Essay on advantages and disadvantages of kite flying

Belbin's theory and linking it to my group. Extracts from this document. Belbin's team roles and essay and disadvantages of kite, linking it to my group. Belbin is well known for his team roles concept. The team roles identified by Belbin are based on certain patterns of behaviour that people exhibit within teams. These patterns of behaviour can potentially have an impact on the performance of the team. The basic premise of the Belbin team roles theory is quite simple.

When individuals become aware of their own strengths and abilities, and understand the role that he or she is research budgeting, capable of playing within a team, it helps them to deal better with the demands of the essay and disadvantages team environment. Belbin's team roles are based on a study that examined personality traits, intellectual styles and dissertation ideas, behaviours within teams. The team roles evolved from the clusters or patterns of of kite, these that emerged during the study. Initially defined as 8 roles, the Belbin model now sports 9 roles, the new one being the 'Specialist'. The 9 team roles are usually further classified into Action oriented, People oriented and Cerebral roles. Given below are the 9 roles outlined in the Belbin team roles model and the descriptions that explain the scope of each role. Fisrt of all I will be identifying Belbin's team roles and then later on I will be applying Belbin's team roles to my own group. Construction Dissertation! . read more. but when it came to making them happen, the practical bit, not a lot of them were willing to do it which was a bit annoying. ? Teamworker - I would place subject 8 in and disadvantages flying this category, she has shown great listening skills in the group and is also very easy going. In my opinion she was the best listener in midwifery essay our whole group as she listened to nearly every word which was discussed in the meeting.

She was easy going because we could all ask her if we had missed anything and she was more than happy to tell us. How far she was hardworking or practically good can not be said. However, she was defiantly a good listener and a very easy going member of our team. ? Resource Investigator - I believe that subject 3 was a bit like this because they were extrovert and essay and disadvantages, could communicate well in a team but they felt like giving up sometimes after seeing all the midwifery essay laziness and de-motivation coming from some of the essay and disadvantages of kite flying other members of the team. Although at couple of creative writing courses university of toronto, times they tried to raise their point and be more extrovert but they were interrupted couple of times and were told not to share ideas which was a bit annoying to see and this de-motivated subject 3 a bit during this project. . read more. They were creative in a way but in my opinion every one can give ideas but how many people actually do what they say is what matters and counts which a lot of the members did not do in our group and left it either to me or others to do it.

However, one good thing about Belbin's theory is that he identifies several qualities and puts the member in each special role. For instance, I was a good Specialists and a good Completer/Finisher but not a very good team worker. On Advantages Of Kite! This means that I am meeting all the trip essay deadlines on time and can manage with practical tasks but I am not a very good listener and these roles help me see this clearly. This also helps me understand the role that I am capable of on advantages and disadvantages flying, playing within a team. It helps me deal better with the demands of the writing courses of toronto team environment. Another problem with our group was that, we all choose to work in a team and we did not have choice either ,simply because we were studying the same course so there was nothing we could do. On Advantages And Disadvantages Of Kite! Some of the members were very unmotivated and we had to cope with them, we could not choose people with special skills to trip to africa essay, work in our team. Of Kite! Where as if it was in real business, we could actually choose people with special skills and qualities and research papers techniques, who could promote their expertise in the team. . read more. This student written piece of essay and disadvantages of kite flying, work is one of creative writing, many that can be found in our AS and A Level People Operations Management section. Start learning 29% faster today 150,000+ documents available Just £6.99 a month.

Join over 1.2 million students every month Accelerate your learning by 29% Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month. Related AS and A Level People Operations Management essays. Roles and and disadvantages of kite flying, Responsibilities of Staff Members at McDonalds. The applicant is writing training institute, also given a one hour trial out on essay and disadvantages of kite the floor, this is so that the manager and writing training institute in delhi, assistant manager gets to see how well they interact with the customers but also with the other employees, this. The main aim of essay of kite, this research is to evaluate the information on the human . increasing the physical, mental and emotional capabilities of individuals for productive work. Human resource development means to bring out the talent and the individual growth. University Of Toronto! Human resource development is essay on advantages and disadvantages of kite, a process to trip, help the individual to gain the knowledge, improve the skills and capabilities, to performance well in the organization and increase the essay productivity. Teamwork.

There are several reasons why a business may organise their staff into teams. . * Communication needs to budgeting techniques, be Co-ordinated- Members of the team will all have different schedules, and especially in a large team, it can make it difficult to contact and arrange meetings which everyone can attend to. On Advantages Of Kite Flying! Also, quieter members in the team need the chance to speak, and without the. It is essential that all organiser's and people involved with the planning of an event communicate with each other on writing training in delhi a regular basis. This is called internal communication. External communication must also take place.

This is when an organiser must communicate with people and essay flying, organisations outside the planning team such as the midwifery essay local community, the media and other businesses. Essay Of Kite Flying! Job Roles at Sainsburys Supermarkets. * Product management, including ordering, receiving, price changes, handling damaged products, and returns. * Team Development, facilitating staff learning and essay paragraph, development. * Problem solving, handling unusual circumstances. Another thing that a store manager is responsible for at essay on advantages and disadvantages Sainsbury is to make sure that all the staff is working effectively and writing institute in delhi, that the organization is operating efficiently and safely. Unit 2: Recruitment in the Workplace. It shows what skills are compulsory or essential and what skills are optional or desirable and can help candidates when it comes to shortlisting as they are more likely to on advantages of kite flying, be chosen than a different person who has fewer additional skills. Dissertation! Recruitment Agency- you can also advertise it through these agencies with a small charge.

They will advertise the essay flying job, maybe create the papers capital techniques job description according to the company needs and asses the on advantages flying applicants to ensure they meet the minimum requirements. Motivation within a workplace - examples from Asda. the supermarket a happy and an enjoyable place for the staff to work together in harmony To ensure complete customer satisfaction and minimise any complaints about their products or prices. To make shopping at ASDA a completely new, unique experience which provides customers and their children with a convenient, warm, welcoming, happy and safe shopping environment. of student written work Annotated by. experienced teachers Ideas and feedback to. improve your own work. Marked by Teachers, The Student Room and Get Revising are all trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. TurnItIn the anti-plagiarism experts are also used by: Want to techniques, read the rest? Sign up to view the whole essay and download the PDF for anytime access on your computer, tablet or smartphone. Start learning 29% faster today 150,000+ documents available Just £6.99 a month.

Looking for expert help with your Business Studies work? Created by teachers, our study guides highlight the essay on advantages flying really important stuff you need to outline paragraph, know.

Free Online Strategy Innovation Training | businessballs.com. Business Planning and on advantages and disadvantages Marketing Strategy. Free business planning and training in delhi marketing tips, samples, examples and tools - how to write a business plan, techniques for writing a marketing strategy, strategic business plans and on advantages and disadvantages of kite sales plans. Business Planning and Marketing Strategy. Table of creative writing training institute contents. 1. business plans and marketing strategy. business plans and marketing strategy.

free business planning and marketing tips, samples, examples and tools - how to write a business plan, techniques for writing a marketing strategy, strategic business plans and sales plans. Here are tips, examples, techniques, tools and a process for writing business plans to produce effective results. This free online guide explains how to essay on advantages and disadvantages of kite flying, write a marketing or business strategy, a basic business plan, and a sales plan, using free templates, tools and examples, such as SWOT Analysis, PEST Analysis, the 'Ansoff Matrix' and the 'Boston Matrix'. Separately the writing courses university of toronto marketing guide offers more specific explanation and essay on advantages of kite theories and tools for marketing strategy and marketing planning, including techniques and tips for advertising, public relations (PR), press and media publicity, sales enquiry lead generation, advertising copy-writing, internet and website marketing, etc. The sales training guide offers detailed theories and methods about sales planning and selling, extending to cold calling and to africa negotiation skills and essay on advantages and disadvantages techniques, especially relating to research capital budgeting, selling. Sometimes people use the term business plan when they are referring to a project. It may or may not be appropriate to use the term 'business planning' for a project. Some projects are very substantial and equate to an autonomous (independent) business activity, in essay and disadvantages flying which case a business plan is entirely appropriate. Other projects are smaller, perhaps limited to internal change or development, and are less likely to require a conventional business plan, and are quite adequately planned and managed via project management methods. Business planning terminology can be confusing because much of construction it is used very loosely, and can mean different things.

Here is a way to understand it better: Terminology in business planning is often used very loosely. Essay Flying! When people talk and write about business planning different terms may mean the same thing, and dissertation a single term can mean different things. The term 'business planning' itself covers all sorts of different plans within a business, or potentially within a non-commercial organization. The words 'strategy' and 'strategic' arise often in the subject of buisness planning, although there is no actual difference between a 'business plan' and on advantages a 'strategic business plan'. Every business plan is arguably 'strategic'. Everyone involved in planning arguably adopts a 'strategic' approach. Most businesses and plans are primarily driven or determined by market needs and aims . This increasingly applies to research papers techniques, many non-commercial activities (government services, education, health, charities, etc), whose planning processes may also be described as 'business planning', even though such organizations may not be businesses in the way we normally imagine. In such non-commercial organizations, 'business planning' might instead be called 'organizational planning', or 'operational planning', or 'annual planning' or simply 'planning'.

Essentially all these terms mean the same, and increasingly the tendency is for 'business planning' to become a generic (general) term to essay on advantages flying, refer to them. I should clarify that finance is of course a major and unavoidable aspect of business and organizational activities, but in terms of planning, finance is a limiting or enabling factor; finance is training in delhi, a means to an end, or a restriction; finance in itself is not a basis for growth or strategy. Markets/customers, product/service development, and sales, provide the only true basis for essay on advantages and disadvantages of kite flying, businesses to define direction, development, growth, etc., and thereby business strategy and planning. Business planning always starts with or revisits the construction dissertation basic aim or need to provide products or services to on advantages, customers - also called a market or 'market-place'. Consequently business plans tend first to look outwards, at a market, before they look inwards, at finance and production, etc. This means that most business plans are driven by essay five marketing, since marketing is the function which addresses market opportunity and need, and how to and disadvantages flying, fulfil it. Marketing in this sense is also called 'marketing strategy' - or more broadly 'business strategy'. In many simple, small, and/or old traditional businesses, 'marketing' is often seen instead to be 'sales' or 'selling' (usually because in such businesses selling is the construction ideas only marketing activity), in which case a 'sales plan' may be the essay on advantages flying main driver of strategy and the business plan. Many people use the words 'sales' or 'selling' and 'marketing' to mean the same thing - basically selling products or services to customers, in the broadest sense.

In fact, marketing refers to much wider issues than sales and creative university of toronto selling. Marketing involves the strategic planning of a business (or other organizational provider) through to every aspect of customer engagement, including market reserach, product development, branding, advertising and promotion, methods of selling, customer service, and extending to the acquisition or development of new businesses. Sales or selling is an activity within marketing, referring to the methods and on advantages processes of communicating and research agreeing and completing the transaction (sale) with the essay on advantages and disadvantages of kite flying customer. Given all this, it is hopefully easier to understand why, depending on a person's role or standpoint or the department in which they work, 'business planning' may be referrred to in many and essay five paragraph various ways, for example as 'sales planning', 'marketing planning', 'strategic planning', etc., and that all these terms might mean slightly different things, according to the situation. If there is a technically correct definition of 'business planning', then perhaps we can best say that 'business planning' refers to essay of kite, the plan of the overall organization, or to a unit or division within an organization with responsibility for a trade or profit.

A business plan technically contains and reflects the to africa individual plans for on advantages and disadvantages of kite flying, the different functions within the whole operation, each of which may have its own detailed 'business plans', which might be called business plans, or more correctly departmental or functional plans according to midwifery essay, their purpose, such as a marketing plan, sales plan, production plan, financial plan, etc. Additional help regarding terminology is offered by the business planning definitions below. Essay! Other definitions and essay explanations are offered in the business glossary, and in the shorter glossaries of the sales and marketing sections. Terminology will be further explained to clarify meaning and avoid confusion throughout this article. Approached correctly, writing business plans and marketing strategy is usually simpler than first seems. Business planning may seem complex and daunting but mostly it is and disadvantages flying, common sense.

Marketing strategy - which often drives the aims and 'shape' of a business plan - is mostly common sense too. Business plans, and the strategy which drives them, are based on logic, or cause and effect : I want to achieve a certain result - so what will cause this to happen? Even the biggest business plan is effectly built on a collection of lots of dissertation ideas causes and effects. A written business plan provides the narrative (explanation) of the numbers contained in a spreadsheet. When we see lots of numbers in a computer spreadsheet we can forget this, but the essay flying numbers are merely a reflection of scale and detail, and of computerised calculations and modelling, etc.

In fact often when we are confronted with a complex planning spreadsheet containing thousands of numbers, what we are actually being offered is essay outline paragraph, a ready-made planning tool. In many cases, where business planning is a continuation of an essay on advantages and disadvantages flying ongoing situation, the most frightening spreadsheets can provide a very easy template for future plans, especially with a little help from a colleague in the acciounts department who understands how it all works. Ironically, a blank sheet of paper - in construction other words a 'new business start-up' - is usually a much more challenging starting point. It is generally more difficult to write a business plan for essay and disadvantages flying, a start-up business (a new business) than for an existing business. This is because an existing business usually has computerised records of the results of papers budgeting past activities and trading (usually called 'accounts'). Spreadsheets are usually available showing previous years plans and actual results, which can be used as a template on which new plans can easily be overlaid. Writing a new business plan for the continuation or development of such an existing situation obviously enables much of the flying planning to training institute in delhi, be based on essay on advantages and disadvantages of kite flying, existing figures, ratios, statistics, etc. New business start-up situations by their nature tend to have no previous results, so we often refer to paragraph, this sort of planning as 'starting with a blank sheet of paper'. New business start-ups - especially if you are the owner or entrepreneur - present bigger planning challenges in some respects because we have no previous records to act as a guide, but in essay other respects they offer wonderful opportunities to create genuinely innovative and exciting founding principles - your own new business philosophy - on papers budgeting, which your plans can be built and developed.

On this page there is specific guidance for essay on advantages and disadvantages of kite flying, business start-up situations. See the simple business start-up principles. Depending on the constraints applying in writing institute in delhi the planning for existing continuous business activities, the principles are very similar for start-up and existing business planning. Essay On Advantages And Disadvantages Flying! It's essentially cause-and effect, and using the computer to calculate the numbers. A slightly more detailed version is on the quick business/operational plan page. , and begins with. To explore personal direction and change (for example for early planning of self-employment or new business start-up) see the passion-to-profit exercise and template on the teambuilding exercises page. See also the simple notes about starting your own business, which to an extent also apply when you are starting a new business initiative or development inside another organisation as a new business development manager, or a similar role. Here's a free profit and loss account spreadsheet template tool (xls) for dissertation, incorporating these factors and financials into a more formal phased business trading plan, which also serves as a business forecasting and reporting tool too. Adapt it to suit your purposes. On Advantages Of Kite! This plan example is also available as a PDF, see the Profit and construction Loss Account (PL) Small Enterprise Business Plan Example (PDF).

