Lyx thesis style

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Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. John Locke was among the most famous philosophers and political theorists of the 17 th century. He is often regarded as the lyx thesis, founder of a school of thought known as British Empiricism, and christmas he made foundational contributions to lyx thesis, modern theories of limited, liberal government. For Poverty! He was also influential in the areas of theology, religious toleration, and style educational theory. In his most important work, the Essay Concerning Human Understanding , Locke set out to offer an analysis of the human mind and its acquisition of knowledge. He offered an empiricist theory according to which we acquire ideas through our experience of the world. Writing! The mind is then able to examine, compare, and combine these ideas in numerous different ways. Knowledge consists of a special kind of lyx thesis relationship between different ideas.

Locke’s emphasis on the philosophical examination of the dance, human mind as a preliminary to the philosophical investigation of the lyx thesis, world and its contents represented a new approach to philosophy, one which quickly gained a number of converts, especially in girls smarter than Great Britain. In addition to this broader project, the Essay contains a series of more focused discussions on important, and widely divergent, philosophical themes. In politics, Locke is best known as a proponent of limited government. He uses a theory of natural rights to argue that governments have obligations to their citizens, have only style limited powers over their citizens, and can ultimately be overthrown by of maryland essay prompt citizens under certain circumstances. He also provided powerful arguments in favor of religious toleration. This article attempts to lyx thesis style, give a broad overview of all key areas of Locke’s thought. John Locke was born in 1632 in Wrington, a small village in southwestern England. His father, also named John, was a legal clerk and served with the Parliamentary forces in the English Civil War. His family was well-to-do, but not of particularly high social or economic standing. Prompt! Locke spent his childhood in the West Country and as a teenager was sent to Westminster School in London.

Locke was successful at Westminster and earned a place at Christ Church, Oxford. He was to remain in Oxford from 1652 until 1667. Although he had little appreciation for the traditional scholastic philosophy he learned there, Locke was successful as a student and after completing his undergraduate degree he held a series of administrative and academic posts in lyx thesis the college. Some of Locke’s duties included instruction of undergraduates. One of essay his earliest substantive works, the style, Essays on the Law of Nature , was developed in the course of his teaching duties. Much of Locke’s intellectual effort and energy during his time at Oxford, especially during his later years there, was devoted to the study of medicine and natural philosophy (what we would now call science).

Locke read widely in these fields, participated in for poverty essay various experiments, and became acquainted with Robert Boyle and lyx thesis style many other notable natural philosophers. He also undertook the normal course of essay education and training to become a physician. Locke left Oxford for London in 1667 where he became attached to the family of Anthony Ashley Cooper (then Lord Ashley, later the lyx thesis, Earl of Shaftesbury). Locke may have played a number of roles in the household, mostly likely serving as tutor to Ashley’s son. In London, Locke continued to pursue his interests in medicine and natural philosophy. He formed a close working relationship with Thomas Sydenham, who later became one the most famous physicians of the age. He made a number of contacts within the newly formed Royal Society and Writing essay became a member in 1668. He also acted as the personal physician to style, Lord Ashley. Indeed, on one occasion Locke participated in a very delicate surgical operation which Ashley credited with saving his life. Ashley was one of the girls than boys, most prominent English politicians at lyx thesis style, the time. Through his patronage Locke was able to hold a series of governmental posts.

Most of essay his work related to policies in England’s American and Caribbean colonies. Most importantly, this was the period in Locke’s life when he began the project which would culminate in his most famous work, the Essay Concerning Human Understanding . The two earliest drafts of that work date from lyx thesis 1671. He was to for poverty essay, continue work on this project intermittentlyfor nearly twenty years. Locke travelled in France for style several years starting in 1675. When he returned to England it was only to be for a few years. The political scene had changed greatly while Locke was away. Introduction For Poverty! Shaftesbury (as Ashley was now known) was out of favor and lyx thesis Locke’s association with him had become a liability.

It was around this time that Locke composed his most famous political work, the Two Treatises Concerning Government . Although the Two Treatises would not be published until 1689 they show that he had already solidified his views on the nature and proper form of government. Following Shaftesbury’s death Locke fled to the Netherlands to escape political persecution. While there Locke travelled a great deal (sometimes for his own safety) and Writing essay worked on two projects. First, he continued work on the Essay . Second, he wrote a work entitled Epistola de Tolerantia , which was published anonymously in 1689. Lyx Thesis! Locke’s experiences in England, France, and the Netherlands convinced him that governments should be much more tolerant of religious diversity than was common at the time. Following the Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689 Locke was able to return to England. He published both the Essay and the Two Treatises (the second anonymously) shortly after his return.

He initially stayed in London but soon moved to the home of Francis and Damaris Masham in the small village of Oates, Essex. Damaris Masham, who was the daughter of a notable philosopher named Ralph Cudworth, had become acquainted with Locke several years before. The two formed a very close friendship which lasted until Locke’s death. Essay! During this period Locke kept busy working on politics, toleration, philosophy, economics, and educational theory. Locke engaged in a number of controversies during his life, including a notable one with Jonas Proast over toleration. But Locke’s most famous and philosophically important controversy was with Edward Stillingfleet, the Bishop of style Worcester. Stillingfleet, in addition to being a powerful political and theological figure, was an astute and forceful critic. The two men debated a number of the positions in the Essay in a series of day essay published letters. In his later years Locke devoted much of his attention to theology.

His major work in this field was The Reasonableness of Christianity , published (again anonymously) in 1695. Lyx Thesis Style! This work was controversial because Locke argued that many beliefs traditionally believed to be mandatory for Christians were unnecessary. Locke argued for a highly ecumenical form of Christianity. Closer to the time of his death Locke wrote a work on the Pauline Epistles. The work was unfinished, but published posthumously. A short work on miracles also dates from this time and was published posthumously. Locke suffered from health problems for most of his adult life.

In particular, he had respiratory ailments which were exacerbated by christmas writing his visits to London where the air quality was very poor. Style! His health took a turn for the worse in 1704 and he became increasingly debilitated. Dance Essay! He died on 28 October 1704 while Damaris Masham was reading him the Psalms. Lyx Thesis Style! He was buried at High Laver, near Oates. An Admission Essay! He wrote his own epitaph which was both humble and forthright. According to Locke’s own account the motivation for writing the Essay came to him while debating an unrelated topic with friends. Lyx Thesis Style! He reports that they were able to make little headway on this topic and that they very quickly met with a number of Writing an admission essay confusions and difficulties.

Locke realized that to make progress on lyx thesis this topic it was first necessary to examine something more fundamental: the human understanding. It was “necessary to examine our own Abilities, and see, what Objects our Understandings were, or were not fitted to deal with.” ( Epistle , 7). Locke’s insight was that before we can analyze the world and our access to girls boys essay, it we have to know something about ourselves. We need to know how we acquire knowledge. We also need to know which areas of inquiry we are well suited to and which are epistemically closed to us, that is, which areas are such that we could not know them even in principle. We further need to know what knowledge consists in. Style! In keeping with these questions, at the very outset of the Essay Locke writes that it is his “ Purpose enquire into the Original, Certainty, and writing contest Extent of lyx thesis style humane Knowledge; together, with the Grounds and prompt Degrees of lyx thesis Belief, Opinion, and Assent.” (1.1.2, 42).

Locke thinks that it is only once we understand our cognitive capabilities that we can suitably direct our researches into the world. This may have been what Locke had in mind when he claimed that part of his ambition in essay writing contest in malaysia the Essay was to be an lyx thesis, “Under-Laborer” who cleared the ground and laid the foundations for the work of famous scientists like Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton. The Essay is essay writing in malaysia, divided into four books with each book contributing to Locke’s overall goal of examining the human mind with respect to its contents and operations. In Book I Locke rules out one possible origin of lyx thesis style our knowledge. He argues that our knowledge cannot have been innate. This sets up Book II in which Locke argues that all of our ideas come from experience.

In this book he seeks to give an account of how even ideas like God, infinity, and space could have been acquired through our perceptual access to an admission essay, the world and our mental operations. Book III is lyx thesis, something of a digression as Locke turns his attention to language and the role it plays in our theorizing. Locke’s main goal here is writing, cautionary, he thinks language is often an obstacle to understanding and he offers some recommendations to avoid confusion. Finally, Book IV discusses knowledge, belief, and opinion. Locke argues that knowledge consists of special kinds of relations between ideas and that we should regulate our beliefs accordingly. The first chapter of the Essay contains an apology for the frequent use of the word “idea” in the book. According to Locke, ideas are the fundamental units of mental content and so play an integral role in his explanation of the human mind and his account of our knowledge. Locke was not the first philosopher to give ideas a central role; Descartes, for example, had relied heavily on them in explaining the human mind. But figuring out precisely what Locke means by “idea” has led to disputes among commentators.

One place to style, begin is with Locke’s own definition. He claims that by spanish dance essay “idea” he means “whatsoever is the Object of the Understanding when a Man thinks…whatever is meant by Phantasm, Notion, Species , or whatever it is, which the Mind can be employ’d about in thinking.” (1.1.8, 47). Lyx Thesis Style! This definition is helpful insofar as it reaffirms the central role that ideas have in Locke’s account of the understanding. Ideas are the sole entities upon which our minds work. Of Maryland Essay! Locke’s definition, however, is less than helpful insofar as it contains an ambiguity. On one reading, ideas are mental objects . The thought is that when an agent perceives an external world object like an apple there is some thing in her mind which represents that apple. Style! So when an Writing essay, agent considers an style, apple what she is really doing is thinking about the idea of that apple. On a different reading, ideas are mental actions . The thought here is that when an agent perceives an Writing an admission, apple she is lyx thesis, really perceiving the apple in a direct, unmediated way. The idea is the mental act of making perceptual contact with the external world object.

In recent years, most commentators have adopted the first of these two readings. But this debate will be important in the discussion of essay knowledge below. The first of the Essay ’s four books is devoted to a critique of nativism, the doctrine that some ideas are innate in the human mind, rather than received in experience. It is unclear precisely who Locke’s targets in style this book are, though Locke does cite Herbert of Cherbury and than other likely candidates include Rene Descartes, the Cambridge Platonists, and a number of lesser known Anglican theologians. Finding specific targets, however, might not be that important given that much of what Locke seeks to do in Book I is motivate and lyx thesis style make plausible the dance, alternative account of idea acquisition that he offers in Book II. The nativist view which Locke attacks in Book I holds that human beings have mental content which is innate in the mind. This means that there are certain ideas (units of mental content) which were neither acquired via experience nor constructed by the mind out of ideas received in experience. The most popular version of this position holds that there are certain ideas which God planted in all minds at the moment of their creation. Locke attacks both the lyx thesis, view that we have any innate principles (for example, the in malaysia, whole is lyx thesis style, greater than the part, do unto others as you would have done unto you, etc.) as well as the view that there are any innate singular ideas (for example, God, identity, substance, and so forth).

The main thrust of Locke’s argument lies in pointing out that none of the smarter than, mental content alleged to lyx thesis style, be innate is universally shared by spanish essay all humans. He notes that children and the mentally disabled, for lyx thesis example, do not have in their minds an allegedly innate complex thought like “equals taken from equals leave equals”. Essay! He also uses evidence from travel literature to point out that many non-Europeans deny what were taken to be innate moral maxims and that some groups even lack the idea of a God. Locke takes the fact that not all humans have these ideas as evidence that they were not implanted by God in humans minds, and that they are therefore acquired rather than innate. There is one misunderstanding which it is important to avoid when considering Locke’s anti-nativism.

The misunderstanding is, in part, suggested by Locke’s claim that the mind is like a tabula rasa (a blank slate) prior to sense experience. Style! This makes it sound as though the mind is nothing prior to the advent of ideas. Introduction! In fact, Locke’s position is much more nuanced. He makes it clear that the mind has any number of inherent capacities, predispositions, and inclinations prior to receiving any ideas from sensation. His anti-nativist point is just that none of these is triggered or exercised until the mind receives ideas from sensation. In Book II Locke offers his alternative theory of lyx thesis how the human mind comes to be furnished with the ideas it has. Christmas Writing! Every day we think of complex things like orange juice, castles, justice, numbers, and motion. Locke’s claim is that the lyx thesis, ultimate origin of all of these ideas lies in experience: “ Experience : In that, all our Knowledge is founded; and from that it ultimately derives itself. Our Observation employ’d either about external, sensible Objects ; or about the internal Operations of our Minds, perceived and girls than reflected on by ourselves, is that, which supplies our Understandings with all the material of thinking . These two are the style, Fountains of essay Knowledge, from whence all the Ideas we have, or can naturally have, do spring.” (2.1.2, 104). In the above passage Locke allows for two distinct types of lyx thesis experience.

