Thesis university of leicester

Architect Skills List and Examples. Architects design buildings and other structures, inside and out, carefully considering engineering, function, and aesthetics. While architecture is an art, it is unlike most other arts in that it#39;s both public and durable. Thesis University Of Leicester! Rather than being enjoyed only by its owner, or by museum goers, like a painting, well-designed structures can enrich public life for luther speech written decades, sometimes centuries. Thesis University Of Leicester! Because buildings must be safe and functional, the dubois essays entry requirements to of leicester the field of architecture are very high. You must have both a masters’ degree or better in architecture and king a dream speech down state licensure in order to practice. Besides coursework, you must also complete an extended internship under the supervision of an of leicester architect. With a relevant associates’ or bachelors’ degree, you can still work in the field as a draftsman, and doing so may be a good way to make sure you enjoy the field before committing several more years of study. Before you#39;re in a position to xyz essay apply for of leicester a job as an essay writing on effects of junk architect, you will, therefore, have thoroughly familiarized yourself with the skills required for this type of career, simply by going through your training.

But you can still use a skills list like ours to get a sense of whether the of leicester path to architecture is something you might want to embark on. The following list is not exhaustive, but does include some of the most important requirements for success in the field. To design safe and functional buildings, you must be thoroughly familiar with the strengths, weaknesses, and prothesis other properties of various materials and with how different structures perform under load and pressure. University Of Leicester! You will need a background in geometry, mathematics, and physics, among other related topics. Dubois Essays! Remember that you may find yourself having to innovate to thesis university meet challenges, such as designing earthquake-proof structures or energy-efficient, sustainable structures. 20th Century! You will not be able to rely only on solutions that others have tried and of leicester tested before. 20th Century Philosophy Of Scienc! As important as safety and function are, aesthetics is a major consideration in architecture. You must be familiar with the thesis university history of architecture as an art and familiar with various artistic movements within the dubois essays field, and you must also be in touch with your own creativity. Fortunately, architectural training should help nurture and thesis university develop your artistic side, as well as your technical ability, but design should be something you enjoy if you are going to do it well.

The actual drawing up of plans is done on computers these days, as are simulations, artistic renderings, and martin luther king i have a dream speech written down much of the rest of the of leicester visual output of the field. You will need to develop agility with various architectural drafting software. Knowledge of Building Laws and writing on effects food Codes. Laws and local codes have much to say about what can be built, where, and how. Some of these regulations pertain directly to the architect’s work, such as codes that specify the number and size of windows for various building types as part of fire safety, for example. Some laws prohibit building on thesis university of leicester certain cites, like in xyz essay format wetlands or flood zones. Thesis Of Leicester! Some regulations do not directly involve the architect, but all your work will be for nothing if you don’t notice certain problems and address them. Of course, architects must work closely with clients, engineers, construction personnel, and sometimes other stakeholders in a project. Luther King I Have Speech Down! To complete a design successfully and thesis see a project to completion, an architect must understand what all these people are saying and communicate with them clearly in turn.

No architect can build a structure alone. As with any other art, being successful as an prothesis surgery architect also requires a head for business. Thesis Of Leicester! You will need to market your services and make your name as a professional if you want other people to build your buildings. Luther I Have A Dream Down! Abstraction Analysis Architectural Codes Architectural Rendering AutoCAD Budgeting Building Codes Building Construction Building Systems Calculations Client Relations Collaboration Communication Computer Aided Design (CAD) Computer Processing Conceptualization Construction Administration Construction Documents Coordination Corporate Creative Thinking Critical Thinking Critical Assessment Design Design Concepts Design to Delivery Development Documents Drafting Drawing Estimating Finance Imagination Industrial Design Innovation Installation Integration Interpersonal Leadership in Energy Environmental Design (LEED) Legal Management Mathematics Model Making New Construction Planning Plans Preservation Problem Solving Production Project Management Rehabilitation Renovation Research Residential Retail Revit Sawing Scheduling Seeing Big Picture Results Slicing Software Solving Complex Problems Sustainable Design Specifications Technical Vision Visualize Writing Zoning Codes. Your knowledge of codes and ability to thesis university interpret them and ensure designs meet codes is an writing of junk essential aspect of the job. Architectural Codes Building Codes Leadership in Energy Environmental Design (LEED) Zoning Codes. What skills do you have in design, using programs and processes? Architectural Rendering AutoCAD Computer Aided Design (CAD) Computer Processing Design Design Concepts Design to Delivery Drafting Industrial Design Model Making Revit Software Specifications Plans Sustainable Design Technical Vision. What kind of of leicester, buildings and construction have you designed, in what settings? Were they new spaces or redesigning existing spaces?

Building Construction Building Systems Construction Administration Construction Documents Industrial Design Installation New Construction Preservation Project Management Rehabilitation Renovation Residential Retail. What skills have you developed and used in working on projects or leading projects? Analysis Budgeting Client Relations Collaboration Communication Conceptualization Coordination Design to Delivery Estimating Finance Legal Management Problem Solving Project Management Scheduling Seeing Big Picture Results Solving Complex Problems Specifications Architectural Codes Building Codes Leadership in Energy Environmental Design (LEED) Zoning Codes.

How to Become a Freelance Copywriter. I’m a lucky bitch. … And that’s not just because I have an amazing partner and home life and thesis university, family and job. And great health. And generally strong financial security. And a sense of balance, love, hope and purpose.

But because I’ve lucked into a lot of things in my professional life. Of course, when I look at how I “lucked” into those things, it’s clear that I’m one of introduction quality assurance those people who’s only as lucky as she is hard-working. When the effort stops, the luck stops. Thankfully, I’ve never had to of leicester worry much about earning an income. That’s lucky. Maybe I haven’t worried because, when I first started out, I was happy to xyz essay format take anything . If I’d wanted a $50k/year job when I first started copywriting, I probably wouldn’t have felt so lucky when I landed a $32k/year copywriting job. I haven’t had to worry about freelancing.

The work has just come. But it’s not that easy for everyone. OR… it is that easy for everyone, but others have higher expectations than I’ve had. So last week I got a question from a reader named Susan Silver. Of Leicester! (Great name, hey?) It’s a question that I get quite a bit, which is why I asked Susan if she wouldn’t mind me publishing my response here, on 20th Philosophy of scienc, the blog I so rarely get a chance to update. She happily agreed. So here’s the of leicester, question Susan sent me: I was wondering what advice you might give to someone starting up a small time copywriting business. I have been encouraged to martin i have speech written down build my business, but I am not sure who my best clientele might be. My strongest skills are blogging, SEO, and relationship marketing.

The Coles Notes Version of thesis university of leicester How to Become a Freelance Copywriter. Six ways to build a small freelance copywriting business. Prove you’ve done this work before. Talk about everything you do. And only do things worth talking about. Choose a niche. Choose a niche that’s either a “networker” or an “influencer” so they will spread the word for format you. Thesis Of Leicester! Pitch yourself to dubois essays an ideal client, even if you have to discount your services to get the work. Try the tactics that work for your clients. How to Become a Freelance Copywriter: By the time I decided to of leicester freelance full-time in Sept 2011, I’d already been freelancing on an ad hoc basis for dubois essays clients like Acana (that high-end pet food most of us can’t afford… but should really try to).

I’d also built up a nice resume that included senior-level duties at Intuit and agency work. That’s what clients wanted to see. That’s what your prospects will want to see. Not experience at Intuit. Or in an agency. Just proof that you’ve done this before. Proof from an authority that you are skilled.

Proof from a multitude of others that you’re worth hiring. Quantity of proof. And quality of proof. The smaller the job you’re going for, the thesis of leicester, less you should worry about quantity or quality. So that’s tip numero uno: Prove you’ve done similar work before.

Start with a good-looking, easy to navigate online portfolio. I use Carbonmade, and writing, I totally recommend it. You can create multiple portfolios – so you can have one portfolio of copywriting for hair salons, another of print copywriting, another of copywriting + creative direction. Then you can send your prospects to the appropriate portfolio. Now, in recommending that you prove your work in of leicester, order to get work, I know what you’re saying: “I need work to get work. But I can’t get work without a history of work. I’m doomed!”

But, I guarantee it, you’ve already done some sort of copywriting work. Even if you’ve never been hired by a client. If you’re the one your sister goes to when she needs her school paper edited, voila – you’re an editor! If you wrote a brochure for your mom’s workplace, voila – you’re a copywriter! If you proofread for your university paper, voila – you’re a copyeditor! You do not need to 20th century of scienc do a lot. You just need to know this one little secret: Everything you do has the potential to be BIG. What does that mean? It means it’s up to you to milk every piece of thesis university of leicester experience you have.

To wring it dry in your self-marketing. Even if it’s small, it can be big in your marketing. You know why big names like Anthony Robbins, Marie Forleo and Laura Roeder became big names? They put themselves out there. And then they talked about the luther speech written down, results endlessly. Everything they do becomes big. Everything they spend energy on is something they then market themselves with. So that’s tip numero two: Talk about everything you do. And only do things worth talking about. That means you 1) need a blog that you 2) post your wins and client stories on, with a focus on 3) only doing client work that will translate into thesis, a blog post that can bring in more clients. Let’s say you want to penile prothesis surgery write copy for local hair salons.

You want to be the go-to person in this niche. Why? Well, let’s say you really like getting your hair done (so you have a personal interest), you love the volatility of this sort of small business (because that’s a fun challenge for you), and – this is important – you recognize that hairdressers are people who not only thesis of leicester, connect with other hairdressers but who also have clients that they spend an hour or so talking to during each visit. Which means that, if you do a good job for them, they are VERY likely to spread the word about quality assurance, you to thesis university people in and beyond your niche. So that’s tip number three: Choose a niche. And tip number quatre: Choose a niche that’s either a “networker” or an essay writing on effects of junk “influencer” so they will spread the university, word for you. (Susan, this is of scienc where to start when thinking about clientele!)

So you seek out a hairdresser. Maybe it’s your hairdresser. Thesis University! You pitch yourself. Essay Writing Of Junk Food! You even agree to do the university, copywriting work for essay writing half of university what you’d normally charge. Yes, for half. Because you’re trying to grow your business.

And you need someone to bite. (Should you give your services away free? That’s the topic of another post!) Tip number 5: Pitch yourself to an ideal client, even if you have to discount your services to get the work. The result?

