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Nichols, The Loves of Plants and Animals: Romantic Science and the Pleasures of caesar essays, Nature Note: All the hyperlinks in the following text take the reader to essay companies london, an off-site web site called A Romantic Natural History , produced by the author, and hosted at caesar Dickinson College. [O]ur intellectual sympathies [rest] with . . . the can i for mac miseries, or with the joys, of essays, our fellow creatures. - Erasmus Darwin, Zoonomia (1794) When Wordsworth notes his faith that every flower / Enjoys the air it breathes, or when Keats describes an unseen nightingale pouring forth its soul abroad / In such an ecstasy, we may be inclined to classify these lyrical claims as Romantic hyperbole, rhetorically suspect forms of anthropomorphism, overly sentimental and poetically overblown.

Likewise, when Wordsworth's heart fills with pleasure at the sight of daffodils, or when Blake says How do you know but ev'ry Bird that cuts the essay companies london airy way, / Is an immense world of delight, we may think that the poet is protesting too little or offering too much credit to the natural world for what is, in caesar, fact, a strictly human emotion. In this essay I will examine Romantic claims about pleasure in the natural world and pleasure derived from the natural world in terms of the science of the century before Darwin's On the Origin of Species , particularly the science of animate nature, the belief that all living things (and perhaps even nonliving things) were connected by a force that could be described, at least partly, in essay oliver twist, terms of the natural ability to please or to be pleased. I will conclude with a reflection on caesar essays, connections between the method of observational science in the Romantic period, the writing of poetry, and the sources of pleasure. Pleasure in the natural world is a concept that links Romantic poetry and Romantic science in significant ways. Pleasure located in the nonhuman world and pleasure taken by humans in the natural world are concepts that co-mingle in a whole range or Romantic metaphors and rhetorical practices, anthropocentric and otherwise. In fact, the apparent anthropocentrism of republic essay, much eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century scientific and caesar essays poetic thinking turns out to companies london, be much more centered in the nonhuman world than we might think. This essay will link discussions of plant and animal pleasure in the works of Erasmus Darwin, and in Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (often by caesar essays, way of Oliver Goldsmith, who introduced many of Buffon's ideas to a British audience) with the use of pleasure in poems by Wordsworth, Coleridge, Shelley, and Keats. This link between the poetic and the scientific in Romantic natural history also reveals aspects of our current cultural sense of the interrelatedness of writing companies, human and nonhuman nature. Where does Romantic talk about the heart filling with pleasure like dancing daffodils or a bird being described as a world of delight come from? It comes, to cite one obvious source, from an otherwise hard-nosed medical practitioner and experimental scientist like Erasmus Darwin.

Here is Darwin, in one of his characteristic (and often controversial) descriptions of the love life of plants: Hence on green leaves the sexual Pleasures dwell, And Loves and Beauties crowd the blossom's bell; The wakeful Anther in his silken bed. O'er the caesar essays pleas'd Stigma bows his waxen head; With meeting lips, and mingling smiles, they sup. Ambrosial dew-drops from the nectar'd cup; Or buoy'd in air the plumy Lover springs, And seeks his panting bride on Hymen-wings. ( Temple of Nature , II, 263-70)

Darwin was roundly criticized, as had been Linnaeus before him, for camp essayons fa this tendency to sexualize the life of plants. 1 For Darwin, however, these erotic descriptions of plant love (and even plant lust) were an analogue for human sexuality and caesar essays an accurate description of the character way flowers actually worked. Indeed, almost all of essays, Darwin's claims about plant sexuality were based on essay, direct observation. He often expanded his poetic rhapsodies on the sex life of plants with prose footnotes that also ascribe a wide range of intentionality and emotion to caesar essays, the plant kingdom: The vegetable passion of love is writing, agreeably seen in the flower of the caesar parnassia, in which the males alternately approach and recede from the and juliet practice female; and in essays, the flower of nigella, or devil in the bush, in which the tall females bend down to their dwarf husbands. But I was this morning surprised to observe . . . the manifest adultery of several females of the plant Collinsonia, who had bent themselves into contact with the males of other flowers of the same plant in their vicinity, neglectful of their own (Economy of Vegetation, IV, p. Romeo Essay? 121 n.). Claims like these about plant life consistently suggest that willfulness, intention, and pleasure all extend - albeit in diminished forms - from caesar, humans to animals to plants, and essay about good character even beyond. More important for my argument than Darwin's specific descriptions of the sexual life of plants are his views, most clearly summarized in the poetry and footnotes of The Temple of Nature (1803) about natural pleasures. In this work, Darwin clearly describes pleasure in any one part of animate creation as an aspect of pleasure extending through the whole of the terrestrial biosphere: From the innumerable births of the larger insects, and caesar essays the spontaneous productions of the microscopic ones, every part of organic matter from the recrements of buy powerpoint, dead vegetable or animal bodies, on or near the surface of the earth, becomes again presently re-animated; which by essays, increasing the number and quantity of living organisms, though many of them exist but for a short time, adds to the sum total of terrestrial happiness ( Temple , 189 n.).

Pleasure in the entire biotic realm is increased not only by the prolific reproduction of insects (the word means small creatures to Darwin) and romeo essay questions microscopic organisms but by the death and organic regeneration of larger creatures: The sum total of the happiness of organized nature is probably increased rather than diminished, when one large old animal dies, and caesar is converted into many thousand young ones; which are produced or supported with their numerous progeny by the same organic matter ( Temple , 190-91 n.). Darwin also notes that the Pythagorean belief in the transmigration of souls derives merely from the camp essayons organic and perpetual transmigration of matter from caesar essays, one body to another, of all vegetables and animals, during their lives, as well as after their deaths (191 n.). This chemical and organic movement of elements through the bodies of living creatures leads, over eons, to a unified and complete system of morality and benevolence, as all creatures thus became related to each other (192 n.) in terms of the camp fa matter that composes them. What Darwin calls the felicity of organic life, is a function of the happiness and misery of [all] organic beings; this felicity, he says, depends ultimately, on the actions of the organs of essays, sense and on the fibres which perform locomotion (194 n.). Every living thing, Darwin concludes, is subject to immediate sources of pains and pleasures, the encouragement or avoidance of essay writing london, which might increase the caesar sum total of organic happiness (194-95 n.). Buy Powerpoint For Mac Online? Pain and pleasure, he goes on to argue, are a function of the expansion and contraction of caesar essays, nerve and muscles fibers of romeo and juliet questions, sensation, organic elements which exist in all living things, albeit in a variety of caesar, forms and intensities.

All emotional responses - pleasure, pain, happiness, sadness - are thus based solely on the motion of material parts of romeo practice, each life form. Finally, and essays perhaps most dramatically, Darwin's understanding of geology leads him to conclude that the planet itself is a record of the pleasures of earlier ages of animate beings: Not only the essay london vast calcerous provinces . . Essays? . and also whatever rests upon them . . Essay About Character? . clay, marl, sand, and coal . . . gave the pleasure of life to the animals and vegetables, which formed them; and thus constitute monuments of the past happiness of these organized beings. But as those remains of former life are not again totally decomposed . Caesar Essays? . Romeo And Juliet Practice Essay? . they supply more copious food to essays, the successions of new animal or vegetable beings on their surface . . Essay Writing Companies? . . and hence the quantity or number of organized bodies, and their improvement in size, as well as their happiness, has been continually increasing, along with the solid parts of the caesar globe ( Temple , 195-96 n.). More dry land over romeo practice questions, eons, more living things century upon century, more happiness produced from millennium to millennium. At this point, Darwin breaks down the boundary between organic and inorganic as part of essays, his wider economy of about character, nature, what we might now call his ecology.

Material processes, compounds, and caesar elements—which he always describes in fundamentally chemical terms (clay, sand, coal, heat, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, phosphorus)—compose, decompose, and re-compose, first into inorganic, then into organic, and ultimately into can i for mac animate creatures, including human beings. Darwin also argues that the essays plant and animal kingdoms are connected by the possibility of sensation. In Zoonomia , he describes Vegetable Animation: The fibres of the vegetable world, as well as those of the animal, are excitable into a variety of motions by essay writing, irritations of external objects. This appears particularly in the mimosa or sensitive plant, whose leaves contract on the slightest injury (I, 73). 2 But the fibres responsible for caesar sensation are also related to pleasure: when pleasure or pain affect the animal system, many of its motions both muscular and character sensual are brought into action . . . The general tendency of these motion is to arrest [i.e. stabilize] and to possess the pleasure, or to dislodge or avoid the essays pain (I, 31). The conclusion Darwin draws is and juliet practice essay, obvious: the individuals of the vegetable world may be considered as inferior or less perfect animals (I, 73). The belief that sensation might spread through all of animate creation was widely discussed in Europe and America throughout the essays eighteenth century by natural scientists, natural theologians, and treaty weimar essay poets, among others. As Christoph Irmscher has written recently, this was an age that ascribed sensitivity, even souls, to caesar, plants (31). But as Erasmus Darwin suggested, the point was not merely that plants might have souls, but that souls might turn out to be nothing more than complex combinations of material (i.e. muscular, nervous, electro-chemical) motions. John Bartram, writing to Benjamin Rush, noted that there was much to be learned about sensation in plants, even though many animals were already known to be endowed with most of our [that is, human] faculties pashions . . . intelect [sic] (690).

Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, describes many of the animals he catalogues in terms of camp essayons 6 37 fa, human passions and intellect. Buffon's marmot delights in the regions of ice and snow (121). His elephant is susceptible of gratitude, and capable of strong attachment (152) and loves the society of his equals (153). If vindictive, the pachyderm is no less grateful (159). Numerous writers were willing to extend pleasure even into the realm of lower life forms. A 1792 compilation by caesar essays, several natural historians of insects includes comments such as the following: each insect, no matter how small or seemingly insignificant, is adapted for procuring its particular pleasures (2); indeed, every insect, like every creature, was formed for itself, and each allowed to essayons fa, seize as great a quantity of happiness from the universal stock . . Essays? . Essayons 6 37 Fa? each was formed to make the happiness of each (6). The butterfly, to enjoy life, needs no other food but the dews of heaven (75) and it is impossible to express the caesar essays fond attachment which the working ants shew to their rising progeny (125). Animals, of course, had been connected to of versailles weimar, humans sensation and emotional response since ancient history: loyal dogs, sagacious elephants, wily foxes, diligent ants.

What was new by 1790 was the caesar sense that these were not just rhetorical comparisons of behavior between human and animal realms, but that such observationally supported comparisons reflected a deeper - and organic - unity of can i online, all living things. Eighteenth-century talk about emotion and sensation in lower life forms was also related to caesar essays, an underlying philosophical monism, well articulated by Goethe. In the essay companies Experiment as Mediator between Subject and Object (1792) Goethe offers a holistic critique of living Nature that was designed to counter the caesar essays fragmentary quality of empirical science: Nothing happens in living Nature that does not bear some relation to the whole. Camp Essayons 6 37 Fa? The empirical evidence may seem quite isolated, we may view our experiments as mere isolated facts, but this is not to say that they are, in fact, isolated. The question is: how can we find the caesar connection between these phenomena, these events (80). Likewise, Goethe is willing to include joy and pain among the categories that are applicable to any organism: Basic characteristics of an individual organism: to divide, to unite, to merge into the universal, to abide in the particular, to transform itself, to about good character, define itself, and, as living things tend to appear under a thousand conditions, to arise and vanish, to solidify and caesar essays melt, to freeze and flow, to expand and contract . . Treaty Weimar? . . Caesar Essays? Genesis and decay, creation and destruction, birth and death, joy and pain, all are interwoven with equal effect and essay character weight; thus even the most isolated event always presents itself as an caesar essays image and metaphor for can i buy powerpoint the most universal (52). So while observational science is suggesting that expansion, contraction, attraction and repulsion of tiny particles are physical properties of all living (and perhaps nonliving) things, the metaphysic of Romantic science argues that characteristics found in one part of nature are likely to exist throughout the entire natural system, albeit in differing - reduced or expanded - forms. Oliver Goldsmith, whose A History of the Earth and Animated Nature was drawn largely from Buffon and other European naturalists, restrains himself from extending sensation into the realm of the inorganic, but he too indicates how widespread was the belief in common elements pervading the essays germ plasm, a unity behind the dazzling variety that characterized the animate world. He says that the prevalence of invisible living creatures, animals and plants too small to see, has led some late philosophers into an opinion, that all nature was animated, that every, even the most inert mass of matter, was endued with life and sensation, but wanted organs to make those sensations perceptible to the observer. (IV, 322). The link between human and animal pleasure thus reaches well into romeo the plant kingdom by the 1790s, producing a view well summarized by Buffon himself: it is impossible to finish our short review of nature [over 30 volumes!] without observing the wonderful harmony and connection that subsists between all the different branches (178).

Pleasure described in one part of nature reflects the possibility, indeed the likelihood, of pleasure spread throughout all of nature. Now let us consider a poet like Percy Shelley, who can load every rift of his imagery with ore derived from the natural science of his age, often in ways that precisely link human and nonhuman feelings. In one of the best known examples of this tendency - taken from Ode to the West Wind - Shelley imagines plants beneath the sea in sympathy with plants on land: The sea-blooms and the oozy woods which wear / The sapless foliage of the ocean, know / Thy voice [the wind's], and caesar suddenly grow gray with fear, / And tremble and despoil themselves (ll. 39-42). Shelley adds a footnote to these lines that sounds as though it could have come directly from Erasmus Darwin: the phenomenon alluded to . . . is well known to romeo essay, naturalists. The vegetation at the bottom of the sea, of rivers, and of lakes, sympathizes with that of the land in the change of seasons (577). Shelley's science here may be wrong, but his imaginative insight links with the emerging science of his own time to produce an idea that is surely correct: organic activity beneath the waves has important - Shelley says sympathetic; we might now say ecological - connections to events on the land. Similarly, Shelley's sky-lark sings with shrill delight (l.

20) while his sensitive plant (mimosa) is described as having once trembled and panted with bliss (l. Caesar? 9). Short Essay Oliver Twist? Shelley's sensitive plant derives directly from caesar essays, Erasmus Darwin's reflections on the mimosa as a strange bridge between the buy powerpoint online plant and animal kingdoms. Yet Shelley goes beyond the mere ascription of sensation to the plant, suggesting a direct connection between this plant and certain sorts of human emotion (of course, his real subject in the poem is clearly a sensitive poet like himself). The affinity of caesar, plants for writing london other plants, and the image of plants as analogous to forms of attraction throughout the material universe, reaches an apotheosis in caesar, lines from Shelley's botanical poem. These flowers. Shone smiling to camp, Heaven, and every one.

Shared joy in the light of the gentle sun; For each one was interpenetrated. With the light and the odour its neighbor shed. Like young lovers whom youth and love make dear. Wrapped and filled by their mutual atmosphere. Of course, the caesar essays suggestion that aspects of the entirety of nature might be analogous to human nature is as old as poetry itself. What is new in a poet like Shelley is the for mac sense of how an emotion like pleasure can organically link humans with the nonhuman world.

In a rarely discussed poem entitled The Birth of Pleasure, Shelley is explicit about the central role of pleasure, even at the dawn of creation: At the creation of the Earth / Pleasure, that divinest birth, / From the soil of heaven did rise, / Wrapped in sweet wild melodies (584). Consider, from this perspective, Shelley's cloud, whose nourishing water offers sustenance to thirsting flowers and provides shade for delicate leaves in their noonday dreams (ll. Caesar? 1,4). In this proto-ecological vision of the hydrological cycle (I pass through the treaty weimar republic pores of the oceans and shores; / I change, but I cannot die [ll. 74-75]), Shelley elaborates electrical attractions between ground and clouds - only recently described by caesar, Benjamin Franklin and by Shelley's own science teacher Adam Walker (from Syon House Academy and Eton) - as a kind of about, love between earth and sky. He also says that the moist Earth is caesar, laughing below (l.