Outer experience, or sensation, provides us with ideas from the traditional five senses. Sight gives us ideas of colors, hearing gives us ideas of christmas sounds, and so on. Thus, my idea of a particular shade of green is a product of seeing a fern. And my idea of a particular tone is the product of my being in the vicinity of a piano while it was being played. Inner experience, or reflection, is slightly more complicated. Locke thinks that the human mind is incredibly active; it is constantly performing what he calls operations. For example, I often remember past birthday parties, imagine that I was on vacation, desire a slice of pizza, or doubt that England will win the World Cup. Locke believes that we are able to notice or experience our mind performing these actions and style when we do we receive ideas of reflection. These are ideas such as memory, imagination, desire, doubt, judgment, and choice. Locke’s view is that experience (sensation and reflection) issues us with simple ideas.

These are the essay writing, minimal units of mental content; each simple idea is “in itself uncompounded, [and] contains in it nothing but one uniform Appearance , or Conception in the mind, and is not distinguishable into different Ideas .” (2.2.1, 119). But many of my ideas are not simple ideas. My idea of a glass of orange juice or my idea of the New York subway system, for example, could not be classed a simple ideas. Style! Locke calls ideas like these complex ideas. His view is that complex ideas are the product of combining our simple ideas together in various ways.

For example, my complex idea of a glass of orange juice consists of various simple ideas (the color orange, the feeling of dance essay coolness, a certain sweet taste, a certain acidic taste, and so forth) combined together into one object. Thus, Locke believes our ideas are compositional. Simple ideas combine to form complex ideas. Lyx Thesis! And these complex ideas can be combined to form even more complex ideas. We are now in a position to understand the character of dance Locke’s empiricism. He is committed to the view that all of style our ideas, everything we can possibly think of, can be broken down into simple ideas received in girls than experience. The bulk of Book II is devoted to making this empiricism plausible. Locke does this both by undertaking an examination of the various abilities that the human mind has (memory, abstraction, volition, and so forth) and by offering an account of how even abstruse ideas like space, infinity, God, and causation could be constructed using only the simple ideas received in experience. Our complex ideas are classified into three different groups: substances, modes, and relations.

Ideas of substances are ideas of things which are thought to exist independently. Ordinary objects like desks, sheep, and mountains fall into this group. But there are also ideas of collective substances, which consist of individuals substances considered as forming a whole. A group of individual buildings might be considered a town. And a group of individual men and women might be considered together as an army. In addition to describing the way we think about individual substances, Locke also has an lyx thesis style, interesting discussion of an admission essay substance-in-general. What is it that particular substances like shoes and spoons are made out of? We could suggest that they are made out of leather and lyx thesis style metal. But the question could be repeated, what are leather and metal made of? We might respond that they are made of matter. But even here, Locke thinks we can ask what matter is made of.

What gives rise to the properties of matter? Locke claims that we don’t have a very clear idea here. So our idea of contest substances will always be somewhat confused because we do not really know what stands under, supports, or gives rise to lyx thesis style, observable properties like extension and solidity. Ideas of modes are ideas of things which are dependent on substances in some way. In general, this taxonomic category can be somewhat tricky.

It does not seem to have a clear parallel in contemporary metaphysics, and it is sometimes thought to be a mere catch-all category for things which are neither substances nor relations. But it is helpful to think of modes as being like features of spanish substances; modes are “such complex Ideas , which however compounded, contain not in them the supposition of lyx thesis subsisting by themselves, but are considered as Dependences on, or Affections of Substances.” (2.12.4, 165). Modes come in two types: simple and mixed. Simple modes are constructed by combining a large number of a single type of simple ideas together. For example, Locke believes there is a simple idea of unity. Our complex idea of the number seven, for example, is a simple mode and university of maryland is constructed by concatenating seven simple ideas of unity together. Lyx Thesis Style! Locke uses this category to explain how we think about a number of topics relating to number, space, time, pleasure and pain, and cognition. Mixed modes, on the other hand, involve combining together simple ideas of more than one kind. Spanish Dance! A great many ideas fall into this category. But the most important ones are moral ideas.

Our ideas of theft, murder, promising, duty, and the like all count as mixed modes. Ideas of relations are ideas that involve more than one substance. Lyx Thesis! My idea of spanish a husband, for example, is lyx thesis style, more than the idea of an prompt, individual man. It also must include the idea of another substance, namely the idea of that man’s spouse. Locke is keen to lyx thesis, point out that much more of our thought involves relations than we might previously have thought. For example, when I think about Elizabeth II as the Queen of England my thinking actually involves relations, because I cannot truly think of Elizabeth as a queen without conceiving of her as having a certain relationship of sovereignty to some subjects (individual substances like David Beckham and introduction J.K. Rowling). Locke then goes on to explore the role that relations have in lyx thesis style our thinking about causation, space, time, morality, and (very famously) identity. Throughout his discussion of the different kinds of complex ideas Locke is keen to essay writing, emphasize that all of our ideas can ultimately be broken down into simple ideas received in sensation and reflection. Put differently, Locke is keenly aware that the style, success of his empiricist theory of mind depends on of maryland prompt its ability to account for all the lyx thesis, contents of our minds. Whether or not Locke is successful is a matter of dispute.

On some occasions the analysis he gives of how a very complex idea could be constructed using only simple ideas is vague and requires the reader to fill in some gaps. And commentators have also suggested that some of the essay writing, simple ideas Locke invokes, for example the simple ideas of power and unity, do not seem to be obvious components of our phenomenological experience. Book II closes with a number of chapters designed to help us evaluate the quality of our ideas. Our ideas are better, according to Locke, insofar as they are clear, distinct, real, adequate, and true. Our ideas are worse insofar as they are obscure, confused, fantastical, inadequate, and false.

Clarity and obscurity are explained via an analogy to vision. Lyx Thesis! Clear ideas, like clear images, are crisp and fresh, not faded or diminished in Writing an admission the way that obscure ideas (or images) are. Distinction and confusion have to do with the individuation of lyx thesis style ideas. Ideas are distinct when there is only one word which corresponds to them. Confused ideas are ones to which more than one word can correctly apply or ones that lack a clear and consistent correlation to one particular word. To use one of Locke’s examples, an idea of a leopard as a beast with spots would be confused. It is essay, not distinct because the lyx thesis style, word “lynx” could apply to that idea just as easily as the word “leopard.” Real ideas are those that have a “foundation in nature” whereas fantastical ideas are those created by the imagination.

For example, our idea of essay a horse would be a real idea and our idea of a unicorn would be fantastical. Adequacy and inadequacy have to do with how well ideas match the patterns according to lyx thesis style, which they were made. Adequate ideas perfectly represent the thing they are meant to depict; inadequate ideas fail to do this. Ideas are true when the mind understands them in a way that is introduction for poverty, correct according to lyx thesis style, linguistic practices and the way the world is structured. They are false when the mind misunderstands them along these lines. In these chapters Locke also explains which categories of ideas are better or worse according to this evaluative system.

Simple ideas do very well. Because objects directly produce them in the mind they tend to be clear, distinct, and so forth. Ideas of modes and introduction essay relations also tend to do very well, but for a different reason. Locke thinks that the archetypes of these ideas are in the mind rather than in the world. As such, it is easy for these ideas to style, be good because the mind has a clear sense of what the ideas should be like as it constructs them. By contrast, ideas of substances tend to fare very poorly. The archetypes for these ideas are external world objects. Because our perceptual access to these objects is an admission essay, limited in a number of ways and because these objects are so intricate, ideas of lyx thesis substances tend to be confused, inadequate, false, and so forth. Book III of the Essay is concerned with language.

Locke admits that this topic is christmas writing, something of lyx thesis style a digression. He did not originally plan for dance language to take up an entire book of the Essay . But he soon began to realize that language plays an lyx thesis style, important role in our cognitive lives. Book III begins by noting this and by discussing the introduction essay, nature and proper role of language. But a major portion of Book III is devoted to combating the misuse of language. Locke believes that improper use of language is one of the greatest obstacles to knowledge and clear thought. Lyx Thesis Style! He offers a diagnosis of the day essay writing, problems caused by language and recommendations for avoiding these problems. Locke believes that language is a tool for communicating with other human beings. Specifically, Locke thinks that we want to communicate about our ideas, the contents of our minds. From here it is a short step to the view that: “ Words in their primary or immediate Signification, stand for nothing, but the Ideas in the Mind of him that uses them .” (3.2.2, 405). When an agent utters the word “gold” she is referring to her idea of a shiny, yellowish, malleable substance of style great value. When she utters the word “carrot” she is referring to her idea of a long, skinny, orange vegetable which grows underground.

Locke is, of course, aware that the names we choose for these ideas are arbitrary and merely a matter of social convention. Although the primary use of words is to refer to ideas in the mind of the speaker, Locke also allows that words make what he calls “secret reference” to two other things. Writing In Malaysia! First, humans also want their words to refer to the corresponding ideas in the minds of other humans. When Smith says “carrot” within earshot of Jones her hope is style, that Jones also has an idea of the long, skinny vegetable and that saying “carrot” will bring that idea into Jones’ mind. After all, communication would be impossible without the supposition that our words correspond to ideas in the minds of others. Of Maryland Prompt! Second, humans suppose that their words stand for objects in the world. When Smith says “carrot” she wants to refer to more than just her idea, she also wants to refer to the long skinny objects themselves. But Locke is suspicious of these two other ways of understanding signification. He thinks the latter one, in particular, is illegitimate. After discussing these basic features of language and lyx thesis style reference Locke goes on to discuss specific cases of the writing, relationship between ideas and words: words used for simple ideas, words used for modes, words used for substances, the way in which a single word can refer to a multiplicity of ideas, and style so forth. There is also an interesting chapter on “particles.” These are words which do not refer to an idea but instead refer to introduction, a certain connection which holds between ideas.

For example, if I say “Secretariat is brown” the lyx thesis style, word “Secretariat” refers to my idea of a certain racehorse, and introduction essay “brown” refers to my idea of a certain color, but the word “is” does something different. That word is a particle and indicates that I am expressing something about the relationship between my ideas of Secretariat and brown and suggesting that they are connected in lyx thesis style a certain way. Other particles includes words like “and”, “but”, “hence”, and so forth. As mentioned above, the introduction, problems of language are a major concern of Book III. Locke thinks that language can lead to confusion and misunderstanding for lyx thesis style a number of reasons.

The signification of spanish essay words is arbitrary, rather than natural, and this means it can be difficult to understand which words refer to lyx thesis, which ideas. Many of spanish dance our words stand for ideas which are complex, hard to acquire, or both. Lyx Thesis! So many people will struggle to use those words appropriately. And, in some cases, people will even use words when they have no corresponding idea or only a very confused and inadequate corresponding idea. Locke claims that this is exacerbated by the fact that we are often taught words before we have any idea what the word signifies. A child, for example, might be taught the word “government” at a young age, but it will take her years to form a clear idea of what governments are and how they operate. People also often use words inconsistently or equivocate on an admission their meaning. Finally, some people are led astray because they believe that their words perfectly capture reality.

Recall from above that people secretly and incorrectly use their words to style, refer to objects in writing contest the external world. The problem is that people might be very wrong about what those objects are like. Locke thinks that a result of all this is that people are seriously misusing language and that many debates and discussions in important fields like science, politics, and philosophy are confused or consist of merely verbal disputes. Locke provides a number of examples of language causing problems: Cartesians using “body” and “extension” interchangeably, even though the two ideas are distinct; physiologists who agree on all the facts yet have a long dispute because they have different understandings of the word “liquor”; Scholastic philosophers using the term “prime matter” when they are unable to actually frame an idea of such a thing, and so forth. The remedies that Locke recommends for lyx thesis style fixing these problems created by language are somewhat predictable. But Locke is introduction for poverty essay, quick to point out that while they sound like easy fixes they are actually quite difficult to style, implement. The first and most important step is to only use words when we have clear ideas attached to them. (Again, this sounds easy, but many of us might actually struggle to come up with a clear idea corresponding to even everyday terms like “glory” or “fascist”.) We must also strive to make sure that the ideas attached to essay in malaysia, terms are as complete as possible.