You get a client who’s a hairdresser, and you write a direct response piece – like a postcard – to help him grow his client base. This is a client you’re going to want to blog about. Tell him you’re going to promote his business on your blog, and penile surgery, then write a great post all about what you did to help him, such as: Getting an understanding for his ideal client Identifying the need to do a print piece / DR mailer Targeting an area in town to thesis university of leicester send the piece to Developing the martin i have a dream speech written down, right value proposition for him Crafting the offer / Developing the best incentive, if any Taking things further – promoting sharing by liking him on thesis university, Facebook Creating a Facebook page for him. Don’t forget to share the century of scienc, results! Be explicit with the outcomes. People need to know both the immediate outcome and thesis university of leicester, what that actually means long-term.

Did you bring in assurance, 3 new clients for him? That may not sound like a lot… but what’s the thesis, lifetime value for a client? Can he expect to make $125 off each one every 3 months? That’s $1500 more per year. If the cost of producing and sending the mailer was $750, you just got him some serious ROI. And he can resend the mailer again and again – to the same neighborhood and different ones – without paying you for anything more than tweaks and distribution coordination.

Imagine if he gets just 2 new clients from luther king speech down every mailer, and he sends out thesis, 6 more mailers over the course of the year. Suddenly he’s got 15 clients, thanks to you! When you write this blog post, share it! Put it on quality, Facebook. Put it on LinkedIn. Submit it to Inbound.org. If you have any sort of Twitter following, tweet it. After a week passes, repeat. Share it on Facebook again, and thesis, tweet about century Philosophy, it again.

Three months down the road, repeat. But that’s not all. Why stop at creating a great promotion for your client? Tip number 6: If something works for your client, try it to market your own business. It’s always a good idea to set aside a portion of the money you make to spend on promoting your own business. If you’ve gained traction in thesis of leicester, a niche where you can rely on word of mouth to grow your business, that’s great. Century Philosophy! But don’t forget about the power of good ol’ self-promotion. If the thesis, postcard worked for your client, do a mailer for your business. After all, you just got more experienced in direct response… so why not put that experience to xyz essay work for you? Create and send your postcards.

Then, measure the results. Blog about it. Even if it totally failed. Blog about the experience… because some people will relate. And share the post. University! And update your portfolio! So there you have it. Six ways to build a small freelance copywriting business.

Prove you’ve done this work before. Prothesis Surgery! Talk about everything you do. Thesis! And only do things worth talking about. Choose a niche. Choose a niche that’s either a “networker” or an “influencer” so they will spread the word for you. Pitch yourself to an ideal client, even if you have to discount your services to get the work. Try the tactics that work for essay your clients. In your freelance copywriting business, you are both the of leicester, product being marketed and the marketer of the product. You may have skills in assurance essay, blogging, SEO and relationship marketing – that’s what you’re selling – but you need to have skills in of leicester, marketing in general. In Susan’s case, she’s got relationship marketing skills, so connecting with someone in her niche shouldn’t be a challenge. Martin Luther Speech Written! Telling yourself to do it – that’s the challenge.

She’s also great with blogging and SEO. Her clients will benefit from those skills… and so will her business. She’ll have no trouble blogging about her successes and getting traffic to university those posts. Additional Tips for martin luther king a dream speech Starting Growing. as a Freelance Copywriter. Get your name in front of university your market! Guest blog post strategically. Remember to talk about everything you do… but only do things worth talking about. Which means no guest posts on sites that won’t help you. King I Have Written! Ask to thesis be paid the value of your work!

If your SEO services will help bring in $1000 for a business in the first year, you shouldn’t be charging $25/hr for 4 hours of 20th Philosophy work. If you undervalue yourself, others will undervalue you, too. Don’t ask for thesis of leicester more than you’re worth! Unless you have some sick data to prove how amazing you are – like the 20th, results of split-tests – don’t ask for more than you know you’re worth in the early stages of your career. Let yourself learn, and, once you’ve learned, charge more. Battle scars will get you to six-figure income. Ego won’t.

Leverage your existing network! My first paid copywriting gig came via my stepmom, who knew a guy. Thesis University! She brought me the contact, but my work proved itself – and I kept that client for 10 years, until I decided to cut ties. Charge for think time and i have a dream speech, meetings! Some people charge only for the time they’re actually typing. That’s crazy – and that’s a quick way to get burned out. Every minute you’re thinking about your client is a minute to thesis of leicester charge for. Don’t annoy people!

Exact thing not to do: use autoresponder DMs for your new Twitter followers. There’s not a person alive who likes receiving a Twitter A/R. 20th Century Philosophy Of Scienc! Same goes for building an email list that you only university, use for promotions. Essay Writing On Effects! And for university giving out crappy ebooks or fluffy newlsetters. Luther King A Dream Speech! Not cool. Annoying. List yourself in [quality] directories! Before they became a Pinterest knock-off for copy, Drivvel.com specialized in connecting freelance copywriters with clients.

The AWAI has also helped to create many successful copywriters. Follow people you want to thesis be like! If you love me, follow me. #128578; If you want to be like Nick Usborne, follow him, too. Learn from the people who’ve been there… so you don’t have to learn the hard way yourself. Additionally, remember that you’re a business. Prothesis Surgery! Think of university yourself as one, and suddenly you’ll have no choice but to dubois essays take marketing yourself seriously. To help you remember that you’re a business, do things that drive that point home. Such as making your home workspace feel like an office: if you’re in the guest bedroom, take the bed out; if you’re in university of leicester, a cubby off the kitchen, tell your family that your “virtual door” is closed from 8am to 6pm.

One last thing: I’m slightly concerned about the idea of keeping your copywriting business small. It’s a concept I don’t quite understand. ‘Cos when you get more clients, you get to build a waiting list – which makes your clients feel even better about working with you. (No one wants to work with someone that isn’t in demand.) And when that happens, you get to dubois essays start increasing your hourly rate. And you get to be more selective with the clients you take on as a freelance copywriter. And when that happens, you get to work fewer hours. Don’t you want to move from $50/hr to $150/hr?

Sure you do. So good luck, Susan! And good luck to everyone who wants to become a freelance copywriter. PS: For more on becoming a freelance copywriter, check out these posts. These client management techniques worked for Mad Men – will they work for you? I used cold emails to 14x my freelance copywriting business. Here’s how. (Includes templates.) Joanna Wiebe - Copywriter and university of leicester, author of Copy Hackers Great article i love it. need help with your assignment visit https://www.essay-giant.com/ Wow, so amazed about introduction assurance, this, thanks once more.

From Nigeria Stephen. Great — and eye-catching — article, Joanna. I’m a public relations pro and part-time university instructor (mass comm). University Of Leicester! This cross-pollinated profession is worth a second — even third — look. Do you recommmend AWAI as a viable tools-of-the-trade resource?

I write in a variety of formats for prothesis surgery public relations clients but haven’t penned creative ad copy more than a handful of times. Of Leicester! I once worked with a freelance copywriter, however, who charged $150/hour more than 20 years ago. He provided copywriting services for a number of Dallas-based ad agencies and lived a very comfortable life. He was also very, very good. Waw, this is a great article! Here are a few ways to become a freelance copy writer. On Effects! I find out some information about thesis university, this, because I want to try this job. Format! I do not know much about this, but I saw very easy to university do. But before becoming a copywriter, I have to know a few things about it. And I got to 20th Philosophy of scienc know some techniques copywriting are true and correct.

Their job making sales through content, and make it become attractive content is not easy. Because writing a piece of content will require broad ideas and insights that have value quality content. some other information I get, you can also visit this site http://www.contentfactory.biz to get more information. Hello Joana, I need a freelancer to create an thesis of leicester article in penile prothesis, English for my site please contact me, please: contato@directvisionenglish.com. Absolutely loved the layout of this article and thesis university of leicester, webpage! The advice is solid and to-the-point. “Ask to be paid the writing on effects of junk food, value of your work! If your SEO services will help bring in $1000 for a business in university of leicester, the first year, you shouldn’t be charging $25/hr for 4 hours of martin luther king i have a dream speech written work. If you undervalue yourself, others will undervalue you, too.”

I totally agree. What copywriters should not do is this: Ask your first paying client who is a start up business to sign a contract then decide during month two that you cannot pay your bills with the $1200 you charged. You decide that first client should become your only thesis university, client and of scienc, pay you more money because you are too lazy to do what your client has to do – hustle up more customers. Bad, bad, bad business ethic. University Of Leicester! Shady remodelers do this type of upcharge in the middle of a major project. One handyman would ask for more money after a project was competed. Century Of Scienc! I never thought that a marketer/copywriter would upcharge after the delivery of a project. The experience left a bitter taste. I would like to have a copywriter assist with being a second eye for a vanity book I am writing – but after that experience – I keep reading about copywriting and thesis university of leicester, copy editing hoping to xyz essay get a readable copy out there.

Excellent, informing and motivating information. Thesis University Of Leicester! Can’t wait to quality assurance essay read the other post. This is thesis of leicester brilliantly practical advice! Which also makes it the best thing I’ve read so far on prothesis surgery, setting up as a freelance copywriter. Thank you Joanna! Joanna, thank you for such a good article #128521; It is always a pleasure to learn something new #128578; I will add one more- stay organized. Many people claim that work organization might kill their creativity. We don’t agree with them #128578; Many of our customers use a kanban board to thesis schedule their creative work (e.g. copywriters).

Is a simple way to visualize workflow, meet deadlines and satisfy clients. We are aware that most of the creative people know nothing about food, Agile, so… we decided to help them and write about it:) If you want to work smarter, not harder and get things done it’s about thesis of leicester, time to luther king a dream down meet with Kanban #128521; Stumbled upon this article simply researching the world of copywriting. Thoroughly enjoyed, straight forward and great tips. Home-run. Thanks Joanna! This is a really cool article, and pretty useful for thesis university of leicester me as I’m just starting my own company #128578; I’ve written my own article about starting out as a copywriter. Martin I Have Down! Would love to know what you think.

I like your posts very very much. I began my freelance writer job with http://writerslabs.com/ . My first niche was History, but now I also specialize at Human Resources Management and thesis of leicester, Business. Phenomenal pointers on getting started and I love that you called out what I struggle with most, which is not the knowing but the doing! It can be scary to put yourself out format, there, but I’m finally learning that the regret from not having done so is far more painful. Thank you for the push and the insight, Joanna! Awesome post, thanks Joanna! I already follow you, since I want to thesis of leicester be like you when I grow up:-) In 2012, I replaced my job with a freelance copywriting business.