72) as the cloud brings various forms of pleasure to each part of this natural cycle. Even a satiric and imaginative flight of fancy like The Witch of Atlas is shot through with precise details drawn from the natural science of Shelley's time, and linked to powerful sympathy between the natural and the human realms: Vipers kill, though dead (l. Essayons Fa? 2), a young kitten may leap and play as grown cats do, / Till its claws come (ll. 6-7) and Mary Shelley's gentle hand would not crush the silken winged fly (l. 9). The may-fly dies almost before it is essays, born, and even the swan's song in the sun evokes a smile as serene as Mary's (stanza ii). Wordsworth, in a famous passage from The Prelude , links a similarly scientific form of observation to a pleasure that is essential to the very definition of the poetic. Wordsworth, however, sees this link in much more psychological terms than Shelley: To unorganic natures I transferred / My own enjoyments, or, the power of truth / Coming in revelation, I conversed / With things that really are (1805, II, 410-13).Wordsworth sees this interaction as more than merely a symbolic representation of his inner states in the outer world. Essay Twist? Rather, he links feelings of pleasure in caesar, himself directly to emotions that he ascribes to essay good character, the rest of the caesar essays world: From Nature and her overflowing soul / I had received so much that all my thoughts / Were steeped in feeling (II, 416-18). This is not, however, just watered down, Wordsworthian pantheism: his 1805 description of the unity of natural process owe as much to practice questions, the natural science of the era as it does to his own emerging theology:

I felt the sentiment of being spread. O'er all that moves . . . O'er all that leaps, and runs, and caesar shouts, and sings, Or beats the of versailles republic essay gladsome air, o'er all that glides. Beneath the wave, yea, in the wave itself. spacerspacerspacer. Essays? . About Character? . in all things. I saw one life, and felt that it was joy. (II, 420-21, 425-27, 429-30)

A passage like this reflects the natural history of Wordsworth's time while also connecting his emotional (and poetic) power to similar powers that he attributes to caesar essays, the plants and animals around him. His daffodils are only the most famous example of this recurrent tendency: A Poet could not but be gay / In such a laughing company (ll. Romeo And Juliet Essay Questions? 9-10) leading to, And then my heart with pleasure fills / And dances with the Daffodils (ll. Essays? 17-18). We should recall that Wordsworth's image derives not only from his own observation, but also from Dorothy Wordsworth's journal text. Dorothy's recollection sounds initially like that of a natural historian: The hawthorns are black and green, the birches here and there greenish but there is oliver twist, yet more of purple to be seen on the twigs . . . a few primroses by caesar essays, the roadside, wood-sorrel flower, the anemone, scentless violets, strawberries, and that starry yellow flower which Mrs. C. calls pile wort. When we were in twist, the woods beyond Gowbarrow park we saw a few daffodils close to essays, the water side (109).

Then, in an important transitional sentence, Dorothy reveals her fancy going to work on for mac online, these objects of essays, nature: We fancied that the lake had floated the romeo and juliet practice questions seeds ashore and that the little colony had so sprung up. Caesar Essays? But as we went along there were more and yet more and at last under the buy powerpoint for mac online boughs of the trees, we saw that there was a long belt of them [the end we did not see (erased)] along the caesar shore, about the breadth of a country turnpike road (109). Only at this moment does Dorothy launch into the poetic possibility that these flowers can be more closely linked to for mac online, human emotions than we might think, even as she gives up on caesar essays, formal grammar and syntax: I never saw daffodils so beautiful they grew among the 6 37 fa mossy stones about and about them, some rested their heads upon these stones as on a pillow for weariness and caesar essays the rest tossed and reeled and danced and seemed as if they verily laughed with the wind that blew upon them over the lake, they looked so gay ever glancing ever changing (109, 15 April 1802). An earlier passage from Dorothy's journal reveals a similar connection of wind-caused motion, animation, and essay companies london the link between human emotion and the natural world. The scene takes place during a winter wind on Grasmere Lake. I quote the passage in its entirely because it so clearly reveals the rhetorical movement from inanimate images (wind on the water), to animate images (peacock's tail, they made it all alive), to humanized emotion applied to a flower (let it live if it can): We amused ourselves for a long time in watching the Breezes some as if they came from the caesar essays bottom of the lake spread in a circle, brushing along the surface of the water, and camp essayons fa growing more delicate, as it were thinner and of a paler colour till they died away. Caesar Essays? Others spread out like a peacock's tail, and character some went right forward this way and essays that in companies london, all directions.

The lake was still where these breezes were not, but they made it all alive. Caesar Essays? I found a strawberry blossom in a rock. The little slender flower had more courage than the green leaves, for essay about good character they were but half expanded and half grown, but the caesar blossom was spread full out. I uprooted it rashly, and I felt as if I had been committing an outrage, so I planted it again. It will have but a stormy life of it, but let it live if it can (82-3, 31 January 1802). Dorothy's sudden emotional response to a flower here reminds us of her brother's pantheistic reaction to his own impulsive destruction of nature in Nutting: I felt a sense of pain when I beheld / The silent trees and the intruding sky - / Then, dearest Maiden . . . with gentle hand / Touch, - for good character there is a Spirit in the woods (ll. Essays? 50-52, 53-54).

A manuscript text from 1798 reveals just how far William is willing to go in practice essay, linking his own sentiments about the nonhuman world to the natural science of caesar, his time, a science that could associate all animate and inanimate objects into a naturalistic unity: There is an active principle alive in all things; In all things, in essayons 6 37 fa, all natures, in the flowers. And in the trees, in every pebbly stone. That paves the brooks, the stationary rocks, The moving water and the invisible air.

All beings have their properties which spread. Beyond themselves, a power by which they make. Some other being conscious of caesar essays, their life. Coleridge understands this connection between pleasure within the republic essay self and pleasure taken from the external world, although he describes the link more dispassionately and more ambiguously than even Wordsworth. Essays? We might call Coleridge's version of can i buy powerpoint for mac, this phenomenon transference: that is, our own emotions can be transferred onto essays nature for psychological reasons. Here is Coleridge's clearest example: A child scolding a flower in essay about good character, the words in which he had been himself scolded and whipped, is poetry - passion past with pleasure ( Animae Poetae 10). The child transfers his own enjoyments, and miseries, out onto the objects of nature that surround him. For Coleridge, in caesar, To Nature: It may indeed be phantasy, when I / Essay to draw from all created things / Deep, heartfelt, inward joy that closely clings (ll.1-3).

But we should remember that this is the same poet who longs passionately for what we might now call a unified ecosystem (all of animated nature), a unity in character, Nature that he describes as a strange music of mind identified with joy: O! the one Life within us and abroad, Which meets all motion and becomes its soul, A light in sound, a sound-like power in light, Rhythm in all thought, and joyance every where. (The Eolian Harp, ll.

26-29) Coleridge connects romantic science to the pleasures of nature in precisely the caesar ways I have been describing. Character? His wild goat looks at the cataract in awe (On a Cataract, l.18). The ox in Recantation may be described in Coleridge's footnote as a symbol for caesar the French Revolution, but the animal is nevertheless presented in terms of its naturalized emotions: The ox was glad, as well he might, / Thought the green meadow no bad sight / And frisk'd, - to shew his huge delight (ll. 9-11). Likewise, the sympathetic creature described fraternally in To a Young Ass (I hail thee Brother [l.26]) has a moping head, (ms. 1794), and the poet asks if its sad heart thrill'd with filial pain (l. 13). Coleridge's most famous image in this regard is perhaps the transformed description of the sea-snakes in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Within the space of fifty lines of this nature-anthem, the thousand thousand slimy things (l. 238) crawling on the surface of the ocean are re-imagined by the mariner as O happy living things! (l.

282). Coleridge is also honest enough to admit, however, in The Nightingale, that it is essay good character, often merely the poet who fills all things with himself and makes all gentle sounds, including the song of the nightingale, tell back the tale / Of his own sorrow (ll. 19-21). The joy we feel within ourselves often seems to be reflected back on caesar, us by the natural world beyond us. Then again, as the essayons 6 37 fa always ambivalent Coleridge might say, maybe not; perhaps our feelings belong only to us. Notice how a poetic natural historian, the polymath Oliver Goldsmith, links human pleasure to animal pleasure in ways comparable to caesar, Coleridge.

In the section of Animated Nature devoted to about, birds, Goldsmith says: we now come to a beautiful and loquacious race of animals, that embellish our forests, amuse our walks, and exclude solitude from out most shady retirements. From these man has nothing to essays, fear; their pleasures, their desires, and even their animosities, only serve to enliven the general picture of Nature, and give harmony to meditation (III, 3). Short? Within a few pages, when Goldsmith claims that the caesar essays return of camp 6 37, spring is the beginning of pleasure (III, 14), he is similarly eliding the distinction between human and nonhuman pleasures. But Goldsmith also reminds us that the pleasure provided by essays, nature is not always here for our benefit. In this vernal season filled with pleasures, he continues, the delightful concert of the grove, which is much admired by fa, man, is no way studied for caesar his [human] amusement: it is usually the writing call of the male to the female, his efforts to caesar, soothe her during times of incubation; or it is a challenge between two males for essay about character the affections of some common favourite (III, 14). Lest we mistake the birds as singing a song for our benefit, Goldsmith reminds us that bird-song is caesar essays, about bird pleasure in camp, mothering or in copulation, not about the desires of poetic or scientific humans. Finally, let us consider Keats. Essays? In On the Grasshopper and Cricket, Keats's grasshopper is as full of the pleasures of of versailles essay, life as Goldsmith or Erasmus Darwin could have ever imagined: He takes the lead / In summer luxury; he has never done / With his delights, for when tired out with fun / He rests at caesar ease beneath some pleasant weed (ll. Treaty Of Versailles Republic? 5-8). Or, from Sleep and Poetry: What is more soothing than the caesar pretty hummer / That stays one moment in an open flower / And buzzes cheerily from bower to bower? (ll. 2-5) and, a myrtle, fairer than / E'er grew in essay oliver twist, Paphos, from the bitter weeds / Lifts its sweet head into the air (ll.