The numbers could be anything: ten times less, ten times more, a hundred times more - the principle is the same. Towards the on advantages of kite flying end of creative writing training this article there is also a simple template/framework for on advantages, a feasibility study or justification report, such as might be required to win funding, authorisation or approval for starting a project, or the continuation of creative writing courses university a project or group, in a commercial or voluntary situation. If you are starting a new business you might also find the tips and information about buying a franchise business to on advantages and disadvantages of kite, be helpful, since they cover many basic points about creative training institute in delhi choice of business activity and early planning. (Note: Some UK-English and US-English spellings differ, for example organisation/organization, colour/color. Flying! If using these materials please adapt the writing training institute spellings to suit your situation.) how to write strategic marketing plans, business plans and on advantages of kite flying sales plans. People use various terms referring to the business planning process - business plans, business strategy, marketing strategy, strategic business planning, sales planning - they all cover the midwifery essay same basic principles. When faced with business planning or strategy development task it's important to clarify exactly what is required: clarify what needs to on advantages and disadvantages flying, be done rather than assume the aim from the description given to it - terms are confused and mean different things to midwifery essay, different people. You'll see from the definitions below how flexible these business planning terms are.

a plan - a statement of intent - a calculated intention to essay of kite, organize effort and creative writing institute in delhi resource to achieve an outcome - in this context a plan is in written form, comprising explanation, justification and relevant numerical and essay on advantages and disadvantages flying financial statistical data. In a business context a plan's numerical data - costs and dissertation revenues - are normally scheduled over at essay on advantages flying, least one trading year, broken down weekly, monthly quarterly and essay outline cumulatively. a business - an activity or entity, irrespective of size and autonomy, which is engaged in an activity, normally the provision of products and/or services, to produce commercial gain, extending to non-commercial organizations whose aim may or may not be profit (hence why public service sector schools and hospitals are in essay on advantages flying this context referred to as 'businesses'). business plan - this is now rightly a very general and flexible term, applicable to the planned activities and aims of any entity, individual group or organization where effort is being converted into results , for example: a small company; a large company; a corner shop; a local window-cleaning business; a regional business; a multi-million pound multi-national corporation; a charity; a school; a hospital; a local council; a government agency or department; a joint-venture; a project within a business or department; a business unit, division, or department within another organization or company, a profit centre or cost centre within an an organization or business; the responsibility of creative writing courses university of toronto a team or group or an individual. The business entity could also be a proposed start-up, a new business development within an existing organization, a new joint-venture, or any new organizational or business project which aims to of kite, convert action into results. The extent to which a business plan includes costs and overheads activities and resources (eg., production, research and development, warehouse, storage, transport, distribution, wastage, shrinkage, head office, training, bad debts, etc) depends on dissertation, the needs of the business and the purpose of the plan.

Large 'executive-level' business plans therefore look rather like a 'predictive profit and loss account', fully itemised down to essay on advantages and disadvantages, the 'bottom line'. Business plans written at business unit or departmental level do not generally include financial data outside the department concerned. Most business plans are in midwifery essay effect sales plans or marketing plans or departmental plans, which form the main bias of on advantages of kite flying this guide. strategy - originally a military term, in a business planning context strategy/strategic means/pertains to why and how the plan will work , in relation to all factors of influence upon trip to africa essay the business entity and activity, particularly including competitors (thus the use of a military combative term), customers and essay on advantages and disadvantages of kite demographics, technology and communications. marketing - believed by many to mean the same as advertising or sales promotion, marketing actually means and outline covers everything from company culture and positioning, through market research, new business/product development, advertising and promotion, PR (public/press relations), and arguably all of the sales functions as well. Essay On Advantages And Disadvantages! Marketing is the process by which a business decides what it will sell, to whom, when and how, and then does it . marketing plan - logically a plan which details what a business will sell, to creative in delhi, whom, when and how, implicitly including the business/marketing strategy. Essay And Disadvantages Of Kite! The extent to which financial and commercial numerical data is construction ideas, included depends on the needs of the business.

The extent to which this details the sales plan also depends on the needs of the business. sales - the transactions between the business and its customers whereby services and/or products are provided in return for payment. Essay On Advantages And Disadvantages Of Kite Flying! Sales (sales department/sales team) also describes the activities and resources that enable this process, and sales also describes the revenues that the business derives from the sales activities. sales plan - a plan describing, quantifying and phased over time, how the the sales will be made and to whom. Some organizations interpret this to be the same as a business plan or a marketing plan.

business strategy - see 'strategy' - it's the same. marketing strategy - see 'strategy' - it's the same. service contract - a formal document usually drawn up by the supplier by construction dissertation which the trading arrangement is agreed with the essay on advantages and disadvantages of kite customer. See the section on essay, service contracts and trading agreements. strategic business plan - see strategy and business plan - it's a business plan with strategic drivers (which actually all business plans should be). strategic business planning - developing and writing a strategic business plan. philosophy, values, ethics, vision - these are the fundamentals of on advantages flying business planning, and determine the training in delhi spirit and integrity of the business or organisation - see the essay on advantages flying guide to how philosophical and ethical factors fit into the planning process, and also the principles and materials relating to corporate responsibility and ethical leadership.

You can see that many of these terms are interchangeable, so it's important to midwifery essay, clarify what needs to of kite, be planned for rather than assuming or inferring a meaning from the five paragraph name given to essay on advantages, the task. That said, the principles explained here can be applied to business plans of creative courses of toronto all sorts. Business plans are often called different names - especially by essay on advantages of kite flying senior managers and dissertation ideas directors delegating a planning exercise that they do not understand well enough to explain. For example: sales plans, operational plans, organizational/organisational plans, marketing plans, marketing strategy plans, strategic business plans, department business plans, etc. Typically these names reflect the department doing the planning, despite which, the of kite flying planning process and content required in the document is midwifery essay, broadly similar. Other useful and relevant business planning definitions are in the business dictionary; the sales and selling glossary; some are also in essay and disadvantages flying the financial terms glossary, and institute in delhi more - especially for essay and disadvantages flying, training - are in the business and training acronyms listing, which also provides amusing light relief if this business planning gets a little dry (be warned, the acronyms listings contain some adult content). when writing a business or operating plan, remember. A useful first rule of business planning is to decide what you are actually trying to construction ideas, achieve and always keep this in mind . Write your aim large as a constant reminder to yourself, and to anyone else involved.

Keeping your central aim visible will help you minimise the flying distractions and capital budgeting techniques distortions which frequently arise during the planning process. An increasingly vital and and disadvantages of kite perhaps second rule of creative writing university business planning is to establish a strong ethical philosophy at the outset of your planning. This provides a vital reference for decision-making and strategy from the essay of kite flying start. A strong clear ethical code communicates your values to staff, customers, suppliers, and creates a simple consistent basis for operations which conventional financials, processes, systems and even people, do not address. It is very difficult to introduce ethical principles later into writing institute, an enterprise, especially when planning shifts into implementation, and essay on advantages and disadvantages of kite flying more so if problems arise relating to integrity, honesty, corporate responsibility, trust, governance, etc., any of which can have massive impact on relationships and construction ideas reputation. See corporate social responsibility and ethics and the Psychological Contract.

It is of kite flying, easy to midwifery essay, address issues of and disadvantages of kite ethics and corporate responsibility when you are the owner of a new enterprise. Outline Paragraph! It is more difficult if you are a manager in someone else's company or a large corporation. Nevertheless ethics and essay and disadvantages flying corporate responsibility are highly significant in creative courses university of toronto planning, and strong justification for their proper consideration can now be made. There are now plenty of essay and disadvantages recent examples of corporations - indeed entire national economies and governments - which have failed because of essay five outline poor regard to essay and disadvantages of kite flying, ethical considerations. The world is changing and capital learning, slowly, but it is, and anyone ignoring ethics in planning today does so at their own peril. A third crucial requirement for and disadvantages of kite flying, business plans is construction, return on investment , or for public services and non-profit organisations: effective use of investment and resources, which is beyond simple 'cost control'. For the vast majority of organisations, whether companies, public services, not-for-profit trusts and charities, all organisations need to be financially effective in what they do, otherwise they will cease to function . Ultimately - whatever the essay on advantages and disadvantages organisation and aims - financial viability is papers, necessary to sustain any organised activity . While it's essential to manage ethical and socially responsible aspects of organisational aims , these must allow for adequate return on investment (or in less traditional and 'non-profit' enterprises, must allow for the effective use of investment and on advantages of kite flying resources , according to the financial requirements of the particular organisation). Remembering the need for financial viability is vital also because business planning is often done - rightly - to dissertation, achieve something new and special. This tends to focus thinking on essay on advantages and disadvantages of kite flying, creativity, innovation, ambition, quality, excellence, perhaps even social good, etc., which can easily distract planning away from the basic need to be financially viable - and crucially not to make a loss. By treating return on investment as a vital requirement of planning we increase the likelihood that plans will be viable and midwifery essay therefore sustainable.

Return on investment is however a variable feature of business planning. It is essay on advantages of kite flying, flexible according to courses university, the type of enterprise, its main purpose and philosophy. In a conventional profit-driven corporation return on investment (at an optimal rate) is typically a strong strategic driver for local planning and decisions, and by implication also a basic requirement of the enterprise as a whole. On the of kite other hand, in a business or organization less focused on shareholder reward, such as a public services trust or charity, or a social enterprise or cooperative, return on investment (at a relatively lower rate), may be a requirement simply to sustain viable operations, according to the aims of the enterprise. In the first example, return on investment is the aim; in the second example, return on investment enables some other higher aim to be achieved.

In more detail: In a traditional profit-driven corporation, return on investment tends to be the main requirement of institute in delhi any business plan and also the of kite flying main aim or purpose or driver of the plan. In most traditional corporations return on investment tends to be at construction, the heart of all activities, since typically the corporation exists to maximize the yield (profit and growth effectively) of shareholder funds invested in the business. Planning in traditional corporations at times forgets this basic obligation, especially when a junior manager is and disadvantages flying, asked to 'write a business plan' for the first time. In traditional profit-driven corporations, when a new manager starts to midwifery essay, write a business plan or operational plan for the first time (and for some experienced managers also, for the umpteenth time), the manager wonders: What is the aim? What am I trying to achieve? Often when they ask their own manager, the essay and disadvantages flying manager has the same doubts. Creative Writing University Of Toronto! The central aim is usually return on investment . In businesses or 'non-profit' organisations where shareholder enrichment is not the main purpose, return on investment is less of essay flying a driver in business planning, but is trip, nevertheless a crucial requirement . Such enterprises are becoming more popular, and will continue to become so, since the collapse of the western economies in 2008, and increasing disillusionment with old-style business thinking. Here return on investment is not the primary driver or objective of the business.

Instead the flying main driver of budgeting techniques enterprise may be some other purpose. An example of 'some other purpose' might be the activities of a social enterprise or cooperative, or maybe an employee ownership company, or perhaps a trust or charity, whose main aim is essay on advantages and disadvantages of kite, (rather than the traditional profit generation for external/institutional shareholders) perhaps to benefit its members/staff, and/or to sustain local jobs, and/or to benefit the local community, or maybe to advance science or learning or health, etc. Here, while return on investment may seem less crucial or appropriate to planning and operations, the enterprise must nevertheless remain financially viable , or it ceases to be able to operate at construction dissertation ideas, all. In such examples, return on and disadvantages of kite, investment in business planning is not usually maximized, but must still be treated as an underpinning requirement to planning, and flexed according to the fundamental aims and financial requirements of the research papers techniques enterprise. Before planning, therefore, it is essay of kite flying, helpful to understand clearly: What are we actually aiming to achieve? What is our policy/position on corporate social responsibility and techniques ethics, etc - our philosophy? And what return on investment (or alternative financial performance) does our activity/enterprise require - is this a strategic driver in itself, or simply the means by on advantages which we maintain our activities in support of our (point 1) aims? The basic methodology of business planning is identifying causes and effects , according to your relevant business requirements (financials and ethics) and creative writing of toronto strategic drivers (what we are actually aiming to achieve). Here a cause is an input or action or resource; an effect is an outcome or result or consequence of some sort. We want to achieve xyz effect (for example a given return on essay and disadvantages of kite, investment, or a certain sales level or market share, whatever) - so what should we plan to cause this to happen?

Commonly big cause/effect elements are broken down into research papers budgeting, smaller activities, which also comprise a cause and effect. (The goal planning process and tools help explain how this subdivision works - where a big aim is broken down into flying, smaller more measurable and achievable parts). Junior managers have responsibility for plans and activities which feed into five, larger departmental plans and activities of essay and disadvantages flying senior managers. The plans and activities of senior managers feed into the divisional plans of executives and directors. There is a hierarchy or tree structure of trip to africa essay cause and essay on advantages of kite flying effects, all hopefully contributing to the overall organizational aim. In many good businesses a substantial business planning responsibility extends now to front line customer-facing staff, and the trend is increasing. In this context, the business plan could be called also be called a marketing plan, or a sales plan - all departmental plans are basically types of business planning: What you are going to sell to whom, when and how you are going to sell it, how much contribution (gross profit) the sales will produce, what the construction ideas marketing and/or selling cost will be, and essay and disadvantages what will be the return on investment. Where a department is construction ideas, a 'cost centre' not a 'profit-centre' - providing products or services internally to other departments rather than externally to customers - then the language and planning elements may alter, but the principles remain the same. Also, these principles and methods apply to very large complex multinational organizations, which tend to entail more and different costs, fixed overheads, revenues, and consequently larger planning formats; more and essay and disadvantages of kite flying bigger spreadsheets, more lines and construction dissertation columns on essay and disadvantages of kite, each, more attention and people working on the numbers, more accountants, and essay five paragraph typically - especially at flying, middle-management level and above - more emphasis on cashflow and papers techniques the balance sheet, alongside basic 'profit and loss' planning. carry out your market research, including understanding your competitor activity.

'The market' varies according to the business or organisation concerned, but every organised activity has a market. Knowing the market enables you to assess and value and plan how to engage with it. A common failing of business planning or operational planning outside of the 'business' world, is to plan in isolation, looking inward, when ideas can seem very positive and reliable because there's no context and on advantages and disadvantages of kite nothing to compare. Hence research is critical. And this applies to to africa essay, any type of organisation - not just to businesses. See especially the guidance on marketing as it relates to essay and disadvantages of kite, business planning. Trip Essay! Planning very much concerns processes.

The principles of marketing will explain additionally how to put meaning and essay flying values into what you plan. Your market research should focus on creative writing, the information you need, to help you to formulate strategy and make business decisions. Flying! Market research should be pragmatic and purposeful - a means to an end, and not a means in capital itself. Market information potentially covers a vast range of data, from global macro-trends and statistics, to very specific and detailed local or technical information, so it's important to decide what is actually relevant and necessary to essay and disadvantages, know. Market information about market and industry trends, values, main corporations, market structure, etc, is important to know for large corporations operating on a national or international basis. This type of research is sometimes called 'secondary', because it is already available, having been researched and published previously. Writing University! This sort of information is available from the internet, libraries, research companies, trade and national press and publications, professional associations and institutes. This secondary research information normally requires some interpretation or manipulation for your own purposes. However there's no point spending days researching global statistical economic and demographic data if you are developing a strategy for a relatively small or local business. Flying! Far more useful would be to writing, carry out your own 'primary' research (i.e. Essay And Disadvantages Of Kite Flying! original research) about the essay five local target market, buying patterns and preferences, local competitors, their prices and service offerings. A lot of useful primary market research can be performed using customer feed-back, surveys, questionnaires and focus groups (obtaining indicators and views through discussion among a few representative people in a controlled discussion situation).

This sort of essay and disadvantages of kite flying primary research should be tailored exactly for your needs. To Africa! Primary research requires less manipulation than secondary research, but all types of research need a certain amount of analysis. On Advantages And Disadvantages Of Kite Flying! Be careful when extrapolating or projecting figures to avoid magnifying initial mistakes or wrong assumptions. Ideas! If the starting point is inaccurate the resulting analysis will not be reliable. For businesses of any size; small, local, global and everything in between, the main elements you need to understand and quantify are: customer (and potential customer) numbers, profile and mix customer perceptions, needs, preferences, buying patterns, and trends, by essay of kite sub-sector if necessary products and services, mix, values and trends demographic issues and trends (especially if dependent on creative writing training in delhi, consumer markets) future regulatory and legal effects prices and on advantages of kite flying values, and customer perceptions in these areas distribution and routes to market competitor activities, strengths, weaknesses, products, services, prices, sales methods, etc. Primary research is midwifery essay, recommended for local and niche services. Keep the subjects simple and the range narrow. If using questionnaires formulate questions that give clear yes or no indicators (i.e. avoid three and five options in multi-choices which produce lots of uncertain answers) always understand how you will analyse and measure the data produced. Essay And Disadvantages Of Kite Flying! Try to convert data to numerical format and manipulate on a spreadsheet.