I now earn more than enough to martin luther king live in Sydney, Australia, one of the most expensive cities in the world. I referred so many books and websites to get in to thesis of leicester freelancing . I have gathered many information about how to become a freelance copy writer but my favorite one is “Careerlancer” . Go to careerlancer and search for xyz essay format freelance copy writer . Quick question: You mention choosing a niche that is a networker or influencer. How do you qualify a niche as one of thesis of leicester these (or both) or decide you’re choosing the wrong niche? I can’t tell you how many times I’ve come back to this post. Penile Prothesis Surgery! And today, I’m excited to say, I get to thesis university of leicester share it in dubois essays, person with a recent grad and copywriting newbie. Great stuff! Thanks for Sharing Your Information.this is very useful information., Awesome post!! I feel super inspired, and thesis of leicester, I’ll be taking your suggestions to dubois essays heart immediately. I really need to stop being afraid to grow my business.

Great post! Thanks for sharing this wisdom…..and so cool of university of leicester you to put a button to contact Susan, (very) cool way to surgery reward your reader! Thanks, Antoine! Susan recently signed her first serious client, so it looks like her freelance copywriting business is set to university take off. Xyz Essay! #128578; Thanks again for university of leicester answering my questions.

So much to ponder, but I finally feel like I have a grip on what to do. Oct 17 18 in Minneapolis, MN. November 1 2 in Chicago, IL. We built a million-dollar business on blogging. Amazing blog posts build businesses and print money. Now Copy Hackers is teaching indies and writing on effects food, teams to write kick-ass posts in half the time. Get notified when we're live.

Gotcha! Pop over to your inbox and click to confirm you#x27;d like to hear from us. (You#x27;ll see an email from university of leicester Jo at Copy Hackers.) We are affiliates for WP Engine, SamCart, LeadPages and Drip.

mars summary essay Where there is no vision, the of leicester people perish. Before space exploration, Mars was considered the best candidate for harboring extraterrestrial life. Astronomers thought they saw straight lines crisscrossing its surface. This led to the popular belief that irrigation canals on the planet had been constructed by intelligent beings. In 1938, when Orson Welles broadcasted a radio drama based on the science fiction classic War of the Worlds by xyz essay H.G. Wells, enough people believed in of leicester the tale of invading Martians to cause a near panic. Another reason for scientists to writing food, expect life on Mars had to do with the apparent seasonal color changes on the planet's surface. This phenomenon led to speculation that conditions might support a bloom of Martian vegetation during the warmer months and cause plant life to become dormant during colder periods. In July of 1965, Mariner 4, transmitted 22 close-up pictures of Mars. All that was revealed was a surface containing many craters and naturally occurring channels but no evidence of thesis of leicester artificial canals or flowing water.

Finally, in July and September 1976, Viking Landers 1 and 2 touched down on the surface of Mars. The three biology experiments aboard the landers discovered unexpected and enigmatic chemical activity in the Martian soil, but provided no clear evidence for the presence of living microorganisms in the soil near the landing sites. According to mission biologists, Mars is format, self-sterilizing. They believe the combination of solar ultraviolet radiation that saturates the surface, the extreme dryness of the soil and the oxidizing nature of the soil chemistry prevent the formation of living organisms in thesis of leicester the Martian soil. 20th Century Philosophy Of Scienc! The question of life on Mars at some time in the distant past remains open. Other instruments found no sign of organic chemistry at either landing site, but they did provide a precise and definitive analysis of the composition of the Martian atmosphere and found previously undetected trace elements.

The atmosphere of Mars is quite different from that of Earth. It is composed primarily of carbon dioxide with small amounts of other gases. The six most common components of the atmosphere are: Carbon Dioxide (CO2): 95.32% Nitrogen (N2): 2.7% Argon (Ar): 1.6% Oxygen (O2): 0.13% Water (H2O): 0.03% Neon (Ne): 0.00025 % Martian air contains only about 1/1,000 as much water as our air, but even this small amount can condense out, forming clouds that ride high in thesis university of leicester the atmosphere or swirl around the slopes of towering volcanoes. Local patches of early morning fog can form in valleys. At the century Viking Lander 2 site, a thin layer of water frost covered the ground each winter. There is evidence that in the past a denser martian atmosphere may have allowed water to flow on thesis university the planet. Physical features closely resembling shorelines, gorges, riverbeds and islands suggest that great rivers once marked the planet. The average recorded temperature on Mars is introduction assurance essay, -63° C (-81° F) with a maximum temperature of 20° C (68° F) and a minimum of -140° C (-220° F).

Barometric pressure varies at university of leicester each landing site on a semiannual basis. Carbon dioxide, the major constituent of the atmosphere, freezes out to dubois essays, form an immense polar cap, alternately at each pole. The carbon dioxide forms a great cover of snow and thesis university then evaporates again with the coming of 20th of scienc spring in university of leicester each hemisphere. When the southern cap was largest, the mean daily pressure observed by Viking Lander 1 was as low as 6.8 millibars; at other times of the year it was as high as 9.0 millibars. The pressures at the Viking Lander 2 site were 7.3 and 10.8 millibars. In comparison, the average pressure of the Earth is 1000 millibars. Carbon Monoxide (CO) This image of mars came from a series of pictures taken by the Mars Global Surveyor wide angle cameras.

A map was created and prothesis surgery then wrapped around a sphere to generate this view of Mars. Here, bluish-white water ice clouds hang above the Tharsis volcanoes. (Copyright 2005 by Calvin J. Thesis University! Hamilton) This image is of scienc, a large mosaic of the Valles Marineris [VAL-less mar-uh-NAIR-iss] hemisphere of Mars. It is a view similar to that which one would see from a spacecraft. The lower center of the scene shows the entire Valles Marineris canyon system, more than 3,000 kilometers (1,860 miles) long and up to 8 kilometers (5 miles) deep, extending from Noctis Labyrinthus, the arcuate system of graben to the west, to the chaotic terrain to the east. Many huge ancient river channels begin from the university chaotic terrain and north-central canyons and run north.

Many of the channels flowed into a basin called Acidalia Planitia, which is the dark area in the extreme north of this picture. The three Tharsis volcanoes (dark red spots), each about introduction assurance 25 kilometers (16 miles) high, are visible to the west along with Olympus Mons the largest volcano on the planet. Very ancient terrain covered by many impact craters lies to the south of Valles Marineris. The polar cap can be seen to the north. University Of Leicester! (Copyright Calvin J. Dubois Essays! Hamilton) The current understanding of the interior of Mars suggests that it can be modeled with a thin crust, similar to Earth's, a mantle and a core. Using four parameters, the Martian core size and mass can be determined. However, only three out of the four are known and include the total mass, size of Mars, and the moment of inertia. Mass and size was determined accurately from early missions. The moment of inertia was determined from Viking lander and Pathfinder Doppler data, by measuring the thesis university precession rate of Mars. Xyz Essay! The fourth parameter, needed to complete the interior model, will be obtained from future spacecraft missions.

With the three known parameters, the thesis model is significantly constrained. If the Martian core is dense (composed of iron) similar to Earth's or SNC meteorites thought to originate from i have a dream speech written Mars, then the minimum core radius would be about 1300 kilometers. If the thesis core is surgery, made out of less-dense material such as a mixture of sulfur and thesis iron, the maximum radius would probably be less than 2000 kilometers. (Copyright 1998 by Calvin J. Hamilton) A towering dust devil, casts a serpentine shadow over writing on effects food the Martian surface in this image acquired by the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera on of leicester NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The scene is a late-spring afternoon in the Amazonis Planitia region of northern Mars. Speech Written! The view covers an of leicester, area about four-tenths of introduction assurance a mile (644 meters) across. North is toward the top. The length of the dusty whirlwind's shadow indicates that the dust plume reaches more than half a mile (800 meters) in of leicester height. The plume is about 30 yards or meters in 20th century Philosophy diameter. A westerly breeze partway up the height of the dust devil produced a delicate arc in the plume.

The image was taken during the time of Martian year when the planet is farthest from the sun. Just as on Earth, winds on Mars are powered by solar heating. Exposure to the sun's rays declines during this season, yet even now, dust devils act relentlessly to clean the surface of freshly deposited dust, a little at a time. (Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona) This image is a newly released topographic map of Mars. The full range of topography on Mars is about 19 miles (30 kilometers), one and a half times the range of thesis university elevations found on Earth, The most curious aspect of the map is the striking difference between the planet's low, smooth Northern Hemisphere and surgery the heavily cratered Southern Hemisphere, which sits, on thesis university of leicester average, about three miles (five kilometers) higher than the on effects of junk north. (Courtesy GSFC/NASA) This image is a mosaic of the Schiaparelli hemisphere of Mars. The center of this image is near the impact crater Schiaparelli, 450 kilometers (280 miles) in diameter. Thesis Of Leicester! The dark streaks with bright margins emanating from craters in luther king i have a dream the Oxie Palus region, upper left of image, are caused by erosion and/or deposition by the wind. Bright white areas to the south, including the Hellas impact basin at extreme lower right, are covered by carbon dioxide frost. (Courtesy USGS) This image shows part of Candor Chasm in Valles Marineris. Thesis University! It is centered at Latitude -5.0, Longitude 70.0.

The view is from the martin luther king i have written down north looking into the chasm. Candor Chasm's geomorphology is complex, shaped by tectonics, mass wasting, wind, and perhaps by water and volcanism. (Courtesy USGS) This picture (centered at latitude 4° S, longitude 76° W) shows areas of central Valles Marineris, including Candor Chasm (lower left), Ophir Chasm (lower right), and Hebes Chasm (upper right). Complex layered deposits in the canyons may have been deposited in lakes, and if so, are of great interest for future searches for fossil life on Mars. The pinkish deposits in Candor Chasm may be due to hydrothermal alterations and the production of crystalline ferric oxides. ((Geissler et al., 1993, Icarus 106,380). Viking Orbiter Picture Numbers 279B02 (violet), 279B10 (green), and 279B12 (red) at 240 meters/pixel resolution. Picture width is 231 kilometers. University Of Leicester! North is 47° clockwise from top.) Ophir Chasma is prothesis, a large west-northwest-trending trough about 100 km wide. Thesis Of Leicester! The Chasma is bordered by 4 km high walled cliffs, most likely faults, that show spur-and-gully morphology and smooth sections.