248-50). By now we should appreciate that these are not merely hyperbolic flights of imaginative fancy. Caesar Essays? This is Keats describing the natural world as he understands it. My suggestion is born out by an intertextual reference in Miriam Allott's note to the wailful choir of short, small gnats mourning in To Autumn. The lines echo the 1817 entomology written by William Kirby and William Spence: tribes of Tipulidae (usually, but improperly called gnats) assemble . . . and form themselves into choirs, that alternately rise and fall . . . These little creatures may be seen at caesar essays all seasons, amusing themselves with their choral dances (653). The naturalistic rigor of Keats's own approach is confirmed in the opening of his nightingale poem, when a pleasure so sweet as to be painful derives from another organic being (a bird) and somehow echoes a unity in life, past and present. The speaker's heart aches.

He is at romeo practice essay questions once drowsy and numb. He is drunk on an emotion as powerful as that produced by a natural intoxicant (hemlock). Caesar? We should think back at this point to and juliet essay, Erasmus Darwin, who describes a chemical affinity between us and the opium poppy (dull opiate [l. 3]) that can transport us out of caesar, our ordinary pleasure into pleasures of a different, but no less powerful, kind ( Botanic Garden , Loves of the Plants, II, 57 n.). Essay Twist? How might these flowers produce such powerful emotional and narcotic affects unless there was some organic sympathy - Darwin says a chemical affinity - between us and these plants. Keats is happy in an almost excruciating way (too happy in thine happiness [l.6]), but this intensity reveals a pleasure that is ordinary for this bird. The bird's happy lot makes the poet's lot in life seem somehow diminished. What would a human give, Keats implies, to sing with such full-throated ease [l. Caesar Essays? 10].

Having heard this bird singing, human mortality appears to be much less of a problem to the observant poet. Oliver? My point is caesar essays, that there is nothing sentimental here, nothing overstated or hyperbolic. From such a naturalistic perspective, there is weimar republic, also no death wish in caesar, this poem (Now more than ever seems it rich to die [l. 55]). The poet's final claim is simple.

Having heard such a song, and having felt organically connected to such a fellow creature, physical death now seems like less of a curse. Death now feels like part of something greater, even if that greater something is organic and material, like a bird. The bird's song dies away as the poet's voice will soon die away: literally. Organic life expressed through song (a bird's or a poet's) is, we should add, the one thing that most clearly distinguishes both this bird and this poet from the Cold pastoral of the Grecian urn. Keats's human pleasure taken from this bird reminds us that science can also be linked to pleasure in a way that connects with the writing of poetry.

John Herschel, the nineteenth-century astronomer, described the great sources of essayons 6 37 fa, delight that might be derived from the study of natural sciences (Richardson, Emerson 123). Likewise, Goldsmith justified his popularizing version of natural history - first published in 1774 and caesar essays running to over twenty editions during the nineteenth century - in terms of its ability to provide pleasure: Natural History, considered in essay questions, its utmost extent, comprehends two objects. Caesar? First, that of discovering, ascertaining, and naming, all the various productions of weimar essay, Nature. Caesar Essays? Secondly, that of describing the camp essayons fa properties, manners, and caesar essays relations, which they bear to us, and to character, each other. The first, which is the most difficult part of this science, is systematical, dry, mechanical, and incomplete. The second is more amusing, exhibits new pictures to caesar, the imagination, and improves our relish for existence, by widening the of versailles republic essay prospect of nature around us. Essays? Both, however, are necessary to companies london, those who would understand this pleasing science in its utmost extent. . . From seeing and observing the thing itself, he is most naturally led to speculate on its uses, its delights, or its inconveniences (I, iii).

So science is pleasing to caesar, the observer or to the participant, nature possesses its own delights, and the elements of short twist, nature can provide delight to the natural scientist and to caesar essays, his readers. A related analogy is romeo practice essay, offered by caesar essays, Ralph Waldo Emerson, another poet-naturalist who often invokes connections like those I have been tracing. Here is Emerson, in his Notebooks , describing how language and nature, linked through metaphor, produce pleasure in the observer's imagination: The metamorphosis of Nature shows itself in nothing more than this, that there is writing, no word in our language that cannot become typical of Nature by caesar, giving it emphasis. The world is a Dancer; it is a Rosary; it is can i online, a Torrent; it is a Boat; a Mist; a Spider's Snare; it is what you will; and the metaphor will hold, and it will give the imagination keen pleasure. Caesar? Swifter than light the world converts itself into that thing you name, and all things find their right place under this new and capricious classification (6:18). Classification, which Emerson links with naming, is itself a metaphoric activity that can provide pleasure, as many naturalists - poetic and otherwise - have argued. We classify living things based on their body parts (mammalia), their legs (insects have six), or their sex organs (usually stamens and pistils in essayons fa, the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries), but the principle is always metaphoric: what seems like something else, what looks like something else, what reminds us of something, or someone, else. The pleasure in this activity derives partly from the observation of likeness. I see that my love is caesar, like a red, red rose, and my sudden sense of similarity gives me pleasure. I see that a spider is like a lobster but not like a jellyfish. I see that a lion is more like a lamb than it is like a lammergeyer (bird).

In all of these cases, the perception of similarity leads the observer to be attracted by the objects being observed. Pleasure results when I see two apparently dissimilar things as suddenly more closely connected than I had previously realized. The result might be science: oh look, that lobster reminds me of a spider. I should describe this spider anatomically and physiologically. Or the result might be poetry: oh, look, the moon dim glimmering behind the window pane reminds me of a night from my childhood. Romeo And Juliet Practice? I should write a poem. Coleridge, from whom I take my moon image, also understands that poetry gives most pleasure when only generally and not perfectly understood ( Anima Poetae 5). This sentiment of Coleridge's is caesar essays, also true for much of nature as described in the eighteenth and essayons nineteenth centuries; it is caesar, only generally and not perfectly understood.

But that may be a good thing for Romantic poetry and Romantic natural history: the less we understand the more fascinated we can be. In this regard consider Emerson again: The instincts of the ant are very unimportant considered as the ant's; but the moment a ray of relation is seen to extend from it to man, and the little drudge is seen to be a monitor, a little body with a mighty heart, then all its habits, even that said to can i buy powerpoint online, be recently observed, that it never sleeps, become sublime ( Nature 36). This sense of the value of things that are not understood helps to explain the precipitous decline in nature poetry during the early Modernist years of the twentieth century (Edward Thomas is the exception), when science seemed for a time to have explained away the caesar essays mysteries of biological process. By the middle of the twentieth century, however, when ecology and of versailles weimar essay biochemistry were both being revealed to be much more complex than had previously been imagined, a flurry of nature poetry and nature writing began again. Onno Oerlemans has recently written that Romantic depictions of animals force us to acknowledge that animals are a kind of caesar essays, life in nature that is at once much like our own, and short essay oliver which is yet different from it, not capable of being reduced to merely human designs or desires (4). I would like to extend his argument beyond animals to all of animate creation. Oerlemans criticizes anthropocentric forms of caesar essays, criticism that produce only anthropocentric readings of Romantic writers. He argues, instead, that Romantic representations of animals make us recognize the essayons 6 37 wider boundaries of life.

Such an argument is not just politically correct eco-criticism. On the contrary, it suggests that the Romantic writers can help us toward a sense of lives beyond our own lives, a sense of other beings and caesar other forms of life that we did not culturally construct and that do not merely reflect our personal points of view. I should add that we do not need a Judeo-Christian concept of online, deity or ethics to make such a nonhuman world work. My sympathy for living things can be based, as many eighteenth-century thinkers would remind us, on my internal constitution, on my organic relation to essays, the innumerable forms of life around me. 3. Let me end with Erasmus Darwin, grandfather of the man who would put all this talk about essay questions, pleasure to rest for a century or so, but only caesar, until we realized that pleasure, like love, might be a process of brains and organic molecules rather than a process of of versailles, minds or souls.

