sei, wenn man jemanden wirklich kennen lerne, den oder die man bisher nur uber Social Media kannte. Best Papers? Ich war verwirrt. Dissertation Student Achievement? Einerseits kenne ich ja diese Menschen bereits »wirklich«, weil wir Gesprache gefuhrt und gemeinsame Erfahrungen gemacht haben. Essay 10 Of The Federalist? Andererseits treffen wir ja oft Menschen, von denen wir schon etwas wissen. In solchen Momenten bin ich versucht, Social Media mit Briefen oder Telefongesprachen zu vergleichen – heute wurde niemand den Wert einer Brieffreundschaft oder die Bedeutung von Telefongesprachen in achievement, Zweifel ziehen. Best Writing College Papers? Und doch haben auch diese Medien Beziehungen beeinflusst und verandert – nicht notwendigerweise negativ, aber auch nicht notwendigerweise positiv, wie ein Abschnitt aus Walter Benjamins Berliner Kindheit von Neunzehnhundert zeigt: Wenn ich dann, meiner Sinne kaum mehr machtig, nach langem Tasten durch den finstern Schlauch, anlangte, um den Aufruhr abzustellen, die beiden Horer, welche das Gewicht von Hanteln hatten, abri? und den Kopf dazwischen pre?te, war ich gnadenlos der Stimme ausgeliefert, die da sprach. Dissertation Student? Nichts war, was die unheimliche Gewalt, mit der sie auf mich eindrang, milderte. Martin Grenade? Ohnmachtig litt ich, wie sie die Besinnung auf Zeit und Pflicht und Vorsatz mir entwand, die eigene Uberlegung nichtig machte, und wie das Medium der Stimme, die von druben seiner sich bemachtigt, folgt, ergab ich mich dem ersten besten Vorschlag, der durch das Telephon an dissertation, mich erging. Paper? – Walter Benjamin, Berliner Kindheit um Neunzehnhundert.

Roland Barthes hat in student achievement, Bezug auf Freud festgehalten, das Telefon sei der Versuch, »die Trennung zu leugnen«: Und dann ist der Andre dabei immer im Aufbruch begriffen; er entfernt sich auf doppelte Weise: durch sein Schweigen und durch seine Stimme: an essay wrigley, wem ist es, zu sprechen? Wir schweigen gemeinsam: Stauung zweier Leeren. Dissertation Student? Ich werde dich verlassen , sagt jeden Augenblick die Stimme des Telephons. Phd Thesis? – Roland Barthes, Fragmente einer Sprache der Liebe, Fading. Klarer konnte der Bezug zu sozialen Netzwerken nicht hergestellt werden: Auch hier der standige Aufbruch oder Abbruch, die Nahe, die fur Distanz steht. Student Achievement? Die Stimme der Social Media sagt nicht »ich werde dich verlassen«, sondern »ich habe dich schon verlassen«. And The Grenade Essay? Und doch spricht sie mit uns.

Beziehungen brauchen Medien der Freundschaft und sie verandern sich durch Veranderungen dieser Medien. Dissertation? Intimitat, Vertrauen, Erfahrung, Erinnerung und Liebe finden so neue Formen und Ausdrucksweisen – und mit ihnen andert sich die Sprache, mit der sie ausgedruckt werden. Number? Und mit der Sprache andern sich die Menschen, aber nicht vollstandig. Dissertation? Menschen leben in research, Freundschaften, beruhren andere Menschen, sehen sie und werden gesehen – unabhangig davon, ob sie telefonieren oder chatten. Dissertation Student Achievement? Aber sie verschranken Nahe und Distanz, Annaherung und Entfernung, Bekanntheit und Entfremdung. Der Korper des Freundes – die Stimme der Freundin. Durch das Telefon dringt die Stimme der Freundin. By Robert Wrigley? Gelost von ihrem Blick, ihrem Gesicht, ihrem Geruch, und ihren Bewegungen. Dissertation Student? Die Social Media isolieren anderes: Den schriftlichen Ausdruck. College Papers? Bilder, (Selbst-)portraits. Dissertation Student? Etwas Kunst.

Davon ist aber nichts unvermittelt: Die Gedanken sind in essay by robert wrigley, Worte gefasst, die den Erfordernissen des Netzwerkes genugen, die Bilder zeigen selektive Ausschnitte von Korpern, die Kunst passt sich den Bedingungen an, die ihre Verbreitung ermoglichen. Achievement? Vor die Freundschaft tritt in martin, sozialen Netzwerken die Selbstzensur: Die Erwartungen der anderen sind prasent. So scheint es konstant Uberfluss und Mangel zu geben: Viele Gedanken, aber keine Blicke, keine Mimik, keine Denkbewegung. Dissertation Achievement? Keinen Korper, aber viele Bilder von Korpern. Wer bin ich im realen Blick, im Augenblick (!) des Du?

Kann ich den anderen riechen? Hat er/sie einen nervosen Tick, widerspenstiges Haar, Charme? Sinnlichkeiten und ihre Bedeutung. Eros. Best College Papers? – Romana Ganzoni, Facebook-Kommentar. Social Media liefern Fragmente und Abbilder. Dissertation Student? Die Beruhrung, der Blick, die Stimme – sie fehlen alle. Make The Business Plan? Die Begegnung der Social-Media-Freunde ist eine Verbindung der Fragmente, eine Ent-tauschung: Es gibt zwar gemeinsame Erinnerungen, eine Menge an dissertation student, Interaktionen, eine Vertrautheit, vielleicht auch Vertrauen.

Aber Vertrauen bringen wir Personen entgegen, nicht einzelnen Nachrichten. Hand Grenade? Erst die Begegnung zeigt, ob wir der anderen Person wirklich vertrauen, erst die Augen, der Handedruck, der Kuss des anderen schaffen eine Person, der wir die Bilder, die Texte und Videos zuordnen konnen. Max Kung beschreibt eine Freundschaft, wie sie sich knapp vor dem Aufkommen sozialer Netzwerke virtuell anbahnte. Dissertation Student? Der Hohepunkt seines Textes ist eine Begegnung in phd thesis, Berlin, bei der wir den Ubergang, die Verbindung und die Ent-tauschung beobachten konnen: So ging es zwei Jahre. Dissertation? Briefe.

Pakete. Essay By Robert Wrigley? SMS. Student Achievement? Dann hatte der Mann in best writing college papers, Berlin zu tun. Achievement? Er nahm ein Hotelzimmer am Alexanderplatz, mit Blick auf den Fernsehturm. Research Paper? Er schickte ihr eine SMS, nur mit der Zimmernummer: »2310«. Student? Eine halbe Stunde spater klopfte es an how to the business, der Tur. Student? Er offnete. Best Writing College? Da stand sie.

Was sollten sie tun? Sie schwiegen, hielten sich an dissertation student achievement, den Handen, mehr nicht. Phd Thesis Bibliography? Er roch ihr Parfum. Achievement? Er horte ihren Atem. Number 10 Of The Federalist? Sie waren wie gelahmt. Dissertation Student? Irgendwann sagte er: »Bitte geh wieder. Martin Hand Grenade? Wir fangen noch mal an.« Sie ging aus dem Zimmer. Dissertation Achievement? Er schloss die Tur.

Sie wartete einen Moment, vielleicht eine Minute. The Federalist? Eine Minute ist eine lange Zeit, manchmal. Dissertation? Dann klopfte sie, es klang genau wie zuvor. Er offnete die Tur. How To The Business Plan? »Komm herein«, sagte er. Student Achievement? Sie betrat das Zimmer, dann kussten sie sich. Essay Number? – Max Kung, Zilla Max. Freundschaft ist im wesentlichen eine positive Feedback-Schlaufe: Wir nehmen andere Menschen wahr (ihre Stimme, ihre Texte, ihr Gesicht, ihre Augen etc.) und sie nehmen uns wahr – und es entsteht so etwas wie Sympathie. Achievement? Mehr ist hier nicht gemeint: »Wahre« Freundschaft ist seit Jahrhunderten ein Ideal, das nicht einmal koharent formuliert werden kann, sondern sich in phd thesis bibliography, Bildern und Metaphern erschopft. Auf den Kanalen der sozialen Netzwerken bezieht sich diese Feedback-Schlaufe auf formal oft eigentumliche Gebilde: Profilbilder, kurze Satze, gefilterte Bilder, kurze Videos, Zitate, Links. Student Achievement? Intimitat entsteht schriftlich. Phd Thesis? Der Verweis auf »Formen aus dem burgerlichen Zeitalter« ist nahe liegend.

Sympathie entsteht sehr vermittelt und ist oft mit starker Distanz verbunden. Das gilt so auch fur Intimitat und Freundschaft, wie Helena Fitzgerald in dissertation student, Bezug auf die Briefkultur in essay wrigley, den Romanen von Jane Austen festgehalten hat. There’s a Jane Austen-ish quality to student, online social life. Refugees Research Paper? The written word gains unmatched power and dissertation inarguable primacy. Refugees Research Paper? Personal relationships now, to dissertation student, a much greater degree than, say, 30 years ago, hinge on bibliography our ability to achievement, write […]. Martin And The Hand Essay? This change makes us not disconnected so much as it makes us archaic. Dissertation Achievement? Austen’s characters easily expressed extreme emotion in writing, long letters and achievement then in bibliography, person sat twitchily near one another, paralyzed with manners. Though our letters are not delivered by dissertation, hand or horse-drawn carriage, our relationships once again live and essay wrigley die in achievement, the texts by essay, which we barter with each other. Dissertation Achievement? The internet age unavoidably resembles the 19th century novel’s idea of paper, human intimacy as so many of dissertation student, us pour our passionate confessions into phd thesis emails, messages or chat boxes. Our physical reactions when together are often cover-ups for dissertation student achievement, what we could so candidly admit in essay number, writing. Dissertation Achievement? – Helena Fitzgerald, Intimacy as Text. Personliche und unpersonliche Beziehungen.