The walls have been dissected by landslides forming reentrants; one area (upper left) on the north wall shows a young landslide about 100 km wide. Writing! The volume of the landslide debris is more than 1000 times greater than that from the May 18, 1980 debris avalanche from Mount St. Helens. The longitudinal grooves seen in the foreground are thought to be due to differential shear and lateral spreading at high velocities. The landslide passes between mounds of interior layered deposits on thesis university the floor of the dubois essays chasma. (Courtesy USGS) Although Valles Marineris originated as a tectonic structure, it has been modified by other processes. This image shows a close-up view of a landslide on the south wall of Valles Marineris.

This landslide partially removed the rim of the thesis of leicester crater that is on the plateau adjacent to Valles Marineris. Note the texture of the landslide deposit where it flowed across the floor of introduction assurance Valles Marineris. University Of Leicester! Several distinct layers can be seen in the walls of the trough. These layers may be regions of distinct chemical composition or mechanical properties in the Martian crust. (Copyright Calvin J. Hamilton; Caption: LPI) These Hubble Space Telescope views provide the most detailed complete global coverage of the Red Planet ever seen from Earth. The pictures were taken on February 25, 1995, when Mars was at a distance of 103 million kilometers (65 million miles). To the surprise of format researchers, Mars is cloudier than seen in previous years. This means the thesis of leicester planet is cooler and drier, because water vapor in the atmosphere freezes out to form ice-crystal clouds.

The three images show the Tharsis, Valles Marineris and Syrtis Major regions. (Credit: Philip James, University of Toledo; Steven Lee, University of Colorado; and format NASA) This image of the head of Ravi Vallis shows a 300-kilometer (186-mile) long portion of a channel. University Of Leicester! Like many other channels that empty into the northern plains of century Mars, Ravi Vallis orginates in thesis a region of collapsed and disrupted (chaotic) terrain within the planet's older, cratered highlands. Structures in these channels indicate that they were carved by liquid water moving at high flow rates. The abrupt beginning of the channel, with no apparent tributaries, suggests that the water was released under great pressure from king i have a dream speech written beneath a confining layer of frozen ground. As this water was released and flowed away, the overlying surface collapsed, producing the disruption and subsidence shown here.

Three such regions of chaotic collapsed material are seen in this image, connected by university of leicester a channel whose floor was scoured by the flowing water. The flow in this channel was from west to east (left to right). This channel ultimately links up with a system of channels that flowed northward into Chryse Basin. Xyz Essay! (Copyright Calvin J. Hamilton; Caption: LPI) The water that carved the university channels to the north and east of the Valles Marineris canyon system had tremendous erosive power. 20th Philosophy! One consequence of thesis of leicester this erosion was the formation of streamlined islands where the water encountered obstacles along its path. This image shows two streamlined islands that formed as the water was diverted by two 8-10 kilometer (5-6 mile) diameter craters lying near the dubois essays mouth of Ares Vallis in thesis Chryse Planitia. The water flowed from south to north (bottom to introduction essay, top of the image). Of Leicester! The height of the martin speech down scarp surrounding the upper island is about 400 meters (1,300 feet), while the university of leicester scarp surrounding the southern island is about 600 meters (2,000 feet) high. (Copyright Calvin J. Hamilton; Caption: LPI) Unlike the features shown in the above two images, many systems on martin luther i have a dream written down Mars do not show evidence of thesis university catastrophic flooding. Instead, they show a resemblance to drainage systems on Earth, where water acts at slow rates over long periods of time.

As on Earth, the channels shown here merge together to form larger channels. However, these valley networks are less developed than typical terrestrial drainage systems, with the Martian examples lacking small-scale streams feeding into the larger valleys. Because of the absence of small-scale streams in the Martian valley networks, it is thought that the valleys were carved primarily by ground water flow rather than by runoff of rain. Although liquid water is currently unstable on the surface of Mars, theoretical studies indicate that flowing groundwater might be able to form valley networks if the water flowed beneath a protective cover of ice. Alternatively, because the valley networks are confined to relatively old regions of format Mars, their presence may indicate that Mars once possessed a warmer and thesis wetter climate in its early history. (Copyright Calvin J. Hamilton; Caption: LPI) This image shows the south polar cap of dubois essays Mars as it appears near its minimum size of about 400 kilometers (249 miles). It consists mainly of thesis of leicester frozen carbon dioxide.

This carbon dioxide cap never melts completely. The ice appears reddish due to dust that has been incorporated into the cap. (Courtesy NASA) This image is an oblique view of the xyz essay format north polar cap of Mars. University! Unlike the south polar cap, the north polar cap probably consists of water-ice. (Copyright Calvin J. Hamilton) One of the discoveries of the martin Mariner 9 spacecraft was that the south polar cap of Mars was made of thesis university of leicester thin layers or laminations of ice and sediment. Four years later, on October 10, 1976, the Viking 2 spacecraft took this picture of the Martian north polar cap. The visible layering occurred as a result of wind born dust settling upon the polar cap.

As the century Philosophy of scienc caps experience climatic variations, they expand and contract. The layers of dust sediment tend to thesis university of leicester, grow thicker near the poles where ice deposits remain for xyz essay, longer periods of time. The thickness of the deposits indicates they were formed during cyclical climatic variation rather than annual changes. As ice withdraws from a region, wind exposes the layers sculpting valleys and scarps. The formation of layered deposits is an active process today. Thesis Of Leicester! (Copyright 1998 by dubois essays Calvin J. Hamilton) This image shows several dune types which are found in the north circumpolar dunefield.

This thumnail image shows a section of transverse dunes. The full image has a field of traverse dunes on university of leicester the left and barchan dunes on the right with a transition zone inbetween. Writing Food! Transverse dunes are oriented perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction. They are long and linear, and frequently join their neighbor in a low-angle Y junction. Barchan dunes are crescent-shaped mounds with downwind-pointing horns.

These dunes are comparable in size to the largest dunes found on the Earth. (Copyright Calvin J. Hamilton) Local dust storms are relatively common on Mars. They tend to occur in areas of thesis of leicester high topographic and/or high thermal gradients (usually near the polar caps), where surface winds would be strongest. This storm is several hundreds of kilometers in introduction assurance extent and thesis is located near the dubois essays edge of the south polar cap. Some local storms grow larger, others die out. University Of Leicester! (Copyright Calvin J. Hamilton; caption by LPI) This image shows a lesser known, but unusual feature on Mars. It is commonly called White Rock . The white feature is eroded crater fill, but exactly how it was formed has not been satisfactorily explained. White Rock was not formed by polar processes because it lies near to dubois essays, the equator at latitude -8 degrees and longitude 355 degrees.

It has been modified through aeolian erosion showing transverse and longitudinal erosional features. (Copyright 1998 by Calvin J. University Of Leicester! Hamilton) This oblique image taken by the Viking orbiter spacecraft shows a thin band of the essay on effects food Martian atmosphere. This image looks northeast across the Argyre basin. The Argyre basin is about 600 kilometers across with a rugged rim of about 500 kilometers in width. (Copyright 1997 by Calvin J. Hamilton) The following table summarizes the radius, mass, distance from the planet center, discoverer and the date of of leicester discovery of each of the moons of Mars: Beatty, J. K. and A. Chaikin, eds. The New Solar System . Massachusetts: Sky Publishing, 3rd Edition, 1990.

Carr M. H. The Surface of Mars . Yale University Press, New Haven, 1981. Kiefer, Walter S., Allan H. Treiman, and Stephen M. Clifford. The Red Planet: A Survey of Mars - Slide Set. Lunar and Planetary Institute. Mutch T. A., Arvidson R. E., Head J. W. III, Jones K. Format! L., and Saunders R. S. The Geology of Mars. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1976. Williams, Steven H. Thesis University Of Leicester! The Winds of Mars: Aeolian Activity and xyz essay Landforms - Slide Set. Lunar and Planetary Institute.

Views of the Solar System Copyright © 1995-2011 by Calvin J. Hamilton. All rights reserved. Privacy Statement.

43 Resume Tips That Will Help You Get Hired. When you haven’t updated your resume in a while, it can be hard to know where to start. Of Leicester! What experiences and accomplishments should you include for assurance, the jobs you’ve got your eye on? What new resume rules and trends should you be following? And seriously, one page or two? Well, search no more: We’ve compiled all the resume advice you need into one place. Read on for tips and tricks that’ll make sure you craft a winning resume—and help you land a job. University! Your resume should not have every work experience you’ve ever had listed on 20th it. Think of your resume not as a comprehensive list of your career history, but as a marketing document selling you as the perfect person for the job. For each resume you send out, you’ll want to thesis highlight only the accomplishments and skills that are most relevant to the job at hand (even if that means you don’t include all of your experience). Job search expert Lily Zhang explains more about what it means to tailor your resume here . 2. Prothesis Surgery! But Keep a Master List of thesis of leicester, All Jobs.

Since you’ll want to be swapping different information in and out depending on the job you’re applying to, keep a resume master list on your computer where you keep any information you’ve ever included on a resume: old positions, bullet points tailored for different applications, special projects that only sometimes make sense to include. Then, when you’re crafting each resume, it’s just a matter of quality essay, cutting and pasting relevant information together. Think of this as your brag file . 3. Put the thesis of leicester, Best Stuff “Above the Philosophy of scienc, Fold” In marketing speak, “above the fold” refers to what you see on the front half of a folded newspaper (or, in the digital age, before you scroll down on university a website), but basically it’s your first impression of a document. In resume speak, it means you should make sure your best experiences and quality assurance, accomplishments are visible on the top third of your resume. This top section is what the hiring manager is going to see first—and what will serve as a hook for thesis, someone to of scienc keep on reading. Of Leicester! So focus on luther king i have speech written down putting your best, most relevant experiences first—and then check out these five other marketing tricks to thesis get your resume noticed . According to Zhang , the penile prothesis, only occasion when an thesis, objective section makes sense is when you’re making a huge career change and luther king i have written, need to explain from the get-go why your experience doesn’t match up with the position you’re applying to. In every other case?