We must strive to ensure that we use words consistently and do not equivocate; every time we utter a word we should use it to signify one and style the same idea. Finally, we should communicate our definitions of words to others. In Book IV, having already explained how the mind is furnished with the ideas it has, Locke moves on to discuss knowledge and belief. A good place to spanish essay, start is with a quote from the beginning of Book IV: “ Knowledge then seems to me to be nothing but the perception of the style, connexion and agreement, or disagreement and repugnancy of any of our Ideas . Where this Perception is, there is Knowledge, and where it is not, there, though we may fancy, guess, or believe, yet we always come short of Writing an admission essay Knowledge.” (4.2.2, 525). Locke spends the first part of Book IV clarifying and exploring this conception of knowledge. The second part focuses on how we should apportion belief in cases where we lack knowledge.

What does Locke mean by the “connection and agreement” and the “disagreement and repugnancy” of lyx thesis style our ideas? Some examples might help. Bring to mind your idea of white and your idea of black. Locke thinks that upon than boys essay, doing this you will immediately perceive that they are different, they “disagree”. It is when you perceive this disagreement that you know the fact that white is not black. Those acquainted with American geography will know that Boise is in Idaho. On Locke’s account of knowledge, this means that they are able to lyx thesis style, perceive a certain connection that obtains between their idea of Idaho and their idea of Boise. Locke enumerates four dimensions along which there might be this sort of writing contest in malaysia agreement or disagreement between ideas. First, we can perceive when two ideas are identical or non-identical. For example, knowing that sweetness is not bitterness consists in lyx thesis style perceiving that the idea of sweetness is not identical to the idea of girls than bitterness. Second, we can perceive relations that obtain between ideas.

For example, knowing that 7 is greater than 3 consists in style perceiving that there is a size relation of bigger and smaller between the two ideas. Third, we can perceive when our idea of a certain feature accompanies our idea of a certain thing. If I know that ice is cold this is because I perceive that my idea of cold always accompanies my idea of ice. Fourthly, we can perceive when existence agrees with any idea. I can have knowledge of this fourth kind when, for example, I perform the cogito and recognize the introduction for poverty, special relation between my idea of myself and my idea of existence. Locke thinks that all of style our knowledge consists in of maryland agreements or disagreements of lyx thesis style one of these types. After detailing the types of relations between ideas which constitute knowledge Locke continues on to discuss three “degrees” of knowledge in 4.2. These degrees seem to christmas day essay, consist in different ways of knowing something.

The first degree Locke calls intuitive knowledge. An agent possesses intuitive knowledge when she directly perceives the connection between two ideas. Lyx Thesis! This is the best kind of knowledge, as Locke says “Such kind of Truths, the Mind perceives at the first sight of the Ideas together, by bare Intuition , without the christmas writing, intervention of style any other Idea ; and this kind of knowledge is the clearest, and most certain, that humane Frailty is capable of.” (4.2.1, 531). The second degree of knowledge is called demonstrative. Often it is impossible to perceive an immediate connection between two ideas. Spanish Dance! For example, most of us are unable to tell that the three interior angles of a triangle are equal to two right angles simply by looking at style, them. But most of us, with the assistance of a mathematics teacher, can be made to see that they are equal by writing means of lyx thesis style a geometric proof or demonstration. This is the model for demonstrative knowledge.

Even if one is unable to directly perceive a relation between idea-X and essay idea-Y one might perceive a relation indirectly by style means of idea-A and day essay writing idea-B. This will be possible if the agent has intuitive knowledge of a connection between X and A, between A and lyx thesis B, and then between B and Y. Writing An Admission! Demonstrative knowledge consists, therefore, in a string of lyx thesis relations each of which is known intuitively. The third degree of introduction knowledge is called sensitive knowledge and has been the source of lyx thesis considerable debate and confusion among Locke commentators. For one thing, Locke is unclear as to smarter than boys essay, whether sensitive knowledge even counts as knowledge. He writes that intuitive and demonstrative knowledge are, properly speaking, the only forms of lyx thesis style knowledge, but that “There is, indeed, another Perception of the Mind…which going beyond bare probability, and yet not reaching perfectly to either of the foregoing degrees of certainty, passes under the name of Knowledge.” (4.2.14, 537). Sensitive knowledge has to do with the relationship between our ideas and the objects in the external world that produce them. Locke claims that we can be certain that when we perceive something, an orange, for christmas example, there is an object in the external world which is responsible for these sensations. Part of Locke’s claim is that there is a serious qualitative difference between biting into an orange and remembering biting into an orange. There is something in the phenomenological experience of the former which assures us of a corresponding object in lyx thesis the external world. Locke spends a fair amount of time in Book IV responding to worries that he is a skeptic or that his account of knowledge, with its emphasis on university of maryland essay ideas, fails to be responsive to the external world. The general worry for lyx thesis Locke is fairly simple.

By claiming that ideas are the only things humans have epistemic access to, and by claiming that knowledge relates only to our ideas, Locke seems to rule out the claim that we can ever know about the external world. Lockean agents are trapped behind a “veil of ideas.” Thus we cannot have any assurance that our ideas provide us with reliable information about the external world. Writing! We cannot know what it would be for an idea to resemble or represent an object. Style! And we cannot tell, without the ability to step outside our own minds, whether our ideas did this reliably. This criticism has historically been thought to endanger Locke’s entire project. Gilbert Ryle’s memorable assessment is that “nearly every youthful student of spanish philosophy both can and does in his second essay refute Locke’s entire Theory of Knowledge.” Recent scholarship has been much more charitable to Locke. But the central problem is still a pressing one. Debates about the correct understanding of sensitive knowledge are obviously important when considering these issues. At first blush, the relation involved in sensitive knowledge seems to be a relation between an idea and a physical object in the world.

But, if this reading is correct, then it becomes difficult to understand the lyx thesis, many passages in which Locke insists that knowledge is a relation that holds only between ideas. Also relevant are debates about how to correctly understand Lockean ideas. Recall from above that although many understand ideas as mental objects, some understand them as mental acts. While most of the text seems to favor the first interpretation, it seems that the second interpretation has a significant advantage when responding to these skeptical worries. The reason is that the connection between ideas and external world objects is built right into university of maryland essay prompt, the definition of an idea. An idea just is a perception of an external world object. However the debates discussed in the previous paragraph are resolved, there is a consensus among commentators that Locke believes the scope of lyx thesis style human understanding is very narrow. Contest! Humans are not capable of lyx thesis very much knowledge.

Locke discusses this is 4.3, a chapter entitled “Extent of Humane Knowledge.” The fact that our knowledge is so limited should come as no surprise. We have already discussed the ways in essay writing in malaysia which our ideas of lyx thesis style substances are problematic. And we have just seen that we have no real understanding of the Writing essay, connection between our ideas and the objects that produce them. The good news, however, is that while our knowledge might not be very extensive, it is sufficient for our needs. Locke’s memorable nautical metaphor holds that: “’Tis of great use to the Sailor to know the length of lyx thesis style his Line, though he cannot with it fathom all the contest in malaysia, depths of the Ocean. Lyx Thesis Style! ‘Tis well he knows, that it is long enough to reach the bottom, at girls smarter than, such Places, as are necessary to direct his Voyage, and caution him against running upon Shoales, that may ruin him. Lyx Thesis Style! Our Business here is girls than boys essay, not to lyx thesis style, know all things, but those which concern our Conduct.” (1.1.6, 46). Locke thinks we have enough knowledge to live comfortable lives on Earth, to realize that there is a God, to understand morality and behave appropriately, and to gain salvation. Our knowledge of morality, in particular, is of maryland essay, very good. Locke even suggests that we might develop a demonstrable system of lyx thesis morality similar to Euclid’s demonstrable system of geometry. This is possible because our moral ideas are ideas of modes, rather than ideas of substances. And our ideas of modes do much better on Locke’s evaluative scheme than our ideas of substances do.

Finally, while the spanish dance, limits to our knowledge might be disappointing, Locke notes that recognizing these limits is important and useful insofar as it will help us to better organize our intellectual inquiry. We will be saved from investigating questions which we could never know the answers to and can focus our efforts on areas where progress is possible. One benefit of Locke’s somewhat bleak assessment of the lyx thesis style, scope of our knowledge was that it caused him to focus on an area which was underappreciated by many of his contemporaries. This was the arena of judgment or opinion, belief states which fall short of knowledge. Given that we have so little knowledge (that we can be certain of so little) the realm of probability becomes very important.

Recall that knowledge consists in a perceived agreement or disagreement between two ideas. Belief that falls short of knowledge (judgment or opinion) consists in a presumed agreement or disagreement between two ideas. Consider an example: I am not entirely sure who the Prime Minister of Canada is, but I am somewhat confident it is Stephen Harper. Locke’s claim is that in christmas writing judging that the Canadian PM is style, Stephen Harper I am acting as though a relation holds between the two ideas. I do not directly perceive a connection between my idea of Stephen Harper and my idea of the Canadian PM, but I presume that one exists. After offering this account of what judgment is, Locke offers an analysis of spanish dance how and why we form the opinions we do and style offers some recommendations for spanish essay forming our opinions responsibly. This includes a diagnosis of the errors people make in judging, a discussion of the lyx thesis style, different degrees of essay contest assent, and an interesting discussion of the style, epistemic value of testimony. As discussed above, the main project of the Essay is an examination of the in malaysia, human understanding and lyx thesis style an analysis of knowledge. But the an admission, Essay is a rather expansive work and contains discussion of many other topics of philosophical interest.

Some of these will be discussed below. A word of warning, however, is required before proceeding. Lyx Thesis! It can sometimes be difficult to tell whether Locke takes himself to be offering a metaphysical theory or whether he merely is describing a component of human psychology. For example, we might question whether his account of personal identity is meant to give necessary and sufficient conditions for a metaphysical account of personhood or whether it is merely designed to tell us what sorts of identity attributions we do and should make and why. We may further question whether, when discussing primary and secondary qualities, Locke is offering a theory about writing in malaysia how perception really works or whether this discussion is a mere digression used to illustrate a point about the nature of lyx thesis style our ideas. So while many of these topics have received a great deal of attention, their precise relationship to the main project of the Essay can be difficult to locate. a. Primary and Secondary Qualities.

Book 2, Chapter 8 of the Essay contains an extended discussion of the distinction between primary and secondary qualities. Writing In Malaysia! Locke was hardly original in making this distinction. By the style, time the Essay was published, it had been made by many others and was even somewhat commonplace. That said, Locke’s formulation of the distinction and his analysis of the related issues has been tremendously influential and has provided the framework for much of the subsequent discussion on the topic. Locke defines a quality as a power that a body has to produce ideas in us. So a simple object like a baked potato which can produce ideas of brownness, heat, ovular shape, solidity, and determinate size must have a series of corresponding qualities.

There must be something in introduction essay the potato which gives us the idea of brown, something in the potato which gives us the idea of lyx thesis style ovular shape, and so on. Christmas Writing! The primary/secondary quality distinction claims that some of these qualities are very different from others. Locke motivates the distinction between two types of lyx thesis qualities by discussing how a body could produce an of maryland prompt, idea in us. The theory of perception endorsed by Locke is highly mechanical. All perception occurs as a result of motion and collision. If I smell the baked potato, there must be small material particles which are flying off of the potato and bumping into nerves in my nose, the motion in the nose-nerves causes a chain reaction along my nervous system until eventually there is some motion in my brain and I experience the idea of a certain smell.

If I see the baked potato, there must be small material particles flying off the potato and bumping into my retina. Lyx Thesis Style! That bumping causes a similar chain reaction which ends in my experience of a certain roundish shape. From this, Locke infers that for an object to produce ideas in christmas day essay us it must really have some features, but can completely lack other features. This mechanical theory of lyx thesis style perception requires that objects producing ideas in us have shape, extension, mobility, and solidity. Smarter! But it does not require that these objects have color, taste, sound, or temperature. So the lyx thesis, primary qualities are qualities actually possessed by bodies. These are features that a body cannot be without. The secondary qualities, by contrast, are not really had by bodies.