Niklas Luhmann hat in by robert wrigley, Liebe als Passion den Gedanken formuliert, dass unsere Gesellschaft im Gegensatz zu fruheren mehr Moglichkeiten zu unpersonlichen und zu intensiveren personlichen Beziehungen biete. Dissertation Student? Diese Uberlegung passt gut zu Social Media. Martin And The Hand? Intime Beziehungen konnen mit multimedialer Kommunikation in dissertation achievement, hoher Kadenz gleicherma?en unterhalten werden wie eine gro?e Zahl sehr loser Beziehungen. Das Paradox der Intimitat auf Social Media zeigt gar die Vermischung dieser Moglichkeiten an: Auf einigen Profilen – z.B. Essay? von jungen Frauen – finden sich Aussagen zu intimsten Belangen (Krankheiten, Drogenkonsum, Sexualitat, Liebesbeziehungen etc.) die unter dem Schutz eines Profils einer breiten Offentlichkeit mitgeteilt werden, den nachsten Menschen aber vorenthalten werden. Student? So eroffnen Social Media therapeutische Raume fur den Umgang mit belastenden Gedanken und Erfahrungen. Dass Social Media Moglichkeiten fur Freundschaft schaffen, dabei aber auch ihre Bedingungen verandern – auch das sind Einsichten, zu denen man schnell gelangt.

Was konkret passiert, kann nicht per paper, Analyse erschlossen werden, sondern braucht das Gesprach unter Freunden: Reden. Dissertation Student Achievement? Zuhoren. Best Papers? Nachdenken. Dissertation? Weiterreden. Research Paper? Und weiter zuhoren. Vielen Dank fur diesen Text, da sind einige Sichtweisen auf das Thema «Freundschaft» sehr gut zusammengefasst.

Ich mochte noch zwei weitere Begriffe als Inspiration einwerfen, die meiner Meinung nach zum Thema passen: phatische Kommunikation und Community. Soziale Netzwerke eignen sich besonders gut um, wie du beschrieben hast, relativ Inhaltsfreie Inhalte auszutauschen. Dissertation Student? Das «Whassup?» ist ein Beispiel dafur. How To Make The Business? Das «look at student achievement the nice dinner I’m just about to make plan, have» ein anderes. Student? Der Begriff dazu ist «phatische Kommunikation» und ist ein zentrales soziales Bindeglied. Essay By Robert? Wenn Affen sich gegenseitig das Fell saubern («grooming»), ist das nichts anderes als wenn wir uber’s Wetter reden: es wird gegenseitig versichert, dass man hier ist und dass es einem gut geht. Dissertation Achievement? Und das ist wichtig. Dann naturlich die Community, die Gemeinschaft in der man sich bewegt. And The Essay? Dies hast du angesprochen mit «Erlebnissen im Beruf und Familie, Hobbies, …», auch da gibt es einen interessanten (in manchen Kreisen auch umstrittenen) Begriff dazu: «Social Objects» von Jyri Engestrom. Dissertation Student Achievement? Es geht bei Social Objects darum, was denn gewisse Menschen zusammenhalt, warum sie im Gesprach sind.

Ich finde das besonders Online interessant, da wir oft nicht daruber nachdenken: wir sind uber Twitter oder Facebook nicht verbunden, weil wir einen «Follow»-Button gedruckt haben, sondern weil wir durch gemeinsame Interessen einen Grund haben, miteinander zu sprechen. Ich finde den Begriff «Ubuntu», der in essay 10 of, Zulu in achievement, etwa heisst «A person is bibliography a person through (other) persons», immer wieder sehr nutzlich, um daruber nachzudenken, was Freundschaft sowohl online als auch offline bedeutet: alleine geht’s nicht #128578; Der Text gefallt mir sehr gut, klug und differenziert, bravo! Besonders gefallt mir der Abschnitt zur Positivgesellschaft. Dissertation Achievement? Sie ist so verfuhrerisch und sie findet sich in and the, so vielen Ratgebern zum guten Leben und zum Erfolg im Beruf! Dabei sind wir doch in dissertation, einer depressiven Erfolgsgesellschaft. Refugees Paper? Die Katze beisst sich dauernd in achievement, den Schwanz oder der Hamster strampelt im Rad, weil das „Liken“ nicht kontrolliert werden kann.

Nur im personlichen Gesprach unter vertrauten Menschen kann ich mich den Erfolgserwartungen entziehen und erkennen, welche Fehler ich mache, wo ich Niederlage erlebe, kurz: erkennen, wer ich nicht bin. Muss ich dann mal noch in writing college papers, Ruhe grundliche lesen. Dissertation? Zwei Dinge fallen mir jedoch grad ein: _Hier noch die Zahlen aus der JAMES-Studie, die passen:

TOEFL Prep Online Guides and Tips. The TOEFL is a long and somewhat complicated test. It can be hard to determine the dissertation achievement basic facts about the test, like how the TOEFL is scored, which is where we come in. The more you know about the exam before going in, the better prepared you’ll be to conquer it, so we’ll explain everything you need to know about TOEFL scores. In this guide, we’ll take you through how the TOEFL scoring system works, how each section is how to make, graded, and dissertation student how (and when) you’ll receive and be able to send out research, your final scores. How TOEFL Scoring Works: Raw and Scaled Scores. On the TOEFL, you’ll earn points for every correct answer you choose (or prompt you fulfill) and zero points for incorrect answers. There is no guessing penalty on the TOEFL, so always make a guess if you don’t know the answer! The points you earn from dissertation correct answers are called “raw” points. For instance, if the martin and the reading section has 45 questions and you answer 40 correctly, you’ll have earned a raw point score of 40.

Your raw point score is then converted into a “scaled” score out of 30 for each section. Dissertation Student Achievement. Your scaled TOEFL scores will be the score you see on your test results. Universities will only look at your scaled scores, not your raw scores. How the raw score converts to and the grenade a scaled score depends on dissertation the test, so there’s no definitive match-up between your raw score to your final, scaled score. You can use a general conversion chart to get an idea of how your raw score will translate to by robert a scaled score, but the results will only be approximate.

To understand why raw scores and dissertation achievement scaled scores don’t always translate directly, think about how people are likely to perform on different tests. By Robert Wrigley. A slightly easier TOEFL means that more people will get more answers correct, resulting in higher raw scores for everyone. Student. So getting a raw score of 40 on a more difficult test where fewer people earn high scores might mean you earn a scaled score of 29. But getting a raw score of 40 on an easier test where more people earn high raw scores might mean you earn a scaled score of 27. In general, the test-makers try their best to make TOEFLs similar to one another, so there shouldn’t be too much discrepancy between tests. Paper. But there will still always be some. This is dissertation, why general conversion charts can act as a basic guideline but are not always perfect.

If you take a practice test with ETS.org (either online or from one of how to the business plan, their books), or you take the official TOEFL, you will be given both your raw and dissertation student your scaled score. So no need to try to research convert those scores yourself! By the way: we have created the world's best online TOEFL course that automatically identifies and improves your weaknesses on dissertation the TOEFL. Want to refugees paper get personal feedback on dissertation student your Speaking? Confused about martin and the hand grenade, Reading? PrepScholar guides you, step by step to conquer TOEFL. I want to dissertation achievement be clear - you don't NEED a TOEFL course to get a great TOEFL score.

But we believe PrepScholar is the world's best TOEFL course right now , especially if you are nervous about the TOEFL and grenade essay have struggled to increase your score and don't know how to improve anymore. The TOEFL has four different sections: reading, listening, speaking, and dissertation student achievement writing. Each section has its own TOEFL scoring and grading system, so let’s break it down section by section. (We’re covering the TOEFL iBT here — if you have questions about the less common PBT version, head to the next section.) The reading and listening sections are always multiple choice. On these sections, you’ll earn one to three points for marking correct answers and zero points for every incorrect answer. Refugees Research. Again, there is no penalty for dissertation student, getting a wrong answer, so always guess if you don’t know the answer to a question. There two general types of refugees, questions in these sections: single answer questions and multiple answer questions. The test will always tell you if a question has more than one right answer. Single answer questions only have one correct answer out of four possible answers.

Each single-choice question is worth one raw point. Multiple answer questions have multiple correct answers. These include questions that have two or more correct answer options, and reading section questions where you must organize answer choices into summaries or charts. Each multiple answer question is worth either two or three points, depending on how many answer choices you have to choose from. You can earn partial credit on dissertation multiple answer questions by getting one or more correct answers, even if you didn’t get every part of the question right.

Overall, you can earn a maximum of 45 raw points on the reading section and 34 raw points on the listening section. Here is the general scaling score chart for martin grenade essay, raw to scaled scores for the reading and listening sections. Achievement. (Remember: this is just a general guide and will not always fit your test exactly.) The speaking section is free-response. Phd Thesis. This means you’ll have to speak your own thoughts and opinions instead of choosing between answer options. You’ll earn points based on your mastery of dissertation student, English and your ability to martin hand essay follow the prompts. If you leave a section blank or fail to speak in English, you’ll earn zero points. You’ll always have to respond to a total of six speaking tasks.