Consider whether a summary statement would be right for you —or just nix it altogether to save space and university, focus on making the rest of your resume stellar. Format! There are lots of thesis, different ways to quality organize the information on your resume, but the good old reverse chronological (where your most recent experience is listed first) is still your best bet. Of Leicester! Unless it’s absolutely necessary in your situation, skip the skills-based resume—hiring managers might wonder what you’re hiding. The two- (or more!) page resume is xyz essay format, a hotly debated topic , but the bottom line is this—you want the information here to university of leicester be concise, and format, making yourself keep it to thesis of leicester one page is a good way to force yourself to dubois essays do this. If you truly have enough relevant and important experience, training, and credentials to showcase on more than one page of your resume, then go for it. But if you can tell the same story in less space?

Do. If you’re struggling, check out these tips for cutting your content down , or work with a designer to see how you can organize your resume to fit more in less space. Can’t figure out how to tell your whole story on thesis one page, or want to be able to include some visual examples of your work? Instead of trying to have your resume cover everything, cover the of junk, most important details on that document, and then include a link to your personal website , where you can dive more into what makes you the ideal candidate. We’ll talk about getting creative in order to stand out in a minute. But the most basic principle of good resume formatting and design? Keep it simple. Use a basic but modern font, like Helvetica, Arial, or Century Gothic.

Make your resume easy on hiring managers’ eyes by using a font size between 10 and 12 and leaving a healthy amount of white space on the page. You can use a different font or typeface for your name, your resume headers, and the companies for which you’ve worked, but keep it simple and keep it consistent. Your main focus here should be on readability for the hiring manager. That being said, you should feel free to… Really want your resume stand out from the sea of Times New Roman? Yes, creative resumes—like infographics, videos, or presentations—or resumes with icons or graphics can set you apart, but you should use them thoughtfully. If you’re applying through an ATS, keep to the standard formatting without any bells and whistles so the of leicester, computer can read it effectively. If you’re applying to a more traditional company, don’t get too crazy, but feel free to add some tasteful design elements or a little color to make it pop. No matter what, don’t do it unless you’re willing to put in the time, creativity, and design work to make it awesome. 10.

Make Your Contact Info Prominent. Luther King I Have Written! You don’t need to include your address on your resume anymore (really!), but you do need to make sure to thesis of leicester include a phone number and dubois essays, professional email address (not your work address!) as well as other places the hiring manager can find you on the web, like your LinkedIn profile and Twitter handle. (Implicit in this is that you keep these social media profiles suitable for prospective employers.) You’ve heard before that hiring managers don’t spend a lot of thesis of leicester, time on each individual resume. So help them get as much information as possible, in of scienc, as little time as possible. These 12 small formatting changes will make a huge difference. Know that design skills aren’t your strong suit but want your resume to look stunning? There’s no shame in getting help, so consider working with a professional resume designer.

This is arguably the most important document of your job search, so it’s worth getting it exactly right! 13. Keep it Recent, Keep it Relevant. As a rule, you should only university of leicester show the most recent 10-15 years of your career history and only include the experience relevant to the positions to which you are applying. And remember to allocate real estate on xyz essay format your resume according to importance. If there’s a choice between including one more college internship or going into more detail about your current role, always choose the latter (unless a previous job was more relevant to the one you’re applying to). Of Leicester! 14. No Relevant Experience? No Worries! Don’t panic if you don’t have any experience that fits the bill. Penile Prothesis Surgery! Instead, Zhang explains , focus your resume on your relevant and transferrable skills along with any related side or academic projects, and of leicester, then make sure to pair it with a strong cover letter telling the century Philosophy of scienc, narrative of why you’re ideal for the job.

No matter how long you’ve been in a job, or how much you’ve accomplished there, you shouldn’t have more than five or six bullets in a given section. No matter how good your bullets are, the recruiter just isn’t going to get through them. University Of Leicester! Check out penile surgery, these tips for writing impressive bullet points . Thesis! You may be tempted to throw in tons of industry jargon so you sound like you know what you’re talking about, but ultimately you want your resume to be understandable to the average person. Remember that the first person who sees your resume might be a recruiter, an assistant, or even a high-level executive—and you want to quality essay be sure that it is thesis of leicester, readable, relevant, and interesting to all of them. Philosophy! Use as many facts, figures, and numbers as you can in your bullet points. How many people were impacted by your work? By what percentage did you exceed your goals? By quantifying your accomplishments, you really allow the hiring manager to of leicester picture the king i have a dream written down, level of university of leicester, work or responsibility you needed to i have a dream speech written down achieve them. Even if you don’t actually work with numbers, here are some secrets to adding more to thesis university of leicester your resume . People hire performers, so you want to show that you didn’t just do stuff, but that you got stuff done! As you look at your bullet points, think about essay on effects of junk food, how you can take each statement one step further and add in what the benefit was to your boss or your company.

By doing this, you clearly communicate not only what you’re capable of, but also the direct benefit the employer will receive by hiring you. If you’re not sure how to explain your impact, check out these tips for of leicester, turning your duties into accomplishments . Xyz Essay Format! Describing soft skills on a resume often starts to university of leicester sound like a list of meaningless buzzwords, fast. But being a “strong leader” or an “effective communicator” are important characteristics you want to get across. Think about how you can demonstrate these attributes in your bullet points without actually saying them. Zhang demonstrates here how you can show five different qualities with the format, same bullet point—try it yourself until you get the result you’re going for!

20. Don’t Neglect Non-Traditional Work. There’s no law that says you can only put full-time or paid work on your resume. So, if you’ve participated in university, a major volunteer role, worked part-time, were hired as a temporary or contract worker , freelanced, or blogged? Absolutely list these things as their own “jobs” within your career chronology. If every bullet in your resume starts with “Responsible for,” readers will get bored very quickly. Writing On Effects Of Junk! Use our handy list of better verbs to mix it up ! Use keywords in your resume: Scan the job description, see what words are used most often, and make sure you’ve included them in your bullet points. Not only is this a self-check that you’re targeting your resume to of leicester the job, it’ll make sure you get noticed in applicant tracking systems.

Stuck on quality which words to include? Dump the thesis of leicester, job description into a tool like TagCrowd , which will analyze and spit out the most used keywords. What words shouldn’t you include? Detail-oriented, team player, and hard worker—among other vague terms that recruiters say are chronically overused . We bet there’s a better way to describe how awesome you are. 24. Experience First, Education Second. Unless you’re a recent graduate, put your education after your experience. Chances are, your last couple of jobs are more important and relevant to you getting the job than where you went to college.

25. Also Keep it Reverse Chronological. Usually, you should lay down your educational background by listing the most recent or advanced degree first, working in reverse chronological order. But if older coursework is more specific to the job, list that first to grab the essay food, reviewer’s attention. Don’t list your graduation dates. University Of Leicester! The reviewer cares more about whether or not you have the degree than when you earned it. If you graduated from college with high honors, absolutely make note of it. While you don’t need to list your GPA, don’t be afraid to showcase that summa cum laude status or the xyz essay format, fact that you were in the honors college at your university. 28. Include Continuing or Online Education.

Don’t be afraid to include continuing education, professional development coursework, or online courses in university, your education section, especially if it feels a little light. Kelli Orrela explains , “Online courses are a more-than-accepted norm nowadays, and quality essay, your participation in them can actually show your determination and motivation to get the skills you need for your career.” Be sure to add a section that lists out university of leicester, all the relevant skills you have for a position, including tech skills like HTML and Adobe Creative Suite and any industry-related certifications. Just make sure to 20th skip including skills that everyone is expected to have, like using email or Microsoft Word. Doing so will actually make you seem less technologically savvy. If you have lots of thesis university, skills related to king speech down a position—say, foreign language, software, and leadership skills—try breaking out one of those sections and listing it on its own. Below your “Skills” section, add another section titled “Language Skills” or “Software Skills,” and university of leicester, detail your experience there. Again—we’re going for skimmability here, folks! Feel free to introduction quality assurance essay include an thesis university of leicester, “Interests” section on your resume, but only add those that are relevant to the job.

Are you a guitar player with your eye on a music company? Definitely include it. But including your scrapbooking hobby for prothesis surgery, a tech job at a healthcare company? Don’t even think about it. 32. Beware of Interests That Could Be Controversial. Maybe you help raise money for your church on the reg. Or perhaps you have a penchant for canvassing during political campaigns. Yes, these experiences show a good amount of work ethic—but they could also be discriminated against by someone who disagrees with the cause. Zhang explains here how to weigh the university, decision of whether to include them or not.

Do include awards and accolades you’ve received, even if they’re company-specific awards. Just state what you earned them for, e.g., “Earned Gold Award for xyz essay, having the company’s top sales record four quarters in a row.” What about personal achievements—like running a marathon—that aren’t totally relevant but show you’re a driven, hard worker? Zhang shares the proper ways to include them. Gaps and Other Sticky Resume Situations. If you stayed at thesis university of leicester a (non-temporary) job for xyz essay, only a matter of months, consider eliminating it from your resume. According to The New York Times ’ career coach , leaving a particularly short-lived job or two off your work history shouldn’t hurt, as long as you’re honest about your experience if asked in an interview.

If you have gaps of a few months in your work history, don’t list the of leicester, usual start and end dates for xyz essay format, each position. Use years only (2010-2012), or just the number of years or months you worked at your earlier positions. If you’ve job-hopped frequently, include a reason for leaving next to each position, with a succinct explanation like “company closed,” “layoff due to of leicester downsizing,” or “relocated to quality new city.” By addressing the gaps, you’ll proactively illustrate the reason for your sporadic job movement and make it less of an issue. Re-entering the workforce after a long hiatus? This is the of leicester, perfect opportunity for xyz essay, a summary statement at the top, outlining your best skills and accomplishments. Then, get into your career chronology, without hesitating to of leicester include part-time or volunteer work. See more tips from Jenny Foss for format, killing it on of leicester your comeback resume. Don’t try to creatively fill in xyz essay format, gaps on your resume. For example, if you took time out of the workforce to raise kids, don’t list your parenting experience on your resume, a la “adeptly managed the growing pile of laundry” (we’ve seen it). University! While parenting is as demanding and intense a job as any out there, most corporate decision makers aren’t going to take this section of your resume seriously. 39.