Here is Erasmus Darwin linking you and caesar essays me intimately to camp, ants (which he calls emmets) and worms: With ceaseless change, how restless atoms pass, From life to life, a transmigrating mass; How the same organs, which to day compose. The poisonous henbane, or the fragrant rose, May, with to morrow's sun, new forms compile, Frown in the Hero, in the Beauty smile. Whence drew the enlighten'd Sage, the moral plan, [That] man should ever be the friend of man; Should eye with tenderness all living forms,

His brother-emmets, and his sister-worms. ( Temple of caesar, Nature , IV, 419-28) A world full of of versailles republic, animate creatures described in terms of their ability to feel pleasure or bestow pleasure on other parts of nature. Caesar? A world of living things bound together by forces that act and react on all of them in similar ways. A biological world shot through with the possibility of pleasing or being pleased, at once interrelated and interdependent. Can I? Not such a bad idea after all. Bartram, John. The Correspondence of John Bartram, 1734-1777 . Ed. Caesar Essays? Edmund Berkeley and Dorothy S. Berkeley.

Gainesville: U of Florida P, 1992. Blake, William. Complete Writings . Ed. Geoffrey Keynes. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1989 [1966]. Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de. The System of Natural History . Ed.

R.. Morison. Edinburgh, 1791. ---. The Natural History of Insects , compiled from Swammerdam, Brookes, Goldsmith. 1792 [bound together with Buffon, System, 1791]. Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. Poetical Works . Ed.

E. H. Coleridge. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1973 [1912]. ---. Anima Poetae . Ed. E. H. Coleridge. London: Heinemann, 1895. Darwin, Erasmus. The Botanic Garden; a Poem, in essay good, Two Parts: Part I. The economy of vegetation. Part II.

The loves of the plants. With philosophical notes. New York: T. J. Swords, 1807 [2nd American edition]. ---. Caesar Essays? The Temple of treaty of versailles weimar republic essay, Nature; or, The origin of society. A poem, with philosophical notes . Baltimore: Bonsal Niles, 1804 [London, 1803]. ---.

Zoonomia ; or The laws of organic life . 2 vols. Boston: Thomas and Andrews, 1809 [3rd American edition]. Emerson, Ralph Waldo. The Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks . Ed. William H. Essays? Gilman et al. 8 vols.

Cambridge, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1960-70. ---. Nature . Intro. Jaroslav Pelican. Boston: Beacon P, 1985. Feyerabend, Paul.

Conquest of Abundance: A Tale of Abstraction versus the Richness of Being. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1999. Goethe, J. W. von. Goethe on Science . Ed. Jeremy Naydler. Edinburgh: Floris Books, 1996. Goldsmith, Oliver.

A History of the Earth and Animated Nature . Buy Powerpoint For Mac? 4 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1795. Irmscher, Christoph. The Poetics of Natural History: From John Bartram to William James . New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1999. Keats, John. The Complete Poems . Ed. Miriam Allott. London: Longman, 1975. Lindroth, Sten. The Two Faces of caesar essays, Linnaeus.

Linnaeus: The Man and His Work . Can I Buy Powerpoint? Ed. Tore Frangsmyr. Berkeley: U of California P, 1983. Oerlemans, Onno Dag. 'The Meanest Thing that Feels': Anthropomorphizing Animals in Romanticism, Mosaic 27/1, 1-32. Richardson, Robert. Emerson: The Mind on Fire . Berkeley : U of California P, 1995.

Shelley, Percy Bysshe. Poetical Works . Ed. Thomas Hutchinson, corr. G. M Matthews. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1970. Stearn, William T. Linnaean Classification, Nomenclature, and caesar Method. The Compleat Naturalist: A Life of Linnaeus . By Wilfrid Blunt. New York: Viking, 1971. Appendix. Wordsworth, Dorothy.

Journals of Dorothy Wordsworth . Ed. Mary Moorman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1971. Wordsworth, William. The Oxford Authors . Ed. Stephen Gill. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1984. ---. The Prelude: 1799, 1805, 1850 . Ed. For Mac? Jonathan Wordsworth, M. Caesar? H. Abrams, and Stephen Gill.

New York: Norton, 1979. 1Linnaeus's [sexual system of oliver twist, classification] amused some of his contemporaries but scandalized others . . Essays? . 'To tell you that nothing could equal the gross prurience of Linnaeus's mind is perfectly needless,' wrote the Rev. Samuel Goodenough, late Bishop of about, Carlisle, to that devoted Linnaean scholar J. E. Smith in January 1808: 'A literal translation of the first principles of essays, Linnaean botany is enough to shock female modesty' (Stearn 245). As late as 1820, Goethe worried that women and children should not be exposed to the dogma of sexuality in botanical studies (Stern 245). See also Lindroth, who says of Linnaeus: How close he stands to traditional wedding poetry in the admired opening to essay, the dissertation on the nuptials of flowers . . Caesar? . The same applies to the actual message of the work, the description of copulation, the nuptials of flowers in matchless bridal beds. Romeo Practice Essay Questions? With his hot sensuousness the young Linnaeus was as though obsessed with love, the mysterious drive that kept all living things in motion (10). 2Darwin discusses sensitive plants at great length. He notes that many vegetables, during the night, do not seem to respire, but to sleep like the dormant animals and insects in winter. This appears from the mimosa and many other plants closing the upper sides of their leaves together in their sleep ( Botanic Garden , Economy of Vegetation, IV, 127 n.). Caesar Essays? He also classifies the weimar essay mimosa in terms of its polygamous behavior: Mimosa. Caesar? The sensitive plant.

Of the class Polygamy, one house. Naturalists have not explained the immediate cause of the collapsing of the sensitive plant ( Botanic Garden , Loves of the Plants, I, 29 n.). Essay? He also comments on a recent plant lately brought over from the marshes of America that is even more remarkable: In the Dionaea Muscipula there is a still more wonderful contrivance to present the depredation of caesar essays, insects; the leaves are armed with long teeth, like the antennae of insects, and lie spread upon the ground round the stem; and are so irritable, that when the insect creeps upon them, they fold up, and online crush or pierce it to death (Loves of the Plants, I, 19 n.). 3 See Paul Feyerabend, who argues that works of art are a product of nature, no less than rocks and flowers and, more importantly for my argument, that nature itself is an artifact, constructed by scientists and artisans, throughout centuries, from a partly yielding, partly resisting material of unknown properties (223). Feyerabend's point is not that nature is a culturally constructed category, but that anything we say about nature, any way we represent nature in science or in art is limited by our own sign systems.

In this view, he is reminiscent of Goethe: How difficult it is, though, to refrain from replacing the thing with its sign, to keep the object alive before us instead of killing it with a word (33). Caesar? See also Blake: He who binds to himself a joy / Does the winged life destroy; / But he who kisses the joy as it flies / Lives in can i buy powerpoint online, eternity's sun rise (Eternity 179). The view expounded by Feyerabend, Goethe, and Blake is confirmed by current theoretical physicists who admit that we do not know even now what quarks or neutrinos or muons really are.

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8 Cover Letter Tips and a Sample Cover Letter For Your Law Firm Internship. The cover letter is a small email you write while applying to a law firm. Caesar Essays? It is really your pitch which says #8220;Take me as an intern#8221; Draft it carefully and do note the following points. 1. The body of the email should itself contain the cover letter . Don#8217;t attach a 300 word cover letter because it won#8217;t be opened in buy powerpoint for mac online ten cases out of caesar essays, nine. Treaty Weimar Republic Essay? Ten out of nine? It might seem an exaggeration or a misprint but it is none. Instead of sending your cover letter as an attachment, write it in the body of the email itself. 2. Caesar? Subject of the email which is the subject of your cover letter should be detailed and educated, a bit like this: Internship Application: 1 st May- 30 th June: Mumbai Office. Essayons 6 37? These are the three things (subject + duration + location) should make the subject of essays, your internship cover letter; nothing more and essay nothing less.

3. Focus and customise. Don#8217;t send an email to dozens of caesar, law firms at one go. Identify 5-6 law firms which interest you and short essay oliver twist send applications tailor-made for them. For example if you are applying to an IP boutique law firm, include a section in your CV (right at the top, mind you) which reads #8216;Achievements in the field of IP#8217;. Caesar Essays? Also in your cover letter mention these achievements precisely. 4. Art of the start. Start with naming the person you want this to read; the recruitment head, the managing partner or the internship coordinator. Essay Companies London? Do your research.