We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at getting your target TOEFL score. Download it for free now: Three to six graders at ETS will listen to your spoken responses and dissertation achievement give you a score between 0 and 4 for 10 of the federalist, each speaking task, giving you a potential total of 24 raw points on the whole speaking section. Achievement. The average of their section scores is how to make the business, then taken and dissertation student achievement added together to give you your final raw score, which is converted to a scaled TOEFL speaking score out of 30. The TOEFL scoring rubric for speaking is below: 0 = Don’t answer, answer in a language other than English, or the essay number 10 of speech was incomprehensible.1 = Speech is minimally related to topic, speech had numerous errors, was choppy, and/or was largely incomprehensible. 2 = Speech mostly stuck to topic, but didn’t completely answer the question or follow the dissertation student prompt. Speech was basically intelligible, but had several mistakes in pronunciation, grammar, or was too simple in vocabulary and style. 3 = Speech addresses and fulfills topic, with minor exceptions.

Speech is mostly intelligible and fluid, though may have some issues with pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary. Essay By Robert. Demonstrates a fairly automatic and fluid mastery of English, with some notable lapses. 4 = Speech addresses and completely fulfills topic. Speech has a fluid and well-paced flow, with only dissertation, minor lapses in pronunciation or grammar. Was coherent, intelligible, complete, and martin grenade shows an dissertation student, automatic and fluid master of English. The TOEFL writing section is also free-response. So, again, you’ll have to write your own material instead of choosing between answer options. You will always have two writing tasks, and each will be graded on a scale of 0-5 possible raw points. You’ll have a total potential of ten raw points on research paper the entire writing section. Student. Trained ETS graders will grade your essays. By Robert. This is to ensure that your written mastery of English not only reads fluidly to a native speaker, but also complies with English grammar rules.

The average of achievement, each writing task score is added together to become your final score, which will be converted to a scaled score out of 30. The rubric is below. 0 = No essay, essay is unconnected to the topic, or essay is not in English.1 = Little or no response to the prompt, or essay is mostly incomprehensible. 2 = Essay somewhat follows topic, but shows significant difficulties in language, organization, and development. Phd Thesis. Uses no or very few examples. 3 = Essay mostly follows topic and has some general organization and development.

Uses some examples, but only vaguely connects them to the thesis or misses key points. Dissertation Student Achievement. Has some errors in grammar or vocabulary. 4 = Essays follows topic, but is refugees paper, somewhat unorganized or is not fully developed. Essay uses relevant examples, but lacks some clarity or connection between examples and thesis statement. 5 = Essays follows topic, is well developed and organized and dissertation student achievement uses relevant examples. Clearly ties examples to thesis statement. Essay By Robert. Essay demonstrates accurate use of vocabulary, grammar, and sentence structure with some minor errors. Want to improve your TOEFL score by 15 points? We have the world's leading TOEFL course. Built by world-class instructors from Harvard and MIT, the program combines machine learning and human feedback to identify the fastest way to dissertation student hit your target TOEFL score. Try our 5-day full access trial for free:

PBTs are not very common, as they lack the speaking component of the TOEFL. The three main sections of the PBT—listening, writing, and reading—are multiple choice, but there is also a thirty-minute essay (the Test of Written English, or TWE). Each multiple-choice section has a potential raw score between 31 and 68, and these sections of the test are all graded by a machine. These raw scores are then converted to scaled scores and added together to get a final scaled score between 310 and 677. The TWE essay is a separate score on the TOEFL score report and is graded from 0 – 6. Trained ETS graders give the essay a score based off a rubric of English mastery and how well the essay follows the prompt. 0 = No response or a response in bibliography another language other than English.1 = Mostly incoherent response with little to no development. May also contain severe errors in dissertation achievement vocabulary, grammar, and flow. 2 = Some mention of essay the federalist, prompt, but essay is severely disorganized and developed.

Uses no examples and has many serious errors in vocabulary, grammar, sentence structure, and flow. 3 = Addresses some aspects of prompt, but essay is inadequately organized and developed. Dissertation Achievement. Uses no examples, provides too little detail, or uses examples that do not properly support thesis statement. Shows inconsistent or inadequate grasp of vocabulary, grammar, sentence structure, and flow. 4 = Does a decent job of following prompt, but does not address all aspects, is adequately organized and phd thesis bibliography developed, uses few examples to student support thesis statement, shows adequate, but inconsistent grasp of vocabulary, grammar, sentence structure, and flow. 5 = Mostly follows prompt, but addresses some aspects of the prompt more than others, is mostly well organized and how to the business developed, uses examples to support thesis statement, shows high quality grasp of student, vocabulary, grammar, sentence structure, and flow. 6 = Clearly follows prompt, is well organized and ideas are well developed, uses examples to support thesis statement, shows mastery of vocabulary, grammar, sentence structure, and bibliography flow. Whether you’re taking the achievement TOEFL for school applications, job opportunities, or simple curiosity, it’s important to know when you’ll get your scores back. But how and when you receive your scores depends on the type of TOEFL you’re taking. Approximately ten days after you take your iBT TOEFL, you’ll get an email letting you know that you can view your iBT TOEFL scores as a PDF online at the ETS.org page. Just sign in to your account (the same account you made to sign up for the test) and click “view scores” on best app for writing college papers the homepage.

You will also receive your printed iBT TOEFL scores by mail 20 to 23 days after you take the dissertation achievement test if you’re in the US, and between 3 to phd thesis bibliography 6 weeks after the test date if you live outside the dissertation student US. You will only be able to see your PBT scores by mail—you can’t look them up online. Your TOEFL scores will be mailed to you exactly 13 days after you take the PBT TOEFL. Essay By Robert. And you should receive them 7-10 days after that if you live in the US, or within 3-6 weeks if you live outside the US. Want to student improve your TOEFL score by 15+ points? Check out our bes online TOEFL course. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your TOEFL score by phd thesis bibliography 15 points or more. Check out our 5-day free trial now:

Sending Your TOEFL Scores to Schools. Before you take the dissertation student achievement test, you’ll have the option to send your scores to four schools of your choice at no extra cost. To do so, you’ll have to put in each school address in the TOEFL online registration system by 10 PM the night before the test. If you choose to send your scores in advance, they’ll be mailed to wrigley each school 13 days after you take your test. They’ll arrive 7-10 days afterwards if your school is in the US, or up to 6 weeks later if your school is dissertation student, outside the US. You’ll also be able to send your scores to and the hand grenade as many schools as you want to student achievement after you take the test, but you’ll be charged a fee for every score report.

This is generally the make the business plan “safest” method for sending your scores, because you can see the dissertation student achievement results before your schools do. So, if possible, try to get your scores first and essay by robert wrigley look them over before you decide to send them out to student achievement schools. After all, if you get a low score and bibliography have to take the test again, then you’ll have sent a low TOEFL score to achievement your school of choice for hand grenade essay, no reason. Schools don’t require you to submit all your TOEFL scores (as several do with SAT or ACT scores), so you only ever have to show your schools your absolute best TOEFL score. Student. If you can manage it, hold off on sending your scores to schools until you have the score results that you want and that meet your school’s TOEFL score requirements. What Does TOEFL Scoring Mean for You? 4 Expert Tips. Now that you know how the TOEFL is scored, you can can see how to use that info to help you get the best score possible (and submit it to your school of choice).

On the how to make plan TOEFL, you’ll never be penalized for dissertation, marking a wrong answer. Best App For Writing College. As such, you should always put something down, even if you’re not sure of dissertation, your answer. Never leave a multiple-choice question blank, and always say or write something in your speaking and writing sections. Phd Thesis Bibliography. It’s always better to student achievement have something than nothing. By leaving a question blank, you ensure you’ll earn zero points anyway, but if you make a guess, you have a shot of getting the right answer or earning partial credit in the free-response sections. #2: Remember That Your TOEFL Score Is a Sum-Total. Your final TOEFL score is the essay by robert wrigley sum of your score on each of the four sections. Many schools only pay attention to your total TOEFL score, meaning that you can make up for a weak section with a stronger one. For instance, if you tend to struggle on the written section, you can improve your total TOEFL score by achievement focusing on raising your reading score instead. However, some schools require minimum scores for each section as well as a total TOEFL score minimum, so make sure to check your school’s admissions guidelines.

#3: Try to Take the Test Well in Advance of Application Deadlines. Taking the bibliography TOEFL and submitting your scores takes time. It takes a few weeks for student, your TOEFL scores to get to your schools, especially if you want to look over your scores before you send them out. And if you want to take the TOEFL again, you’ll need enough time to sign up for another test and take it before your application deadlines. Anticipate taking the test at least twice and set aside enough time before your deadlines to get your scores in on time. A good rule of thumb is to take your first TOEFL at least four months before your application deadlines so that you have time to study, take it again if necessary, and how to make the business plan submit your scores. #4: Remember That You Only Have to Submit Your Best TOEFL Score. Schools only care about your best TOEFL score.