Ditch “References Available Upon Request” If a hiring manager is interested in essay on effects of junk, you, he or she will ask you for references—and will assume that you have them. There’s no need to address the of leicester, obvious (and doing so might even make you look a little presumptuous!). It should go without saying, but make sure your resume is assurance, free and clear of typos. And don’t rely on thesis spell check and grammar check alone—ask family or friends to take a look at it for format, you (or get some tips from an of leicester, editor on how to perfect your own work ). If emailing your resume, make sure to always send a PDF rather than a .doc. That way all of your careful formatting won’t accidentally get messed up when the hiring manager opens it on his or her computer. To make sure it won’t look wonky when you send it off, Google’s head of HR Laszlo Bock suggests, “Look at 20th it in university, both Google Docs and Word, and then attach it to an email and open it as a preview.” Ready to essay on effects of junk food save your resume and university, send it off?

Save it as “Jane Smith Resume” instead of “Resume.” It’s one less step the hiring manager has to take. Carve out some time every quarter or so to dubois essays pull up your resume and make some updates. Have you taken on new responsibilities? Learned new skills? Add them in. When your resume is updated on a regular basis, you’re ready to pounce when opportunity presents itself. And, even if you’re not job searching, there are plenty of good reasons to thesis of leicester keep this document in tip-top shape. Quality Assurance! Photo courtesy of Hero Images / Getty Images . Thesis University Of Leicester! Erin Greenawald is a freelance writer, editor, and introduction quality assurance essay, content strategist who is thesis, passionate about elevating the essay, standard of thesis, writing on the web.

Erin previously helped build The Muse’s beloved daily publication and led the company’s branded content team. If you’re an individual or company looking for help making your content better—or you just want to go out to tea—get in touch at eringreenawald.com. 20th Century Philosophy! Hmmm, seems you#39;ve already signed up for this class. While you#39;re here, you may as well check out thesis university, all the dubois essays, amazing companies that are hiring like crazy right now.

Definitive Guide to Resume – 71+ Free Resume Templates in Word, PSD #038; MAC. A resume is the thesis most important watchword when it comes to dubois essays applying for jobs, regardless of the industry. Whether you are a fresher straight out of thesis university college or a veteran industry professional looking to move up the ladder, a resume is a basic prerequisite. It can be safely stated here that your job application is simply incomplete without a resume template . It can be dubbed as your primary representative to martin luther king a dream written down the company or the hiring manager, who you have to of leicester face for your interview. These templates are intended for personal use only. In case of commercial use, please give credit to this post.

The function of the resume is to present you as a possible candidate for the job you are applying for. Thus, it will shed some light on your educational qualifications, professional caliber, experience, and any special skills acquired or any relevant industry training you have taken, that would be useful for the proposed job. In short, the century resume template will highlight your knowledge base and all the hard and thesis university soft skills that you possess and have developed, which could leverage your potential as a prospective candidate before the hiring manager. Added to penile prothesis surgery all these, the resume will also include your personal details like name, contact information and thesis sometimes, your picture. Besides, the resume would include any special achievements, awards or recognitions that you have received, which can highlight your position as a credible candidate for the job. As mentioned earlier, your resume is your primary representative before the hiring manager and luther king speech hence you have to ensure the thesis best possible impression with your resume. There are different resume formats, based on your experience level, job type, and industry. Are you looking for guidelines on how to draft a striking resume? The article below explains how to writing on effects food come up with an invincible resume for your next job application.

Yes, it’s true that a resume can be customized as per the needed job requirements but still there are some basic points that you should include to ensure a standard resume. Without these points, no matter how intelligent, well educated or skilled you are, your resume might not be noticed by thesis university the hiring manager. A career objective will clarify your thoughts, missions, and goals regarding your career. Be careful to align your career objective in martin king down, line with the specific requirements of the job you are applying for – it should mean to fulfill the company’s need. Do not go for a generic objective.

Your mentioned career objective will play a great role in thesis university, expressing how much you have thought in terms of that particular job and martin king a dream written designation. The summary of qualifications is university another important point to leverage your position as a prospective candidate for the job. Format. It is meant to state the different kinds of training and experiences that you have gathered, which could be relevant for thesis, the designation you are applying for. You should also mention the certificates you have earned that attest the qualifications mentioned on the resume. The potential of a candidate seeking a job is always measured in terms of the introduction quality skill he or she has mastered. Are you reputed for thesis, your excellent communication and negotiation skills? Does your boss always praise you for your fantastic team-work attitude? Does your office team want to have you as their leader always? All such skills must be mentioned in your resume, if they are relevant to the job you are applying for. Your resume is incomplete without mentioning your educational qualifications.

You might not have to begin with school, but you must mention your college and university education with the percentages scored and the institutions and courses attended. A resume is a dynamic document depicting your career biography, which can be tailored as per century Philosophy, your industry and job type. For example, a person applying for a creative job in an ad agency would have a different resume layout compared to that of a banker. Here are 5 main categories of resumes, availabe in Word, PSD, and MAC formats: A graphic resume would be mostly embedded with different graphic elements.

These include infographics, charts, and graphs to discuss your personal and professional skill sets, talents, experience graphs and thesis of leicester so on. These templates are intended for personal use only. Prothesis Surgery. In case of thesis university commercial use, please give credit to this post. It’s boring to read long lines of dubois essays text; a graphic resume runs high on readability quotient any day, with its easy-to-understand charts, bars, and infographics. The graphic industry, undoubtedly, is the best for graphic designers or for any sort of designers. It can also be used by software professionals. However, it’s better not to be used by academic professionals. Quite literally, the main differentiating features of a graphic resume are the various graphic elements like infographics, bar graphs, and charts. Unlike regular resumes, they do not have long lines of text.

Portfolio comes from the word “portafoglio”, where portare means “to carry” and foglio means “paper or leaf”. Thus, Portfolio refers to an album carrying work samples, mostly with images and minimal text. These templates are intended for personal use only. In case of commercial use, please give credit to this post. When you have to present a visual representation or samples of your work, which cannot be exactly described in thesis university, words, a portfolio is the best form of 20th resume for you. A portfolio resume is university especially meant for those professionals who need to penile prove their caliber through visual presentations of their works such as photographers, artists, and designers like fashion, website, and graphic designers. Unlike the of leicester regular resumes, the most important features of a portfolio resume lie in the pictorial representations through images, website screen shots, on-site media data, as well as letters or praise from the distinguished clients. A clean / basic resume format follows a minimalistic approach. It comes with plain fonts, no graphical elements, brief lines of text, short paragraphs, a few bullet points, as well as a simplistic layout.

These templates are intended for personal use only. In case of dubois essays commercial use, please give credit to this post. When you are looking for a resume that needs to cover the basic details of university your career, a clean resume is the best thing for surgery, you. It’s simple yet professional. A clean resume format is for university of leicester, all those who are looking to apply for formal jobs like administrative professionals, banking positions, medical designations or academic positions. It would also be great for freshers who do not have an elaborate career history. Format. The most important differentiating features of a clean resume are a neat and basic layout, no use of graphic elements, plain and simple formal fonts, brief paragraphs, as well as a spacious framework.

A modern resume generally follows a sleek format with popular, formal fonts and a professional outlook. Thesis. It must be machine-readable. Such resumes usually stick to essay a neat and clean structure. These templates are intended for of leicester, personal use only. Dubois Essays. In case of commercial use, please give credit to this post. A modern resume assures easy readability with its sleek and smart structure as well as legible fonts.

It’s a text-only document with a few bullet points and minimal graphical elements. A modern resume can cater to almost any kind of professional, hailing from thesis, any industry. However, it would be best for penile prothesis surgery, senior executives, engineers, doctors, accountants, and academic professionals. The most important differentiating feature of a modern resume is that it’s always a text-only document and does not necessarily include the thesis university image of the applicant. Essay On Effects. And, it’s remarkably formal.

A creative resume, as the thesis university name implies, does not follow any specific resume framework rules when it comes to presenting the resume. It can take the form of essay writing of junk a Facebook Timeline Page, a soda glass, and so on. These templates are intended for university of leicester, personal use only. In case of dubois essays commercial use, please give credit to this post. A creative resume format enables you to prove your amazing creative instincts right from your resume, which you can present in any form or structure. It will be the live testimony of your out-of-the-box attitude even before you appear in-person before the hiring manager. Thesis Of Leicester. A creative resume is aimed at all those professionals who are looking for penile surgery, jobs in the creative sectors. These could be advertisement professionals, packaging artists, illustrators, cartoonists, fashion designers etc. The primary differentiating feature of a creative resume is that it does not follow the of leicester conventional layout of assurance essay a regular resume. University Of Leicester. Such resumes can take any form, shape or structure. 7 Steps to Writing an Unbeatable Free Resume.

A resume plays a crucial role in helping you to land a job. You must be completely aware of the writing on effects of junk strategic tips for of leicester, writing a proper resume to ensure that it maintains a standard format and is in perfect calibration to writing on effects of junk food the job. 1. Of Leicester. Choose the Right Format and Category. A right resume format and an appropriate category are a prerequisite when it comes to preparing a resume. Introduction Essay. When your work needs a visual representation, go for the portfolio category rather than a clean or modern resume. The hiring managers have a lot of resumes to thesis go through and writing hence you have to include proper keywords in your resume to ensure that it is easier for them to understand your key potential, skills and university of leicester qualifications at a glance. You have to xyz essay be particular about the job objective mentioned at the beginning of your resume. Make sure you customize it as per the industry and designation you are applying for. The qualification summary is an thesis university, important section to dubois essays present yourself in the best light possible before the hiring manager. University. You have to include the professional training you have undergone and the certificates you have earned, provided all of them relate to the job you are applying for.

This point is essay food especially important if you have been in a field for a particular period of time and are applying for of leicester, a job in the same industry. Dubois Essays. Experience generates wisdom, better craftsmanship, and improved knowledge and is a great asset for any organization. If you have received any awards, felicitation or special honors in your field of expertise, you must include all the relevant achievements in your resume. They give you a competitive edge over the regular candidates applying for the same job. Your educational qualification is important even if the job you are applying for has no connection with the academic degrees that you have attained. You have to thesis university mention the martin luther i have speech degrees along with the percentage obtained, as well as the thesis name of the institutions you have graduated from. Checklist for Writing a Winning Resume. After you write your resume, there are some points that you have to 20th of scienc check to ensure that your resume is on par with the standard resume expectations. Is your resume in university of leicester, proper alignment with the job and designation you are applying for? Is your resume legible enough, with a neat structure and readable font?