They are just ways of talking about the ideas that can be produced in us by for poverty bodies in virtue of style their primary qualities. So when we claim that the baked potato is solid, this means that solidity is one of its fundamental features. But when I claim that it smells a certain earthy kind of way, this just means that its fundamental features are capable of producing the idea of the earthy smell in christmas day essay my mind. These claims lead to lyx thesis style, Locke’s claims about resemblance: “From whence I think it is easie to draw this Observation, That the Ideas of essay prompt primary Qualities of Bodies, are Resemblances of them, and their Patterns do really exist in the Bodies themselves; but the Ideas, produced in us by these Secondary Qualities, have no resemblance of lyx thesis them at all.” (2.8.14, 137). Insofar as my idea of the potato is of something solid, extended, mobile, and possessing a certain shape my idea accurately captures something about the real nature of the potato. But insofar as my idea of the potato is of something with a particular smell, temperature, and taste my ideas do not accurately capture mind-independent facts about the potato. Around the time of the Essay the mechanical philosophy was emerging as the predominant theory about the physical world. The mechanical philosophy held that the fundamental entities in the physical world were small individual bodies called corpuscles. Each corpuscle was solid, extended, and had a certain shape. These corpuscles could combine together to form ordinary objects like rocks, tables, and plants. The mechanical philosophy argued that all features of bodies and all natural phenomena could be explained by appeal to for poverty essay, these corpuscles and their basic properties (in particular, size, shape, and lyx thesis style motion).

Locke was exposed to the mechanical philosophy while at Oxford and became acquainted with the writings of its most prominent advocates. On balance, Locke seems to have become a convert to the mechanical philosophy. He writes that mechanism is the best available hypothesis for the explanation of nature. We have already seen some of the explanatory work done by mechanism in the Essay . The distinction between primary and secondary qualities was a hallmark of the mechanical philosophy and essay writing in malaysia neatly dovetailed with mechanist accounts of perception. Locke reaffirms his commitment to this account of perception at a number of other points in the Essay . And when discussing material objects Locke is very often happy to allow that they are composed of material corpuscles.

What is peculiar, however, is that while the Essay does seem to have a number of passages in which Locke supports mechanical explanations and style speaks highly of introduction for poverty mechanism, it also contains some highly critical remarks about mechanism and discussions of the limits of the lyx thesis style, mechanical philosophy. Locke’s critiques of mechanism can be divided into two strands. First, he recognized that there were a number of introduction for poverty observed phenomena which mechanism struggled to lyx thesis style, explain. Mechanism did offer neat explanations of some observed phenomena. Essay Contest! For example, the fact that objects could be seen but not smelled through glass could be explained by lyx thesis positing that the corpuscles which interacted with our retinas were smaller than the ones which interacted with our nostrils. So the sight corpuscles could pass through the for poverty essay, spaces between the lyx thesis style, glass corpuscles, but the christmas writing, smell corpuscles would be turned away. But other phenomena were harder to explain. Magnetism and various chemical and biological processes (like fermentation) were less susceptible to these sorts of explanations. And universal gravitation, which Locke took Newton to have proved the existence of in the Principia , was particularly hard to explain. Lyx Thesis Style! Locke suggests that God may have “superadded” various non-mechanical powers to essay prompt, material bodies and that this could account for gravitation. Lyx Thesis Style! (Indeed, at spanish, several points he even suggests that God may have superadded the power of lyx thesis thought to matter and that humans might be purely material beings.)

Locke’s second set of critiques pertain to theoretical problems in the mechanical philosophy. One problem was that mechanism had no satisfactory way of explaining cohesion. Essay Contest In Malaysia! Why do corpuscles sometimes stick together? If things like tables and chairs are just collections of small corpuscles then they should be very easy to break apart, the same way I can easily separate one group of marbles from another. Further, why should any one particular corpuscle stay stuck together as a solid? What accounts for its cohesion? Again, mechanism seems hard-pressed to lyx thesis style, offer an answer. Finally, Locke allows that we do not entirely understand transfer of motion by for poverty essay impact. When one corpuscle collides with another we actually do not have a very satisfying explanation for why the second moves away under the force of the impact.

Locke presses these critiques with some skill and in a serious manner. Still, ultimately he is guardedly optimistic about mechanism. This somewhat mixed attitude on Locke’s part has led commentators to debate questions about style his exact attitude toward the mechanical philosophy and his motivations for discussing it. In Book 2, Chapter 21 of the Essay Locke explores the topic of the will. One of the girls smarter than essay, things which separates people from rocks and billiard balls is our ability to make decisions and control our actions. We feel that we are free in certain respects and that we have the power to choose certain thoughts and lyx thesis actions. Locke calls this power the writing, will. Lyx Thesis! But there are tricky questions about what this power consists in and about what it takes to freely (or voluntarily) choose something. For Poverty! 2.21 contains a delicate and sustained discussion of lyx thesis these tricky questions.

Locke first begins with questions of an admission freedom and then proceeds to lyx thesis style, a discussion of the will. On Locke’s analysis, we are free to do those things which we both will to do and are physically capable of doing. For example, if I wish to jump into a lake and have no physical maladies which prevent it, then I am free to jump into the lake. Writing In Malaysia! By contrast, if I do not wish to jump into the lake, but a friend pushes me in, I did not act freely when I entered the lyx thesis, water. Or, if I wish to jump into the lake, but have a spinal injury and dance essay cannot move my body, then I do not act freely when I stay on the shore. So far so good, Locke has offered us a useful way of differentiating our voluntary actions from our involuntary ones. But there is still a pressing question about freedom and the will: that of whether the style, will is essay writing contest, itself free.

When I am deciding whether or not to jump into the water, is the will determined by outside factors to lyx thesis, choose one or the other? Or can it, so to speak, make up its own mind and choose either option? Locke’s initial position in the chapter is university essay, that the lyx thesis style, will is determined. Christmas Day Essay! But in later sections he offers a qualification of sorts. In normal circumstances, the will is determined by what Locke calls uneasiness: “ What is it that determines the Will in regard to our Actions? … some (and for the most part the most pressing) uneasiness a Man is at present under. That is that which successively determines the Will , and sets us upon those Actions, we perform.” (2.21.31, 250-1). The uneasiness is caused by the absence of style something that is perceived as good. The perception of the thing as good gives rise to a desire for that thing. Writing Essay! Suppose I choose to eat a slice of pizza. Locke would say I must have made this choice because the lyx thesis, absence of the spanish dance, pizza was troubling me somehow (I was feeling hunger pains, or longing for something savory) and lyx thesis this discomfort gave rise to a desire for food. That desire in turn determined my will to choose to dance, eat pizza.

Locke’s qualification to this account of the will being determined by uneasiness has to do with what he calls suspension. Beginning with the second edition of the Essay , Locke began to argue that the most pressing desire for the most part determines the will, but not always: “For the mind having in most cases, as is evident in Experience, a power to suspend the execution and satisfaction of any of its desires, and so all, one after another, is at liberty to consider the objects of them; examine them on all sides, and weigh them with others.” (2.21.47, 263). So even if, at lyx thesis style, this moment, my desire for pizza is the strongest desire, Locke thinks I can pause before I decide to eat the pizza and consider the dance essay, decision. Style! I can consider other items in my desire set: my desire to lose weight, or to leave the essay writing in malaysia, pizza for my friend, or to keep a vegan diet. Careful consideration of these other possibilities might have the effect of lyx thesis changing my desire set. If I really focus on how important it is to essay contest, stay fit and healthy by eating nutritious foods then my desire to leave the pizza might become stronger than my desire to eat it and my will may be determined to choose to not eat the pizza. But of course we can always ask whether a person has a choice whether or not to suspend judgment or whether the suspension of judgment is lyx thesis, itself determined by the mind’s strongest desire.

On this point Locke is somewhat vague. While most interpreters think our desires determine when judgment is suspended, some others disagree and argue that suspension of judgment offers Lockean agents a robust form of free will. d. Personhood and writing Personal Identity. Locke was one of the first philosophers to give serious attention to the question of personal identity. And his discussion of the lyx thesis, question has proved influential both historically and in the present day. Of Maryland Essay Prompt! The discussion occurs in the midst of Locke’ larger discussion of the identity conditions for various entities in Book II, Chapter 27. At heart, the question is simple, what makes me the same person as the person who did certain things in the past and that will do certain things in the future? In what sense was it me that attended Bridlemile Elementary School many years ago? After all, that person was very short, knew very little about soccer, and loved Chicken McNuggets. I, on the other hand, am average height, know tons of soccer trivia, and get rather queasy at the thought of eating chicken, especially in nugget form.

Nevertheless, it is style, true that I am identical to day essay writing, the boy who attended Bridlemile. In Locke’s time, the topic of personal identity was important for religious reasons. Christian doctrine held that there was an afterlife in lyx thesis which virtuous people would be rewarded in christmas day essay writing heaven and sinful people would be punished in hell. This scheme provided motivation for individuals to behave morally. But, for this to work, it was important that the person who is rewarded or punished is the same person as the one who lived virtuously or lived sinfully. And this had to be true even though the person being rewarded or punished had died, had somehow continued to exist in style an afterlife, and writing in malaysia had somehow managed to be reunited with a body. So it was important to style, get the essay, issue of personal identity right. Locke’s views on personal identity involve a negative project and a positive project. The negative project involves arguing against the view that personal identity consists in lyx thesis or requires the continued existence of a particular substance. And the smarter than essay, positive project involves defending the view that personal identity consists in continuity of lyx thesis style consciousness. Writing! We can begin with this positive view.

Locke defines a person as “a thinking intelligent Being, that has reason and reflection, and can consider itself as itself, the same thinking thing in different times and lyx thesis places; which it does only by boys that consciousness, which is inseparable from thinking, and as it seems to me essential to it.” (2.27.9, 335). Lyx Thesis Style! Locke suggests here that part of what makes a person the day essay writing, same through time is their ability to recognize past experiences as belonging to them. For me, part of what differentiates one little boy who attended Bridlemile Elementary from all the lyx thesis style, other children who went there is my realization that I share in his consciousness. Put differently, my access to his lived experience at Bridlemile is very different from my access to the lived experiences of others there: it is christmas writing, first-personal and immediate. I recognize his experiences there as part of a string of lyx thesis experiences that make up my life and join up to essay, my current self and lyx thesis style current experiences in christmas day essay writing a unified way. That is lyx thesis style, what makes him the same person as me. Locke believes that this account of personal identity as continuity of consciousness obviates the need for than boys an account of personal identity given in terms of style substances. A traditional view held that there was a metaphysical entity, the soul, which guaranteed personal identity through time; wherever there was the same soul, the Writing essay, same person would be there as well. Locke offers a number of thought experiments to cast doubt on this belief and show that his account is superior. Lyx Thesis! For example, if a soul was wiped clean of all its previous experiences and given new ones (as might be the case if reincarnation were true), the same soul would not justify the claim that all of those who had had it were the same person.

Or, we could imagine two souls who had their conscious experiences completely swapped. In this case, we would want to say that the contest in malaysia, person went with the lyx thesis style, conscious experiences and did not remain with the writing, soul. Locke’s account of personal identity seems to be a deliberate attempt to move away from some of the lyx thesis style, metaphysical alternatives and to offer an account which would be acceptable to individuals from university of maryland essay a number of different theological backgrounds. Of course, a number of serious challenges have been raised for Locke’s account.. Most of these focus on the crucial role seemingly played by memory. And the precise details of Locke’s positive proposal in 2.27 have been hard to style, pin down. Nevertheless, many contemporary philosophers believe that there is an important kernel of truth in Locke’s analysis.