Use focus groups for construction, more detailed work. For large research projects consider using a market research organization because they'll probably do it better than you, even though this is likely to be more costly. If you use any sort of marketing agency ensure you issue a clear brief, and that your aims are clearly understood. Useful frameworks for essay on advantages and disadvantages of kite, research are PEST analysis and SWOT analysis. establish your corporate philosophy and the aims of your business or operation. First establish or confirm the aims of the business, and if you are concerned with a part of trip essay a business, establish and validate the aims of your part of the business.

These can be very different depending on the type of business, and essay on advantages and disadvantages particularly who owns it. Refer to and consider issues of ethics and philosophy, corporate social responsibility, sustainability, etc - these are the foundations on essay five, which values and on advantages and disadvantages of kite flying missions are built. Consider the Psychological Contract and the benefits of establishing a natural balance and fairness between all interests (notably staff, customers, the organization). Traditional business models are not necessarily the best ones. The world is constantly changing, and establishing a new business is a good time to challenge preconceptions of fundamental business structure and purpose. A business based on a narrow aim of enriching a few investors while relegating the dissertation needs and involvement of everyone else may contain conflicts and tensions at a deep level. There are other innovative business structures which can inherently provide a more natural, cooperative and self-fuelling relationship - especially between employees and the organization, and potentially between customers and the organization too.

When you have established or confirmed your philosophical and ethical position, state the objectives of the business unit you are planning to develop - your short, medium and essay and disadvantages long term aims - (typically 'short, medium and long' equate to 1 year, 2-3 years and 3 years plus). In other words, what is the business aiming to do over in delhi the next one, three and on advantages of kite five years? Bear in mind that you must reliably ensure the success and viability of the business in the short term or the long term is merely an academic issue. Grand visions need solid foundations. All objectives and aims must be prioritised and as far as possible quantified. If you can't measure it, you can't manage it. All businesses need a ‘mission statement'. It announces clearly and succinctly to your staff, shareholders and creative of toronto customers what you are in business to do. Essay And Disadvantages Of Kite Flying! Your mission statement may build upon a general ‘service charter' relevant to courses of toronto, your industry.

You can involve staff in defining and essay on advantages of kite refining the dissertation business's mission statement, which helps develop a sense of on advantages of kite flying ownership and responsibility. Producing and announcing the mission statement is also an essay outline paragraph excellent process for focusing attention on the business's priorities, and essay and disadvantages of kite particularly the emphasis on customer service. Whole businesses need a mission statement - departments and midwifery essay smaller business units within a bigger business need them too. define your 'product offering(s)' or 'service offering(s)' - your sales proposition(s) You must understand and define clearly what you are providing to your customers. This description should normally go beyond your products or services, and critically must include the way you do business , and what business benefits your customers derive from your products and services, and from doing business with you. Develop offerings or propositions for each main area of your business activity - sometimes referred to as 'revenue streams', or 'business streams' - and/or for the sector(s) that you serve. Under normal circumstances competitive advantage is essay, increased the midwifery essay more you can offer things that your competitors cannot. Good research will tell you where the opportunities are to increase your competitive advantage in areas that are of prime interest to essay and disadvantages flying, your target markets. Develop your service offering to emphasise your strengths, which should normally relate to your business objectives, in turn being influenced by writing corporate aims and market research. The important process in developing a proposition is on advantages and disadvantages of kite, translating your view of these services into an offer that means something to your customer.

The definition of your service offer must make sense to construction dissertation ideas, your customer in terms that are advantageous and beneficial to the customer, not what is technically good, or scientifically sound to you. Think about what your service, and the manner by which you deliver it, means to your customer. Traditionally, in on advantages of kite sales and to africa marketing, this perspective is essay on advantages and disadvantages of kite flying, referred to as translating features into writing in delhi, benefits. Essay On Advantages Of Kite Flying! The easiest way to translate a feature into a benefit is to add the construction ideas prompt ‘which means that. '. For example, if a strong feature of a business is that it has 24-hour opening, this feature would translate into on advantages and disadvantages of kite flying, something like: We're open 24 hours (the feature) which means that you can get what you need when you need it - day or night. Construction Dissertation! (the benefit). Clearly this benefit represents a competitive advantage over essay other suppliers who only open 9-5. This principle, although a little old-fashioned today, still broadly applies. The important thing is to understand your services and proposition in terms that your customer will recognise as being relevant and beneficial to research capital budgeting techniques, them.

Most businesses have a very poor understanding of what their customers value most in the relationship, so ensure you discover this in the research stage, and reflect it in your stated product or service proposition(s). Customers invariably value these benefits higher than all others: If your proposition(s) cannot be seen as leading to any of the on advantages of kite flying above then customers will not be very interested in you. A service-offer or proposition should be an midwifery essay encapsulation of what you do best, that you do better than your competitors (or that they don't do at all); something that fits with your business objectives, stated in terms that will make your customers think ‘Yes, that means something to on advantages flying, me and I think it could be good for my business (and therefore good for me also as a buyer or sponsor).' This is the first 'brick in the wall' in writing of toronto the process of business planning, sales planning, marketing planning, and thereafter, direct marketing, and particularly sales lead generation. write your business plan - include sales, costs of sales, gross margins, and if necessary your business overheads. Business plans come in all shapes and essay on advantages and disadvantages flying sizes. Pragmatism is essential. Creative Writing Training! Ensure your plan shows what your business needs it to show. Essentially your plan is a spreadsheet of numbers with supporting narrative, explaining how the numbers are to be achieved.

A plan should show all the activities and resources in and disadvantages of kite flying terms of revenues and costs, which together hopefully produce a profit at the end of the institute trading year. The level of detail and essay and disadvantages complexity depends on trip to africa, the size and part of the business that the plan concerns. Your business plan, which deals with all aspects of the resource and management of the business (or your part of the business), will include many decisions and factors fed in flying from the marketing process. It will state sales and profitability targets by activity. In a marketing plan there may also be references to image and reputation, and to public relations. All of these issues require thought and planning if they are to result in improvement, and particularly increasing numbers of customers and revenue growth.

You would normally describe and construction ideas provide financial justification for the means of achieving these things, together with customer satisfaction improvement. Above all a plan needs to be based on on advantages of kite, actions - cost-effective and profitable cause and effect; inputs required to achieved required outputs, analysed, identified and quantified separately wherever necessary to be able to manage and measure the relevant activities and resources. quantify the business you seek from each of your market sectors, segments, products and customer groupings, and construction dissertation allocate investment, resources and activities accordingly. These principles apply to a small local business, a department within a business, or a vast whole business. Before attending to the detail of how to achieve your marketing aims you need to quantify clearly what they are. What growth targets does the business have? What customer losses are you projecting? How many new customers do you need, by size and type, by product and service? What sales volumes, revenues and contributions values do you need for each business or revenue stream from each sector? What is your product mix, in terms of essay flying customer type, size, sector, volumes, values, contribution, and distribution channel or route to market? What are your projected selling costs and to africa essay net contributions per service, product, sector?

What trends and percentage increase in revenues and contributions, and volumes compared to last year are you projecting? How is your market share per of kite flying business stream and sector changing, and how does this compare with your overall business aims? What are your fast-growth high-margin opportunities, and what are your mature and low-margin services; how are you treating these different opportunities, and anything else in between? You should use a basic spreadsheet tool to split your business according to the main activities and profit levers. See the simple sales/business planning tool example below. ansoff product-market growth matrix - strategic tool.

A useful planning tool in respect of markets and products is the matrix developed by Igor Ansoff (H Igor Ansoff, 1918-2002), who is regarded by some as the 'Father of Strategic Management'. Fully titled the Ansoff Product-Market Growth Matrix, the tool was first published in Harvard Business Review, 1957, in Ansoff's paper Strategies for Diversification. The Ansoff product-market matrix helps to understand and creative writing courses university of toronto assess marketing or business development strategy. Any business, or part of a business can choose which strategy to employ, or which mix of strategic options to essay on advantages of kite, use. This is courses, a fundamentally simple and effective way of looking at strategic development options. Each of these strategic options holds different opportunities and downsides for different organizations, so what is right for one business won't necessarily be right for another. Think about what option offers the best potential for your own business and essay on advantages flying market. Think about the essay strengths of your business and what type of growth strategy your strengths will enable most naturally.

Generally beware of and disadvantages diversification - this is, by its nature, unknown territory, and carries the highest risk of failure. Here are the Ansoff strategies in summary: market penetration - Developing your sales of existing products to your existing market(s). Research Capital Budgeting Techniques! This is on advantages, fine if there is plenty of market share to be had at the expense of your competitors, or if the market is growing fast and large enough for the growth you need. If you already have large market share you need to consider whether investing for further growth in trip to africa this area would produce diminishing returns from your development activity. And Disadvantages Flying! It could be that you will increase the profit from construction dissertation, this activity more by reducing costs than by actively seeking more market share.

Strong market share suggests there are likely to be better returns from extending the range of products/services that you can offer to the market, as in the next option. product development - Developing or finding new products to take to your existing market(s). This is an attractive strategy if you have strong market share in a particular market. Such a strategy can be a suitable reason for acquiring another company or product/service capability provided it is relevant to your market and your distribution route. Developing new products does not mean that you have to do this yourself (which is normally very expensive and and disadvantages frequently results in simply re-inventing someone else's wheel) - often there are potential manufacturing partners out there who are looking for research capital budgeting techniques, their own distribution partner with the sort of on advantages and disadvantages of kite flying market presence that you already have. However if you already have good market share across a wide range of products for your market, this option may be one that produces diminishing returns on your growth investment and activities, and instead you may do better to seek to develop new markets, as in the next strategic option. market development - Developing new markets for your existing products. New markets can also mean new sub-sectors within your market - it helps to stay reasonably close to the markets you know and which know you. Moving into completely different markets, even if the product/service fit looks good, holds risks because this will be unknown territory for you, and almost certainly will involve working through new distribution channels, routes or partners.

If you have good market share and good product/service range then moving into associated markets or segments is likely to be an attractive strategy. diversification - taking new products into new markets. This is high risk - not only do you not know the products, but neither do you know the new market(s), and again this strategic option is creative writing institute in delhi, likely to entail working through new distribution channels and routes to market. This sort of activity should generally be regarded as additional and supplementary to the core business activity, and should be rolled out essay on advantages and disadvantages of kite flying carefully through rigorous testing and piloting. Consider also your existing products and services themselves in writing university terms of their market development opportunity and profit potential. Some will offer very high margins because they are relatively new, or specialised in some way, perhaps because of of kite flying special USP's or distribution arrangements. Papers Capital! Other products and services may be more mature, with little or no competitive advantage, in which case they will produce lower margins.

The Boston Matrix is on advantages and disadvantages flying, a useful way to understand and essay outline paragraph assess your different existing product and service opportunities: boston matrix model - product/service development. The Boston Matrix model (also called the BSG Matrix, Growth-Share Matrix, and variations around these titles) is a tool for assessing existing and development products in terms of their market potential, and flying thereby implying strategic action for midwifery essay, products and services in each of the four categories reflected in the model. The Boston Matrix model was devised by Bruce Henderson (1915-92), founder of the Boston Consulting Group in the 1960s. It has been adapted in many ways. A simple version is shown here below. Like other four-part 2x2 matrix models, the Boston Matrix is a very quick and easy method for on advantages flying, analysis, thinking and decision-making, while being unavoidably limited in creative writing courses university of toronto its handling of subtlety and detail. Often in and disadvantages of kite flying business and capital budgeting techniques strategic thinking too much detail is unhelpful - instead, clarity and ease of understanding are extremely helpful, especially in communicating ideas to teams and groups, in on advantages which circumstances the Boston Matrix is an excellent aid. cash cow - The rather crude metaphor is based on the idea of 'milking' the returns from previous investments which established good distribution and midwifery essay market share for the product. Products in this quadrant need maintenance and protection activity, together with good cost management, not growth effort, because there is little or no additional growth available.

dog - This is essay of kite flying, any product or service of yours which has low market presence in a mature or stagnant market. There is no point in developing products or services in this quadrant. Many organizations discontinue products/services that they consider fall into this category, in which case consider potential impact on overhead cost recovery. Five Outline! Businesses that have been starved or denied development find themselves with a high or entire proportion of essay on advantages and disadvantages their products or services in this quadrant, which is obviously not very funny at all, except to the competitors. problem child (also called question marks or wildcats ) - These are products which have a big and growing market potential, but existing low market share, normally because they are new products, or the application has not been spotted and acted upon midwifery essay yet.

New business development and project management principles are required here to ensure that these products' potential can be realised and disasters avoided. This is likely to be an area of business that is essay on advantages and disadvantages of kite flying, quite competitive, where the training in delhi pioneers take the risks in the hope of securing good early distribution arrangements, image, reputation and market share. Gross profit margins are likely to on advantages of kite, be high, but overheads, in the form of costs of research, development, advertising, market education, and low economies of midwifery essay scale, are normally high, and can cause initial business development in this area to be loss-making until the product moves into the rising star category, which is by no means assured - many problem children products remain as such. rising star - Or 'star' products, are those which have good market share in a strong and growing market. Essay On Advantages And Disadvantages! As a product moves into this category it is commonly known as a 'rising star'. When a market is strong and still growing, competition is not yet fully established.

Demand is strong; saturation or over-supply do not exists, and so pricing is relatively unhindered. Research Papers Budgeting Techniques! This all means that these products produce very good returns and profitability. The market is receptive and educated, which optimizes selling efficiencies and essay on advantages and disadvantages margins. Production and manufacturing overheads are established and capital techniques costs minimised due to high volumes and good economies of scale. These are great products and worthy of continuing investment provided good growth potential continues to exist. When it does not these products are likely to move down to cash cow status, and the company needs to have the next rising stars developing from essay on advantages flying, its problem children. After considering your business in research papers techniques terms of the Ansoff matrix and Boston matrix (which are thinking aids as much as anything else, not a magic solution in themselves), on a more detailed level, and for many businesses just as significant as the Ansoff-type-options, what is the significance of your major accounts - do they offer better opportunity for growth and development than your ordinary business?

Do you have a high quality, specialised offering that delivers better business benefit on a large scale as opposed to small scale? Are your selling costs and investment similar for large and small contracts? If so you might do better concentrating on developing large major accounts business, rather than taking a sophisticated product or service solution to smaller companies which do not appreciate or require it, and and disadvantages cost you just as much to sell to midwifery essay, as a large organization. This customer matrix model is used by many companies to understand and determine strategies according to essay and disadvantages flying, customer types. Assessing product type is helped by reference to five outline paragraph, the Boston matrix model. There is a lot of flexibility as to what constitutes 'good' and essay and disadvantages of kite flying 'not so good customers' - use your own criteria. A good way to do this is to devise your own grading system using criteria that mean something to your own situation. Typical criteria are: size, location, relationship, credit-rating and payment terms, is the customer growing (or not), the security of the supply contract, the service and support overhead required, etc. This kind of midwifery essay customer profiling tool and essay on advantages of kite flying exercise is construction dissertation, often overlooked, but it is a critical aspect of marketing and sales development, and essay on advantages of kite flying of optimizing sales effectiveness and trip essay business development performance and profitability. Each quadrant requires a different sales approach. The type of customer also implies the type of sales person who should be responsible for managing the relationship.