Assuming the name of the person is Ram Kumar and the email id for internships is [emailprotected] and you start with #8220;Respected Mr. Caesar Essays? Ram Kumar#8221;? you catch his attention. If you begin with Respected Sir/Madam you don#8217;t get anyone’s attention. 5. Write English . Please don#8217;t show of your legal writing skills here. Write simple, plain, correct, readable English. Reserve legalese for later, when you actually get the internship. Romeo Practice Questions? Do a spelling and caesar essays grammar check on Word on your cover letter. Essay Companies? 6. Attach your CV. Essays? If you are not careful with this little thing (of attaching files), the essay companies london law firm will be unwilling to hand you bigger things like internship.

7. Ask. Ask if you should be sending your writing samples or if the firm will want to take a telephonic interview. Leave your contact number in the footer. 8. A little quote. Emails can have a quote at the end.

If it relates to law, is a smart one and is something you identify with, you can include it in every email you send including the internship application. This might be a little controversial but it can tell the recruiter a lot about you. It adds a human touch and might bring a smile on the recruiters face. A smiling man/woman is a person more likely to give you the internship. So choose the quote carefully. Here is a sample cover letter for a law firm internship: Dear Mr.

Ram Kumar. This section is: Art of start: Who you are, what you do and essays where are you going. I am Rahul Sharma, a 4 th year law student from essay character Gujarat National Law University (GNLU), Gandhinagar and caesar essays am very keen to intern at companies, ABC Law Offices (Delhi) from 1 st May- 30 th June. This is called: Why Me. The Best Things I Have Done.

Why Your Firm Alone is the essays Perfect Professional Habitat For Me. I have previously interned at XYZ#8217;s Delhi office where I was a part of the Capital Markets team. During my internship under Mr. Mukul Romani, senior counsel, Supreme Court of India I learnt the basics of legal drafting under his tutelage. I have also completed the Mergers and Acquisitions course offered by the Bombay Stock Exchange.

Moreover, I was a part of the for mac ANLU team (oralist) which won the caesar NUKS corporate law moot competition in camp essayons fa 2010. I am sure interning at a prestigious law firm like SRGR Law Offices will help me further improve upon caesar essays, my skills. Given my prior experience and interest in corporate law I am sure that Ill be able to contribute immensely towards your practice. I have learnt from LegallyIndia.com about your firm#8217;s growth plans and essay character it will be exciting to be a part of a young and growing team of caesar, lawyers. The Section: I am humble, eager and good. I am attaching my CV for your kind perusal and will be grateful if I am given an opportunity to intern at your firm. Treaty Weimar Essay? Please let me know if you require anything else as a part of the internship application. Thank you for caesar your time and consideration. 4 th year student, BA.LLB (Hons) course. Contact: 999999999 (M) P.S. Just a bonus for you: I have found a nice resource with cover letter info academichelp.net with a useful #8220;how to write#8221; guide and romeo and juliet practice essay questions a lot of free samples [Sponsored].

Buy the caesar essays book #8216;Law as a Career#8217; (2nd Edition) by our CEO Tanuj Kalia [A LexisNexis Publication] INTERVIEW: Santosh Kumar Ray of SKR #038; Associates, Kolkata: For the initial few months, I did not make any money. Treaty Weimar Essay? INTERVIEW: Ashutosh Tripathi, Assistant Professor at essays, Amity Law School-II, Noida. Excellent details once and for all, you simply attained a symbol brand new audience. Exactly . Camp Essayons 6 37 Fa? translation welsh to norwegianwhat can you suggest regarding your placed for caesar you to developed a week in can i the past?

Every confident? I#8217;m still learning from you, but I#8217;m making my way to the top as well. I certainly liked reading all that is essays posted on your site.Keep the posts coming. I loved it! for the first time I am seeing such a helpful site for the law students and professionals in a single platform, you are doing great job. Thank you so much admin. can i get the sample of cover letter for can i buy powerpoint applying for an internship under the supreme court advocate. Can we address a cover letter to a firm directly without mentioning the name of essays, any specific person? #8221; you didn#8217;t find a cover letter more #8220;crisp#8221; than this?#8221; I feel sorry for the firm who hired you with such lovely vocabulary. Very well written cover letter format.

Unfortunately many people who are unable to think for themselves don#8217;t realise it is only for help to applicants and is not to writing companies london be copied verbatim. Some time back I noticed that applications for jobs/internships from caesar essays people all over India to my law firm had same/similar sentences in it (because they all used this letter as a base). Now almost all the and juliet practice essay questions letters I receive for internship have about two to five sentences copied verbatim. Caesar? Most popular sentences are #8220;I learnt the basics of legal drafting under his tutelage#8221;, #8220;I am sure interning at a prestigious law firm like #8212; will help me further improve upon treaty of versailles essay, my skills.#8221;, #8220;Given my prior experience and interest in corporate law I am sure that I#8217;ll be able to contribute immensely towards your practice#8221;. Just by a brief look I can tell if the person has seen the caesar essays sample letter on oliver twist this site. Some bright persons also copy the caesar essays line saying the applicant learnt about the firm#8217;s growth plans from legallyindia.com, even though it never was discussed on romeo essay questions that site. Some people also copy the line #8220;it will be exciting to be a part of a young and growing team of lawyers#8221; without knowing whether our team is young, old, middle-aged, growing or not etc. Thanks for rectifying all of us and caesar showing the character path for own creativity which will definitely help us in caesar essays the future. Sir but we do have a check on various websites like RSG consulting.com, legal500.com etc. before applying and after doing all this things we are upset due to very late replies from the practice essay questions respected law firms (Most of them need a continuous follow up and caesar essays sum even don#8217;t after that ) and many of them have a stringent norm of short essay twist, taking only National Law school Students(Strange.. its like #8220;Grave injustice in the LAW Factory itself).

However a reply of NO can surely help out all the essays students to shape their planned schedule. Hoping for Future Co-operation. Camp Essayons? Anil, it would be nice for applicants if law firms replied to every application. But please understand that law firms are under no real obligation to do so, especially for unsolicited applications. Another reason they don#8217;t is caesar essays because of the volume. Even small law firms get several applications a month and the medium-sized or bigger ones must be getting hundreds a month. It is just not practical to reply to essayons 6 37 everyone. Essays? If you send an application and you don#8217;t get a reply, it means that either the firm does not have a vacancy for of versailles weimar republic essay you or your application did not impress them. Keep trying! Thank you very much Sir for your valuable comment #8230;. it will help us a lot#8230; Thanks a lot for providing such useful tips #128578; but will you pls let me know how to essays take follow up after sending cover letter and CV for targeted firms. i would join internship from your NGO which is a very impotant for me from june to july 2015 iam student of law collage dehradun. Short Oliver Twist? The sample CV and sample Cover Letter are very useful to my students as who hail from rural area of Maharashtra. lawctopus is contributing immensely in bridging the gap between urban and caesar essays rural students of law and indirectly contributing in upgrading the professional standards also.

So keep up the great work. Essayons 6 37? This was really helpful. Doing changes in my cover letter. And thank you for telling cover letter#8217;s are NOT to be attached but should be a body of the mail. what a fail i have been doing till now! Well it#8217;s not a rule as such. But if you put it in the body of the email, chances of it being read are more. Ideally how long should a Cover Letter be?

Around 200-250 words. Caesar? i have gone through various websites for getting a sample for internship letter but didn#8217;t get a more crisp letter than this#8230; really hepled a lot. While applying for judicial clerkship under a HC judge. How different will the covering letter be from this? Its very helpful. Kindly give the email id where i should mail my cv and other requirement for internship.

Comment via Wordpress Cancel reply. Anonymous on Delhi Bar Council Registration: A Step-by-Step Guide Anonymous on GST and its Impact on camp essayons 6 37 Business in India [Student Essay] Harshvardhan Rai on Internship Experience @ Jagriti Legal Associates, Lucknow : Work on Consumer Disputes Related Cases Harshvardhan Rai on Internship Experience @ Jammu #038; Kashmir Judicial Academy: Drafting and caesar Research Work, Stipend of Rs. 15k Anonymous on Internship Experience @ Jammu #038; Kashmir Judicial Academy: Drafting and Research Work, Stipend of Rs. 15k pardeep kumar on Delhi Bar Council Registration: A Step-by-Step Guide. Lawctopus is India’s most popular and camp trusted website for law students.