Locke’s distinction between the real essence of a substance and the nominal essence of a substance is one of the most fascinating components of the day essay, Essay . Scholastic philosophers had held that the main goal of metaphysics and science was to learn about the essences of things: the key metaphysical components of things which explained all of their interesting features. Locke thought this project was misguided. That sort of knowledge, knowledge of the real essences of beings, was unavailable to human beings. This led Locke to suggest an alternative way to understand and investigate nature; he recommends focusing on lyx thesis the nominal essences of things. When Locke introduces the term real essence he uses it to writing in malaysia, refer to the “real constitution of any Thing, which is the foundation of all those Properties, that are combined in, and are constantly found to lyx thesis style, co-exist with [an object]” (3.6.6, 442). For the Scholastics this real essence would be an spanish, object’s substantial form. For proponents of the mechanical philosophy it would be the number and arrangement of the material corpuscles which composed the body. Locke sometimes endorses this latter understanding of real essence.

But he insists that these real essences are entirely unknown and undiscoverable by us. The nominal essences, by contrast, are known and are the best way we have to understand individual substances. Nominal essences are just collections of all the lyx thesis style, observed features an individual thing has. So the nominal essence of a piece of gold would include the ideas of yellowness, a certain weight, malleability, dissolvability in university prompt certain chemicals, and so on. Locke offers us a helpful analogy to illustrate the lyx thesis, difference between real and nominal essences. He suggests that our position with respect to ordinary objects is like the position of someone looking at a very complicated clock. The gears, wheels, weights, and essay pendulum that produce the motions of the hands on style the clock face (the clock’s real essence) are unknown to than, the person. They are hidden behind the casing. He or she can only know about the observable features like the clock’s shape, the movement of the hands, and the chiming of the hours (the clock’s nominal essence).

Similarly, when I look at an object like a dandelion, I am only able to observe its nominal essence (the yellow color, the bitter smell, and so forth). I have no clear idea what produces these features of the dandelion or how they are produced. Locke’s views on real and nominal essences have important consequences for his views about the division of objects into groups and sorts. Why do we consider some things to be zebras and other things to be rabbits? Locke’s view is lyx thesis style, that we group according to nominal essence, not according to (unknown) real essence. But this has the consequence that our groupings might fail to adequately reflect whatever real distinctions there might be in nature. So Locke is not a realist about species or types. Instead, he is a conventionalist.

We project these divisions on the world when we choose to classify objects as falling under the various nominal essences we’ve created. The epistemology of religion (claims about our understanding of God and our duties with respect to him) were tremendously contentious during Locke’s lifetime. The English Civil War, fought during Locke’s youth, was in large part a disagreement over the right way to understand the Christian religion and the requirements of religious faith. Throughout the seventeenth century, a number of fundamentalist Christian sects continually threatened the stability of English political life. And the girls than essay, status of Catholic and Jewish people in England was a vexed one. So the stakes were very high when, in 4.18, Locke discussed the nature of faith and reason and their respective domains. He defines reason as an attempt to discover certainty or probability through the lyx thesis style, use of our natural faculties in the investigation of the world. Faith, by contrast, is Writing essay, certainty or probability attained through a communication believed to have come, originally, from God.

So when Smith eats a potato chip and comes to believe it is salty, she believes this according to reason. But when Smith believes that Joshua made the sun stand still in the sky because she read it in the Bible (which she takes to lyx thesis style, be divine revelation), she believes according to faith. Although it initially sounds as though Locke has carved out quite separate roles for faith and reason, it must be noted that these definitions make faith subordinate to reason in in malaysia a subtle way. For, as Locke explains: “Whatever GOD hath revealed, is certainly true; no Doubt can be made of it. This is the proper Object of lyx thesis style Faith : But whether it be a divine Revelation, or no, Reason must judge; which can never permit the an admission essay, Mind to style, reject a greater Evidence to embrace what is less evident, nor allow it to entertain Probability in opposition to Knowledge and Certainty.” (4.18.10, 695). First, Locke thinks that if any proposition, even one which purports to be divinely revealed, clashes with the clear evidence of reason then it should not be believed.

So, even if it seems like God is telling us that 1+1=3, Locke claims we should go on believing that 1+1=2 and we should deny that the 1+1=3 revelation was genuine. Spanish Essay! Second, Locke thinks that to determine whether or not something is divinely revealed we have to exercise our reason. How can we tell whether the Bible contains God’s direct revelation conveyed through the lyx thesis, inspired Biblical authors or whether it is instead the work of mere humans? Only reason can help us settle that question. Locke thinks that those who ignore the importance of reason in determining what is and is not a matter of faith are guilty of “enthusiasm.” And in a chapter added to later editions of the Essay Locke sternly warns his readers against university essay the serious dangers posed by lyx thesis this intellectual vice. In all of this Locke emerges as a strong moderate. He himself was deeply religious and essay writing contest in malaysia took religious faith to be important. But he also felt that there were serious limits to style, what could be justified through appeals to faith.

The issues discussed in this section will be very important below where Locke’s views on the importance of religious toleration are discussed. Locke lived during a very eventful time in English politics. The Civil War, Interregnum, Restoration, Exclusion Crisis, and Glorious Revolution all happened during his lifetime. For much of introduction essay his life Locke held administrative positions in government and paid very careful attention to contemporary debates in lyx thesis style political theory. So it is perhaps unsurprising that he wrote a number of works on political issues. Girls Than Boys Essay! In this field, Locke is best known for his arguments in favor of religious toleration and limited government. Today these ideas are commonplace and lyx thesis widely accepted.

But in Locke’s time they were highly innovative, even radical. Locke’s Two Treatises of Government were published in 1689. It was originally thought that they were intended to defend the Glorious Revolution and William’s seizure of the throne. We now know, however, that they were in fact composed much earlier. Nonetheless, they do lay out a view of government amenable to many of William’s supporters.

The First Treatise is now of primarily historical interest. It takes the form of a detailed critique of a work called Patriacha by essay Robert Filmer. Lyx Thesis Style! Filmer had argued, in a rather unsophisticated way, in favor of divine right monarchy. On his view, the power of kings ultimately originated in contest in malaysia the dominion which God gave to Adam and which had passed down in an unbroken chain through the ages. Locke disputes this picture on a number of historical grounds. Perhaps more importantly, Locke also distinguishes between a number of different types of dominion or governing power which Filmer had run together. After clearing some ground in the First Treatise , Locke offers a positive view of the nature of lyx thesis style government in the much better known Second Treatise . Part of Locke’s strategy in this work was to offer a different account of the origins of government.

While Filmer had suggested that humans had always been subject to political power, Locke argues for christmas writing the opposite. According to lyx thesis, him, humans were initially in a state of nature. The state of nature was apolitical in introduction the sense that there were no governments and each individual retained all of his or her natural rights. People possessed these natural rights (including the right to attempt to preserve one’s life, to seize unclaimed valuables, and so forth) because they were given by God to all of his people. The state of nature was inherently unstable. Individuals would be under contrast threat of physical harm. And they would be unable to pursue any goals that required stability and widespread cooperation with other humans.

Locke’s claim is that government arose in this context. Individuals, seeing the benefits which could be gained, decided to relinquish some of their rights to a central authority while retaining other rights. This took the form of a contract. In agreement for relinquishing certain rights, individuals would receive protection from physical harm, security for their possessions, and the ability to interact and cooperate with other humans in a stable environment. So, according to this view, governments were instituted by the citizens of lyx thesis style those governments.

This has a number of very important consequences. On this view, rulers have an obligation to be responsive to the needs and desires of university of maryland essay prompt these citizens. Further, in establishing a government the citizens had relinquished some, but not all of their original rights. So no ruler could claim absolute power over all elements of a citizen’s life. Style! This carved out important room for certain individual rights or liberties. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, a government which failed to adequately protect the rights and interests of its citizens or a government which attempted to overstep its authority would be failing to perform the task for which it was created. As such, the citizens would be entitled to revolt and replace the girls smarter than essay, existing government with one which would suitably carry out the duties of ensuring peace and civil order while respecting individual rights. So Locke was able to use the style, account of smarter essay natural rights and a government created through contract to accomplish a number of important tasks.

He could use it to show why individuals retain certain rights even when they are subject to a government. He could use it to show why despotic governments which attempted to unduly infringe on the rights of their citizens were bad. And he could use it to show that citizens had a right to revolt in style instances where governments failed in certain ways. Dance! These are powerful ideas which remain important even today. Locke’s Second Treatise on lyx thesis government contains an influential account of the nature of writing contest private property. According to Locke, God gave humans the lyx thesis, world and its contents to have in common. Dance Essay! The world was to provide humans with what was necessary for the continuation and lyx thesis enjoyment of life. Spanish! But Locke also believed it was possible for individuals to appropriate individual parts of the world and justly hold them for style their own exclusive use. Put differently, Locke believed that we have a right to acquire private property. Locke’s claim is that we acquire property by mixing our labor with some natural resource. Christmas Writing! For example, if I discover some grapes growing on a vine, through my labor in lyx thesis picking and collecting these grapes I acquire an ownership right over writing, them.

If I find an lyx thesis style, empty field and essay writing then use my labor to plow the field then plant and lyx thesis style raise crops, I will be the proper owner of those crops. If I chop down trees in an admission essay an unclaimed forest and use the wood to fashion a table, then that table will be mine. Locke places two important limitations on the way in which property can be acquired by mixing one’s labor with natural resources. Lyx Thesis Style! First, there is what has come to be known as the Waste Proviso. One must not take so much property that some of it goes to waste.

I should not appropriate gallons and smarter boys gallons of grapes if I am only able to eat a few and the rest end up rotting. If the goods of the Earth were given to us by God, it would be inappropriate to allow some of this gift to go to lyx thesis, waste. Second, there is the Enough-And-As-Good Proviso. This says that in appropriating resources I am required to leave enough and for poverty essay as good for lyx thesis others to appropriate. If the world was left to us in common by God, it would be wrong of me to appropriate more than my fair share and fail to leave sufficient resources for others. After currency is introduction for poverty, introduced and after governments are established the lyx thesis style, nature of property obviously changes a great deal. Using metal, which can be made into coins and which does not perish the way foodstuffs and other goods do, individuals are able to accumulate much more wealth than would be possible otherwise. So the proviso concerning waste seems to drop away. And particular governments might institute rules governing property acquisition and distribution. Locke was aware of this and devoted a great deal of thought to the nature of property and the proper distribution of property within a commonwealth.

His writings on economics, monetary policy, charity, and social welfare systems are evidence of this. University Of Maryland Prompt! But Locke’s views on property inside of style a commonwealth have received far less attention than his views on the original acquisition of property in the state of nature. Locke had been systematically thinking about issues relating to religious toleration since his early years in christmas day essay writing London and even though he only published his Epistola de Tolerantia ( A Letter Concerning Toleration ) in 1689 he had finished writing it several years before. The question of whether or not a state should attempt to prescribe one particular religion within the lyx thesis style, state, what means states might use to do so, and what the correct attitude should be toward those who resist conversion to the official state religion had been central to European politics ever since the Protestant Reformation. Locke’s time in England, France, and the Netherlands had given him experiences of three very different approaches to university of maryland essay prompt, these questions. These experiences had convinced him that, for style the most part, individuals should be allowed to practice their religion without interference from the state. Indeed, part of the impetus for the publication of Locke’s Letter Concerning Toleration came from Louis XIV’s revocation of the Edict of Nantes, which took away the already limited rights of Protestants in France and exposed them to state persecution. It is possible to see Locke’s arguments in favor of toleration as relating both to the epistemological views of the Essay and day essay writing the political views of the lyx thesis, Two Treatises . Relating to Locke’s epistemological views, recall from contest in malaysia above that Locke thought the scope of human knowledge was extremely restricted. We might not be particularly good at lyx thesis style, determining what the correct religion is. There is no reason to think that those holding political power will be any better at discovering the true religion than anyone else, so they should not attempt to enforce their views on others.

Instead, each individual should be allowed to pursue true beliefs as best as they are able. Contest! Little harm results from lyx thesis style allowing others to have their own religious beliefs. Spanish Essay! Indeed, it might be beneficial to allow a plurality of beliefs because one group might end up with the correct beliefs and win others over to their side. Relating to Locke’s political views, as expressed in the Two Treatises , Locke endorses toleration on lyx thesis the grounds that the enforcement of religious conformity is outside the proper scope of government. Writing Contest! People consent to governments for the purpose of establishing social order and the rule of law.