A firm view needs to be taken before committing expensive field-based sales resources to 'not so good' customers. On Advantages Of Kite! Focus prospect development (identifying and contacting new prospective customers) on the profile which appears in the top left quadrant. Identify prospective new customers who fit this profile, and allocate your business development resources (people and advertising) to this audience. Consider also What are your competitor weaknesses in terms of sectors, geographical territory and products or services, and how might these factors affect your options? Use the SWOT analysis also for assessing each competitor as well as your own organization or department. Many organizations issue a marketing budget from the trip to africa essay top down (a budget issued by the Centre/HQ/Finance Director), so to speak, in which case, what is your marketing budget and how can you use it to produce the best return on investment, and to essay on advantages and disadvantages, help the company best to writing in delhi, meet its overall business aims? Use the models described here to assess your best likely returns on on advantages and disadvantages, marketing investment. The best way to begin to model and plan your marketing is to have a record of your historical (say last year's) sales results (including selling and outline paragraph advertising costs if appropriate and available) on a spreadsheet.

The level of detail is essay, up to you; modern spreadsheets can organize massive amounts of writing training in delhi data and make very complex analysis quick easy. Data is vital and will enable you to do most of the analysis you need for on advantages of kite flying, marketing planning. In simple terms you can use last year's results as a basis for planning and modelling the next year's sales, and the marketing expenditure and creative courses university of toronto activities required to achieve them. simple business plan or sales plan tools examples. These templates examples help the essay flying planning process. To Africa Essay! Split and analyse your business or sales according to essay, your main products/services (or revenue streams) according to the profit drivers or 'levers' (variables that you can change which affect profit), e.g., quantity or volume, average sales value or price, % gross margin or profit. Add different columns which reflect your own business profit drivers or levers, and to provide the most relevant measures. Do the same for each important aspect of trip your business, for example, split by market sector (or segment): And, for example, split by distributor (or route to market): These simple split analysis tools are an extremely effective way to essay on advantages and disadvantages, plan your sales and business.

Construct a working spreadsheet so that the bottom-right cell shows the total sales or gross margin, or profit, whatever you need to essay outline, measure, and by changing the figures within the split (altering the mix, average prices, quantities, etc) you can carry out 'what if?' analysis to develop the best plans. If you are a competent working with spreadsheets it is normally possible to assemble all of essay on advantages of kite flying this data onto a single spreadsheet and five paragraph then show different analyses by essay of kite sorting and graphing according to different fields. When you are happy with the overall totals for the year, convert this into a phased monthly plan, with as many lines and columns as you need and are appropriate for to africa essay, the business. Develop this spreadsheet by showing inputs as well as sales outputs - the quantifiable activity (for example, the essay on advantages of kite flying numbers of enquiries necessary to to africa, produce the planned sales levels) required to produce the planned performance. Large businesses need extensive and multiple page spreadsheets. A business plan needs costs as well as sales, and will show profit as well as revenue and gross margin, but the principle is the same: plan the detailed numbers and values of on advantages and disadvantages of kite what the business performance will be, and training in delhi what inputs are required to achieve it. Here's a free MSExcel profit and loss account template tool for and disadvantages, incorporating these factors and to africa essay financials into a more formal phased business trading plan, which also serves as a business forecasting and reporting tool too. Adapt it to and disadvantages of kite flying, suit your purposes. This plan example is also available as a PDF, see the Profit and Loss Account (PL) Small Enterprise Business Plan Example (PDF). Creative Courses University! The numbers could be anything: ten times less, ten times more, a hundred times more - the on advantages and disadvantages of kite principle is the midwifery essay same.

Consider also indirect activities that affect sales and essay on advantages of kite business levels, such as customer service. Identify key performance indicators here too, such as customer complaints response and resolution levels and midwifery essay timescales. Internal lead referral schemes, strategic partnership activity; the performance of other direct sales activities such as sales agencies, distributorships, export activities, licensing, etc. These performance factors won't normally appear on a business plan spreadsheet, but a separate plan should be made for them, otherwise they won't happen. write your marketing plan or business plan. Your marketing plan is actually a statement, supported by relevant financial data, of how you are going to of kite, develop your business. Plans should be based on actions, not masses of historical data.

The historical and dissertation market information should be sufficient just to explain and justify the opportunities, direction, strategy, and most importantly, the marketing actions, methods and measures - not to tell the story of the past 20 years of your particular industry. What you are going to sell to whom, when and how you are going to sell it, how much contribution (gross profit) the essay of kite sales produce, what the marketing cost will be, and what will be the return on investment. As stated above it is easiest and best to papers techniques, assemble all of this data onto a spreadsheet, which then allows data to be manipulated through the planning process, and then changed and re-projected when the trading year is under way. On Advantages Of Kite! The spreadsheet then becomes the basis of your sales and courses of toronto marketing forecasting and results reporting tool. As well as sales and marketing data, in most types of businesses it is also useful to include measurable aims concerning customer service and satisfaction. The marketing plan will have costs that relate to a marketing budget in flying the overall business plan. The marketing plan will also have revenue and gross margin/profitability targets that relate to the turnover and profitability in the overall business plan. This data is essentially numerical, and so needs also some supporting narrative as to how the numbers will be achieved - the dissertation ideas actions - but keep the narrative concise; if it extends to more than a half-dozen sheets make sure you put a succinct executive summary on on advantages flying, the front. The marketing plan narrative could if appropriate also refer to indirect activities such as product development, customer service, quality assurance, training etc., if significantly relevant to achieving the trip to africa essay marketing plan aims.

Be pragmatic - marketing plans vary enormously depending on on advantages flying, the type, size and midwifery essay maturity of business. Above all create a plan that logically shows how the business can best consolidate and of kite flying grow its successful profitable areas. The marketing plan should be a working and truly useful tool - if it is, then it's probably a good one. sample business plan, marketing plan or sales plan sample structure and example format/template. Keep the construction ideas written part of the business plan as concise and essay on advantages flying brief as possible - most situations and high-ranking executives do not need to see plans that are an trip to africa essay inch thick. If you can make your case on a half dozen pages then do so. Particularly if your plan is more than 5-6 pages long, produce an executive summary (easiest to do when you have completed the plan) and of kite flying insert it at the beginning of the document. Writing Institute! If you need to include lots of reference material, examples, charts, evidence, etc, show these as appendices at the back of the document and make sure they are numbered and referenced during the essay on advantages and disadvantages main body of the plan.

Each new section should start at the top of trip to africa essay a new page. Number the pages. Important plans should be suitably bound. All business plans should be professionally and neatly presented, with no grammar and spelling errors, clearly laid out in an easy to read format (avoid lots of essay and disadvantages upper-case or fancy fonts or italics as these are all difficult to essay, read). Your business plan contents and structure should be as follows: business plans structure - a business planning template. Title page: Title or heading of the plan and brief description if required, author, date, company/organization if applicable, details of circulation and of kite confidentiality.

Contents page: A list of contents (basically the sections listed here, starting with the Introduction page) showing page numbers, plus a list of appendices or addendums (added reference material at writing university, the back of the document) allowing the reader to find what they need and navigate the document easily, and to on advantages of kite flying, refer others to particular items and page numbers when reviewing or querying. Introduction page : Introduction and purpose of the midwifery essay plan, terms of reference if applicable (usually for essay and disadvantages flying, formal and large plans or projects). Training In Delhi! Executive summary page: Optional and usually beneficial, this should normally be no more than a page long (or it's not an on advantages and disadvantages executive summary) - the key points of the whole plan including conclusions, recommendations, actions, financial returns on investment, etc., clearly readable in a few minutes. Main body of plan: sections and headings as required, see template below. Acknowledgments and bibliography/reference sources: if relevant (only required normally for creative training institute in delhi, very large formal plans) Appendices: appendices or addendums - additional detailed reference material, examples, statistics, spreadsheets, etc., for reference and not central to the main presentation of and disadvantages of kite flying your plan. business plans - main body sections examples template. This sample template is typical for a sales/marketing/new business development business plan. (A business plan for a more complex project such as an international joint-venture, or the formation of writing courses a new company including manufacturing plant or other overhead activities would need to include relevant information and financials about the overheads and resources concerned, and the financials would need to show costs and profits more like a fully developed profit and loss account, with cashflow projections, balance sheet, etc.) Where appropriate refer to your position regarding corporate ethics and social responsibility and on advantages the Psychological Contract. Construction! While these aspects are not mechanisms within the plan, they are crucial reference points. Define your market - sector(s) and segment(s) definitions Quantify your market (overview only) - size, segmentation, relevant statistics, values, numbers (locations, people/users, etc) - make this relevant to you business Explain your market(s) - sector trends, eg., growth, legislation, seasonality, PEST factors where relevant, refer to of kite, Ansoff matrix, show the strategic business drivers within sector and segments, purchasing mechanisms, processes, restrictions - what are the factors that determine customers' priorities and ideas needs - this is a logical place to refer to ethics and CSR (corporate social responsibility Explain your existing business - your current business according to sector, products/services, quantities, values, distributor, etc.

Analyse your existing customer spread by customer type, values and products/services including major accounts (the 'Pareto Principle' or the '80:20 rule' often applies here, eg., 80% of your business comes from 20% of your customers) Explain your products and services - refer to Boston matrix and especially your strategic propositions (what these propositions will do for your customers) including your USP's and UPB's (see sales training section and acronyms) Explain you routes to market, gatekeepers, influencers and strategic partners - the other organizations/individuals you will work with to and disadvantages of kite, develop your market, including 'what's in it for dissertation, them', commissions, endorsements, accreditations, approvals, licenses, etc. Essay Flying! Case studies and ideas track record - the credibility, evidence and proof that your propositions and strategic partnerships work Competitor analysis, eg., SWOT analysis of your own business compared to on advantages, SWOT analysis of each competitor Sales/marketing/business plan (1 year min) showing sales and trip essay margins by product/service stream, mix, values, segment, 'distributor', etc, whatever is relevant, phased monthly, in as much detail as you need. This should be on a spreadsheet , with as many different sheets as necessary to of kite, quantify relevant inputs and outputs. List your strategic actions (marketing campaigns, sales activities, advertising, etc) that will deliver the above, with costs and five outline paragraph returns. And Disadvantages Of Kite Flying! This should be supported with a spreadsheet, showing cost and return on investment for each activity. Tip: If the business plan concerns an essay outline paragraph existing activity, use the previous year's sales/business analysis as the basis for the next year's sales/business plan. Essay On Advantages Of Kite Flying! Adapt as necessary according to your new strategic plans. other business planning and marketing issues. staffing and training training implications. Your people are unlikely to have all the skills they need to help you implement a marketing plan. You may not have all the people that you need so you have to consider justifying and obtaining extra.

Customer service is acutely sensitive to staffing and training. Are all of your people aware of the aims of the business, its mission statement and on advantages and disadvantages your sales propositions? Do they know what their responsibilities are? How will you measure their performance? Many of writing courses these issues feed back into on advantages and disadvantages of kite flying, the business plan under human resources and training, where budgets need to be available to support the investment in these areas. You should formulate a customer service charter, extending both your mission statement and your service offer, so as to inform staff and customers what your standards are. These standards can cover quite detailed aspects of your service, such as how many times the trip to africa telephone will be permitted to ring until the caller is gets an answer. Other issues might include: How many days between receipt and of kite flying response for written correspondence. Complaints procedure and timescales for creative writing, each stage.

This charter sets customer expectations, so be sure you can meet them. Customers get disappointed particularly when their expectations are not met, and when so many standards can be set at arbitrary levels, think of each one as a promise that you should keep. Essay On Advantages! Business-to-business customers would expect to construction, agree these standards with their suppliers and have them recorded as part of essay flying their contracts, or as SLA's (service level agreements). Increasingly, large customers demand SLA's to be tailored to creative training institute in delhi, their own specific needs, and the process of developing these understandings and agreements is absolutely crucial to the maintenance and development of large contracts. Remember an important rule about on advantages and disadvantages flying customer service: It's not so much the failure to midwifery essay, meet standards that causes major dissatisfaction among customers - everyone can make a mistake - the biggest cause of and disadvantages of kite flying upset is the failure of suppliers to inform customers and midwifery essay keep them updated when problems arise. And Disadvantages Of Kite! Not being told in advance, not receiving any apology, not getting any explanation why, and trip not hearing what's going to be done to put things right, are key areas of customer dissatisfaction, and therefore easy areas for suppliers to focus their efforts to achieve and communicate improvements.

A special point of note for businesses that require a strong technical profile among their service staff: these people are often reactive by nature and so not good at taking initiative to identify and anticipate problem areas in customer service. Essay And Disadvantages Flying! It's therefore helpful to creative in delhi, establish suitable mechanisms and essay on advantages flying responsibility to to africa, pick up problems and deal with them - a kind of trouble-shooting capability - which can be separately managed and monitored at essay and disadvantages of kite flying, a strategic level. Do not assume that technically-oriented staff will be capable of proactively developing customer service solutions and revisions to SLA's - they generally need help in doing so from staff with high creativity, empathy, communications and initiative capabilities. establish systems to creative writing, measure customer service and staff performance. These standards and the SLA's established for large customers need to be visible, agreed with customers, absolutely measurable. Of Kite! You must keep measuring your performance against paragraph them, and preferably publishing the results, internally and externally. Customer complaints handling is a key element: Measuring customer complaints is essay on advantages and disadvantages of kite flying, crucial because individual complaints are crucial areas to resolve, and research papers techniques also as a whole, complaints serve as a barometer for the quality and performance of the business.

You need to on advantages and disadvantages, have a scheme which encourages, not discourages, customers to complain, to midwifery essay, open the channels as wide as possible. Most businesses are too defensive where complaints are concerned, preferring to minimise their importance, or to seek to justify and excuse them. Wrong. Complaints are the opportunities to on advantages and disadvantages of kite, turn ordinary service into unbeatable service. Moreover, time and again surveys suggest that anything up to nine out of training ten people do not complain to the provider when they feel dissatisfied - they just keep their dissatisfaction to themselves and the provider never finds out there's a problem, even when the customer chooses to go elsewhere. And Disadvantages Of Kite! But every complaining customer will tell at creative of toronto, least a couple of on advantages of kite their friends or relations. Every dissatisfied staff member in the customer organization will tell several of their colleagues.

Unreported complaints spawn bad feelings and the breakdown of relationships. It is imperative that you capture all complaints in order to: Put at essay five paragraph, ease and give explanation or reassurance to the person complaining. And Disadvantages Of Kite! Reduce the chances of them complaining to someone else. Monitor exactly how many dissatisfied customers you have and what the causes are, and that's even more important if you're failing to deliver your mission statement or service offer! Take appropriate corrective action to prevent a re-occurrence. If appropriate (ie for trip to africa, large customers) review SLA's and take the opportunity to on advantages flying, agree new SLA's with the customer. implications for IT, premises, and reporting systems.

Also relating to creative university, your business plan are the essay and disadvantages of kite flying issues of: Information Technology - are your computers and communications systems capable of giving you the construction information and essay and disadvantages analysis you need? How do you use email - is research capital, it helping or hindering your business and the quality of service you give to your customers? What internet presence and processes do you need? How should your voice and data systems work together? What systems need to be available to mobile staff? What customer relationship management (CRM) systems should you have? How should you consider all these issues to see the needs and opportunities?

IT and essay on advantages and disadvantages of kite communications systems increasingly offer marketing and competitive advantage to businesses in essay outline paragraph all sectors - make sure you know hat IT can do for you and for your customers. Premises - Review your premises and sites in on advantages of kite flying light of your customer service, distribution, and customer relationship requirements. Pay particular attention anywhere in papers your organization that your customers visit - the impression and service you give here is critical. Reporting systems - If you can't measure it you can't manage it, and essay and disadvantages of kite flying where finance and business performance is concerned this is certainly true. First you must identify and agree internally your key performance indicators (KPI's). Identify every aspect of your service or performance that is important - then you need to be able to measure it and report on it, and where people are involved in performing to techniques, certain standards then the standards and on advantages and disadvantages the reporting needs to be transparent to them also. How do you report on sales, marketing and business performance and interpret the results? Who needs to midwifery essay, know? Who needs to capture the data? communications and ongoing customer feedback are essential.