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example phd proposal Sample Proposals for the Undergraduate Engineering Review. Before an article, report, or brief is accepted into the Undergraduate Engineering Review, the author must first submit a proposal that specifies the importance of the research, the scope and limitations of the research, and essays the methods for twist the research. Submitters should read the journal's Request for Proposals before submitting. A Proposal to Research the Storage Facility.

for Spent Nuclear Fuel at Yucca Mountain. There are many questions regarding the safety of the Yucca Mountain waste repository. Researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory disagree over essays the long-term safety of the proposed high level nuclear waste site located in Nevada. Essay Writing London. In 1994, Charles Bowman, a researcher at caesar essays, Los Alamos, developed a theory claiming that years of storing waste in the mountain may actually start a nuclear chain reaction and romeo explode, similar to an atomic bomb [Taubes, 1995]. The stir caused by theory suggests that researchers have not explored all sides of the safety issue concerning potentially hazardous situations at Yucca Mountain. Bowman's theory that Yucca Mountain could explode is caesar, based upon the idea that enough waste will eventually disperse through the rock to create a critical mass. A critical mass is an amount of fissile material, such as plutonium, containing enough mass to start a neutron chain reaction [Murray, 1989]. Essay Twist. Bowman argues that if this chain reaction were started underground, the rocks in the ground would help keep the caesar, system compressed and short twist speed up the chain reaction [Taubes, 1995]. A chain reaction formed underground could then generate huge amounts of caesar, energy in a fraction of a second, resulting in a nuclear blast. A nuclear explosion of this magnitude would emit large amounts of radioactivity into the air and ground water.

Another safety concern is the possibility of a volcanic eruption in Yucca Mountain. Romeo And Juliet Practice Essay Questions. The long-term nuclear waste storage facility needs to remain stable for at least 10,000 years to allow the radioactive isotopes to decay to natural levels [Clark, 1997]. There are at least a dozen young volcanoes within 40 kilometers of the proposed Yucca Mountain waste site [Weiss, 1996]. The proximity of Yucca Mountain to essays, these volcanoes makes it possible to have a volcanic eruption pass through the spent fuel waste repository. Such a volcanic eruption could release damaging amounts of radioactivity to online, the environment. (1) explain the caesar essays, criteria for a suitable repository of high-level radioactive waste; and. (2) determine whether Yucca Mountain meets these criteria. According to romeo questions, the Department of Energy (DOE), a repository for high-level radioactive waste must meet several criteria including safety, location, and economics [Roush, 1995].

Safety includes not only the effect of the repository on people near the site, but also people along the transportation routes to the site. In my research I will consider both groups of people. As far as location, a waste site cannot be in caesar essays, an area with a large population or near a ground water supply. Also, because one of the about good character, most significant factors in determining the life span of a possible repository is how long the waste storage canisters will remain in tact, the waste site must be located in a dry climate to eliminate the moisture that can cause the caesar essays, waste canisters to corrode. The economics involved in selecting a site is another criterion. At present, the Department of Energy (DOE) has spent more than 1.7 billion dollars on the Yucca Mountain project [Taubes, 1995]. Romeo Questions. For that reason, much pressure exists to select Yucca Mountain as a repository site; otherwise, this money would have been wasted.

Other costs, though, have to be considered. For instance, how economical is caesar, it to transport radioactive waste across several states to essay, a single national site? I will try to account for as many of caesar essays, these other costs as possible. After explaining the criteria, I will assess how well Yucca Mountain meets those criteria. 6 37 Fa. In this assessment, I will not assign a numerical score for each criterion. Rather, I will discuss qualitatively how well Yucca Mountain meets each criterion. In some situations, disagreement exists among experts as to how well Yucca Mountain meets a criterion.

In such cases, I will present both sides. Essays. In this assessment, only Yucca Mountain will be considered as a possible site. Although many sites in and juliet practice questions, the United States could meet the essays, DOE's established criteria, I will consider only Yucca Mountain because the can i buy powerpoint online, DOE is considering only Yucca Mountain [Taube, 1995]. The first goal of essays, my research is to explain the criteria for camp fa determining whether a nuclear waste repository is caesar, suitable. For example, will the rock structure be able to withstand human invasion in the future [Clark, 1997]? What will happen if the waste containers corrode and do not last as long as predicted? Will the natural setting contain the waste? To achieve this goal, I will rely on Background on 40 CFR Part 197 Environmental Standards for Yucca Mountain [Clark, 1997], the DOE Yucca Mountain home page [1997], and the book Understanding Radioactive Waste [Murray, 1989]. A second goal of my literature review is to evaluate Yucca Mountain meets those criteria. I will base my evaluation on the sources mentioned above as well as specific Environmental Protection Agency standards. I also intend to research the london, validity of possible environmental disasters, such as the explosion theory.

To accomplish this goal, I will rely on the paper presented by Clark [1997], and on caesar the book Blowup at Yucca Mountain [Taubes, 1995]. Because engineering students are the primary audience for my proposed research topic and may not be familiar with the history of nuclear waste, I will provide a background on past methods used for essay good waste storage. People in the nuclear field with some knowledge of the waste problem facing the caesar, industry may be a secondary audience. Figure 1. Schedule for completion of the literature review. The formal presentation will be on October 27, and the formal report will be completed by December 5.

Given that all my sources are available through the University of republic, Wisconsin library system, there is caesar essays, no appreciable cost associated with performing this review, unless one takes into consideration the amount of tuition spent on maintaining the university libraries. The only other minor costs are photocopying articles, creating transparencies for my presentation, printing my report, and binding my report. I estimate these expenses will not exceed $20. I am a senior in the Engineering Physics Department at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, majoring in about good character, nuclear engineering and physics. I have taken several classes related to nuclear waste, economics, and environmental studies. Caesar. I believe that these courses will aid me in preparing the proposed review. Practice Essay. For further information about my qualifications, see the caesar, attached resume. Kerr, R., New Way to Ask the buy powerpoint, Experts: Rating Radioactive Waste Risks, Science, vol.274, (November1996), pp. 913-914. Murray, Raymond L., Understanding Nuclear Waste (Battelle Press, 1989). Roush, W., Can Nuclear Waste Keep Yucca Mountain Dry-and Safe?

Science, vol. 270, (December 1995), pp. Essays. 1761-1762. Taubes, G., Blowup at Yucca Mountain, Science, vol.268, (June 1995), pp. 1836-1839. A Proposal to Review How Geophysical Precursors. Can Help Predict Earthquakes.

Throughout the world, devastating earthquakes occur with little or no advance warning. Some of these earthquakes kill hundreds of people. If the times, magnitudes, and locations of these earthquakes could be accurately predicted, many lives could be saved. This document proposes a review of how monitoring geophysical precursors can help in the short-term prediction of of versailles weimar republic, earthquakes. The proposed review will discuss the physical principles behind the essays, monitoring of three common precursors and essayons fa evaluate how accurate each monitoring is in predicting earthquakes. Included in this proposal are my methods for caesar gathering information, a schedule for completing the review, and my qualifications. On the morning of April 18, 1906, the population of San Francisco was awakened by violent shaking and by essay character, the roar caused by the writhing and collapsing of buildings [Hodgson, 1964]. The ground appeared to be thrown into waves that twisted railways and caesar broke the can i buy powerpoint online, pavement into great cracks. Many buildings collapsed, while others were severely damaged.

The earthquake caused fires in fifty or more points throughout the caesar essays, city. Fire stations were destroyed, alarms were put out of commission, and water mains were broken. As a result, the fires quickly spread throughout the city and of versailles republic continued for three days. The fires destroyed a 5 square-mile section at the heart of the city [Mileti and Fitzpatrick, 1993]. Even more disastrous was the Kwanto earthquake in Japan that devastated the cities of Yokohama and Tokyo on essays September 1, 1923 [Hodgson, 1993].

In Yokohama, over 50 percent of the buildings were destroyed [Bolt, 1993], and can i for mac online as many as 208 fires broke out and caesar spread through the city [Hodgson, 1964]. When the essay writing companies, disaster was over, 33,000 people were dead [Bolt, 1993]. In Tokyo, the damage from the essays, earthquake was less, but the resulting fires were more devastating. The fires lasted three days and destroyed 40 percent of the city [Hodgson, 1964]. After the fire, 68,000 people were dead and 1 million people were homeless [Bolt, 1993]. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake and the Kwanto earthquake were two of the camp 6 37, most famous and essays devastating earthquakes of this century. Treaty Of Versailles Republic. These earthquakes struck without warning and caesar essays with disastrous results. If earthquakes could be predicted, people would be able to evacuate from essay questions, buildings, bridges, and overpasses, where most deaths occur. Some earthquakes have been successfully predicted. One of the most famous predictions was the Haicheng Prediction in China. In 1970, Chinese scientists targeted the Liaoning Province as a site with potential for caesar essays a large earthquake.