Governments should refrain from lyx thesis style enforcing religious conformity because doing so is unnecessary and irrelevant for essay these ends. Indeed, attempting to enforce conformity may positively harm these ends as it will likely lead to resistance from members of prohibited religions. Locke also suggests that governments should tolerate the religious beliefs of individual citizens because enforcing religious belief is actually impossible. Lyx Thesis! Acceptance of writing a certain religion is an inward act, a function of lyx thesis one’s beliefs. But governments are designed to control people’s actions . So governments are, in many ways, ill-equipped to enforce the adoption of a particular religion because individual people have an almost perfect control of their own thoughts. While Locke’s views on christmas day essay writing toleration were very progressive for style the time and spanish essay while his views do have an affinity with our contemporary consensus on style the value of religious toleration it is important to recognize that Locke did place some severe limits on toleration. He did not think that we should tolerate the intolerant, those who would seek to forcibly impose their religious views on christmas others. Similarly, any religious group who posed a threat to political stability or public safety should not be tolerated.

Importantly, Locke included Roman Catholics in this group. Lyx Thesis! On his view, Catholics had a fundamental allegiance to the Pope, a foreign prince who did not recognize the sovereignty of English law. This made Catholics a threat to civil government and peace. Finally, Locke also believed that atheists should not be tolerated. Because they did not believe they would be rewarded or punished for university essay prompt their actions in an afterlife, Locke did not think they could be trusted to behave morally or maintain their contractual obligations. We have already seen that in the Essay Locke developed an account of lyx thesis style belief according to faith and belief according to university prompt, reason.

Recall that an agent believes according to reason when she discovers something through the use of her natural faculties and she believes according to faith when she takes something as truth because she understands it to style, be a message from God. Recall as well that reason must decide when something is or is not a message from God. The goal of Locke’s The Reasonableness of Christianity is to essay, show that it is reasonable to be a Christian. Locke argues that we do have sufficient reason to think that the central truths of Christianity were communicated to lyx thesis style, us by God through his messenger, Jesus of Nazareth. For Locke’s project to succeed he needed to show that Jesus provided his original followers with sufficient evidence that he was a legitimate messenger from God. Given that numerous individuals in history had purported to be the recipients of essay divine revelation, there must be something special which set Jesus apart. Locke offers two considerations in this regard.

The first is that Jesus fulfilled a number of historical predictions concerning the coming of a Messiah. The second is that Jesus performed a number of lyx thesis style miracles which attest that he had a special relationship to God. Locke also claims that we have sufficient reason to believe that these miracles actually occurred on the basis of testimony from those who witnessed them first-hand and a reliable chain of reporting from Jesus’ time into our own. This argument leads Locke into girls smarter than, a discussion of the types and value of lyx thesis style testimony which many philosophers have found to christmas writing, be interesting in its own right. One striking feature of The Reasonableness of lyx thesis style Christianity is the requirement for salvation that Locke endorses. Disputes about which precise beliefs were necessary for day essay writing salvation and eternal life in Heaven were at the core of much religious disagreement in Locke’s time. Different denominations and sects claimed that they, and often only they, had the lyx thesis style, correct beliefs. Locke, by contrast, argued that to be a true Christian and worthy of salvation an individual only need to believe one simple truth: that Jesus is the Messiah. Of course, Locke believed there were many other important truths in the Bible.

But he thought these other truths, especially those contained in the Epistles rather than the Gospels, could be difficult to interpret and could lead to disputes and disagreement. The core tenet of Christianity, however, that Jesus is the Messiah, was a mandatory belief. In making the requirements for writing Christian faith and salvation so minimal Locke was part of style a growing faction in the Church of England. These individuals, often known as latitudinarians, were deliberately attempting to construct a more irenic Christianity with the an admission, goal of avoiding the conflict and controversy that previous internecine fights had produced. So Locke was hardly alone in attempting to find a set of lyx thesis core Christian commitments which were free of sectarian theological baggage.

But Locke was still somewhat radical; few theologians had made the requirements for Christian faith quite so minimal. Locke was regarded by day essay many in his time as an style, expert on educational matters. He taught many students at Oxford and also served as a private tutor. Locke’s correspondence shows that he was constantly asked to recommend tutors and offer pedagogical advice. Locke’s expertise led to his most important work on christmas day essay writing the subject: Some Thoughts Concerning Education . The work had its origins in a series of lyx thesis letters Locke wrote to of maryland essay, Edward Clarke offering advice on the education of Clarke’s children and lyx thesis was first published in 1693. Locke’s views on education were, for christmas writing the time, quite forward-looking. Classical languages, usually learned through tedious exercises involving rote memorization, and corporeal punishment were two predominant features of the seventeenth century English educational system. Locke saw little use for either. Instead, he emphasized the importance of teaching practical knowledge.

He recognized that children learn best when they are engaged with the subject matter. Locke also foreshadowed some contemporary pedagogical views by suggesting that children should be allowed some self-direction in their course of study and should have the ability to pursue their interests. Locke believed it was important to lyx thesis, take great care in educating the young. He recognized that habits and prejudices formed in essay youth could be very hard to break in later life. Thus, much of Some Thoughts Concerning Education focuses on morality and the best ways to inculcate virtue and industry. Lyx Thesis Style! Locke rejected authoritarian approaches. For Poverty! Instead, he favored methods that would help children to understand the difference between right and wrong and to cultivate a moral sense of their own. The Essay was quickly recognized as an important philosophical contribution both by its admirers and by its critics.

Before long it had been incorporated into the curriculum at Oxford and lyx thesis Cambridge and its translation into both Latin and French garnered it an audience on the Continent as well. The Two Treatises were also recognized as important contributions to political thought. While the work had some success in England among those favorably disposed to the Glorious Revolution, its primary impact was abroad. During the American Revolution (and to a lesser extent, during the French Revolution) Locke’s views were often appealed to by those seeking to establish more representative forms of government. Related to this last point, Locke came to be seen, alongside his friend Newton, as an embodiment of Enlightenment values and university prompt ideals. Style! Newtonian science would lay bare the workings of nature and lead to important technological advances. Smarter Than! Lockean philosophy would lay bare the workings of men’s minds and lead to style, important reforms in law and government.

Voltaire played an instrumental role in smarter than shaping this legacy for Locke and worked hard to publicize Locke’s views on reason, toleration, and limited government. Lyx Thesis Style! Locke also came to girls smarter boys essay, be seen as an inspiration for the Deist movement. Figures like Anthony Collins and John Toland were deeply influenced by Locke’s work. Locke is often recognized as the founder of British Empiricism and it is style, true that Locke laid the foundation for much of essay English-language philosophy in the 18 th and early 19 th centuries. But those who followed in his footsteps were not unquestioning followers. Lyx Thesis! George Berkeley, David Hume, Thomas Reid, and spanish dance others all offered serious critiques. In recent decades, readers have attempted to offer more charitable reconstructions of style Locke’s philosophy.

Given all this, he has retained an important place in the canon of Anglophone philosophy. Laslett, P. [ed.] 1988. Two Treatises of Government . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Girls Than Boys! Locke, J. Lyx Thesis! 1823. The Works of John Locke . Introduction For Poverty! London: Printed for T. Tegg (10 volumes).

Locke, J. The Clarendon Edition of the lyx thesis style, Works of John Locke , Oxford University Press, 2015. This edition includes the following volumes: Nidditch, P. [ed.] 1975. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding . Nidditch, P. and G.A.J. Day Essay Writing! Rogers [eds.] 1990. Drafts for the Essay Concerning Human Understanding . Yolton, J.W. and J.S. Yolton. [eds.] 1989. Some Thoughts Concerning Education . Higgins-Biddle, J.C. [ed.] 1999. The Reasonableness of Christianity . Milton, J.R. and P. Milton. [eds.] 2006. An Essay Concerning Toleration . de Beer, E.S. Lyx Thesis! [ed.] 1976-1989. The Correspondence of John Locke . (8 volumes). von Leyden, W. [ed.] 1954. Essays on the Law of Nature . Oxford: Clarendon Press.

The following are recommendations for university of maryland further reading on Locke. Each work has a brief statement indicating the contents.

Top 10 Things Job-Seekers Need to Know about Submitting and Posting Your Resume Online. by Katharine Hansen, Ph.D. In the early days of Internet job searching, e-resumes, or electronic resumes, were distinguished from traditional print resumes. Today, since most resumes are transmitted electronically, the term “e-resume” is not used much anymore. Online resume submission has become so pervasive that “resume” is nearly synonymous with “electronic resume.” Job-seekers today submit their resumes via e-mail, post or submit them on Internet job boards, or publish them on lyx thesis their own Web page. To learn more about the many forms of resumes used online, see our accompanying article, Your E-resume’s File Format Aligns with its Delivery Method. In the university of maryland meantime, stay right here to learn the 10 things you truly must know about submitting and posting your resume online. 1. You absolutely MUST have a version of your resume that is optimized for style online posting and spanish dance essay submission.

A job-seeker simply cannot succeed these days with just the traditional formatted resume intended to be printed out lyx thesis as a visually pleasing marketing piece. The formatted “print” resume is still important, but it can no longer be the only resume tool in your kit. More than 90 percent of employers place resumes directly into searchable databases and an equal percentage of employers prefer to girls smarter than, receive resumes by e-mail. More than 80 percent of Fortune 500 companies post jobs on their own Web sites — and expect job-seekers to respond electronically. Thus, you need at least one other version of lyx thesis style, your resume that can go directly into a keyword-searchable database with no obstacles. Formatting that needs to christmas day essay writing, be removed before the resume can be placed in style, a database is an example of such an of maryland prompt, obstacle. Sending your resume in text-based format directly in the body of an e-mail message removes all barriers to an employer’s placing your resume right into style a searchable databases. Some employers still prefer the christmas day essay writing formatted document version of your resume attached to an e-mail message (so they have the option to print it out, for example), while others won’t open attachments because of concerns about viruses and lyx thesis incompatibilities among word-processing programs.

The formatted “print” resume is still vital because the employer may wish to essay contest, visually review your resume, especially once the style database search has narrowed down the candidates, and an admission essay the formatted, print version will be more reader-friendly than the text-based version. You’ll also want to have a print version of your resume on hand for networking, to take to interviews and career fairs and for the rare occasions when employers request resumes in old-school ways — by mail or fax. At the bare minimum, you need a formatted, print version of lyx thesis, your resume and a text-based (ASCII) e-resume. To cover every contingency, you might also want to have a Portable Document Format (PDF) version, and a Web-based (HTML) version. The nuances of of maryland essay, these versions are explained in lyx thesis, our article, Your E-resume’s File Format Aligns with its Delivery Method.

2. Writing? Your resume must be loaded with keywords. Much of job-hunting today revolves around the mysterious world of keywords. Employers’ dependence on keywords to find the job candidates they want to interview has come about in recent years because of technology. Lyx Thesis Style? Inundated by smarter than boys, resumes from job-seekers, employers have increasingly relied on placing resumes in keyword-searchable databases, and using software to search those databases for specific keywords that relate to job vacancies. Most Fortune 1000 companies, in style, fact, and many smaller companies now use these technologies. In addition, most employers search the databases of third-party job-posting and resume-posting boards on the Internet. The bottom line is that if you apply for a job with a company that searches databases for keywords, and university prompt your resume doesn’t have the keywords the lyx thesis style company seeks for the person who fills that job, you are pretty much out of luck. Read more about the university of maryland importance of keywords in our article Tapping the Power of Keywords to Enhance Your Resume’s Effectiveness and how you can identify the best keywords in Resources for Identifying Keywords and Researching Keywords in Employment Ads. Lyx Thesis? Consider using our Resume Keywords Worksheet. 3. Your resume must be accomplishments-driven.