Having an open dialogue with your customers is vital. There's a double benefit to your business in ensuring this happens: You nip problems in the bud and on advantages stay aware of how you're performing. Your customers feel better about the service you provide as a result of the capital communications, or from the fact that the essay on advantages flying channel is open even if they don't use it - it's human nature. Try to devise a standard feedback form. It can double as a promotional tool as well if it's made available on a wider scale. Creative University Of Toronto! The form can carry details of on advantages and disadvantages of kite flying your mission statement, service offer and your customer service charter. Consider carrying out a customer satisfaction and perceptions survey. There are many ways to writing training in delhi, do this on a small or large scale, and valuable feedback is essay flying, always obtained from university of toronto, customer survey exercises. tips for starting a small business or self-employment - for non-financial people. Some of us are not naturally inclined towards the sort of detailed financial thinking that is required for traditional detailed business planning.

If this is you, you'll possess other valuable capabilities that will be useful in your own enterprise, and essay on advantages of kite you'll maybe find it helpful to use this alternative approach to planning a new enterprise or self-employment. It can be stressful and counter-productive to try to use methods that are not natural or comfortable. If you are helping or advising others about starting their own enterprise or self-employment, the same principles apply. Not everyone is naturally good at business planning, but everyone who dreams of being self-employed or who wants to start and run their own independent enterprise is capable of construction dissertation doing so, provided they work to their strengths, capabilities and passions. People running successful enterprises come in all shapes and sizes, from all backgrounds, all ages, with skills, passions, and capabilities in any field you can imagine. Anyone can run their own business or be successful in self-employment given the simple determination to do so. Business and enterprise is not just for on advantages and disadvantages flying, stereotypical 'business-types'; the benefits and advantages of being your own boss are available to us all.

Here are some pointers for people considering starting their own new enterprise, or for helping others to do the same. First, and especially if you are not clear of your own real strengths, or what direction to pursue, focus on using tools to understanding your own personality style and writing of toronto strengths. Then use this knowledge to imagine and realise how your natural capabilities can be used to best effect in defining and providing your own services or running your own enterprise. The VAK and essay on advantages and disadvantages of kite Multiple Intelligences tools on this site are helpful for this purpose. They assess people's strengths completely differently to traditional IQ or academic evaluations, which are extremely narrow and generally not relevant at midwifery essay, all for people who want to be their own boss.

Understanding personality is also useful since personality-type greatly influences the essay and disadvantages of kite way that a person approaches self-employment or running an enterprise, and what sort of service or business to offer. The Personality Styles page provides a lot of explanation about this. Many people are conditioned by schools and over-cautious parents to under-estimate their own potential and capabilities, which is writing courses of toronto, a big reason to and disadvantages of kite, take a fresh look at what you are good at, and to re-think and understand better the ways that your personality type tends to be successful in life and business. There are many ways to be successful and independent in research papers budgeting techniques life aside from building and running a conventional business and adhering to conventional financial planning methods. The basic economics of becoming successfully independent in any sort of venture are actually extremely simple, and focusing on the following simple fundamentals (a process really) can help many folk turn your dream or an idea into a successful enterprise or self-employment reality. It's usually easiest to and disadvantages of kite flying, think first of outline paragraph these factors in terms of daily, weekly or monthly numbers and values, and then to extend the figures to give totals for a whole year: 1. What's your product or service? (What's good/special/different about your products or service that enough people will buy it?

And importantly is this something that you have a real passion for? All successful enterprises are built on doing something the owner enjoys.) 2. Essay On Advantages And Disadvantages Flying! What does it cost to make/buy in/provide the product or service? (If you are buying and selling products or using materials consider the cost prices. To Africa Essay! If the main resource is your own time then attach a cost to your labour that reflects your available time for the work and the wage you need to draw. On Advantages Flying! Divide your required annual wage by the number of work hours available to trip essay, you, and this is your notional hourly labour cost.) 3. What price will the product/service sell for? (Ideally small businesses need a healthy profit margin or mark-up - doubling the cost is good if the market will accept it. A mark-up of less than 50% is cause for concern unless you are selling products in relatively high volumes or values. Price your products/services according to essay on advantages and disadvantages flying, what the market will pay, not according to research papers budgeting techniques, your costs. Take into account your competitors and what they charge and their relative quality.

Service businesses that use only the person's time are often very attractive and profitable because there is no added complication of buying and essay and disadvantages flying holding stock - hence why window-cleaning, sign-writing, repairs, gardening, decorating, tutoring, writing, therapy, training, coaching and consultancy, etc., are such good businesses for people who prefer a simple approach to self-employment and construction ideas enterprise. Consider the on advantages and disadvantages flying effect of VAT especially for 'consumer' businesses - ie., selling to the general public - assuming your business is creative writing training in delhi, or must be VAT registered. Private consumers of essay of kite flying course are more sensitive to VAT than business customers who can generally reclaim VAT should you have to add it to your prices.) 4. Who will buy the product/service? (Identify your customers and market. Do you know this for sure? Test your assumptions: this is a critical part of the proposition and generally benefits from more thought and research to confirm that a big enough market exists for your idea. Consider your competition - what are people buying currently and why will they buy from you instead?) 5. Writing Training! How much/many do you need to sell in a year? And how many customers do you need? (This is and disadvantages flying, a vital part of the proposition to confirm that the gross profit (the difference between costs of creative of toronto bought in products/labour and sales revenues) covers your/their financial needs (including a living wage and other fixed costs of running the enterprise. Again remember the essay on advantages and disadvantages affect of VAT on your selling prices if applicable.) 6. Papers! How will people know about the service/product? (You need to essay flying, understand what advertising/marketing/enquiry-generation is necessary - activity and cost.

There is usually a cost for generating new customers, especially in the early stages of a new enterprise. Once the business is established, say after six months to a year, 'word-of-mouth' referrals are for some businesses all that is required to produce new customers - especially those based in a local community, but virtually any new enterprise requires marketing at its launch. See the trip to africa articles on marketing and selling.) 7. Does all this add up, and and disadvantages flying better still provide a cash surplus at the end of a year? - if so then it's probably a good business model. These basic questions represent the typical 'table napkin' business proposition that is the start of most businesses, including very large complex ones. People who dislike and creative are not fluent in detailed business calculations might find the above process a useful starting point when thinking about how to begin a new enterprise or a venture in self-employment. If this is you, you are not alone: many visionary entrepreneurs can run a huge profitable business but have great difficulty putting together a proper business plan. Hence many highly successful business leaders rely heavily on essay of kite, their financial directors to take care of the financial details, leaving them free to get on writing institute in delhi, with the business activity that makes best use of their natural skill, be it creativity, selling, service-provision, people-skills, technical skills, or whatever.

Incidentally the on advantages and disadvantages flying above factors are the creative writing training institute essential components which make up a basic Profit and Loss Account, which is the primary management tool for a business of any scale and essay on advantages and disadvantages complexity. Here's a free MSExcel profit and loss account template tool for extending these factors and financials into a more formal phased plan, which also serves as a business forecasting and reporting tool too. If in doubt about this seek some help from an experienced business person or your accountant. Adapt it to suit your purposes. The example PL trading plan is also available as a pdf. The numbers could be anything - ten times less, ten times more, a hundred times more - the principle is the same. company types and financial set up - quick guide. When you have confirmed and refined the basic viability of your business idea you can then begin getting to grips with the writing institute in delhi more detailed aspects of forming the business itself. This necessarily includes deciding your type of business constitution - the legal format of your company - or 'company type' as it is often described. The Psychological Contract is essay on advantages and disadvantages, increasingly significant within and construction dissertation relating to business constitution.

Small (UK) businesses are most commonly one of the following: sole-trader - essentially a self-employed owner - no limited personal liability - relatively easy set up and administration. Of Kite Flying! partnership - essentially a group of self-employed partners/owners - no limited personal liability - easy-ish set up and administration, although ultimately dependent on the complexity of the company and partnership. limited liability partnership (LLP) - as above, except that liability is research papers capital, limited to personal investments and on advantages of kite guarantees. limited company (abbreviated to Ltd after the company name) - liability is courses university of toronto, limited to the assets of the essay and disadvantages of kite flying company - registered with Companies House and legally obliged to publish accounts. There are less common variations of limited companies, and other business structures and constitutions, for example: social enterprise - various structures including , trusts, associations and especially cooperatives - these are not common typical or traditional business structures, but social enterprises are growing in popularity, and will be explained in more detail on this website in due course. Meanwhile here is useful information about cooperatives. public limited company (plc) - not appropriate for small companies. Sole-trader and partnership companies are very easy to set up and administer, but the owner/partners are personally liable for all business debts and potential claims, so good insurance cover (including professional indemnity and public liability) is essential especially if business liabilities are potentially serious. A limited liability partnership offers protection to partners in terms of personal liabilities, in that liabilities are limited to the extent of personal investment and any other guarantees. This is considered to be too much personal exposure by papers capital many business people, in which case a limited company is the obvious alternative. A limited company exists in its own right - a tricky concept to understand for many people - basically meaning that financial liabilities belong to essay on advantages and disadvantages flying, the company (its shareholders, to the value of their shares in other words) rather than the directors and executives of the business, as would apply in a partnership. Limited companies ultimately offer more flexibility for large complex businesses but can be over-complicated and administratively heavy if all you want to do is run a local shop or landscape gardening business or modest training or coaching business. Whatever, consider carefully what type of company framework will suit you best. Once established it can be quite difficult to unravel and change if you get it wrong - not impossible, but a nuisance if you could have got it right first time with a bit of extra thought at the planning stage.

A good accountant will help you decide what is research capital techniques, best for your situation from a legal and financial standpoint, although before this you should think for yourself what sort of business structure best fits your wider business situation, and essay and disadvantages flying especially your business aims and creative writing philosophy. Broad guidelines about business types are available from the essay of kite flying UK Government business information Businesslink website. You'll need a business bank account. Construction Ideas! In fact it is a legal requirement of all limited companies to on advantages and disadvantages of kite flying, have a business bank account. Shop around. There are wide variations in research papers techniques services and costs offered by essay and disadvantages the different banks. You must also understand and writing training institute in delhi organize the tax implications for your type of business. Before starting any business ensure also that you have the information and controls to account for and pay all taxes due. Helpfully to flying, learn more about creative writing institute this in the UK, most tax affairs are within the responsibilities of of kite flying HM Revenue and Customs - until they too change their name to something very silly.

That said, the papers capital budgeting relevance today of HM (Her Majesty's) is a bit puzzling when you stop to think about it and surely due for updating to the modern age. HMRC is another weird example of quirky UK Government departmental names and branding. And Disadvantages! God help us all, our country is run by alien wannabe noblemen from the middle ages. VAT (Value Added Tax or your national equivalent) is an issue warranting serious thought if your business is small enough to have a choice in the matter. Beyond a certain turnover (?68,000 as at 2010) any UK business must register for construction ideas, VAT. Check the HMRC website for the current position.

Being VAT registered means you must charge VAT on all VAT-rated supplies, which means also that the VAT you receive on payments from your customers must be paid to on advantages flying, HM Revenue and Customs. (No you cannot keep it, even though some accidentally try to, and five others think they are entitled to.) Being VAT registered also enables you to reclaim VAT that you pay on business costs, although there are some notable exceptions, like company cars. Retail and consumer businesses are especially affected by VAT. Private consumers cannot claim back VAT, so the effect of VAT on pricing and margins needs careful thought in planning any consumer business. Up to a certain level of turnover (in the essay on advantages of kite UK) becoming registered for VAT is essay, optional. If your business turnover is likely to be below the threshold for mandatory VAT registration, you must decide for yourself if the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. Essay Of Kite Flying! The main advantages of VAT registration are: your business will be perceived by certain people - especially other businesses - to midwifery essay, be larger and more credible (not being registered for and disadvantages flying, VAT indicates immediately that your turnover is below the VAT threshold) you will be able to reclaim VAT that you are charged on legitimate allowable business costs. The main disadvantages of being VAT registered are: the administrative burden in keeping VAT records and submitting VAT returns (although this has been enormously simplified in recent years so that for small simple businesses it is really not a problem at all) risks of getting onto writing courses, cashflow difficulties if you fail to set funds aside to essay of kite flying, pay your VAT bills (see the tax tips below) Information about construction ideas VAT (and all other tax issues) is at the UK Government HM Revenue and and disadvantages of kite flying Customs website: http://www.hmrc.gov.uk. VAT is not the only tax. Taxes are also due on company profits (sole-traders or partnerships profits are taxed via personal earnings of the sole-trader or partners) and on staff salaries (national insurance).

A sole-trader or partnership can employ staff, in writing training in delhi which case national insurance tax is due on salaries paid to employees, which is different to the tax that employees pay themselves. Failing to retain funds in a company to pay taxes is a serious problem that's easily avoided with good early planning. Contact your tax office. Inform them of your plans and seek their help. Tax offices are generally extremely helpful, so ask. You can even talk to essay and disadvantages of kite flying, a real person on the phone without having to breach a six-level automated menu system. Ideally find a decent accountant too.

Preferably one who comes recommended to you. With all the greatest respect to accountants everywhere, accountants are quite commonly very intense people, like solicitors and scientists, very much focused on process, accuracy, rules, etc., which in terms of personality fit can be a little at odds with the style of many entrepreneurs. Midwifery Essay! So again shop around and find an on advantages and disadvantages flying accountant with whom you can share a joke and a beer or something from the human world. The relationship between a business person and his/her accountant is crucial if the writing courses of toronto business is to grow and develop significantly. Accountants might seem at times to essay, be from creative courses of toronto, another planet, but I can assure you the good ones are bloody magicians when it comes to business development, especially when the figures get really interesting. The statement that one stroke of an essay of kite flying accountant's pen is writing training, mightier than the world's most successful sales team, is actually true. For many entrepreneurs, the on advantages flying ideal scenario is to grow your business large enough to essay, support the cost of a really excellent finance director, who can take care of all the essay on advantages and disadvantages of kite flying detailed legal and financial matters for you, and leave you completely free to concentrate on growing the trip to africa essay business - concentrating your efforts and ideas and strategy externally towards markets and on advantages and disadvantages of kite flying customers, and internally towards optimizing innovation and your staff. See the quick tax tips below, especially for small businesses which might not easily be able to achieve immediate and accurate control of their tax liabilities, which is one of the major early risks for a new successful small business. tax tips - understanding and accounting for taxes from the start.

A significant potential problem area for research papers capital budgeting techniques, newly self-employed people, and for new business start-ups, is failing to budget and essay on advantages flying save for inevitable taxes which arise from your business activities. N.B. These tips are not meant to be a detailed comprehensive guide to business taxation. This section merely addresses a particular vulnerability of creative writing courses university new start-up businesses in failing to essay on advantages and disadvantages flying, set aside sufficient reserves to meet tax liabilities, especially small businesses, and even more especially sole-traders and partnerships and trip to africa small limited companies, which lack expertise in accounting and consequently might benefit from these simple warnings and tips related to tax liabilities. In general these issues would normally be managed via a cashflow forecast, together with suitable financial processes to essay on advantages flying, allocate and five outline paragraph make payments for all costs and liabilities arising in flying the course of trading. I recognise however that many small business start-ups do not begin with such attention to financial processes, and it's primarily for those situations that these particular notes are provided. These notes in no way suggest that this is the outline normal fully controlled approach to planning and organizing tax liabilities and other cashflow issues within any business of significant scale. This is simply a pragmatic and essay on advantages practical method aimed at averting a common big problem affecting small business start-ups.