Feel free to take the TOEFL as many times as you’d like to (or can afford to) so that you can get your best score and send it in. And if you have the time (and the money), always look over your scores before you send them out. Though it’s tempting to send out the student achievement four free score reports, you may not get the by robert scores you wanted and then the schools you’re interested have those reports. Best to achievement wait so you can show off your best self to refugees paper your school of achievement, choice. Want more information on essay how the TOEFL is scored?

Check out our guide to learn exactly how the dissertation achievement TOEFL is scored so you can maximize the number of points you get. How can you prepare for phd thesis, the TOEFL? Practice tests are one of the best study tools out there, and we have links to all the best practice tests together in achievement one place. Ready to improve your TOEFL score by essay number 15 points? We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for dissertation achievement, free now: Courtney graduated from Stanford University with a degree in Cultural and by robert wrigley Social Anthropology. She is passionate about bringing education and the tools to succeed to dissertation achievement students from best app for writing papers all backgrounds and walks of life, as she believes open education is dissertation student achievement, one of the great societal equalizers. Best Writing. She has years of tutoring experience and writes creative works in her free time. View all posts by Courtney Montgomery. Get FREE tips to start mastering the TOEFL today.

Join our Facebook TOEFL Study Group! Read Our Top 10 Favorite TOEFL Guides. Applying to US Schools (6) English Language Learning (3) TOEFL General Info (26) TOEFL Listening (3) TOEFL Logistics (5) TOEFL Prep (18) TOEFL Reading (4) TOEFL Speaking (6) TOEFL Writing (7) © PrepScholar 2013-2017. All rights reserved. GRE ® and TOEFL ® are registered trademarks of the Educational Testing Service (ETS).

The ETS does not endorse, nor is it affiliated in any way with the achievement owner or any content of essay number the federalist, this site. GMAT ® is a registered trademark of the dissertation student achievement Graduate Management Admission Council ® (GMAC ® ). The GMAC does not endorse, nor is it affiliated in bibliography any way with the owner or any content of this site.

10 English Phrases to Express Your Opinion in achievement an Essay. This is refugees research paper a guest post by Sam Pealing. Make sure to visit his website EnglishForStudy.com for more academic English help! I admire international students. Student Achievement. Seriously. If you’re a non-native English speaker doing a degree or doctorate in English, then I take my hat off to you. I get a lot of questions about number 10 of writing essays, and I’ve taught hundreds of students how to achievement write effective essays (which get good grades). One of the most common mistakes that I see is research a lack of opinion. Most of the time, students describe a situation, but they don’t give their opinion or stance. This can really damage your grade because lecturers are always looking for ‘critical thinking’.

If you don’t give your opinion in your essays, your lecturers can’t see your critical thinking. To put it simply: If you don’t put your opinion or stance in an essay, then you’ll probably lose marks. In this article, you’ll learn 10 effective phrases that you can use to give your opinion in your essay. I’ve also created a free lesson pack which will help you to dissertation student achievement practice the phrases in this article. Hand. CLICK HERE to download it. Dissertation Achievement. If you’re looking for a quick fix for best college your essay, these phrases should help you to start putting your own opinions in your essays. But, before you rush over to dissertation student your essays to essay number the federalist start putting these phrases in, there’s something you need to achievement know. If you’re writing an academic essay, you will need to and the grenade essay support your opinions with strong evidence . This is especially true if you are using some of the student achievement stronger phrases. This evidence can be a journal article, a lecture, a textbook, or something else which is phd thesis a trustworthy source of information. In a more informal essay, like one in an IELTS or TOEFL language test, you don’t need to support your answers with strong evidence.

Your experiences or opinions will be enough. Quick note : I know! You’re ready to see the phrases. Dissertation Achievement. This won’t take long and it’s really important. 1. For these phrases to be really effective, you’ll need to review your grammar. Shayna has some great videos on how to the business, her Espresso English Youtube channel . I recommend these: 2. If you want to know the structure of dissertation achievement, a good essay paragraph, check my post here . Number. These phrases are suitable for achievement language tests such as TOEFL or IELTS. Research Paper. In an academic essay, these phrases will probably be too informal because they are too personal. In my opinion , a good education is more important than a good car. I believe that schools should encourage students to walk or cycle to school rather than drive. Dissertation Student Achievement. “ In my mind , no-one should have to and the grenade essay pay for medical care.” More Formal Academic Phrases With ‘That’ These phrases are more suitable for academic essays. If you are unsure whether you should use an informal phrase or an academic phrase, use an academic one.

If you think your writing might be informal, read this post to student learn more. The patterns here are quite straightforward. Just add your sentence after ‘that’. “It would seem that + [your sentence]” Use this when you support your opinion with evidence. Essay Wrigley. “ It would seem that children learn best when they are feeling comfortable.” “It could be argued that + [your sentence]” Use this when you want to challenge an student, existing opinion. “ It could be argued that the essay number 10 of the federalist benefits outweigh the drawbacks in this situation.” “This suggests that + [your sentence]” Use this when you don’t want to fully commit to dissertation student an opinion. You’re giving yourself some distance. “ The evidence suggests that people who speak more than one language have more job opportunities.” Use this when you are confident with your opinion.

This phrase is paper quite strong* “ This proves that the best way to lose weight is through a controlled diet and a good exercise program.” “This supports the idea that + [your sentence]” Use this one when you are supporting an opinion that you have already made. “ This new research supports the idea that successful English learners look for dissertation opportunities to use English.” “Although [idea you disagree with], [idea you agree with]” Use this when you want make your opinion seem balanced. How To Make The Business Plan. “ Although reports suggest that cigarettes could help people to dissertation student lose weight, there are too many serious health problems associated with smoking.” Note: The ‘ although’ pattern is very effective because it shows two sides of the argument. In the example, I support the martin hand essay idea that smoking is bad for your health –BUT- I recognise that it could have some benefits. Structure your ‘ although’ sentence like this: Although, [weaker argument you disagree with], [stronger argument you agree with]. Using Adverbs, Adjectives and Nouns. You can use adjectives to dissertation student achievement show your opinion. The adjective and nouns in grenade the example are negative . You can get some good ideas from this video on Extreme Adjectives . Dissertation Student. Note: try not to use any emotional adjectives . Of course, these phrases aren’t the only ones that you can use! You can find more or you can create your own by combining different patterns.

Here’s an example of #7, #9 and #10 used together. Essay. “Although it is difficult for older adults to learn a second language, an important study by Smith (2014) proved that the elderly can successfully learn new languages.” So now you should have a better idea of dissertation, how to include more opinions in your essays. Martin And The Essay. But that’s not all; there are probably some new words here that you don’t know. So here’s what you should do: Choose three of the opinion expressions and achievement, phrases that you want to try. Practice writing sentences using them (if you don’t have a topic, try this: should students do homework?

You can see examples of this in essay number 10 of the lesson pack ) Get the Lesson Pack for this lesson (which contains the vocabulary and the phrases from this lesson) CLICK HERE to download it . Sam Pealing is an English language coach who specialises in dissertation two important areas: 1. helping you to get great grades at best app for college university, and 2. helping you to become an effective and dissertation, confident English user. If you’re feeling frustrated or confused with English, Sam has created the perfect email course for you! You can join his course here –or- you can read more by him on English For Study .

conrad racist essay Achebe, Chinua. An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's 'Heart of Darkness' Massachusetts Review. 18. 1977. Rpt. in Heart of Darkness, An Authoritative Text, background and student achievement, Sources Criticism. 1961. 3rd ed. Ed.

Robert Kimbrough, London: W. W Norton and Co., 1988, pp.251-261. In the phd thesis fall of 1974 I was walking one day from the English Department at the University of Massachusetts to a parking lot. It was a fine autumn morning such as encouraged friendliness to student achievement, passing strangers. Brisk youngsters were hurrying in phd thesis, all directions, many of them obviously freshmen in their first flush of dissertation student achievement enthusiasm. An older man going the same way as I turned and remarked to me how very young they came these days. I agreed. Then he asked me if I was a student too. I said no, I was a teacher. What did I teach? African literature.

Now that was funny, he said, because he knew a fellow who taught the same thing, or perhaps it was African history, in a certain Community College not far from here. It always surprised him, he went on essay 10 of, to say, because he never had thought of Africa as having that kind of dissertation student achievement stuff, you know. By this time I was walking much faster. Oh well, I heard him say finally, behind me: I guess I have to take your course to find out. A few weeks later I received two very touching letters from high school children in Yonkers, New York, who -- bless their teacher -- had just read Things Fall Apart . One of phd thesis bibliography them was particularly happy to learn about the customs and superstitions of an African tribe.

I propose to draw from these rather trivial encounters rather heavy conclusions which at first sight might seem somewhat out of proportion to them. But only, I hope, at first sight. The young fellow from Yonkers, perhaps partly on account of his age but I believe also for much deeper and more serious reasons, is dissertation student obviously unaware that the how to the business plan life of his own tribesmen in Yonkers, New York, is full of achievement odd customs and phd thesis, superstitions and, like everybody else in his culture, imagines that he needs a trip to Africa to encounter those things. The other person being fully my own age could not be excused on dissertation achievement, the grounds of his years. Ignorance might be a more likely reason; but here again I believe that something more willful than a mere lack of information was at work.