Have you been able to maintain a professional tone and introduction essay active voice throughout? Are there any grammar, spelling or typo mistakes? Is all the thesis university of leicester contact information given correct and martin luther king written professional? Have you included relevant skills and hobbies? Does your resume contain a clear and tailored job objective? Templates Samples in Different Categories. When it comes to thesis university writing a standard resume, most of the people turn to the internet for reference. Here is dubois essays a compilation of the thesis university of leicester best resume template samples for any kind of industry and any sort of designation. These templates come with ready-made, relevant template structure – you simply have to download and customize it with your specific data. An administrative resume template comes up with a pre-defined resume structure with separate sections for education, experience, skills, qualifications, and achievements.

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In this knowledge, Cakeresume designs resumes for vastly experienced professionals such as Project Managers, Product Managers, and even for thesis university, Vice Presidents of organizations. As your Resume is your inner voice which will do the talk in your absence, crafting it with utmost care is essay writing on effects of junk what it deserves. Theresponsivecv designs responsive resumes that perfectly blend with all devices. Your resume stands as ‘the’ reason why you are called for thesis university, a job. Hence craft it carefully. Resumemaker makes sure that your precious time is not wasted in trial and error method. Don’t disparage the value of a Resume. Download it today from professionals. Make your first point of luther king a dream speech written down contact and your testament, bullet proof. Shriresume helps greatly in all your resume needs. Applicant Tracking Systems or ATS is university of leicester one of the important tools used by companies for introduction assurance, screening resumes.

Around 50% of mid-sized companies, as well as all the of leicester MNCs employ an ATS for scanning the pile of submitted resumes. Also known as “Candidate Management System”, ATS can be defined as a handy software application which is geared to quality help enterprises by efficiently screening the thesis incoming applications for a job opening. The software will help the hiring managers to post employment opportunities on the company websites, screen resumes and generate interview requests for potential candidates through email. The other features of ATS include various tracking activities, such as that of individual applicants, requisition, automated resume, tailored input forms, responses, pre-screening questions, and martin king i have written multilingual capabilities. How does it affect the way your resume is screened? One of the main functions of ATS is to screen the candidates’ resumes. Once a resume is submitted online, it has to be screened through an thesis, ATS before it reaches the hiring manager. ATS will scan a candidate’s resume for format, particular job-specific keywords and if the resume does not contain those needed keywords – it is most likely to university of leicester get rejected.

In fact, this database-type program helps the employers in storing and organizing, as well as screening, sorting, keeping a tab and replying to dubois essays each resume received. For every job opening, a hiring manager would specify some particular job-relevant keywords into the ATS. As the thesis resume goes through an xyz essay, ATS, it will start looking for those pre-programmed keywords in your resume and if it cannot find an adequate number of those, your resume would be outright rejected. There are some points you must follow when you are looking to pass the thesis of leicester ATS test with flying colors: Submit your resume online in .txt, .docx or .doc format. Text must be simply formatted and legible. Don’t forget to include job title on your resume. Place “email” and “phone” before relevant information. While mentioning qualifications chronologically, dates must be mentioned on the right side.

Be careful when you are using accented words. Your credentials must not be placed beside your name and should be mentioned on a separate line. On Effects Of Junk Food. Don’t use too many font sizes and types. Make sure there are no spelling mistakes and typo errors in university, your resume. Make sure to include specific job-related keywords.

Proper capitalization and century Philosophy punctuation are a must. University. Don’t forget to submit a customized resume. How to identify the keyword to get past the ATS? As mentioned earlier, the ATS will scan your resume based on the job-specific keywords and hence you must be careful to include the potential keywords in your resume. The keyword suggestions you can use here are: Job titles that you have held or currently holding; and the job title which you are aspiring for – Manager, Assistant, etc.

Tools specific to your industry – the popular hardware, software or techniques that are pertinent to assurance your profession and designation. Relevant education and training, degrees, diplomas, certifications, licenses etc. University. Common terms which can describe your work or responsibilities such as “team leader”. Technical and professional acronyms Professional memberships. Though a CV and a resume are often used interchangeably, there are some stark differences between these two. Writing On Effects Of Junk Food. In fact, there are some companies which might reject your candidature if your offer a resume instead of a CV, and vice-versa. Here is a brief on the major differences between these two, but you should know their definitions first: The acronym for Curriculum Vitae, CV, translates to thesis university of leicester “Course of Life”. It is a comprehensive document with complete details of your educational qualifications and achievements, spanning over surgery 2 pages.

It will also cover your accomplishments like publications, honors, awards and so on. It maintains a chronological approach throughout. A resume focuses on thesis of leicester concise information and does not go beyond a page, or a maximum of 2 pages. 20th Century Of Scienc. A resume covers your career biography, with the basic focus on your qualifications, training, skills, and achievements which would be relevant to the job. A CV is a detailed document and articulates your entire career in an elaborate order till date. It can be a document of thesis of leicester 4 pages or more. A resume is prothesis surgery always short, and mostly limited to 1 page. A CV stresses on thesis university of leicester the academic accomplishments, while a resume concentrates on your skills. A CV is required while applying for academic positions, grants, and fellowships. A resume is required for dubois essays, applying for a job in thesis university, an industry.

A CV always starts with the century educational qualifications, while a resume starts with the work experience if you have worked for at least one year in your industry. The function of of leicester your resume is to present your candidature for the job in the best light possible, before your hiring manager. Writing an invincible resume is no rocket science, but you have to be strategic in your approach. On one hand, you have to make sure that your resume is able to represent your potential for the job in martin luther written down, the right way and on the other hand, you have to check that it’s legible and professional enough. These days, you have templates and resume builder tools to help you with the task.

You should ensure that your resume is university customized to the job you are applying, and penile be strong enough to withstand the thesis scrutiny of the dubois essays Applicant Tracking Systems.

linux scp resume Erdal est l'un des éditeurs Turcs de LF. Thesis! Il travaille actuellement comme administrateur système pour Linotype Library. Penile! En tant qu'inconditionnel de Linux depuis ses années universitaires, il aime travailler et développer dans cet environnement. Georges Tarbouriech gt(at)linuxfocus.org Automatiser l'administration système avec ssh et scp. Si vous devez administrer un grand nombre de systèmes Unix/Linux, vous devrez certainement créer quelques scripts pour automatiser certains processus.

Vous avez sans doute remarqué le côté répétitif des tâches quotidiennes réclamées par chaque système. Thesis University Of Leicester! Vous envisagez donc une certaine automatisation. Introduction Quality Assurance! C'est particulièrement applicable à la maintenance de nombreux systèmes Unix/Linux configurés de manière identique. Thesis University! Dans cet article, je présenterai un moyen de réaliser cela à l'aide des utilitaires ssh. _________________ _________________ _________________.

Afin de comprendre cet article vous devez avoir des connaissances de base sur la programmation shell. Xyz Essay Format! Pour plus ample information, lisez l'article de LinuxFocus Programmation du shell de Katja et Guido Socher. Of Leicester! Vous devez aussi connaître les utilitaires ssh comme ssh-keygen, ssh-add, ssh, scp ou sftp. Introduction! Une version libre du protocole SSH existe sous Linux OpenSSH et contient tous ces utilitaires. University Of Leicester! Des pages de manuel sont également disponibles. En réalité, j'ai même utilisé dans le passé des scripts basés sur telnet/ftp. Copier des fichiers et des répertoires avec scp. scp /chemin/vers/le/fichier/fichier1 utilisateur@hôte_distant:/répertoire_distant/nouveau_fichier. Dans cet exemple le fichier nommé fichier1 est copié du répertoire local vers l'hôte distant (l'hôte distant peut être l'adresse IP ou le nom de la machine) dans /répertoire_distant sous le nom nouveau_fichier. Dubois Essays! Vous devez vous identifier en tant que 'utilisateur'. Of Leicester! Si l'authentification est acceptée et que l'utilisateur distant possède les droits nécessaires, le fichier sera copié.

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Passez la valeur de ce paramètre à no (PasswordAuthentication no) et redémarrez sshd. Jusque là, tout va bien. Of Leicester! Nous disposons d'un moyen sécurisé de copier et d'exécuter des commandes sur des systèmes distants. Essay Writing On Effects Of Junk Food! Toutefois, pour automatiser certaines tâches, nous ne devrions pas avoir à taper des mots de passe ou des passphrases, sinon, point de salut. University! Une solution pourrait consister à écrire le mot de passe ou la passphrase dans chaque script, mais ce n'est vraiment pas une bonne idée. Xyz Essay Format! Le meilleur moyen est d'utiliser ssh-agent puisqu'il est prévu pour gérer les clés privées servant à l'authentification par clés publiques.

Démarrez un agent : et ajoutez vos clés privées par les commandes. id_dsa est le fichier de clé privée DSA et identity est le fichier de clés privées RSA1. Of Leicester! Ce sont les noms donnés par défaut lors de la génération de clés par ssh-keygen. Prothesis! Evidemment, votre passphrase sera réclamée avant que ssh-add n'ajoute votre clé au ssh-agent. Thesis University Of Leicester! Vous pouvez lister les clés ajoutées avec la commande : Maintenant, si vous vous connectez à un serveur qui possède votre clé dans le fichier correspondant, vous n'aurez rien à taper ! Le ssh-agent prend en charge le processus d'authentification. Si vous utilisez ssh-agent comme décrit ci-dessus, vous ne pouvez vous en servir que depuis le terminal qui l'a démarré. Dubois Essays! Pour pouvoir en bénéficier à partir de n'importe quel terminal, il reste encore un peu de travail. University Of Leicester! J'ai écrit le script suivant pour démarrer l'agent : Ce script contrôle l'existence d'un fichier nommé agent_info dans le répertoire home de l'utilisateur où se trouvent habituellement les fichiers relatifs à ssh. Dubois Essays! Dans notre cas le répertoire se nomme '.ssh/'. Thesis Of Leicester! Si le fichier existe, l'utilisateur en est averti et un bref message lui indique ce qui peut être fait.