Accomplishments are the points that really help sell you to day essay writing, an employer — much more so than everyday job duties. In fact, there’s a direct relationship between keywords and accomplishments in lyx thesis, that keywords can be tied to accomplishments rather than job duties, so a good way to make the leap from keyword to a nice, contextual bullet point is to take each keyword you’ve identified as critical to the job and list an accomplishment that tells how you’ve used the of maryland skill represented by that keyword. For more about maximizing your accomplishments in an e-resume, see our article, For Job-Hunting Success: Track and Leverage Your Accomplishments and consider using our Accomplishments Worksheet. 4. Technically speaking, a resume for lyx thesis style online posting and submission is not too difficult to create. It’s surprisingly easy to create an e-resume once you get the hang of it. There’s more than one way to create a text-based e-resume, but the christmas most common method involves saving your word-processed (usually Word) resume in text (.txt) format, re-opening it in a text editor program, such as Wordpad, Notepad, or Text Wrangler, TextEdit for Mac OS, and lyx thesis style then making a few adjustments in essay contest, it. One good resource that can walk you through this process include this part of How to Upload or Email a Resume from Susan Ireland. Even a Web-based HTML resume is not that hard to lyx thesis, craft.

Learn everything you need to know in our article, A Web-Ready Resume Can Be a Major Advantage in Your Job Search. 5. Text-based resumes are the ugly ducklings of the girls smarter resume world, but you can dress them up a bit. Job-seekers and lyx thesis style resume writers have strived for years to develop ways to make resumes visually appealing and graphically interesting — through font choices, bold and italic type, rule lines, bullets, centering, indents, and more — only to have all that formatting thrown out the window in the e-resume world. Writing An Admission Essay? Text-based resumes are the antitheses of the gorgeous documents that job-seekers hand to lyx thesis, employers at writing contest, interviews and style career fairs. The fact is that most online resumes aren’t intended to be visually attractive because their main function is not to be seen but to be searched in keyword-searchable databases. Still, they may be seen at some point. Employers may see the day essay writing resume you’ve posted on an online job board. Their primary interest is whether the content of your resume (indicated largely by keywords) shows you to be qualified for style the opening you’ve applied for and/or for which the employer is searching the database. But once the match has been made, the employer may actually look at your resume. So, even though — without formatting — you can’t make it look as fetching as your print version, you can still ensure that it looks decent.

For example, you can use keyboard characters, such as equal signs (=====), plus signs (++++++) and for poverty tildes ( ) to make rule lines. You can use asterisks (*****), hyphens (—–), lower-case letter o’s (ooooo), and carats () to make bullets. You can use UPPER CASE for emphasis in headings. See how some of these techniques are used in this sample text chronological resume. Now, one type of e-resume that is meant to look good is the HTML or Web-based resume.

This type of resume resides on a Web page, in part, so it can be seen, so it should be visually pleasing. While it’s not too difficult to make an HTML resume look attractive, the more you know about Web design, the better you can make the resume look. You can also transform your Web resume into lyx thesis a Web portfolio that extensively shows off your skills and accomplishments. Christmas Day Essay Writing? If you’re not confident of your skills, you might want to enlist a Web designer or resume writer in this process. Style? A number of services have emerged in recent years that enable you to girls smarter, create Web-based and multimedia resumes that usually reside on a service’s site. See examples of these in our article New Web-Based Twists On Resumes: Best Ways to Construct a Resume? 6. Lyx Thesis Style? Text resumes are highly versatile. Once you have a text-based resume, you can do a lot with it, including:

Post it in its entirety on essay many job boards. Paste it piece-by-piece into the profile forms of job boards, such as Monster.com, that have a rigid setup and don’t allow resumes to be posted as is. Paste it into the body of an e-mail and send it to employers. Style? Convert it to a Web-based HTML resume. 7. You must tailor the use of your resume to each employer’s or job board’s instructions. As you might have guessed from what you’ve read so far in this article, there is no universally accepted way to submit your e-resume to an employer. Some employers want your resume as an attachment, usually as a Word document. Others want your resume as text pasted into christmas the body of an e-mail message. Still others want you to lyx thesis style, paste your resume into writing contest in malaysia an online form. If you absolutely cannot find out an employer’s preference, the lyx thesis style following is a fairly safe bet:

A formatted, “print” resume in document (.doc because some older versions of Word cannot open .docx files)) form sent as an attachment to an e-mail message to the employer. And here’s a bit of common sense: Can you imagine how many resumes employers receive with files entitled “resume.doc”? Use your name as part of the file name for your resume. Example: JaySmithResume.doc. A text-based e-resume stripped of most formatting and Writing an admission essay pasted directly into the same e-mail message into which your print resume is attached. Since the style employer has this text-based resume, he or she can choose whether or not to an admission, open the attached version, based on compatibility, virus protection, and company policy on opening attachments. For a truly complete e-mailable, electronic package, add a text-based cover letter stripped of formatting and pasted directly into the same e-mail message into which your print resume is attached. Pat Kendall and Susan Whitcomb note in a book about online resumes that your cover letter can contain verbiage that points out the options you’re providing: “I have attached an MS Word version of my resume, as well as pasted a plain-text version below. (If the plain-text version is sufficient for your database, it is not necessary to download the formatted attachment.)” The same lack of universality goes for job boards.

Some enable you to lyx thesis, paste your resume into than a form in any format, but the board automatically converts it to text. Lyx Thesis Style? Others require that the resume be in text format to begin with before you can paste it into the form. These variations underscore the importance of having a text-based e-resume. While researching this article, the Quintessential Careers staff experimented with posting resumes to several sites. We learned that a text-based e-resume is not only vital for boards with a text-resume requirement — but also extremely helpful when the boards convert any resume to text. Just because a job board turns your resume into text doesn’t mean it will look decent; it’s better to have a text resume to begin with so you know it will look appropriate when pasted in. Also note that some job boards/employers limit the number of words or the size of the file that you can paste into spanish any one field. 8. Take advantage of job-board features to protect yourself and get the most out of posting your e-resume on the boards. Most reputable job boards have features that enable you to style, protect your own privacy and confidentiality, control who sees your resume, mask the identity if your current employer (so your employer doesn’t know you’re looking), and easily edit and delete your resume or change it from active to inactive.

These privacy and confidentiality issues are more important than ever given news reports about identity theft of christmas day essay, resume information. A good article to help you protect yourself is Privacy Tips for Online Job Seekers. Many boards also enable you to create multiple profiles for yourself so you can look for various types of jobs. Some permit you to submit a list of style, your top skills. Resume submission forms generally have questions in addition to day essay writing, a place to submit the actual resume.

Some questions are mandatory; others are optional. When a question is optional, consider whether it is to your advantage to lyx thesis, answer it. Answering questions about salary or location requirements, for example, may be too limiting. 9. A few finishing touches can increase your e-resume’s effectiveness. Here are a few tips from the experts for getting more out of your e-resume: Use the “Properties” feature in MS Word to boost the keyword searchability of your attached Word resume.

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Try to find testers who each have different versions of Windows, as well as a tester or two using Mac OS. Use a specific subject line in your e-mail when transmitting your e-resume. The subject line might include the reference n. Building Tools That Build Better Work Lives. Since 2005, LiveCareer’s team of career coaches, certified resume writers, and savvy technologists have been developing career tools that have helped over 10 million users build stronger resumes, write more persuasive cover letters, and essay develop better interview skills. Use our free samples, templates, and style writing guides and our easy-to-use resume builder software to help land the job you want. Katharine Hansen, Ph.D., creative director and associate publisher of Quintessential Careers, is an educator, author, and blogger who provides content for Quintessential Careers, edits QuintZine, an electronic newsletter for jobseekers, and spanish dance blogs about storytelling in lyx thesis style, the job search at A Storied Career. For Poverty Essay? Katharine, who earned her PhD in lyx thesis style, organizational behavior from Union Institute University, Cincinnati, OH, is author of Dynamic Cover Letters for New Graduates and A Foot in the Door: Networking Your Way into the Hidden Job Market (both published by Ten Speed Press), as well as Top Notch Executive Resumes (Career Press); and dance with Randall S. Hansen, Ph.D., Dynamic Cover Letters, Write Your Way to a Higher GPA (Ten Speed), and lyx thesis style The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Study Skills (Alpha).

Visit her personal Website or reach her by e-mail at kathy@quintcareers.com. Check out Dr. Essay Writing In Malaysia? Hansen on style GooglePlus. I AM A CAREER CHANGER This page is your key source for spanish dance all things career-change related. You’ll find some great free career-change tools and resources.

Changing careers can be traumatic, especially if you have been in your current career for a long time, but you do not have to lyx thesis, go through the process alone or [] Quintessential Careers: Career and Job-Hunting Blog. Quintessential Careers: Career and Job-Hunting Blog Career and job-search news, trends, and scoops for job-seekers, compiled by contest, the staff of Quintessential Careers.The Quintessential Careers Blog has moved!! These pages remain as an lyx thesis, archive of an admission essay, our previous blog posts. Please check out the new and improved Quintessential Careers Blog for lyx thesis style Job-Seekers and Writing an admission Careerists. Interview Advice Job [] The Quintessential Directory of Company Career Centers.

The Quintessential Directory of Company Career Centers Where job-seekers can go directly to the job/career/employment section of a specific employer’s Website.Because more and more companies are developing career and employment centers on their corporate Websites, Quintessential Careers has developed this directory, which allows you to go straight to lyx thesis style, the career and essay employment section of the lyx thesis [] Quintessential Careers: I am a Career Coach or Counselor. The Quintessential Directory of Company Career Centers Where job-seekers can go directly to the job/career/employment section of a specific employer’s Website.Because more and more companies are developing career and Writing essay employment centers on their corporate Websites, Quintessential Careers has developed this directory, which allows you to go straight to the career and lyx thesis style employment section of the [] Mighty Recruiter Mighty Recruiter. Customer Service Customer Service.

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Customizable Opening Paragraphs for Cover Letters: Letters for College Students and New Grads. by Katharine Hansen, Ph.D. Style? When it comes to cover letters, have you got writer’s block? Do you feel that if you could just start the letter, you’d be OK? Help is here.Here is a collection of customizable opening paragraphs for spanish dance, cover letters. Remember Mad Libs, the fill-in-the-blank game that resulted in lyx thesis style wacky stories?

This collection is a little like Mad Libs, except that the intended result is not wacky, but serious, effective openers for cover letter. Following each customizable opening paragraph, you’ll find a sample paragraph with the blanks filled in.This set of 34 customizable opening paragraphs is for cover letters for writing, use by college students and new graduates. Read more about the FAQs about cover letters. Customizable Opening Paragraph #1: As a [type of lyx thesis, student] at dance, the [name of college, university] with a(n) [ type of background ] background and experience as a [ name of lyx thesis, position ], I have much to contribute to [ name of employer or program ]. The experience I gained in writing in malaysia [ executing an lyx thesis style action relevant to the targeted position ], provided me with a combination of essay, strong [ type of skill ] and [ type of skill ] skills while fueling my interest in [ name of field ] and lyx thesis, [ name of field ].Sample customized paragraph based on above: As a graduate student at the Moore School of Business of the University of writing in malaysia, South Carolina with an entrepreneurial background and experience as a financial consultant, I have much to contribute to Quaker’s Supply Chain Senior Associate Rotational Program. The experience I gained in starting my own business while pursuing my undergraduate degree, provided me with a combination of strong communication and lyx thesis style, teamwork skills while fueling my interest in supply chain design and management. Customizable Opening Paragraph #2: My training in girls smarter essay [ name of field ] and lyx thesis style, experience in the [ name of industry ] industry parallels the requirements of [ name of employer or program ]. I have recently graduated from [ name of college, university ], and I am eager to put my education to work in [ name of field ].Sample customized paragraph based on essay above: My training in marketing and experience in the banking industry parallels the requirements of Bank of America’s Consumer Banker Associate Program. I have recently graduated from North Carolina State University, and style, I am eager to Writing an admission put my education to work in lyx thesis banking. Customizable Opening Paragraph #3: My education, along with my experience as a [ name of position(s) ], will enable me to contribute significantly at Writing, [ name of lyx thesis, employer ]. Please consider this letter as an initial application for a position as a [ name of position ].Sample customized paragraph based on above: My education, along with my experience as a research assistant and laboratory assistant, would enable me to contribute significantly at introduction for poverty essay, Chemerica Corp.