For did not that erudite British historian and essay, Regius Professor at Oxford, Hugh Trevor Roper, also pronounce that African history did not exist? If there is student something in these utterances more than youthful inexperience, more than a lack of factual knowledge, what is it? Quite simply it is the desire -- one might indeed say the need -- in Western psychology to set Africa up as a foil to Europe, as a place of phd thesis negations at once remote and vaguely familiar, in comparison with which Europe's own state of dissertation student spiritual grace will be manifest. This need is essay the federalist not new; which should relieve us all of considerable responsibility and achievement, perhaps make us even willing to look at this phenomenon dispassionately. I have neither the wish nor the competence to embark on the exercise with the tools of the social and biological sciences but more simply in essay by robert wrigley, the manner of a novelist responding to one famous book of European fiction: Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness , which better than any other work that I know displays that Western desire and need which I have just referred to. Dissertation Student. Of course there are whole libraries of books devoted to the same purpose but most of them are so obvious and so crude that few people worry about them today.

Conrad, on the other hand, is undoubtedly one of the great stylists of modern fiction and by robert wrigley, a good storyteller into the bargain. His contribution therefore falls automatically into a different class -- permanent literature -- read and taught and constantly evaluated by serious academics. Heart of Darkness is achievement indeed so secure today that a leading Conrad scholar has numbered it among the grenade essay half-dozen greatest short novels in the English language. I will return to this critical opinion in dissertation student, due course because it may seriously modify my earlier suppositions about writing college, who may or may not be guilty in some of the student matters I will now raise. Heart of Darkness projects the image of Africa as the other world, the antithesis of Europe and therefore of civilization, a place where man's vaunted intelligence and essay by robert, refinement are finally mocked by triumphant beastiality. The book opens on the River Thames, tranquil, resting, peacefully at the decline of day after ages of good service done to the race that peopled its banks. But the student actual story will take place on the River Congo, the very antithesis of the Thames. The River Congo is quite decidedly not a River Emeritus. It has rendered no service and enjoys no old-age pension. We are told that Going up that river was like traveling back to the earliest beginnings of the how to make the business world. Is Conrad saying then that these two rivers are very different, one good, the dissertation student achievement other bad?

Yes, but that is not the real point. It is not the differentness that worries Conrad but the phd thesis bibliography lurking hint of kinship, of common ancestry. For the Thames too has been one of the dark places of the earth. It conquered its darkness, of dissertation achievement course, and is now in daylight and at peace. But if it were to bibliography, visit its primordial relative, the Congo, it would run the terrible risk of hearing grotesque echoes of its own forgotten darkness, and falling victim to an avenging recrudescence of the mindless frenzy of the first beginnings. These suggestive echoes comprise Conrad's famed evocation of the African atmosphere in Heart of Darkness . In the final consideration his method amounts to dissertation student achievement, no more than a steady, ponderous, fake-ritualistic repetition of two antithetical sentences, one about silence and how to make, the other about frenzy. We can inspect samples of this on pages 36 and 37 of the present edition: a) it was the stillness of an implacable force brooding over an inscrutable intention and b) The steamer toiled along slowly on the edge of a black and incomprehensible frenzy. Of course there is a judicious change of adjective from time to time, so that instead of inscrutable, for example, you might have unspeakable, even plain mysterious, etc., etc. The eagle-eyed English critic F. R. Dissertation Achievement. Leavis drew attention long ago to Conrad's adjectival insistence upon grenade, inexpressible and incomprehensible mystery.

That insistence must not be dismissed lightly, as many Conrad critics have tended to do, as a mere stylistic flaw; for student it raises serious questions of artistic good faith. When a writer while pretending to record scenes, incidents and their impact is in reality engaged in inducing hypnotic stupor in his readers through a bombardment of emotive words and other forms of trickery much more has to be at stake than stylistic felicity. Generally normal readers are well armed to detect and resist such under-hand activity. How To The Business. But Conrad chose his subject well -- one which was guaranteed not to dissertation student, put him in number, conflict with the psychological predisposition of his readers or raise the dissertation achievement need for him to contend with their resistance. He chose the role of best app for writing college papers purveyor of comforting myths. The most interesting and revealing passages in Heart of Darkness are, however, about people. I must crave the student achievement indulgence of my reader to quote almost a whole page from about the middle of the essay 10 of the federalist stop/when representatives of Europe in a steamer going down the Congo encounter the dissertation student denizens of research Africa. We were wanderers on a prehistoric earth, on an earth that wore the aspect of an unknown planet. We could have fancied ourselves the first of men taking possession of an accursed inheritance, to be subdued at the cost of profound anguish and of excessive toil. But suddenly as we struggled round a bend there would be a glimpse of rush walls, of peaked grass-roofs, a burst of yells, a whirl of black limbs, a mass of hands clapping, of feet stamping, of dissertation student bodies swaying, of paper eyes rolling under the droop of dissertation achievement heavy and motionless foliage.

The steamer toiled along slowly on best writing papers, the edge of a black and incomprehensible frenzy. The prehistoric man was cursing us, praying to us, welcoming us -- who could tell? We were cut off from the comprehension of our surroundings; we glided past like phantoms, wondering and secretly appalled, as sane men would be before an enthusiastic outbreak in a madhouse. We could not understand because we were too far and could not remember, because we were traveling in the night of first ages, of those ages that are gone, leaving hardly a sign -- and no memories. The earth seemed unearthly. We are accustomed to look upon the shackled form of a conquered monster, but there -- there you could look at a thing monstrous and free. Achievement. It was unearthly and the men were . No they were not inhuman. Well, you know that was the worst of it -- this suspicion of their not being inhuman.

It would come slowly to one. They howled and leaped and spun and made horrid faces, but what thrilled you, was just the essay by robert thought of their humanity -- like yours -- the thought of your remote kinship with this wild and passionate uproar. Ugly. Yes, it was ugly enough, but if you were man enough you would admit to yourself that there was in you just the faintest trace of a response to the terrible frankness of that noise, a dim suspicion of there being a meaning in it which you -- you so remote from the night of first ages -- could comprehend. Herein lies the dissertation achievement meaning of Heart of Darkness and the fascination it holds over the business the Western mind: What thrilled you was just the thought of their humanity -- like yours . Ugly. Having shown us Africa in the mass, Conrad then zeros in, half a page later, on a specific example, giving us one of his rare descriptions of an African who is student not just limbs or rolling eyes:

And between whiles I had to look after the savage who was fireman. Number 10 Of. He was an improved specimen; he could fire up a vertical boiler. He was there below me and, upon student, my word, to look at him was as edifying as seeing a dog in a parody of breeches and a feather hat walking on his hind legs. A few months of training had done for that really fine chap. He squinted at the steam-gauge and at college papers, the water-gauge with an evident effort of intrepidity -- and student achievement, he had filed his teeth too, the poor devil, and the wool of college papers his pate shaved into queer patterns, and three ornamental scars on each of his cheeks. He ought to have been clapping his hands and stamping his feet on the bank, instead of which he was hard at work, a thrall to strange witchcraft, full of improving knowledge. As everybody knows, Conrad is dissertation student achievement a romantic on phd thesis bibliography, the side. Student. He might not exactly admire savages clapping their hands and phd thesis bibliography, stamping their feet but they have at dissertation achievement, least the merit of being in their place, unlike this dog in a parody of breeches. For Conrad things being in their place is of the utmost importance. Fine fellows -- cannibals --in their place, he tells us pointedly.

Tragedy begins when things leave their accustomed place, like Europe leaving its safe stronghold between the policeman and the baker to like a peep into the heart of darkness. Before the story likes us into the Congo basin proper we are given this nice little vignette as an example of things in their place: Now and then a boat from the shore gave one a momentary contact with reality. It was paddled by essay by robert, black fellows. You could see from afar the white of their eyeballs glistening.

They shouted, sang; their bodies streamed with perspiration; they had faces like grotesque masks -- these chaps; but they had bone, muscle, a wild vitality, an intense energy of student achievement movement that was as natural and hue as the surf along their coast. They wanted no excuse for being there. They were a great comfort to look at. Towards the end of the story Conrad lavishes a whole page quite unexpectedly on an African woman who has obviously been some kind of mistress to Mr. Kurtz and now presides (if I may be permitted a little liberty) like a formidable mystery over the inexorable imminence of his departure: She was savage and superb, wild-eyed and magnificent . She stood looking at us without a stir and like the wilderness itself, with an air of brooding over an inscrutable purpose. This Amazon is drawn in considerable detail, albeit of a predictable nature, for two reasons. First, she is in her place and so can win Conrad's special brand of approval and second, she fulfills a structural requirement of the story: a savage counterpart to the refined, European woman who will step forth to end the story: She came forward all in research paper, black with a pale head, floating toward me in the dusk.

She was in mourning . She took both my hands in hers and murmured, I had heard you were coming.. Student Achievement. She had a mature capacity for fidelity, for belief, for suffering. The difference in the attitude of the essay 10 of the federalist novelist to these two women is conveyed in too many direct and subfile ways to need elaboration. But perhaps the most significant difference is the one implied in the author's bestowal of human expression to the one and the withholding of it from the other. It is clearly not part of Conrad's purpose to confer language on the rudimentary souls of Africa. In place of speech they made a violent babble of uncouth sounds. They exchanged short grunting phrases even among themselves.

But most of the time they were too busy with their frenzy. There are two occasions in student, the book, however, when Conrad departs somewhat from his practice and confers speech, even English speech, on how to make the business, the savages. Dissertation Student Achievement. The first occurs when cannibalism gets the better of them: Catch 'im, he snapped with a bloodshot widening of his eyes and a flash of phd thesis sharp teeth -- catch 'im. Give 'im to us.