While your type of company and business determines precisely which taxes apply to you, broadly taxes are due on sales (for VAT registered businesses in the UK, or your VAT equivalent if outside the UK), and on the profits of your business and your earnings. If you employ staff you will also have to pay national insurance tax on employees' earnings too. Generally sole-traders and partnerships have simpler tax arrangements - for example, profits are typically taxed as personal earnings - as compared with the more complex taxes applicable to limited companies, which also pay taxes on company profits and staff salaries. Whatever, you must understand the papers capital budgeting tax liabilities applicable to on advantages and disadvantages, your situation, and budget for them accordingly. Outline! You must try to seek appropriate financial advice for your situation before you commence trading.

Indeed understanding tax basics also helps you decide what type of company will best suit your situation, again, before you begin trading. The potential for nasty financial surprises - notably tax bills that you have insufficient funds to pay - ironically tends to increase along with your success. This is because bigger sales and profits and earnings inevitably produce bigger tax bills (percentage of tax increases too in the early growth of a business), all of on advantages flying which becomes a very big problem if you've no funds to pay taxes when due. The risks of getting into difficulties can be greater for the self-employed and small partnerships which perhaps do not have great financial knowledge and experience, than for larger Limited Company start-ups which tend to have more systems and papers capital techniques support in financial areas. Start-ups are especially prone to of kite flying, tax surprises because the first set of capital budgeting techniques tax bills can commonly be delayed, and if you fail to account properly for all taxes due then obviously you increase the essay on advantages and disadvantages of kite chances of spending more than you should do, resulting in not having adequate funds to cover the payments when they are due. Risks are increased further if you are new to creative writing, self-employment, previously having been employed and accustomed to receiving a regular salary on which all taxes have already been deducted, in other words 'net' of tax. It can take a while to appreciate that business revenues or profits have no tax deducted when these earnings are put into your bank account; these amounts are called 'gross', because they include the tax element. Therefore not all of your business earnings belong to essay on advantages and disadvantages of kite, you - some of the money belongs to the taxman. Trip! It's your responsibility to deduct the taxes due, to set this money aside, and to pay the tax bills when demanded. Additionally, if you are a person who is in the habit of spending everything that you earn, you must be even more careful, since this tendency will increase the essay on advantages risks of your being unable to pay your taxes. Failing to get on top of the reality of taxes from the very beginning can lead to serious debt and cashflow problems, which is a miserable way to run a business.

So you must anticipate and set aside funds necessary to meet your tax liabilities from the writing courses of toronto very start of essay flying your business, even if you do not initially have a very accurate idea of midwifery essay what taxes will be due, or you lack effective systems to calculate them - many small start-ups are in this position. On Advantages And Disadvantages Of Kite! Nevertheless it is too late to start thinking about tax when the first demands fall due. If when starting your business you do not have information and systems to identify and account accurately for your tax liabilities, here are two simple quick tax tips to avoid problems with the taxman: You must estimate your tax liabilities and ensure that you set aside funds to cover these liabilities while you are banking your payments received into the business. Dissertation! The easiest way to do this is to identify the taxes applicable to your business, for example VAT and your own personal income tax and national insurance. Identify the essay percentages that apply to your own situation and earnings levels. You can do this approximately. It does not need to construction ideas, be very precise. Add these percentages together, and then set aside this percentage of all your earnings that you receive into your business. Put these monies into a separate savings account where you can't confuse them with your main business account, i.e., your 'working capital' typically held in essay on advantages flying a current account.

Always over-estimate your tax liabilities so as to set aside more than you need. Having a surplus is not a problem. Essay Five Outline! Having not enough money to pay taxes because you've under-estimated tax due is essay and disadvantages of kite flying, a problem; sometimes enough to kill an otherwise promising business. Here's an example to midwifery essay, show how quickly and essay on advantages of kite flying easily you can plan and set aside a contingency to pay your tax bills, even if you've no experience or systems to calculate them precisely. This example is based on a self-employed consultancy-type business, like a training or coaching business, in which there are no significant costs of creative courses university of toronto sales (products or services bought in) or overheads, i.e., revenues are effectively the profits too, since there are minimal costs to offset against essay on advantages and disadvantages profits: example of estimating and setting aside money to pay taxes. 1. In the UK VAT on most products and services is 17.5%. This equates (roughly) to 15% when calculating the VAT element within a VAT-inclusive amount. This means that you can set aside 15% of your revenues and reliably be sure of covering your VAT liabilities.

2. In the UK personal income tax and national insurance combined is roughly 30% of earnings up to trip to africa, about ?30,000 (a little over in fact), rising to 49% - call it 50% - of earnings above ?30k - roughly. N.B. Income tax and national insurance are calculated on essay on advantages of kite, taxable earnings, which exclude money spent on legitimate business costs, and VAT received. These figures in the above example are approximate I emphasise again, which is all you need for this purpose, moreover the approximations are on the high side of what the creative precise liabilities actually are. Accountants call this sort of thinking 'prudent'. It's a pessimistic approach to forecasting liabilities rather than optimistic, which is fundamental to essay on advantages and disadvantages of kite, good financial planning and management: if the pessimism is wrong then you end up with a surplus (which is good), but if you are wrong in trip essay making optimistic forecasts and estimates (over-ambitious sales, and lower-than-actual costs and liabilities), then you run out of money (which is bad). Back to the percentages.. Knowing the income tax percentages enables you to set aside a suitable percentage of your earnings when you receive them into the business. Roughly speaking, for earnings up to essay on advantages and disadvantages flying, ?30k you need to set aside 30% to cover income tax and national insurance. For earnings over midwifery essay ?30k you need to set aside 50% to essay flying, cover your income tax and national insurance. (Earnings below ?30k remain taxable at 30%). Remember you can arrive at these figures based on the VAT exclusive revenues, but to keep matters simpler it is easier to use an adjusted total percentage figure to apply to training institute, the total gross earnings.

If it's kept very simple and quick you'll be more likely to do it - and/or to communicate the method effectively to your partner if they are responsible for handling the financials, as often happens. Given this example, if in your first year your gross revenues (banked payments received) are say ?50,000, assuming you are VAT registered, then your tax liabilities will be (roughly): From this example you can see that setting aside 45.5% of earnings (yes it's a lot isn't it - which is why you need to anticipate it and and disadvantages of kite set the money aside) would comfortably cover VAT and five paragraph income tax liabilities. To be extra safe and simpler in this example you could round it up to 50%. The tax liability will obviously increase with increasing revenues - and in essay on advantages and disadvantages flying percentage terms too regarding personal income tax, since more earnings would be at the higher rate. You must therefore also monitor your earnings levels through the year and adjust your percentage tax contingency accordingly. As stated already above, the creative writing training institute risk of under-estimating tax liabilities increases the more successful you are, because tax bills get bigger. In truth you will have some costs to on advantages of kite flying, offset against the earnings figures above, but again for the purposes of establishing a very quick principle of saving a fixed percentage as a tax reserve until you know and papers budgeting can control these liabilities more accurately, the above is a very useful simple easy method of initially staying solvent and on top of your tax affairs, which are for many people the essay and disadvantages flying most serious source of nasty financial surprises in writing successful start-up businesses. The above example is very simple, and is provided mainly for small start-up businesses which might otherwise neglect to provide for tax liabilities. The figures and percentages are not appropriate (but the broad principle of forecasting and providing funds for tax liabilities is) to apply to retail businesses for example, or businesses in which staff are employed, since these businesses carry significant costs of sales and on advantages and disadvantages overheads, which should be deducted from revenues before calculating profits and taxes liabilities.

Neither does the essay five outline example take account of the various ways to reduce tax liabilities by reinvesting profits in the business, writing off stock, putting money into pensions, charitable donations, etc. A third tip is - in fact it's effectively a legal requirement - to inform your relevant tax authorities as soon as possible about your new business. Preferably do this a few weeks before you actually begin trading. That way you can be fully informed of the tax situation - and your best methods of dealing with tax, because there are usually different ways, and sometimes the differences can be worth quite a lot of money. I do not go into essay on advantages and disadvantages of kite flying, more detail about tax here because it's a very complex subject with wide variations depending on your own situation, for essay five outline paragraph, which you should seek relevant information and advice from essay and disadvantages of kite, a qualified accountant and/or the relevant tax authorities. template and structure for a feasibility study or project justification report. First, and importantly, you need to clarify/confirm the criteria that need to midwifery essay, be fulfilled in essay on advantages order to writing institute in delhi, justify starting or continuing the project or group, in other words, what do the decision-makers need to on advantages and disadvantages flying, see in order to approve the project or its continuation ? Then map these crucial approval criteria into the following structure. Creative Institute! In other words, work through the following template structure according to, and orientated as closely as you can to, the approval criteria . (These points could effectively be your feasibility study or report justification structure, and essay on advantages headings.) past, present and particularly future ('customer') need (for the outputs/results produced by group or project) benefits and outcomes achieved to date for dissertation, what cost/investment benefits and outcomes to be produced in the future resources, costs, investment , etc., required to produce future required outcomes and benefits (identify capital vs revenue costs, i.e., acquisition of major assets and ongoing overheads) alternative methods or ways of satisfying needs, with relative cost/return (return on investment) comparisons (ie., what other ways might there be for satisfying the need if the on advantages and disadvantages of kite flying group or project doesn't happen or ceases?) outline strategy and financial plan , including people, aims, philosophy , etc (ideally tuned to dissertation ideas, meet the flying authorising power's fulfilment criteria) for proposed start or continuation of project (assuming you have a case, and assuming there is creative writing courses, no better alternative) Keep it simple. Keep to the facts and figures. Provide evidence.

Be clear and concise. Refer to the tips about effective writing. Essay Flying! If possible present your case in person to essay, the decision-makers, with passion, calm confidence and style. Look at the tips on presentations, and assertiveness. tips on finding and working with business planning advisors and consultants. If you need help putting together a business plan, and flying if you want to get the best from the engagement, it's important to construction, find the right person to work with, and to establish and maintain a good working relationship with them. If you are great big organisation you'll probably not need to work with outsiders, and if you do then you'll probably opt for a great big supplier, however there are significant benefits from and disadvantages of kite, working with much smaller suppliers - even single operators - and creative writing training institute if you are a small business yourself, then this is probably the of kite best choice anyway: to seek a good single operator, or small partnership of experts.

Here are some ideas of what to look for. You'll be best finding someone who meets as much of this criteria as possible: lives close-by you so you can work face-to-face with them and get to know each other properly, and so that their time is efficiently used, instead of to africa essay being in essay on advantages and disadvantages traffic on their way to and from your place is high integrity and very discreet is grown-up and got no baggage or emotional triggers - wise and mature - and it needn't be an age thing can help you see and decide where and how you want to take the business, rather than tell you where he/she thinks you need to go - a mentor not an instructor understands or can immediately relate to creative training, your industry sector and type of work is experienced working with small family companies, but is also a big picture strategist and visionary (advisors who've only ever worked with big corporations can sometimes be a bit free and easy with relatively small amounts of money - you need someone with a very very practical approach to managing cash-flow, and on advantages of kite flying real business realities, who've worked in situations without the protection of vast corporate bureaucracy and the lack of transparency that this often brings) is triple-brained or whole-brained - mostly front-brained - (see the stuff on Benziger) - intuitive-creative, thinking, but also able to be personable and grounded, subject to the point below complements your own strengths and fills the gaps and weaknesses in your collective abilities (again see the stuff on Benziger and Jung etc) - ie., if collectively you need hard facts and figures and logic then seek people with these strengths - conversely if you are strong on to africa, all this, then seek the creative humanist ethical strengths - he/she must work with you in a balanced team - so that the team has no blind spots, and no subjective biases in essay on advantages and disadvantages style or emphasis has two or three referees you can talk to and see evidence of past work (although if you check most of the above it will be a formality) doesn't smoke or drink too much isn't desperate for the work. As regards finding someone like this, without doubt the most reliable and quickest method is by networking introductions through trusted people. The person you seek might be three or more links away, but if it's a friend or associate of writing institute in delhi someone trusted, by someone who's trusted, by someone you trust, then probably they'll be right for of kite, you. Construction Dissertation! Start by talking to people you know and of kite flying asking if they know anyone, or if they know anyone who might know anyone - and construction dissertation take it from there. The chances of finding the right person in the local business listings or directory, out of the blue and from cold, are pretty remote. Replying to adverts and marketing material from consultants is a lottery too. You'll find someone eventually but you'll need to essay on advantages and disadvantages, kiss a lot of frogs first, which takes ages and is not the ideas cleverest way to spend your valuable time. For something so important as business planning advice or consultancy use referrals every time. Referrals work not only because you get to find someone trusted, but the person you find has a reasonable assurance that you can be trusted too, you see: good suppliers are just as choosy as good clients.

It works both ways. Be prepared to essay on advantages of kite, reward the person in whatever way is appropriate and fair (I'm thinking percentage share of incremental success beyond expectations - perhaps even equity share if the papers budgeting techniques person is really good and you'd value their on-going contribution and help). Often the best people won't ask for much money up front at on advantages, all, but from budgeting, your point of view you will attract a lot more commitment and work beyond the and disadvantages of kite call of normal duty from them if you reward higher than they ask or need. Good suppliers are immensely motivated by good clients and lots of construction dissertation appreciation, even if they don't want the financial reward. Good suppliers have usually seen too many ungrateful greedy people taking them for granted and penny pinching, and will tend to sack clients like these without even telling them why, and move on to more deserving enjoyable work with people who are fair and appreciative, which is essay, how you'll be I'm sure. Finally, when you've found the right person, always continually agree expectations and invite feedback about how the relationship is working, not just how the work is to africa, going. starting your own business - or starting any new business. These are the simple rules for planning and starting your own business. The principles also apply to essay on advantages, planning and starting a new business within an organisation for someone else.

In amongst the distractions and details of new business planning, it is important to keep sight of the midwifery essay basic rules of new business success: Your successful new business must offer something unique that people want. Uniqueness is vital because otherwise there is no reason for customers to buy from of kite, you. Anyone can be or create a unique business proposition by creative writing training in delhi thinking about it clearly. Uniqueness comes in all shapes and sizes - it's chiefly being especially good and different in a particular area, or field or sector. Uniqueness can be in a product or service, or in a trading method, or in you yourself, or any other aspect of your business which makes what you are offering special and appealing to people. You will develop your own unique offering first by identifying what people want and which nobody is providing properly.

Second you must ensure that your chosen unique offering is also an extension of and disadvantages of kite your own passion or particular expertise or strength - something you will love and enjoy being the best at writing institute, - whatever it is. Every successful business is built on on advantages, someone's passion. new business start-ups by older people. If you already have a career behind you, and you wonder if you've got it in you to compete and succeed in the modern world, consider this. First - you have definitely got it in you to succeed. Experience and wisdom are fundamental building blocks of success, and paragraph will be for you from the moment you start looking at essay on advantages and disadvantages flying, yourself in this way. The reassuring wisdom that older people generally possess is extremely helpful in forming trusting relationships - with customers, suppliers, partners, colleagues, etc - which are essential for good business. Added to essay, this, as we get older we have a greater understanding of on advantages of kite our true passions and capabilities; we know our strengths and styles and tolerances. This gives older people a very special potency in business.

Older people know what they are good at. They play to their strengths. They know which battles they can win, and which to essay, avoid. Older people are also typically better at handling change and on advantages of kite adapting to new things than younger people. This is because older people have had more experience doing just this. Adapting to change and creative institute in delhi working around things are significant capabilities in achieving new business success. If you are an older person considering starting a new business, think about the things you can do better than most other people - think about your strengths and use them. business start-ups for on advantages and disadvantages flying, younger people. Younger people can be very successful starting new businesses just as much as older people can be.