Please consider this letter as an initial application for a position as a research chemist. Customizable Opening Paragraph #4: As a graduating senior from [ name of lyx thesis style, college, university ], I am seeking a position in an admission your [ name of style, department ] department where I can make a positive contribution to your firm. My strong professional and school-related [ type of experience ] experience has convinced me that this industry is the one in which I can add value when I graduate in [ graduation month ].Sample customized paragraph based on above: As a graduating senior from introduction essay, Franklin and Marshall College, I am seeking a position in style your marketing communications department where I can make a positive contribution to smarter than boys your firm. My strong professional and school-related public-relations experience has convinced me that this industry is the one in which I can add value when I graduate in June. Customizable Opening Paragraph #5: Having graduated from [ name of college, university ] this [ graduation month ] with a degree in [ name of major ] and worked in [ description of job or internship experience ], I am confident that I offer the preparation and lyx thesis, skills required to meet your needs. Please accept this letter and spanish dance, my enclosed resume as application for the [ name of position ] position [ how you earned of the lyx thesis vacancy ].Sample customized paragraph based on above:

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My senior research thesis centered around consumer behavior in urban populations. Customizable Opening Paragraph #7: I recently learned that [ name of employer ] seeks a(n) [ characteristics of person sought ] person, capable of [ characteristics of style, person sought ]. I am eager for a career in [ name of field ] and am interested in discussing with you how my skills would be of value to your organization.Sample customized paragraph based on above: I recently learned that Accenture seeks an energetic and dynamic person, capable of thinking creatively, who also possesses some powerful experience in business and finance. Smarter Essay? I am eager for a career in management consulting and am interested in discussing with you how my skills would be of value to your organization. Customizable Opening Paragraph #8: I read with great interest of the lyx thesis style [ activity you learned of girls smarter boys, ] and style, your need for [ title of needed employees ]. As a new college graduate with a [ name of degree ] degree in [ name of major ] and essay, considerable [ type of experience ] experience, I would be an excellent [ name of position ]. It’s my drive and determination that especially make me stand out.Sample customized paragraph based on above: I read with great interest of the work you are doing in your lab and your need for project managers. As a new college graduate with a Bachelor of Science degree in lyx thesis physics and considerable lab experience, I would be an boys excellent project manager.

It’s my drive and determination that especially make me stand out. Customizable Opening Paragraph #9: I have long admired [ name of employer ]’s practice of [ employer practice you admire ]. Style? In fact, it was with [ name of employer ] in mind that I became a [ name of major ] major. I will graduate [ timeframe ] and am prepared to bring my [ type of skill ], [ type of skill ], and [ type of skill ] skills to [ name of employer ].Sample customized paragraph based on above: I have long admired New World’s practice of hiring graduates with solid liberal-arts backgrounds for management trainee positions. In fact, it was with New World in for poverty mind that I became a philosophy major.

I will graduate next month and am prepared to bring my critical-thinking, problem-solving, and communications skills to New World’s management-trainee program. Customizable Opening Paragraph #10: I was very excited to lyx thesis learn that [ company ] seeks a [ title ]. With my education, experience, and enthusiasm for [ subject matter ], I am convinced that I would be a valuable asset to your [ type of team ] team.Sample customized paragraph based on university essay prompt above: I was very excited to learn that Pfizer seeks a research assistant. With my education, experience, and enthusiasm for research, I am convinced that I would be a valuable asset to your research team. Customizable Opening Paragraph #11: My extensive qualifications in [ type(s) of experience ], coupled with my strong educational background, would enable me to make a valuable contribution in a [ name of position ] capacity with your firm.Sample customized paragraph based on above: My extensive qualifications in lyx thesis style sales, customer service, and university of maryland essay prompt, public relations, coupled with my strong educational background, would enable me to make a valuable contribution in lyx thesis a pharmaceutical sales representative capacity with your firm. Customizable Opening Paragraph #12: Both my education and work experience qualify me for the opening at [ name of employer ] for a [ name of position ] that you are advertising on your web site.Sample customized paragraph based on an admission above: Both my education and work experience qualify me for the opening at MPA for a materials control analyst that you are advertising on your web site.

Customizable Opening Paragraph #13: My practical experience in [ type of lyx thesis, experience ], gained through [ position through which experience was gained ], makes me a genuine asset to [ name of essay, employer ] in a [ name of position ] position.Sample customized paragraph based on lyx thesis above: My practical experience in international trading between China and other countries, gained through an internship with US Asia Commercial Development Corporation, makes me a genuine asset to Peregrine/Asia International Development Corporation in a trade analyst position. Customizable Opening Paragraph #14: I am writing to express my interest in a [ name of position ] position with your firm. Day Essay Writing? I am very impressed by the significant responsibilities your company offers and style, its ample opportunities to excel as an entrepreneurial, achievement-oriented type of person. More importantly to me, your firm’s philosophy is particularly well-suited to my background.Sample customized paragraph based on above: I am writing to express my interest in an Equity Research Analyst position with your firm. I am very impressed by the significant responsibilities your company offers and its ample opportunities to excel as an entrepreneurial, achievement-oriented type of person. More importantly to me, your firm’s philosophy is university prompt particularly well-suited to lyx thesis my background. Customizable Opening Paragraph #15: The combination of for poverty essay, my education and relevant experience offer me the unique opportunity to make a positive contribution as a [ name of style, position ] at [ name of employer ].Sample customized paragraph based on above: The combination of my education and relevant experience offer me the unique opportunity to make a positive contribution as a marketing assistant at spanish essay, Sherwin-Williams.

Customizable Opening Paragraph #16: My education and exceptional [ type of lyx thesis, skills ] skills have provided me with the introduction for poverty tools to help propel your [ type of business ] to style even greater success. I am relocating to writing your area [ timeframe ] and would like to bring my strong [ type of skills ] skills in style the [ name of field ] field to your fine organization in a [ name of position ] position.Sample customized paragraph based on above: My education and exceptional customer-service skills have provided me with the tools to help propel your hotel to even greater success. I am relocating to your area at Writing an admission, the end of June and would like to style bring my strong skills in spanish essay the hospitality field to lyx thesis your fine organization in girls smarter essay a front-desk position. Customizable Opening Paragraph #17: There is nothing quite like [ doing something unique that relates to the targeted position ]. That’s the unique angle that I, as a recent [ name of major ] graduate, would bring to the [ name of position ] position you currently have open.Sample customized paragraph based on above: There is lyx thesis style nothing quite like bringing a historical perspective to essay solve New York’s contemporary urban challenges. That’s the unique angle that I, as a recent history graduate, would bring to the legislative analyst position you currently have open. Customizable Opening Paragraph #18: I was so excited when I learned that [ upcoming action by the employer ] and plan to hire a [ name of position ]. What a wonderful idea! I am graduating from [ name of college, university ] in [ timeframe ] and would like to be considered for the [ name of position ] position.Sample customized paragraph based on above:

I was so excited when I learned that you plan to lyx thesis install murals in all the public areas of the smarter boys Eastwood Mall and plan to hire a full-time muralist for the project’s duration. What a wonderful idea! I am graduating from Florida Atlantic University in lyx thesis six weeks and would like to be considered for the muralist position. Customizable Opening Paragraph #19: A comprehensive understanding of Writing, [ subject matter ] that comes from my coursework in [ name of style, major and/or type of university essay prompt, studies ] at the [ name of college, university ] qualifies me well for the [ name of position ] position that was recently posted on the [ name of employer ] Website. Along with my resume, I’m sending you some recent work and [ type of samples ] samples.Sample customized paragraph based on above: A comprehensive understanding of lyx thesis, production for printed materials that comes from my coursework in graphic design and digital arts at the Rhode Island School of Design qualifies me well for the graphic designer position that was recently posted on the GraphiCom/RI Website. Girls Boys? Along with my resume, I’m sending you some recent work and print samples. Customizable Opening Paragraph #20: As a nearly degreed professional in the [ name of style, field ] field, I am eager to introduction for poverty provide my skills and qualifications to the [ name of style, employer ] in the name of position] position you recently advertised.Sample customized paragraph based on above:

As a nearly degreed professional in the athletic training field, I am eag r to provide my skill and quali ic tions to the Sun Kings professional volleyball team in girls the assistant athletic trainer position you recently advertised. Customizable Opening Paragraph #21: My pending degree in [ name of major ], along with my [ description of skill/talent ] would enable me to add value to a position as a [ name of lyx thesis style, position ] with [ name of employer ]. My talent for [ description of dance essay, skill/talent ] will be exceptionally useful in lyx thesis a [ name of christmas day essay writing, position ] position.Sample customized paragraph based on above: My pending degree in English, along with my solid ability to express myself persuasively verbally and in writing would enable me to add value to a position as a seminar trainer with Pinnacle. My talent for adapting language for various audiences and presenting material freshly and lyx thesis style, effectively will be exceptionally useful in a trainer position. Customizable Opening Paragraph #22: I am applying for the position of [ name of position ] advertised on [ source of job posting ]. This position seems tailor-made for my education, experience, and career interests, and essay writing in malaysia, I am ready to augment your organization’s team with my [ characteristic ], [ characteristic ], and [ characteristic ].Sample customized paragraph based on above: I am applying for the position of lyx thesis, assistant director of management information systems advertised on Careerbuilder.

This position seems tailor-made for my education, experience, and career interests, and I am ready to augment your organization’s team with my enthusiasm, industry savvy, and work ethic. Customizable Opening Paragraph #23: When I read your ad for contest, a [ name of position ], I couldn’t help noticing how well the requirements align with my education, experience, and skills. I will graduate from lyx thesis style, [ name of university, college ] in [ timeframe ] with a major in [ name of major ] and a minor in essay prompt [ name of minor ] — a perfect combination for selling [ name of lyx thesis style, employer’s product ] to the [ employer’s clientele ].Sample customized paragraph based on above: When I read your ad for a sales representative, I couldn’t help noticing how well the requirements align with my education, experience, and girls smarter than boys, skills. I will graduate from Virginia Tech in two months with a major in information technology and a minor in style marketing ‘ a perfect combination for selling Datamatic software to the health-care industry. Customizable Opening Paragraph #24: As a [ name of major ] major with practical experience and prompt, strong [ type of skills ] skills, I am confident that I will make a successful addition to your [ type of team ] team.

Upon learning about [ name of employer ], I immediately concluded your firm would be an excellent venue in which to apply my [ type of lyx thesis style, skills ] and [ type of spanish dance, skills ] skills in the [ name of field ] field.Sample customized paragraph based on above: As a chemical engineering major with practical experience and strong technical skills, I am confident that I will make a successful addition to your engineering team. Lyx Thesis? Upon learning about Bombardier, I immediately concluded your firm would be an excellent venue in which to apply my creative and problem-solving skills in the aerospace and transportation field. Customizable Opening Paragraph #25: I would like to use my exceptional knowledge of [ subject matter ] to make a valuable contribution in the [ entity within employer ] at [ employer ]. I am a recent graduate of [ name of college, university ], where I earned a [ name of degree ] degree in [ name of major ] and [ accomplishment while in college ].Sample customized paragraph based on university above: I would like to use my exceptional knowledge of polymers to make a valuable contribution in the polymer chemistry research lab at PolyChem. Lyx Thesis? I am a recent graduate of essay writing in malaysia, California State Polytechnic University, where I earned a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry and won a national undergraduate research prize for my paper, ‘Effectiveness and Physical/Chemical Compatibility of Plastics Additives.’ Customizable Opening Paragraph #26: I have a wealth of lyx thesis, skills and talents to offer with regard to the [ name of position ] position you currently have open. I will graduate in [ timeframe ] with a [ name of degree ] degree in [ name of major ] from [ name of college, university ], and I am eager to put my attributes to work for you [ name of employer ].Sample customized paragraph based on above: I have a wealth of skills and talents to in malaysia offer with regard to the editorial assistant position you currently have open. I will graduate in July with a Bachelor of lyx thesis style, Arts degree in communications from Florida State University, and I am eager to put my attributes to work for you on DataView magazine. Customizable Opening Paragraph #27: I am writing to apply for a [ type of university essay, position ] position at lyx thesis style, [ name of employer ]. I will graduate in [ timeframe ] with a [ name of essay, degree ] degree in [ name of major ] from lyx thesis style, [ name of college, university ]. My coursework has emphasized [ relevant subject matter area(s) of coursework ]. However, I offer far more than the typical new graduate in that I have significant work experience in [ type of experience ].Sample customized paragraph based on above:

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