To you, eh? I asked; what would you do with them? Eat 'im! he said curtly. . . . The other occasion was the famous announcement:Mistah Kurtz -- he dead. At first sight these instances might be mistaken for unexpected acts of generosity from Conrad. In reality they constitute some of his best assaults. In the student achievement case of the cannibals the incomprehensible grunts that had thus far served them for speech suddenly proved inadequate for Conrad's purpose of letting the European glimpse the unspeakable craving in their hearts. Weighing the necessity for consistency in the portrayal of the dumb brutes against app for college the sensational advantages of securing their conviction by clear, unambiguous evidence issuing out of their own mouth Conrad chose the latter. As for the announcement of Mr. Kurtz's death by the insolent black head in student, the doorway what better or more appropriate finis could be written to app for writing college papers, the horror story of that wayward child of civilization who willfully had given his soul to dissertation, the powers of darkness and taken a high seat amongst the devils of the land than the proclamation of his physical death by the forces he had joined?

It might be contended, of essay by robert course, that the attitude to the African in Heart of Darkness is not Conrad's but that of his fictional narrator, Marlow, and that far from endorsing it Conrad might indeed be holding it up to dissertation achievement, irony and criticism. Certainly Conrad appears to go to considerable pains to set up layers of insulation between himself and the moral universe of his history. He has, for example, a narrator behind a narrator. The primary narrator is Marlow but his account is essay 10 of given to us through the filter of a second, shadowy person. But if Conrad's intention is to draw a cordon sanitaire between himself and the moral and achievement, psychological malaise of his narrator his care seems to me totally wasted because he neglects to hint however subtly or tentatively at best writing college, an alternative frame of reference by which we may judge the actions and opinions of his characters. It would not have been beyond Conrad's power to make that provision if he had thought it necessary. Marlow seems to dissertation achievement, me to 10 of, enjoy Conrad's complete confidence -- a feeling reinforced by the close similarities between their two careers. Marlow comes through to us not only dissertation achievement as a witness of truth, but one holding those advanced and college papers, humane views appropriate to the English liberal tradition which required all Englishmen of decency to student, be deeply shocked by phd thesis bibliography, atrocities in Bulgaria or the Congo of achievement King Leopold of the Belgians or wherever. Thus Marlow is martin and the hand grenade essay able to dissertation, toss out such bleeding-heart sentiments as these: They were dying slowly -- it was very clear. They were not enemies, they were not criminals, they were nothing earthly now, nothing but black shadows of disease and starvation lying confusedly in the greenish gloom.

Brought from all the phd thesis bibliography recesses of the coast in all the legality of time contracts, lost in uncongenial surroundings, fed on unfamiliar food, they sickened, became inefficient, and were then allowed to crawl away and rest. The kind of liberalism espoused here by Marlow/Conrad touched all the best minds of the age in England, Europe and America. It took different forms in the minds of student different people but almost always managed to sidestep the ultimate question of equality between white people and black people. That extraordinary missionary, Albert Schweitzer, who sacrificed brilliant careers in writing, music and theology in Europe for achievement a life of essay number 10 of service to Africans in much the dissertation student same area as Conrad writes about, epitomizes the by robert ambivalence. In a comment which has often been quoted Schweitzer says: The African is indeed my brother but my junior brother. Dissertation Achievement. And so he proceeded to build a hospital appropriate to martin and the hand grenade essay, the needs of junior brothers with standards of hygiene reminiscent of medical practice in the days before the dissertation germ theory of disease came into being. Naturally he became a sensation in Europe and how to plan, America. Pilgrims flocked, and I believe still flock even after he has passed on, to witness the prodigious miracle in student, Lamberene, on the edge of the primeval forest.

Conrad's liberalism would not take him quite as far as Schweitzer's, though. He would not use the word brother however qualified; the how to make plan farthest he would go was kinship. When Marlow's African helmsman falls down with a spear in dissertation, his heart he gives his white master one final disquieting look. And the intimate profundity of that look he gave me when he received his hurt remains to this day in my memory -- like a claim of bibliography distant kinship affirmed in a supreme moment. It is important to note that Conrad, careful as ever with his words, is concerned not so much about distant kinship as about someone laying a claim on dissertation achievement, it. The black man lays a claim on the white man which is well-nigh intolerable. It is the laying of this claim which frightens and at the same time fascinates Conrad, . the how to make the business thought of their humanity -- like yours . Ugly. The point of my observations should be quite clear by now, namely that Joseph Conrad was a thoroughgoing racist. Student. That this simple truth is glossed over in criticisms of his work is due to the fact that white racism against Africa is such a normal way of thinking that its manifestations go completely unremarked.

Students of Heart of Darkness will often tell you that Conrad is concerned not so much with Africa as with the deterioration of one European mind caused by solitude and sickness. They will point out to you that Conrad is, if anything, less charitable to the Europeans in the story than he is to the natives, that the point of the story is to ridicule Europe's civilizing mission in Africa. A Conrad student informed me in plan, Scotland that Africa is merely a setting for the disintegration of the mind of Mr. Kurtz. Which is partly the point. Africa as setting and backdrop which eliminates the African as human factor. Africa as a metaphysical battlefield devoid of all recognizable humanity, into student which the wandering European enters at his peril. Can nobody see the preposterous and perverse arrogance in thus reducing Africa to the role of props for the break-up of one petty European mind? But that is not even the research point. The real question is the dehumanization of Africa and Africans which this age-long attitude has fostered and continues to foster in the world. And the question is whether a novel which celebrates this dehumanization, which depersonalizes a portion of the human race, can be called a great work of art.

My answer is: No, it cannot. I do not doubt Conrad's great talents. Student Achievement. Even Heart of Darkness has its memorably good passages and moments: The reaches opened before us and essay number 10 of the federalist, closed behind, as if the forest had stepped leisurely across tile water to bar the student way for our return. Its exploration of the minds of the European characters is often penetrating and full of insight. But all that has been more than fully discussed in the last fifty years. His obvious racism has, however, not been addressed. And it is high time it was! Conrad was born in 1857, the bibliography very year in which the first Anglican missionaries were arriving among my own people in Nigeria. It was certainly not his fault that he lived his life at achievement, a time when the reputation of the black man was at a particularly low level.

But even after due allowances have been made for all the influences of contemporary prejudice on refugees research paper, his sensibility there remains still in Conrad's attitude a residue of antipathy to black people which his peculiar psychology alone can explain. His own account of his first encounter with a black man is very revealing: A certain enormous buck nigger encountered in Haiti fixed my conception of blind, furious, unreasoning rage, as manifested in the human animal to the end of my days. Of the nigger I used to dream for years afterwards. Certainly Conrad had a problem with niggers. His inordinate love of that word itself should be of interest to psychoanalysts. Sometimes his fixation on blackness is dissertation achievement equally interesting as when he gives us this brief description: A black figure stood up, strode on long black legs, waving long black arms. . . Best Writing. . as though we might expect a black figure striding along on student, black legs to wave white arms! But so unrelenting is Conrad's obsession. As a matter of essay number interest Conrad gives us in A Personal Record what amounts to a companion piece to the buck nigger of Haiti. At the age of student sixteen Conrad encountered his first Englishman in Europe.

He calls him my unforgettable Englishman and describes him in the following manner: (his) calves exposed to essay wrigley, the public gaze . . . Achievement. dazzled the beholder by the splendor of phd thesis their marble-like condition and their rich tone of young ivory. . . . The light of a headlong, exalted satisfaction with the world of men. . . illumined his face. . . and achievement, triumphant eyes. In passing he cast a glance of kindly curiosity and a friendly gleam of app for college papers big, sound, shiny teeth. . . Dissertation Student. his white calves twinkled sturdily. Irrational love and irrational hate jostling together in the heart of that talented, tormented man. But whereas irrational love may at worst engender foolish acts of indiscretion, irrational hate can endanger the life of the essay community. Naturally Conrad is a dream for psychoanalytic critics. Student. Perhaps the most detailed study of him in this direction is by Bernard C. Meyer, M.D.

In his lengthy book Dr. Meyer follows every conceivable lead (and sometimes inconceivable ones) to explain Conrad. As an how to example he gives us long disquisitions on student, the significance of app for college papers hair and hair-cutting in Conrad. And yet not even one word is spared for achievement his attitude to best college papers, black people. Not even the discussion of Conrad's antisemitism was enough to spark off in Dr. Meyer's mind those other dark and student, explosive thoughts. Which only leads one to surmise that Western psychoanalysts must regard the kind of racism displayed by Conrad absolutely normal despite the profoundly important work done by Frantz Fanon in the psychiatric hospitals of French Algeria. Whatever Conrad's problems were, you might say he is refugees research now safely dead.

Quite true. Unfortunately his heart of darkness plagues us still. Dissertation Student Achievement. Which is why an offensive and deplorable book can be described by a serious scholar as among the half dozen greatest short novels in the English language. And why it is today the most commonly prescribed novel in twentieth-century literature courses in English Departments of American universities. There are two probable grounds on which what I have aid so far may be contested. The first is that it is no concern of fiction to please people about whom it is written. How To The Business. I will go along with that. But I am not talking about pleasing people. Achievement. I am talking about a book which parades in the most vulgar fashion prejudices and phd thesis bibliography, insults from which a section of student achievement mankind has suffered untold agonies and atrocities in the past and continues to do so in many ways and many places today. I am talking about college papers, a story in which the very humanity of dissertation student black people is called in question. Secondly, I may be challenged on the grounds of actuality.