The essential principle of playing to essay paragraph, your strengths applies, although the implications are different for younger people compared to older people. Younger people are likely to have lots of fresh ideas. And Disadvantages! This is an advantage, so avoid people pour cold water on them. Test your ideas on potential customers, rather than to take advice from those people who are ready with their buckets of water. Next, get the help you need. Creative Writing In Delhi! It's difficult for young people to know all the answers. You'll have the ideas and the energy to make things happen, but consider the gaps in your experience, and the things you don't enjoy doing, and seek good quality reliable help for these things. Getting good help at what you can't do or don't want to do will enable you to put all your energy into what you are good at and disadvantages, and what you want to spend your time doing. Young people sometimes try to force themselves to fit into roles or responsibilities that are not comfortable or natural.

This is de-stabilising and stressful. Learn what you love and excel at, and construction focus on building success from on advantages of kite flying, this. Which brings us back to trip essay, playing to your strengths. All successful businesses (and people who become successful working for others) are based on on advantages, the person using personal strengths and pursuing personal passions. Success in business is always based on doing something you love and enjoy, which is fundamentally related to your natural strengths and unique personal potential, whatever that is. The sooner you identify these things in yourself, the sooner will build sustainable business success. planning business success - in essay summary. Spreadsheets, mission statements, planning templates and essay on advantages of kite other process elements of writing training new business creation and development are tools. They enable the business to be properly structured, started and run. They are essential of course, but in on advantages flying themselves they don't determine success.

Business success is determined by deeper factors. Increasingly business success depends on having a solid philosophical foundation - where relevant interests, inside and outside of the organization, are balanced rather than conflicting. The bigger the business, the more widely it must consider how it relates to external interests and responsibilities - to society and the world at large. A business with this sort of harmony and balance built into its shape and midwifery essay principles at the outset has a huge advantage over a business which contains tensions and competing pressures. Within these considerations, relationships - as explained by the Psychological Contract - are crucially important in every business. Essay And Disadvantages! Businesses ultimately depend on people, and people depend on essay outline paragraph, relationships.

Aside from this - and without diminishing the significance of other vital business components such as reliability, value, quality, etc., which are necessary merely to survive at essay and disadvantages flying, a basic level - uniqueness and passion are the trip to africa essay remaining special ingredients for success: Uniqueness (just one word, with so many implications) - so that people will want what you offer, and Passion, so that you will enjoy being and offering your best - and so that this belief and essay on advantages and disadvantages commitment conveys to others.

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History Department – Essay Writing Guide. This guide is intended to provide you with information about the skills of essay writing, including how and when to on advantages and disadvantages of kite, use footnotes or endnotes, presentation requirements and how to reference different kinds of sources (books, articles or web pages, for instance) and with more general advice about planning, introducing and developing your essays as coherent and effective arguments. The most important point to remember in working through this guide is creative writing courses university, that writing good essays and communicating your ideas effectively are skills you can learn, develop and build. One of the most important skills developed in an Arts degree is the essay on advantages and disadvantages of kite, ability to construction, communicate your ideas in on advantages, writing clearly and effectively. Writing Training Institute! This involves numerous other skills, including the ability to on advantages of kite, summarise and essay outline paragraph paraphrase the work of other writers, the development of arguments and conclusions, and on advantages the effective use of evidence to support a case. Essay writing in History is particularly aimed at helping you progressively develop your skills in construction dissertation, research, analysing different forms of source material, using different kinds of evidence, and writing strong, critical and essay flying clear arguments. In most History subjects, you will be asked to midwifery essay, produce different kinds of writing. Short tutorial and document exercises usually address specific skills or tasks (locating sources, analysing a documents point of view, or assessing how particular images or words help us understand historical context, for instance), while examinations assess your knowledge of the content covered in on advantages and disadvantages of kite flying, particular subjects.

Essays provide you with an opportunity to explore a particular issue or theme in more depth. Five Outline Paragraph! In general, the functions of an essay are: to introduce an of kite flying, argument, or contention, based upon the question or problem you choose to tackle; to writing university of toronto, develop and defend that argument or contention by discussing and analysing a range of appropriate evidence, and by critically assessing the interpretations of other historians; and to propose conclusions. The best essays have a clear line of argument, and they present a thesis. In other words, they state a position, defend that position, and arrive at strong, clear conclusions. They have a well-defined introduction which identifies the central problem or issue and introduces the argument, a body which logically develops the argument point-by-point, and a conclusion which sums up the argument.

There are no simple instructions for good essay writing. As you progress through your university course, you should be developing skills in essay on advantages, research, analysis and communication which will not only allow you to write good essays, but to effectively communicate your ideas in writing university of toronto, other situations as well. The tutors assessment of your essays provides you with feedback on your progress in these different skills. The desired outcomes of essay flying, essays in third-year subjects include formulating research projects and acquiring independent research skills; presenting a sustained argument, based mainly on substantial primary sources; placing secondary sources in their cultural, ideological and epistemological context by showing where they fit into the current state of historical knowledge; and greater awareness of the ongoing debates about the philosophy and practice of history. The desired outcomes of essays in second-year subjects include developing skills in the use of bibliographies and other reference material, critical reading, putting more independent thought and reflection into essays; greater understanding of writing institute in delhi, documentary criticism and interpretation, and the critical analysis of secondary interpretations by other historians.

The desired outcomes of essays in essay and disadvantages flying, first-year subjects include: helping you learn to argue your own position against other points of view; development of the essay, conventions of good historical essay writing, such as rigorous documentation and footnoting; awareness of the essay, variety of representations of the past; familiarity with the different ways historians use evidence; and the ability to recognise, analyse and summarise an historical argument. Do not assume that you should target your arguments for particular lecturers or tutors. For a start, your predictions may be inaccurate. Moreover, arguing what you think you ought to argue is a lot more complicated and a lot less interesting than arguing what you come to believe as you gather information, review different interpretations, and form your own perspectives on an issue or problem. Any teacher can tell you that some of the best essays they read develop arguments they don’t agree with at dissertation all, or arguments which challenge their own interpretations. Writing is easier if you imagine an audience: a person you want to convince of something, a person who wants to know about your ideas and perspectives. Your task, however, is not to tell your audience what they think, but to tell your audience what you think, and on advantages and disadvantages flying give them reasons and evidence which show why your conclusions are significant, interesting and convincing. 3. Choosing and comprehending the question or topic. Choose a topic or question you find interesting and challenging: it is easier and much more enjoyable to develop and defend a strong argument on something which interests and intrigues you than on something you find boring or simple. Writing is not the outcome or the finished product of learning: it is a vital part of learning. It is a way of sorting out and university clarifying your interpretations, trying out your ideas, and discovering new ways of thinking about an issue.

Think about the question or topic in these ways: what is the problem it suggests? what is the ‘angle’, the issue, which makes it interesting? what is my first reaction to on advantages of kite, the question: yes, no, maybe? do I agree or disagree with the contention or interpretation the topic suggests? what ideas and issues can I explore by answering this question? is there a simple answer, or might it be more complex than it looks? what kinds of information is the question asking me to use? what themes can I explore? It is capital techniques, also important to look at the question and ask yourself: do I understand what the question or topic is asking me to do? Have I interpreted the question correctly? If you are not sure, or if you want to on advantages of kite flying, check that the approach you are taking does address the question, talk to your tutor. Essay topics are designed to draw on the subject content developed in papers capital, lectures and tutorials, and on reading you have completed. On Advantages And Disadvantages Of Kite Flying! Reading the works of other historians, such as those suggested in reading lists, will help you see how others have approached that problem or issue. Historians often disagree on the importance or the construction, meaning of events of evidence, or use different kinds of and disadvantages, evidence to challenge and amend prior interpretations.

They will take different approaches to the same question, and suggest different ways of examining an issue, be it gender relations in medieval Europe or the reasons for the collapse of the Soviet Union or the impact of colonial rule in India. What you will see, however, is outline paragraph, that all of these writers state a position. They address a problem. They answer a real or implied question. You should trace their strategies for developing arguments and drawing conclusions. As you do your introductory reading, review your lecture notes, and read more widely, think about your point of view, your own position in relation to other writers, and your own response to a problem. Examine and evaluate the evidence: what conclusions can you draw?

Which interpretations do you think best fit the available evidence? Your interpretations and conclusions do not have to be new to be original, challenging, and convincing. You should argue the case which you think emerges most clearly from the evidence and from your critical review of other historians work. You’ve read the books and articles recommended in the handbook or by on advantages of kite, your tutor. You’ve come up with some ideas about how you might approach the question, and you’ve got a pretty good idea about how other historians have interpreted the issues and addressed the topic. You’ve collected some evidence from a range of different sources and you’ve tried mapping out trip to africa, some preliminary ideas and arguments on paper. Essay On Advantages Of Kite Flying! You’ve looked again at the major themes of the subject and creative writing courses of toronto thought about how you might address them in this essay. In order to plan your essay, you now need to come up with an argument, a point of view which will guide your writing towards a conclusion.

Would you agree with the argument that respect for the natural environment is a recent discovery for residents of Mars? Having read a variety of sources, you should be able to state your thesis (your answer) in a sentence or two. Yes, because prior to flying, the environmental movements of the 1960s, the majority of Martians were more interested in exploiting than respecting the natural environment. No, because Martians have persistently respected their version of the natural environment, because natural environments are always viewed in outline, a romanticised and idealised form. No, it is difficult to essay on advantages of kite, draw a simple, general conclusion on this issue, as the midwifery essay, evidence suggests that different groups of on advantages and disadvantages flying, Martians have interpreted and viewed the environment very differently over trip time, and no clear trend is visible even now. When you begin planning your essay, you should always be able to state your thesis in a fairly straightforward way, based on of kite flying your initial reading and midwifery essay research for the topic. This sentence or two states your case. Broadly, your essay is the exposition and defence of that case: it shows the reader how, and why, you have arrived at and disadvantages those conclusions.

To write a good essay, you must first decide what your central argument is trip essay, going to essay on advantages flying, be, and then plan your essay to develop that argument. Of course, as you write your first draft, you may find that the capital budgeting, argument changes and develops in a direction you did not anticipate. On Advantages And Disadvantages Of Kite Flying! Few writers are completely sure of trip, their final conclusions before they begin drafting: the task of writing down and defending the argument often reveals unanticipated problems, or challenges and on advantages of kite flying changes your first thoughts, or leads you toward one interpretation more than another. Often, too, you might need to go back to your sources, read through some of your notes, or do some further reading to clarify and expand an emerging point. However, the basic thrust and content of your argument or thesis should be clear enough to allow you to plan the stages of your argument before you begin drafting. Perhaps the construction ideas, single best way of ensuring a successful essay is having a good plan . The plan should lay out your argument, for instance in point form, and you can also use it to indicate where you will use certain items of evidence and supporting arguments. introduction: state the case for and disadvantages flying no: Martians have persistently respected their version of the natural environment, because natural environments are always viewed in creative writing courses university of toronto, a romanticised and and disadvantages flying idealised form explain the thrust of the argument : dispute recent discovery, my essay focuses on previous century to show that respect for environment is construction ideas, always based on historically variable assumptions and preconceptions about beauty, usefulness and worth of nature explain idealisation/romanticisation of the natural environment (summarise Smith’s theory of idealisation, discuss paintings, use examples from Connor and Jones) list and give examples of different idealisations of natural environment in the nineteenth century and essay on advantages and disadvantages flying show different assumptions about beauty and research papers capital budgeting techniques usefulness behind each one (use examples from Green and on advantages and disadvantages flying Brown) show how these different ideals were sometimes contradictory or came into conflict (use example of forestry in Mars Forest) case study: the Martian garden legend (discuss the garden stories); argue that an environment under exploitation also increasingly romanticised (review the different interpretations of Green and Red, show why I think Green fits better with the evidence) summarise above points about previous century; what is respected in the recent past: argue that this is another idealisation (evidence: Martian tourist brochures); conclusion: restate the case , and five argue that understanding respect for natural environment always means analysing the idealisation of natural environments.

In the short essays common in first year, your plan is likely to be less complex, and may only essay on advantages flying have four or five main points. As you progress into second and third year, you are expected to to africa, develop more sophisticated arguments, which makes good planning even more important. 6a. Introducing and developing the essay and disadvantages of kite flying, argument. In your introduction , you should state your case and, as in the example above, set out the creative writing courses of toronto, basic structure of your argument . You might also briefly summarise two or three of your main points. If you have decided to adopt a particular focus (for instance, using case studies from a particular time or place, or narrowing the topic to concentrate on a particular theme), you should explain this in the introduction as well. Developing the argument : The example above shows how an argument is then developed towards its conclusion. Basically, each stage of your argument should be developed and and disadvantages of kite flying defended in turn, by showing your interpretation of the appropriate evidence, by critically reviewing the work of creative writing university of toronto, other historians, and by essay on advantages, using example, case study and explanation. A good way of thinking about this is to imagine that you are building your argument in writing university, blocks . Each paragraph is a block which builds your argument towards a conclusion. Each block is introduced and on advantages of kite flying described, and then its place in the whole structure is shown. Block 1: stage of the argument.

On Mars in the 1850s, the beauty of nature was usually associated with wild, untouched landscapes. Painters rarely drew human figures. Creative Writing In Delhi! If there were humans, nature towered over essay them, as in Rembrandt’s Martian Mountains. In her book Environmental Perception on Mars, Joan Brown argues that painters in the 1850s focused on how nature was being conquered. However, Ash clearly shows that mid-nineteenth-century Martians usually depicted an idealised nature which was to be protected from the threats posed by civilisation. Block 2: next stage of the argument. The most crucial changes occurred after the Martian titanium rushes of the 1870s showed the potentially lucrative returns of papers budgeting, mineral exploration and exploitation. Certainly, by essay on advantages, the 1880s, most representations of the natural environment showed nature being tamed and construction civilised.

Even mining sites appeared in nature paintings, and the work of Joseph Smith is a good example of essay and disadvantages of kite flying, how even the most intensive forms of exploitation were represented as beneficial intrusion for the landscape. Block 3: brief summary, and introducing the next stage of the argument. By the 1880s, therefore, the idealised untouched nature of the 1850s had been invaded by humans, and an ideal natural landscape was now represented as one which was productive and bountiful. Humans did not threaten nature; they unleashed its potential. Essay Five Outline! It was important for Martians, Smith argued in 1883, to feel relaxed and comfortable about the past and future of the Martian environment. Yet representations of an ideal environment as one conquered and populated by essay of kite, humans never completely replaced the older tradition of mourning the research capital techniques, degradation of another form of ideal environment, the Martian garden. On Advantages And Disadvantages Flying! This alternative version became popular again in the 1890s. The body of writing training institute, your essay, therefore, uses evidence, examples and flying explanation to develop your case point by point. Each paragraph has a point to construction dissertation, make, and occasional summary sentences guide the reader through the argument. 6b.

Using different kinds of evidence. In developing your case, you will need to make decisions about the on advantages and disadvantages, kinds of sources you will refer to, and the best ways to use them. Sources can generally be defined into essay five paragraph two broad types: primary or documentary sources (usually written at on advantages and disadvantages flying the time by midwifery essay, an eyewitness, direct participant or close observer) secondary or scholarly sources (usually interpretations and explanations written after the fact by of kite flying, someone analysing the midwifery essay, primary or documentary sources) For example, a book containing the collected speeches of Charles de Gaulle is flying, a primary source; an analysis of them by a political scientist or historian is a secondary source. An article in the Age of 30 June 1900 about the bubonic plague epidemic which affected Sydney during that year is a primary source; an article in the Age on 30 June 1990 discussing the to africa essay, impact of the epidemic on public health policy in Australia is a secondary source. And Disadvantages Of Kite Flying! Broadly, the primary or documentary sources are the raw material used by five outline, historians , the subject of your argument, while the secondary or scholarly sources provide examples of how others have analysed and interpreted the problem or issue at hand. Essay And Disadvantages Of Kite Flying! The distinction is not hard and fast, and there will always be exceptions. For instance, if you are writing an construction dissertation ideas, essay about historians’ representations of race in Britain, the secondary sources of the historians are in fact your primary documentary source.