Si l'utilisateur n'a pas encore démarré le ssh-agent il doit effacer le fichier et relancer le script. Century Philosophy! Le script exécute le ssh-agent et capture les deux premières lignes du fichier agent_info. Thesis Of Leicester! Cette information sera mise à profit ultérieurement par les utilitaires ssh. Xyz Essay! Ensuite, le mode du fichier est changé pour que seul son propriétaire possède les droits de lecture et d'écriture. Lorsque l'agent est actif vous pouvez y ajouter vos clés. Of Leicester! Mais auparavant vous devez localiser le fichier agent_info afin de permettre aux utilitaires ssh de savoir où se trouve votre agent : Et ajoutez vos clés avec ssh-add.

Vous pouvez ajouter aussi les lignes suivantes dans votre fichier .bashrc de manière à ce que le fichier agent_info soit localisé à chaque ouverture d'un terminal : ATTENTION: Vous devez sécuriser l'hôte à partir duquel vous exécutez ssh-agent et le script que je vais décrire. Martin I Have A Dream Down! Sinon, si quelqu'un accède à votre compte, il aura accès à tous les serveurs utilisant les clés ssh. University Of Leicester! Tout a un prix ! Il est temps maintenant d'expliquer comment nous allons automatiser quelques unes des tâches d'un administrateur. Prothesis! L'idée consiste à exécuter un ensemble de commandes sur un groupe d'hôtes donné et de récupérer ou d'envoyer des fichiers de ou vers ces hôtes. Thesis Of Leicester! C'est le travail quotidien d'un sysadmin. Writing Of Junk Food! Voici le script : Sauvons le script sous le nom ainstall.sh (automated installation) et essayons de l'exécuter sans paramètres. Thesis University! Nous obtiendrons le message suivant : Comme le dit le message, si vous ne souhaitez pas exécuter de commande, donnez le nom commands_empty.txt à l'argument commands.txt et si vous ne voulez pas transférer de fichier, donnez le nom files_empty.txt à l'argument files_file. Essay Writing Of Junk Food! Parfois, vous devrez seulement exécuter des commandes et d'autres fois vous aurez seulement à transférer des fichiers. Avant d'expliquer le script ligne à ligne, prenons un exemple d'utilisation : supposons que vous ayiez ajouté un serveur DNS secondaire à votre réseau et vouliez l'inscrire dans le fichier /etc/resolv.conf. University! Pour des raisons de simplicité, admettons que tous les hôtes possèdent le même fichier resolv.conf. Penile Prothesis! La seule chose à faire est donc de copier le nouveau fichier resolv.conf sur tous les hôtes.

Il vous faut d'abord une liste de vos hôtes. Of Leicester! Nous allons les inscrire dans un fichier hosts.txt. Format! Ce fichier contient un nom d'hôte ou une adresse IP par ligne. Thesis University! Voici un exemple : Comme vous pouvez le voir dans l'exemple, il est possible d'inscrire des noms FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name) ou simplement la partie concernant l'hôte. Quality Assurance! Il vous faut ensuite un fichier dans lequel inscrire les fichiers à transférer. Thesis! Il exite deux types de transfert : De l'hôte local aux hôtes listés dans le fichier hosts.txt. Essay Writing On Effects! C'est notre cas. Thesis University! De chaque hôte listé dans le fichier hosts.txt vers l'hôte local.

C'est par exemple le cas de notre script de sauvegarde abordé plus tard dans cet article. Les fichiers à transférer sont listés dans un autre fichier. 20th Of Scienc! Sauvons ce fichier sous le nom files_file.txt. Thesis Of Leicester! Ce fichier est au format suivant : chaque ligne contient l'information de copie d'un seul fichier. Luther King Speech Down! Il existe deux directions de copie : l2r (local to university remote - local vers distant) et r2l (remote to xyz essay local - distant vers local). Of Leicester! l2r correspond au cas d'un fichier copié de l'hôte local vers un hôte distant. On Effects Of Junk Food! r2l correspond au cas d'un fichier copié d'un hôte distant vers l'hôte local. University! Après le sens de copie nous trouvons deux noms de fichiers. Assurance! Les champs sont séparés par un espace ou une tabulation. Thesis! Le premier fichier est copié vers le second fichier selon la direction choisie. 20th Philosophy Of Scienc! Le nom de fichier pour l'hôte distant doit correspondre au chemin complet, sinon il sera copié dans le répertoire home de l'utilisateur root.

Voici notre files_file.txt : Comme vous le voyez, j'ai déjà inclus la description de la structure du fichier. Thesis University Of Leicester! J'ajoute habituellement une description de tous les fichiers files_file.txt que j'utilise. Luther I Have A Dream Written! C'est une solution simple mais efficace pour documenter. University Of Leicester! Dans notre exemple, nous voulons copier le fichier resolv.conf sur un hôte distant sous le nom /etc/resolv.conf. King A Dream Speech Down! Dans un but didactique, après avoir copié le fichier sur ses destinataires j'ai ajouté des commandes permettant de modifier le propriétaire et le groupe et d'afficher le contenu du fichier transféré. Thesis! Les commandes à exécuter sont placées dans un fichier séparé. Essay! Appelons-le commands_file.txt.

Le voici : Le fichier des commandes contient les commandes qui seront exécutées sur chaque hôte listé dans le fichier hosts.txt. Thesis Of Leicester! Ces commandes sont exécutées de façon séquentielle, c'est-à-dire dans l'ordre du fichier. Voilà, nous avons maintenant les fichiers requis par ce simple exemple. Martin Luther King I Have A Dream Speech Written Down! La seule chose qui reste à préciser, c'est l'option 'mode', ce qui signifie : lequel des deux fichiers commands_file.txt ou files_file.txt doit être traité le premier. Thesis! Il est possible de transférer les fichiers listés dans files_file.txt et d'exécuter ensuite les commandes sur l'hôte cible : c'est le mode = 1. Penile! Le contraire, exécuter les commandes et transférer ensuite les fichiers, correspond au mode = 2. Thesis Of Leicester! Vous pouvez maintenant exécuter le script avec les arguments requis comme suit : ./ainstall.sh 1 hosts.txt files_file.txt commands_file.txt.

Un petit truc : j'ajoute toujours un préfixe files_ à ces fichiers texte et je donne ensuite un nom descriptif court, comme files_resolvconf.txt. Dubois Essays! En fait, la même méthode que celle employée pour hosts.txt et commands.txt. Il est temps maintenant de donner quelques explications sur le script proprement dit. Of Leicester! Le programme commence par vérifier le nombre d'arguments et si celui-ci n'est pas égal à 4, un message de syntaxe est affiché. Quality Assurance! Si le nombre d'arguments est correct, ces derniers sont affectés aux variables correspondantes. Thesis University! Ensuite, si le fichier ' /.ssh/agent_info' existe, il est sourcé. Essay Writing On Effects Of Junk! Ce fichier contient les informations concernant l'agent ssh actif.

Si vous n'utilisez pas d'agent, vous devrez taper un mot de passe ou une passphrase, ce qui signifie : pas d'automatisation :) L'existence de chaque fichier (hosts, files, commands) est ensuite vérifiée. Thesis University Of Leicester! Un contrôle particulier est effectué pour les fichiers files_empty.txt et commands_empty.txt. On Effects Food! Si vous avez déjà défini de tels noms, il n'est pas nécessaire de vérifier l'existence de ces fichiers. University! J'ai modifié cette partie du script lors de l'écriture de l'article. 20th! Auparavant, il contenait seulement : Dans ce cas, je devais avoir des fichiers nommés files_empty.txt et commands_empty.txt. University! Ce n'était pas un problème dans la mesure où je ne travaillais que sur un seul répertoire. A la fin, nous trouvons l'appel à la fonction 'doit'. Martin King A Dream Speech Written Down! Tout est contrôlé par cette fonction. Thesis University! Elle possède une boucle basée sur 'cat' et 'while', qui pour chaque hôte listé dans '$hosts_file' appelle copy_files et exécute les fonctions _commands selon le 'mode'. Surgery! Ainsi, le travail est effectué pour chaque hôte. University! La variable 'host' contient le nom d'hôte courant et son adresse IP.

Regardons la fonction copy_files. Writing On Effects Of Junk! Cette fonction vérifie d'abord si la valeur de 'files_file' est égale à celle de 'files_empty.txt'. Thesis Of Leicester! Si oui, rien n'est fait. Format! Dans le cas contraire, pour chaque ligne dans '$files_file', les variables 'direction', 'file1' et 'file2' contiennent le sens de copie, le premier et le second noms de fichier. Thesis University Of Leicester! Selon la valeur de la variable 'direction', la copie est exécutée par scp. Enfin, regardons ce qui est fait dans la fonction execute_commands. Essay Of Junk! La fonction vérifie si la valeur de 'commands_file' est égale à celle de 'commands_empty.txt'. University Of Leicester! Si oui, rien n'est fait. I Have A Dream Speech! Si non, chaque commande dans '$commands_file' est exécutée en tâche de fond sur l'hôte distant par ssh.

Après l'exécution de la commande ssh, nous trouvons un appel à la commande wait avec le paramètre '$!'. Thesis! Cette dernière contrôle que les commandes sont bien exécutées l'une après l'autre. 20th Philosophy Of Scienc! '$!' incrémente l'ID du processus de la dernière commande exécutée en tâche de fond. Et c'est tout. Thesis University! Simple, non ? Simple sauvegarde de vos fichiers de configuration. Voici un usage plus élaboré du script. Dubois Essays! L'idée est de faire une sauvegarde des fichiers de configuration de vos hôtes ou serveurs. Thesis Of Leicester! Dans ce but, j'ai écrit un petit script qui utilise ainstall.sh : Il vous faut un répertoire particulier nommé servers. Penile Prothesis Surgery! Dans ce répertoire, vous devez avoir deux fichiers : files_getbackup.txt et ll_servers.txt.

Voici le fichier 'files_getbackup.txt' : r2l /root/backup.tgz backup.tgz. 'll_servers.txt' contient les noms ou les adresses IP des hôtes à sauvegarder. University Of Leicester! Chaque hôte listé dans le fichier 'll_servers.txt' doit posséder un répertoire avec le même nom contenant un fichier nommé commands_make_backups.txt, qui lui-même contient une commande destinée à créer une archive /root/backup.tgz des fichiers de configuration de cet hôte. Martin King Written! Il faut aussi un répertoire nommé backup. Thesis University Of Leicester! Toutes les sauvegardes de cet hôte seront stockées dans ce répertoire. Of Scienc! Si le fichier ll_servers.txt contient : alors la structure de votre répertoire '$servers' doit être la suivante :