Conrad, after all, did sail down the Congo in 1890 when my own father was still a babe in arms. How could I stand up more than fifty years after his death and purport to contradict him? My answer is that as a sensible man I will not accept just any traveler's tales solely on the grounds that I have not made the journey myself. I will not trust the hand essay evidence even off man's very eyes when I suspect them to be as jaundiced as Conrad's. And we also happen to know that Conrad was, in the words of his biographer, Bernard C. Meyer, notoriously inaccurate in the rendering of his own history. But more important by far is the abundant testimony about Conrad's savages which we could gather if we were so inclined from other sources and which might lead us to dissertation achievement, think that these people must have had other occupations besides merging into the evil forest or materializing out of phd thesis it simply to plague Marlow and his dispirited band. For as it happened, soon after Conrad had written his book an event of far greater consequence was taking place in the art world of Europe. This is how Frank Willett, a British art historian, describes it:

Gaugin had gone to Tahiti, the most extravagant individual act of dissertation student turning to a non-European culture in make the business plan, the decades immediately before and after 1900, when European artists were avid for new artistic experiences, but it was only about 1904-5 that African art began to make its distinctive impact. Dissertation Student. One piece is martin essay still identifiable; it is a mask that had been given to Maurice Vlaminck in achievement, 1905. Paper. He records that Derain was 'speechless' and 'stunned' when he saw it, bought it from Vlaminck and in turn showed it to dissertation student achievement, Picasso and essay, Matisse, who were also greatly affected by it. Ambroise Vollard then borrowed it and student, had it cast in bronze. . . The revolution of twentieth century art was under way! The mask in question was made by other savages living just north of Conrad's River Congo. Make. They have a name too: the dissertation student achievement Fang people, and are without a doubt among the wrigley world's greatest masters of the sculptured form. The event Frank Willett is referring to marks the beginning of cubism and the infusion of new life into European art, which had run completely out of strength. The point of all this is to suggest that Conrad's picture of the people of the Congo seems grossly inadequate even at the height of dissertation student their subjection to the ravages of King Leopold's lnternational Association for the Civilization of Central Africa.

Travelers with closed minds can tell us little except about themselves. But even those not blinkered, like Conrad with xenophobia, can be astonishing blind. Let me digress a little here. One of the greatest and most intrepid travelers of all time, Marco Polo, journeyed to the Far East from the Mediterranean in the thirteenth century and spent twenty years in the court of Kublai Khan in China. How To Make Plan. On his return to Venice he set down in his book entitled Description of the World his impressions of the peoples and places and customs he had seen. But there were at least two extraordinary omissions in his account. He said nothing about the art of printing, unknown as yet in Europe but in full flower in China. He either did not notice it at all or if he did, failed to see what use Europe could possibly have for it. Whatever the dissertation student achievement reason, Europe had to wait another hundred years for Gutenberg. Essay Number. But even more spectacular was Marco Polo's omission of student achievement any reference to the Great Wall of China nearly 4,000 miles long and already more than 1,000 years old at phd thesis, the time of his visit. Again, he may not have seen it; but the Great Wall of China is the only structure built by man which is visible from the moon!

Indeed travelers can be blind. As I said earlier Conrad did not originate the image of Africa which we find in his book. It was and is the dominant image of Africa in the Western imagination and student, Conrad merely brought the peculiar gifts of his own mind to essay wrigley, bear on it. Achievement. For reasons which can certainly use close psychological inquiry the West seems to suffer deep anxieties about the precariousness of its civilization and to have a need for constant reassurance by comparison with Africa. If Europe, advancing in civilization, could cast a backward glance periodically at how to make plan, Africa trapped in primordial barbarity it could say with faith and feeling: There go I but for the grace of God. Africa is to Europe as the picture is to Dorian Gray -- a carrier onto achievement, whom the phd thesis bibliography master unloads his physical and moral deformities so that he may go forward, erect and immaculate. Consequently Africa is something to be avoided just as the picture has to dissertation achievement, be hidden away to essay number the federalist, safeguard the man's jeopardous integrity. Keep away from Africa, or else!

Mr. Kurtz of Heart of Darkness should have heeded that warning and the prowling horror in his heart would have kept its place, chained to achievement, its lair. But he foolishly exposed himself to the wild irresistible allure of the how to the business jungle and lo! the darkness found him out. In my original conception of this essay I had thought to conclude it nicely on an appropriately positive note in which I would suggest from my privileged position in African and Western cultures some advantages the West might derive from Africa once it rid its mind of old prejudices and began to look at Africa not through a haze of distortions and cheap mystifications but quite simply as a continent of people -- not angels, but not rudimentary souls either -- just people, often highly gifted people and student achievement, often strikingly successful in their enterprise with life and best app for writing, society. But as I thought more about the stereotype image, about its grip and pervasiveness, about the willful tenacity with which the West holds it to its heart; when I thought of the West's television and cinema and newspapers, about dissertation, books read in its schools and out of school, of churches preaching to how to the business plan, empty pews about the need to send help to the heathen in Africa, I realized that no easy optimism was possible. And there was, in any case, something totally wrong in offering bribes to the West in dissertation student, return for martin its good opinion of Africa.

Ultimately the abandonment of unwholesome thoughts must be its own and only reward. Although I have used the word willful a few times here to characterize the student West's view of Africa, it may well be that what is happening at this stage is more akin to reflex action than calculated malice. Which does not make the phd thesis situation more but less hopeful. The Christian Science Monitor, a paper more enlightened than most, once carried an interesting article written by its Education Editor on the serious psychological and learning problems faced by little children who speak one language at student, home and then go to school where something else is spoken. It was a wide-ranging article taking in Spanish-speaking children in America, the children of migrant Italian workers in Germany, the quadrilingual phenomenon in Malaysia, and so on.

And all this while the article speaks unequivocally about language. But then out of the blue sky comes this: In London there is an enormous immigration of children who speak Indian or Nigerian dialects, or some other native language. I believe that the introduction of dialects which is technically erroneous in phd thesis, the context is almost a reflex action caused by an instinctive desire of the writer to downgrade the discussion to the level of Africa and India. And this is quite comparable to Conrad's withholding of language from his rudimentary souls.

Language is too grand for these chaps; let's give them dialects! In all this business a lot of violence is inevitably done not only to the image of despised peoples but even to dissertation, words, the very tools of possible redress. Look at app for college papers, the phrase native language in the Science Monitor excerpt. Surely the dissertation student only native language possible in how to make the business, London is dissertation Cockney English. But our writer means something else -- something appropriate to the sounds Indians and Africans make! Although the work of redressing which needs to be done may appear too daunting, I believe it is not one day too soon to begin. Conrad saw and condemned the paper evil of imperial exploitation but was strangely unaware of the racism on which it sharpened its iron tooth.

But the victims of racist slander who for centuries have had to live with the inhumanity it makes them heir to have always known better than any casual visitor even when he comes loaded with the gifts of a Conrad.

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Direct access to resume templates advices. 1. Choose your favorite Curriculum Vitae. 2. Download selected resumes on your desktop. No front page content has been created yet. How To Write a Winning Curriculum Vitae. Understand What Makes a Great Resume.

Many job applicants are under a misconception that a great Curriculum Vitae means fluffing up terms, adding lots of jobs and experience, listing as many skills as possible, and engaging in other overkill tactics. Excessive and irrelevant information only clutters the page and makes it more difficult to find the skills and student achievement information for which your prospective employer is searching. The best resumes are those that are concise and specific to the job being sought. As such, a separate resume should be used for each job if the required skills, education, and experience are different. At the end of this article, we will review a few time saving tips building each specific Curriculum Vitae. First, though, let’s take a look at how to write a winning CV. Review All Job Description Material and More (If Necessary)

While some employers seem to be in the habit of research posting as little information as possible, others provide a great deal of valuable information relevant to student achievement, not only the skills, experience, and education of a desired employee, but also the description, expectations, and demands of the job itself. Acquire as much information as you can about the research, position. If the dissertation student achievement, employer provided you with pages and pages of descriptions, read them before building your resume. If the employer posted minimal information about the best app for writing college papers, job, you may find information by reviewing the student, website or even calling and asking for details. The more you know about your prospective employers, the more power you have to show them a picture-perfect employee on paper.

If you read terms you don’t really understand, see requirements for education levels you haven’t reached, or find any other indication that you’re not a good candidate for the job; don’t waste your time applying. Also, understand that it may be very difficult to find a job that matches your education or the bulk of your experience. You may have to begin at an entry level position in a company that seeks supervisory and upper management applicants from within. If this is the case, be extremely careful about divulging the extent of your education, experience, and salary history as you may be viewed as ‘overqualified’. However insulting or degrading it may feel, the reality is that at some point you just have to accept that options are limited and research be willing to ‘dumb it down’ a bit to secure employment. Just think, though: In the next few months after you’re hired, you’ll have a chance to excel beyond expectation and increase your odds of dissertation recognition and promotion. Use Only Relevant Terms, Skills, and Experience. If you feel the need to add more information to your curriculum vitae than what’s absolutely relevant, make sure that the most compelling details are on the first page and refugees that it’s not crowded with words.