These scientists felt that an of versailles, earthquake would occur there in essays, 1974 or 1975. On December 20, 1974, an earthquake warning was issued. Two days later, a magnitude 4.8 earthquake struck the Liaoning Province; however, further monitoring suggested a larger earthquake was imminent [Mileti and others, 1981]. On February 4, 1975, the Chinese issued a warning that an earthquake would strike Haicheng within 24 hours [Bolt, 1993]. The people in Haicheng were evacuated, and about 5.5 hours later, a magnitude 7.3 earthquake shook the city of Haicheng.

If the people hadn't been evacuated, the death toll could have exceeded 100,000. Using geophysical precursors, the Chinese have predicted more than ten earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 5.0 [Meyer, 1977]. For example, the about, Chinese predicted a pair of earthquakes of magnitude 6.9 that occurred 97 minutes apart in Yunnan on May 19, 1976 [Bolt, 1993]. Despite these successes, the Chinese failed to predict the earthquake that struck the city of Tangshan on July 27, 1976; this earthquake killed 250,000 people and essays injured 500,000 more [Bolt, 1988]. This earthquake wasn't completely unexpected, but the Chinese believed it to be a few years away. Other earthquakes have been predicted, but the predictions didn't have enough precision for warnings to be issued.

For example, in 1983, a young geophysicist predicted that an earthquake of short essay oliver, magnitude 8 would strike Mexico City within four years [Deshpande, 1987]. Two years later, an earthquake of magnitude 8 did strike Mexico City. Because the prediction was not more precise, no warning was issued and the earthquake took the caesar, population of Mexico City by surprise. Other predictions have turned out to be false warnings. For example, an short essay oliver, earthquake warning was issued in August 1976 near Hong Kong [Bolt, 1988]. During the earthquake alert, people slept outdoors for two months. Essays. No earthquake occurred. I propose to for mac online, review the available literature on how geophysical precursors can be used for short-term predictions of essays, earthquakes. In this review, I will achieve the following three goals: explain three commonly monitored geophysical precursors: ground uplift and tilt, increases in radon emissions, and essay changes in the electrical resistivity of rocks; show what happens to each of these precursors during the five stages of an earthquake; and.

discuss how each of these precursors is used for short-term earthquake predictions. Geophysical precursors are changes in the physical state of the earth that are precursory to earthquakes. In addition to monitoring geophysical precursors, there are other strategies for predicting earthquakes-in particular, analyzing statistical data on prior earthquakes. Analyzing statistical data on prior earthquakes, however, is solely a long-term prediction technique [Bolt, 1993]. Essays. For that reason, I will not consider it. In my review, I will discuss three common geophysical precursors: ground uplift and tilt, increases in radon emissions, and changes in the electrical resistivity of rocks. And Juliet Practice Essay. Earthquakes occur in five stages as there is a build up of elastic strain within faults in the earth, followed by the development of cracks in the rocks, then the influx of caesar essays, water into essay those cracks.

The fourth stage is the actual rupture of the fault and caesar essays the release of seismic waves. The fifth stage is the sudden drop in stress in the fault. Companies. In this stage, aftershocks occur. During these five stages, the geophysical precursors follow distinct patterns. For instance, the ground uplift and tilt increases during the second stage as the volume of rock increases. Essays. In my review, I will relate how the three geophysical precursors relate to the five stages of an earthquake and how well this relation can be used to oliver, predict the oncoming fault rupture.

This section presents my plan for obtaining the objectives discussed in caesar essays, the previous section. Short. Because of the recent earthquakes in California and caesar Japan, there has arisen a strong interest to predict earthquakes precisely. Oliver Twist. As a consequence of that strong interest, many books and journals have been written on earthquakes and earthquake prediction. Caesar. I have gathered five books and several articles on the subject. Online. In addition, there are dozens of books and caesar essays articles available in the library. These books and articles should provide sufficient information for me to write my review. Short Essay Oliver Twist. The following paragraphs discuss how I will use these sources in my research. The first goal of my research is to explain the physical principles behind monitoring geophysical precursors. For example, why does the electrical resistivity of rocks decrease before an caesar essays, oncoming earthquake? Or, what does a sudden increase in radon emissions reveal about the future likelihood of a massive earthquake?

The second goal of my research is to show what happens to each of these precursors during the five stages of an earthquake. To achieve these two goals, I will rely on short three books that give an overview to earthquake prediction: Earthquakes [Bolt, 1988], Earthquakes and Geological Discovery [Bolt, 1993], and Earthquakes and essays Earth Structure [Hodgson, 1964]. A third primary goal of the literature review is to cover the writing, accuracy of monitoring each precursor. By accuracy, I mean how well does the method work in predicting the time, place, and caesar essays size of earthquakes. This discussion will not include many statistics on the predictions of earthquakes, because at present there just haven't been enough successful predictions to validate these types of statistics. Instead, I intend to evaluate the potential accuracy of camp essayons, monitoring each precursor based on the opinions of caesar, experts and preliminary data. Companies London. To achieve this goal, I will rely on caesar essays two of my most recent sources: The Great Earthquake Experiment [Mileti and Fitzpatrick, 1993] and writing Earthquakes and Geological Discovery [Bolt, 1993]. Should I require additional sources other than the ones I have, I will search for them in the library system at the University of Wisconsin. Should I not be able to caesar essays, find that information, I will modify the scope of my research accordingly. Because the oliver twist, primary readers for my proposed literature review are engineering students who are probably not familiar with the theories behind earthquakes, I will have to caesar, provide selected background information frommy sources. These engineering students already know that earthquakes are devastating.

They also know that if earthquakes could be predicted, people would be able to prepare for them and lives would be saved. However, they may not know the different methods of predicting earthquakes. My intent is to inform these students of three methods of predicting earthquakes. A secondary audience for the review would be non-technical readers who either live in earthquake-prone areas or are affected financially when earthquakes occur. My proposed literature review will provide this group with an unbiased discussion of three methods for earthquake prediction. This discussion, drawing much from overview chapters in Earthquakes, Animals and practice questions Man [Deshpande, 1987] and California Quake [Meyer, 1977], will put into perspective how accurate, or inaccurate, the named methods are and essays what hurdles face engineers who try to predict earthquakes. This section presents my schedule, costs, and qualifications for treaty weimar essay performing the proposed research. The proposed research project culminates in a formal report that will be completed by December 6, 1995. To reach this goal, I will follow the schedule presented in Figure 1. Because I already possess several books and articles on earthquake prediction, most of my time will be spent sifting through the caesar essays, information, finding the key results, and presenting those results to the audience. Figure 1. Schedule for completion of literature review.

The two triangles represent milestones for the project, the first being the formal presentation on November 11, 1996, and the second being the formal report on December 6, 1996. Given that I can obtain all my sources for the literature review from the oliver, library, there is no appreciable cost associated with performing this literature review. The only costs, which will be minor, are for copying articles, printing the review, and spiral binding the review. I estimate that I can do these tasks for under $10. I am a senior in the Geological Engineering Department at the University of Wisconsin at Madison. In my undergraduate courses I have taken rock mechanics, soil mechanics, geophysics, and stratigraphy, all of which have included the caesar, principles of romeo practice essay, seismology and stress-strain relationships. In addition, I have taken field courses on structural geology that have introduced me to subsurface behaviors. I believe that these courses and my hands-on experience will aid me in assimilating the proposed literature review. For further information about my qualifications, see the attached resume (not attached on this web site) . Bolt, Bruce A., Earthquakes (New York: W. H. Caesar Essays. Freeman and Company, 1988). Bolt, Bruce A., Earthquakes and Geological Discovery (New York: Scientific American Library, 1993). Deshpande, Prof.

B. G., Earthquakes, Animals and Man (Pune, India: The Maharashtra Association for the Cultivation of Science, 1987). Hodgson, John H., Earthquakes and Earth Structure (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1964). Meyer, Larry L., California Quake (Nashville: Sherbourne Press, 1977). Mileti, Dennis S., and Colleen Fitzpatrick, The Great Earthquake Experiment (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1993). All materials at this web site are the intellectual property of the editors and authors.

You are more than welcome to romeo essay, make hypertext links as long as you give proper credit. If you have comments, suggestions, or questions, please direct them to one of the editors.