In addition to your contact information, you should have: Relevant skills, relevant experience, and relevant education. If you have multiple jobs dating back for dissertation achievement a number of years, try to list only the most relevant jobs within the 10 of, past 5-7 years on the first page and either make a note that a more extensive job history is available upon request or attach a separate sheet with a complete history in student, case the bibliography, reviewer is so inclined to read it. Achievement? Whatever you do, DO NOT let a full page of outdated and irrelevant details take away from the razzle and dazzle of the first page of your resume. Remember that your developed skills are more important than your experience. Yes, you need experience to demonstrate the fact that you’ve had time to hone those skills, but employers need to know the capabilities you have that are relevant to the job for which you’re applying. The Verbiage of Your Curriculum Vitae. You want your C.V to sound professional, but it doesn’t have to sound like it came out of the app for writing papers, Oxford Dictionary. Remember, it’s not as though you’re writing a dissertation; you’re listing bits and dissertation student achievement pieces of concise and relevant information to essay, present a snapshot of what you have to offer. Refer to dissertation student, the job description and how to make the business other material posted by dissertation student, your prospective employers.

If they used industry-specific jargon, use the same jargon wherever applicable. Review their posted list of required skills and job duties and use it as a guide for by robert wrigley listing all of dissertation student your valid and applicable skills and job duties with previous employers. If you have additional skills or job skills than are not posted on make the business, the job description by your prospective employer, consider leaving them out. Dissertation Student Achievement? If you feel you must include them somewhere, follow the same rule as job history: Keep them off the essay number the federalist, first page. Instead, attach them at the top of the student, page containing your extensive job history. You have 2 primary goals for app for your curriculum vitae: Make it easy to read and make every word count. In order to accomplish this, you need to use a font of at dissertation student, least 10-12 and make each section of refugees research your document stand out from the next by staggering blocks of information that take up different levels of horizontal space.

For example, you may place your name, physical address, phone number, and email address at the top in the center. For contrast, you would place a sentence outlining your objective; perhaps something like: To obtain consistent and long term employment with a company in which my skills and student talents will be utilized and appreciated. Because that sentence will take the entire width of the page, your next sections should be small and centered. This would be a great place to list your skills. If you place your employment in research, the next section, that would be a great contrast to your skills. Dissertation Student? Make a table with 2 columns and a few rows (just enough for your most relevant jobs). Add your title, previous employers, and their contact information in the left column and your job duties on the right.

Finally, underneath your employment history, enter your education information centered on make, the page. Employers may or may not be interested in speaking with your personal references. Student? If there is any reason why your prospective employers shouldn’t speak with your previous supervisors, try to avoid putting their contact information on your Curriculum Vitae. Otherwise, there should be plenty of professional references in your format for them to review. You can post a sentence on the bottom of your Curriculum Vitae either inviting your potential employer to call contacts from essay by robert your employment history and/or letting him/her know that you have a list of personal references available if requested. If you have room on student, the page after leaving plenty of space in number, between each section, increase the student achievement, font size of your name.

If you have adequate or advanced linguistic skills, consider writing a short cover letter (3-5 small to moderate paragraphs) introducing yourself and outlining your skills, dedication, ambition, work ethic, and any other relevant piece of information that increases your appeal to essay by robert wrigley, an employer but may not have a proper place on your Curriculum Vitae. Cover letters are easy to disregard if an employer isn’t interested, and they can help to set you aside from other applicants if there is an interest in learning more about you by reading your cover letter. You can either use the outline provided in dissertation, this article or you can create your own curriculum vitae outline containing your name, contact information, and the basic sections you will need to essay 10 of, fill out per application. Student Achievement? Save the wrigley, outline and student consistent information in how to make the business, a master file, and achievement once you’ve finished preparing a Curriculum Vitae for and the a job, choose ‘Save as’ and create a specific name for it. To find your Curriculum Vitae more quickly and conveniently, consider using the same name and changing only the last word. For example, you may save your resume as ‘MyResumeCompany.doc’.

Replace the word ‘Company’ with each different place to which you submit your curriculum. How to Write a Great Cover Letter. Landing a job is undoubtedly difficult in today’s economy. Writing a great cover letter is probably the most important step you can towards landing the job of their dreams. Why is dissertation achievement, writing a cover letter so important? It is the make, first thing a potential employer sees, and it will dictate whether or not the employer even looks at your resume. Even the most polished, professional resume doesn’t stand a chance against a poorly written cover letter.

How do you write a cover letter that not only student, a potential employer to essay 10 of the federalist, read your resume, but also gets you invited for an interview? Writing a winning cover letter is not difficult if you follow a few simple steps: Just like an employer won’t look at a resume that’s attached to a poorly written cover letter, the employer won’t even bother to read the achievement, cover letter if it’s a messy jumble of text. Essay Wrigley? To create a professional-looking cover letter, be sure to use plenty of white space. You should have, at a minimum, one inch margins and double spaces between paragraphs. Follow the dissertation, guidelines for writing a basic business letter and be sure to bibliography, include a simple, text-only letterhead. Student Achievement? Your letterhead should be the same letterhead that appears on your resume.

This is your one and only chance to name drop, so take advantage of it. Potential employers want to know how you heard about the position. You should also identify the specific position that you are seeking, and how to make plan state that you are applying for this position. Yes, it’s obvious, but cover letters follow a long-established pattern, and this isn’t the time to be a rebel. Finally, set the tone for student achievement the rest of the letter, and briefly state what you will be discussing.. If you have more than a few years of experience in the field to which you are applying, your professional experience should be presented before your educational experience. First, write a topic sentence that presents one unified idea. If you’ve held several jobs in this career, find the one aspect that these jobs have in common that will most impress your potential employer. You also need to link this paragraph to your educational experience. Similar to essay number 10 of the federalist, your employment paragraph, you need to student, develop one unified idea rather than simply presenting a list of all the essay by robert wrigley, schools you’ve attended and student courses you’ve taken. Refugees Research? Determine which aspect of achievement your education is martin and the hand, most important to the position you’re applying for dissertation student and present it here.

A fourth and even fifth paragraph may be added if you need to present additional relevant information. Just remember to develop one idea per bibliography, paragraph, and to keep the entire letter under one page. This is your opportunity to tie everything together, leading the dissertation student achievement, reader to invite you to an interview. You need to reference your resume and any other included attachments. The Business? In addition, you need to politely, yet confidently state that you wish to be invited to an interview. Finally, state the easiest way for the employer to reach you, referring to the phone number and e-mail address in your letterhead. For important documents like cover letters, you need to dissertation achievement, go beyond your computer’s spell check and grammar check. Best App For Writing? Place the cover letter aside for dissertation a few hours, or overnight if possible, and look at it with fresh eyes. You might find errors that you didn’t see previously.

As a final step, ask someone, who you trust will do a decent job, to proofread your cover letter. Now, you have a well-written cover letter that will hopefully lead a potential employer to read your resume and ultimately invite you to an interview. The rest is up to you! How to prepare for a winning job interview. In a competitive market for available jobs, potential candidates should put in the necessary time and effort to make a solid impact. You must simply accept that it’s a buyer’s market, the buyer, in this case is the organization. Your first job as the seller is to sell yourself. You need to stand out from the other candidates like a house with a shiny red door in by robert wrigley, a cookie-cutter neighborhood.

Assume your resume and cover letter is in student achievement, a pile on best app for college, a desk with plenty of others, therefore you must find a way to rise to the top. You need to dissertation student achievement, put yourself in a stronger position, instead of phd thesis bibliography you trying to chasing the job, make them convince you to take it. Your mindset dictates the demeanor you portray. If you seem too desperate, you don’t make it to the next step, however, too arrogant and doors will close. Student? You have to put yourself in refugees research paper, the shoes of the interviewer and determine your moves every step of the way. Spend about five hours preparing for each hour of interview, you want to student achievement, investigate how you can deliver value to the organization. By researching and probing how you can make an impact in the position, you are going beyond the canned responses of most candidates.

Your resume should announce that you are qualified for the position. After the interview, you want to leave the impression that you can start the job tomorrow. You want to contact somebody who does the same job at the organization or similar enterprise and ask several questions. It’s a must that you discover the current challenges for the position within the the business, organization and the industry as a whole. The next step is dissertation student achievement, succeed where so many candidates fall short, you want to show initiative by suggesting ideas for the position. Hiring managers have so many job functions to perform, by proving that you not only did research concerning the position, but proposed suggestions, you show tremendous potential. You would be surprised how those that have been performing the make the business plan, job for years have not expressed such aptitude. Be prepared to dissertation student achievement, go beyond lip service, you want to demonstrate the homework you have done. And The Hand Essay? Reaching out to a current employee performing the dissertation achievement, same job function puts you over number the federalist the top. Dissertation? Don’t be shy or feel like you are intruding. Many employees have innovative ideas about how to perform their jobs better, tap into that information for app for free and then add your own spin.

Use the power of dissertation imagination to martin hand grenade, stand out from the crowd, everybody else is going to be following the same job interview tips that get recycled over the web. If you want to make a lasting impression, you must put in the sweat and effort. Find someone who you can practice with until it comes out natural. Student? Landing an offer in a tough economy requires considerable effort. If you can demonstrate you can make an impact in refugees, your interview, your name will rise to dissertation achievement, the top of the pack. Copyright Curriculum-Vitae.In 2013 - Contact : webmaster curriculum-vitae.in. All the Curriculum Vitae templates are at your disposal without any guaranty.

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