In most essays, you will be expected to critically analyse the interpretations of other historians in this way. In any event, these different types of essay flying, sources should both be read critically: analysed for their point of view, for essay the assumptions, ideas and understandings which inform them, and for the strategies writers use to and disadvantages, advance their arguments. Don’t take anything on trust: be a critical reader of all kinds of sources and texts , and use your critical analysis of both primary and secondary sources in your essay. You also need to make decisions about how to use evidence: in the form of quotation, or in the form of summarising. It is best to use quotation strategically and research capital techniques sparingly : quote phrases or passages which best illustrate the point you are trying to make, or which really help you give your reader the flavour of the evidence you are using. If you use a quotation, make sure it fits with the stage of the argument you are advancing. Refer to the language, analyse the assumptions or strategies it reveals. In other words, use quotation when the and disadvantages, actual words are the single best way of research papers, providing the evidence and developing your case.

If the quotation is less than about thirty words, combine it with your text, as in this example where I am quoting the following phrase which is not very long. “You must always use quotation marks to essay on advantages and disadvantages of kite flying, indicate the separation between your words and the words of institute, someone else.” If it is longer than this, you should separate it from the text, and indent it: This is an example of a much longer quote. It contains a few sentences, and needs to be distinguished from the essay and disadvantages flying, body of the essay. When you are indenting a quote like this, note that you do not have to use quotation marks; as it is already separated, there is no need to indicate that by creative writing, the use of essay on advantages of kite flying, such symbols. In general, use very little quotation from secondary or scholarly sources.

It is ideas, better to say what you mean in your own words, quoting another historian or interpreter only where the phrase is particularly wonderful or where you need to show precisely how that writer made their point in order to criticise, defend or develop it. In all other cases, it is best to summarise. Write reflective summaries of what others have written, relating those interpretations to your argument. You might find that the and disadvantages, example paragraphs on the previous page gives you a more concrete idea of midwifery essay, how a writer can use a mix of on advantages flying, summary and direct quotation from different kinds of sources to develop their argument. In your conclusion, you should restate your case strongly and clearly by to africa essay, summarising your main points. It is also possible to raise issues and essay and disadvantages of kite problems in courses, your conclusion, especially broader questions which are beyond the scope of your essay. You might reflect on essay on advantages of kite what your interpretation implies for contemporary debates or discussions, write briefly about the broader implications of your position, or consider what your interpretations tells us about the role and nature of history itself. Use your conclusion to argue for ideas the significance of your argument and your interpretation. Be careful, though: a poorly developed argument followed by sweeping speculations on and disadvantages of kite flying the nature of the universe or the human condition is unlikely to be either effective or convincing.

Again, as you develop your skills in formulating, developing and defending arguments, you will also develop your ability to write more reflectively and to use essays to open up these kinds of complex questions. 7. Papers Capital Budgeting! Writing clearly and essay on advantages effectively. The best single rule is to always use clear expression: write simply and creative writing in delhi with clarity and avoid complex sentence constructions . Use definite, specific and concrete language. Don’t use unnecessary words, and make sure you understand the words you are using. On Advantages! Writing problems often occur when people try to essay five, use very complex language and syntax. A better idea is to essay on advantages of kite, establish a simple and clear style first, and then gradually develop more complex sentence forms and means of expression. As you develop your writing skills, vary your sentence structures and lengths to add variety. Short sentences often add emphasis to a particularly important point. Spelling, punctuation and grammatical errors detract from an argument, whatever its quality: careful editing of your draft is very important. It is also important to use accurate language, which is one good reason for to africa essay using non-discriminatory language. For instance, the statement that men adapted themselves to these new conditions should lead any critical reader to ask what women were doing at that time.

It is a reasonable and and disadvantages of kite flying accepted convention that all forms of public communication, including journalism, business language and academic writing, should use non-discriminatory language. There are at least five effective ways of improving your writing. Always read your own work. what is my main idea, my contention, my argument? am I getting it across to papers budgeting techniques, the reader? Take responsibility for critically assessing your own writing . Look at the comments made on your previous essays, and essay work out whether this one repeats the strengths and overcomes the weaknesses of institute, your previous work. Essay On Advantages And Disadvantages! If you need to, speak to the person who assessed your work, and ask them for more guidance. Reading other writers. As you read, evaluate the styles of construction dissertation ideas, different writers. What makes them more or less effective? What is most important to you as a reader, and what makes good writers better to read?

Practice. Like any other set of skills, writing improves with practice and on advantages and disadvantages of kite with constructive assessment, by yourself and by others. Read your own work out loud . You do not need to comprehend the rules of grammar or the intricacies of syntax to know when something sounds clumsy, or when a sentence needs punctuation, or when a long paragraph has completely lost its drift. Reading your draft out loud is also a good way to add variety and oomph to your language. If its boring you to tears, or if you have no idea what it means, it might be time for redrafting. Let other people read what you write . It is particularly good to midwifery essay, give your essay to someone who is essay and disadvantages, not an expert in the area you are writing about. If it doesn’t make sense to them, your argument might need clarification. Trip! If they struggle to read it, you might need to edit more carefully. University teachers will not usually be able to read drafts of students work, but there are plenty of essay on advantages and disadvantages, other people who can give you feedback. Swap essays with fellow students. Get the people you live with to read them.

Distribute them on buses. 8. Referencing Instructions for construction Essays. Decisions about when to cite sources can be difficult. Effective referencing is another writing skill your university work aims to develop. The reader should, in theory, be able to retrace your steps in gathering evidence for your argument. On Advantages Of Kite! In other words, you provide citations as a kind of road map that shows readers how you came to construction, these conclusions, shows readers where you derived your information and, if relevant, shows readers where you derived the ideas or interpretations that you are paraphrasing, adopting or challenging. Therefore, you need to provide citations in the following instances: where you directly quote someone else’s words; where you are directly summarising someone else’s argument and ideas; where you are summarising arguments and ideas derived from a number of sources; to point your readers to the source of essay on advantages flying, information; to translate words or phrase in a foreign language that a reader cannot reasonably be presumed to understand.

In general, you need to provide sources for statements that are problematic or debatable in the context of your argument, or that a reasonably well-informed person would not be expected to know. Writing Training In Delhi! Again, the ability to successfully make these judgements is a skill you will develop with practice and and disadvantages of kite experience. If you offer a translation of a word or phrase in a foreign language, the basis of your decision should be whether a reader could reasonably be presumed to know the papers capital, meaning of the phrase or word already. Essay And Disadvantages Flying! There is no need to translate coup d’etat or Sultan or Blitzkrieg, for essay instance. The use of citation to refer readers to the work of other writers is occasionally useful, but for the most part, your citations refer only to essay on advantages and disadvantages flying, books, articles and other material you have used directly.

Only cite information that you have actually looked at yourself, or: always SIGHT what you CITE . It is fine to essay, use a second-hand reference (like a quotation or a summary in a book from a source to and disadvantages, which you do not have access), but you should indicate that in your citation. An example of how to do this is provided in the next section. You can also use citations to clarify specific points, or add a small amount of creative writing courses, additional information or supporting evidence. Essay And Disadvantages Of Kite Flying! You should not use footnotes or endnotes as a sort of second argument, nor to provide paragraph after paragraph of new information. If it is not important enough to put into the body of the essay, then leave it out. 8b. Numbering and placement of footnote and endnote numbers. When providing footnotes or endnotes, number notes consecutively throughout the text. Put these numbers at the end of sentences, if at trip to africa essay all possible, and distinguish them from the text either by superscripting (raising above the line) or placing them in brackets.

If you use material from two different sources in the same sentence, it is often possible to combine the two citations in essay on advantages of kite flying, one footnote, using a semi-colon to separate them. Usually, you will refer to information or material at particular places in a larger work so you will need to show the page (p.) or pages (pp.) on which the material is located. This text produces the following footnotes: On Mars in the 1850s, the ‘beauty’ of nature was usually associated with wild, untouched landscapes. Painters rarely drew human figures. Construction Dissertation! If there were humans, nature towered over them, as in Rembrandt’s ‘Martian Mountains’. 1 In her book Environmental Perception on Mars , Joan Brown argues that “painters in the 1850s focused on essay of kite how nature was being conquered”. Midwifery Essay! 2 However, Ash clearly shows that mid-nineteenth-century Martians respected an idealised nature which was to be kept separate from civilisation. 3. 1 K. Essay And Disadvantages Of Kite! Float (ed.), The Magical World of Ken Rembrandt , New York, 1965, p. 68.

2 Joan Brown, Environmental Perception on Mars , Sydney, 1995, p. 13. 3 Ann Ash, Joan Brown is Wrong , Sydney, 1996, pp. 1-23. 8c. Citing different kinds of sources. The following rules should help you through most situations.

The absolute rule is to be consistent. Essay Five Outline! Inconsistency drives readers crazy, and on advantages and disadvantages is not a good tactic when you are attempting to convince those readers of the accuracy of your interpretations and arguments. There are also specific rules for the citation of classical texts like the Bible, the Koran and so on. If you are studying subjects in which these texts are used, your tutor will provide you with the information you need to dissertation, cite correctly. Please note: Some areas of history, especially those published by essay and disadvantages of kite flying, European and English publishing houses (and now more often Australian publishers), follow the conventions set out in the MHRA (Modern Humanities Research Association’s) Style Guide (available electronically at construction ideas http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/download.shtml, see section 10.2.2). The guide differs to the above in that it adds the publisher to the publication details, and is formatted differently. Of Kite Flying! For example: Peter Burke, The European Renaissance: Centres and Peripheries (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998), pp.

54-56. It is five outline paragraph, now common practice to use full stops only where the abbreviation of the word does not contain the last letter of the word. So, editor becomes ed., but editors becomes eds. Doctor is Dr, but Professor is Prof.. Also, where an abbreviated title is used very commonly, you do not need to put in full stops: for instance, ALP, ACTU or UNESCO . Primary or documentary material cited by another author. If you need to refer to a quote or to a piece of evidence which you accessed in a secondary or scholarly source rather than the original source, use these examples as a guide: R. G. Menzies, speech in the House of Representatives, 23 March 1943, cited in Judith Brett, Robert Menzies Forgotten People, Melbourne 1992, p. 47. Letter from essay and disadvantages flying, Lewis Mumford to Frederic Osborn, 2 April 1937, cited in ideas, Alison Ravetz, Remaking the Urban Environment, London 1980, pp. 148-9.

The general rule is that if the on advantages and disadvantages of kite flying, original source is available, you should go to and use that original source, rather than borrowing your evidence from another writer. Author of trip to africa essay, document (first name, last name), name of document (use italic or underline), in essay on advantages and disadvantages, editor (ed.) or editors (eds), title of collection (use italics or underline), place and date of publication, page or pages. John of trip to africa essay, Salisbury, Policraticus , trans. Essay And Disadvantages Of Kite! J. To Africa! Dickinson, in J.B. Ross and essay and disadvantages flying M.M. McLaughlin (eds), The Portable Medieval Reader , Harmondsworth, 1977, pp. 251-2. (Note: ‘trans.’ is the abbreviation for ‘translated by’.)

If your area of history follows the MHRA Style Guide , this item in your bibliography would follow the same convention outlined earlier, namely: John of Salisbury, Policraticus , trans. J. Dickinson, in The Portable Medieval Reader , ed. by J.B. Ross and creative writing university of toronto M.M. McLaughlin (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977), pp. 251- 2. If the document was not published but has a title (for instance, an unpublished paper or a speech or an article), use single inverted commas around the on advantages of kite, name of the document. If it was not published and has no title (a letter, for instance), there is no need for any marking. For instance: Friederich Engels, ‘The evils of capitalism’, in creative writing courses university of toronto, K. Kharkov (ed.), The Collected Speeches of Engels , Moscow, 1954, pp.

23-8. Yves of Narbonne, letter to Gerald of Mallemort, c. 1241, in on advantages, Walter L. Wakefield and Austin P. Ideas! Evans (eds), Heresies of the High Middle Ages , New York, 1991, pp. 185-7. If you are going to essay flying, be using documents in archives, or other unpublished material, consult your tutor for assistance with citation rules. If you are referring to construction, normal newspaper writing (news of events, editorials, and so on), you need only provide the name of the newspaper and the date: The Age , 25 April 1996. If you wish to refer to a specific article, usually by an invited contributor, or to a significant special feature (say, a four-page special report or a report in a weekly magazine), use the same format as for articles in journals or magazines. Author (first name, last name), title (use either italics or underline), place and date of publication, page (p.) or pages (pp.) of the information to which you are referring. So: Tim Bonyhady, The Colonial Earth , Melbourne, 2000, p. 13. These publication details are always on one of the first pages of the essay of kite, book (and usually on the page after the main title page): these details list the publisher and the place of writing courses university of toronto, publication, and give other information, most of which you don’t need to provide (though see the note below). It is important to check if this is the first edition of the book, as subsequent editions may contain major revisions, which your reader will need to know in order to follow your research trail.

If the book is a second or subsequent edition, put that information behind the title. Some further examples: Joanna Bourke, Dismembering the essay of kite flying, Male: Men’s Bodies , Britain and midwifery essay the Great War, London, 1996, pp. 98-104. John Kasson, Houdini, Tarzan, and the perfect man: the white male body and the challenge of modernity in America , New York, 2001, p. 231. Thompson, Paul, The Voice of the Past: Oral History , 2nd ed., Oxford, 1988, pp.

53-76. Again, for those following the MHRA style of referencing (see above), the publisher is on advantages, included in the publication details. For example: Peter Burke, The European Renaissance: Centres and Peripheries (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998), pp. 54-56. Place of publication is five, always a city or town, not a state, province, region, nation or continent. Author (first name, last name), title of chapter (use single inverted commas around title, lower case), in editor (ed.) (or editors (eds)), title of book (use either italics or underline), place and flying date of research papers techniques, publication, pages to which you are referring. Roger Cooter, ‘War and Modern Medicine’, in W. F. Essay And Disadvantages! Bynum Roy Porter (eds), Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine , London, 1993, p. Construction! 156. E. Zinkhan, ‘Louisa Albury Lawson: feminist and patriot’, in D. Adelaide (ed.), A Bright and Fiery Troop , Melbourne, 1988, 27-8. Estelle Freedman, ‘”Uncontrolled Desires”: The Response to the Sexual Psychopath, 1920-1960’, in essay on advantages and disadvantages flying, Kathy Peiss Christina Simmons (eds), Passion and Power: Sexuality in History , Philadelphia, 1989, pp.

187-99. Please note: for those following the MHRA Style Guide (see above), and are including the name of the five paragraph, publisher, a footnote reference would be styled like this example: Eve Salisbury, ‘ “Spare the Rod and Spoil the Child”: Proverbial Speech Acts, Boy Bishop Sermons, and on advantages and disadvantages of kite flying Pedagogical Violence’, in Speculum Sermonis , ed. by Georgiana Donavin, Cary J. Nederman, and essay outline Richard Utz (Turnhout: Brepols, 2004), pp. 141-55 (p. 153). (Here ‘pp. 141-55’ indicate the page span of Salisbury’s contribution to the volume, and the bracketed ‘(p. 153)’ indicates the specific page reference.)

Articles in and disadvantages, journals or magazines. Author (first name, last name), title of midwifery essay, article (use single inverted commas around title, lower case), title of journal or magazine (use either italics or underline), volume or number, year of essay flying, publication, pages covered by essay five outline paragraph, the article, specific page(s) to which you are referring. Phil Scraton, ‘Policing with Contempt: The Degrading of Truth and Denial of Justice in the Aftermath of the essay on advantages of kite flying, Hillsborough Disaster”, Journal of Law and Society , vol. 26, 1999, pp. 273-97, p. Essay! 275.

Emily K. Abel, ‘Valuing Care: Turn-of-the-Century Conflicts between Charity Workers and Women Clients’, Journal of essay and disadvantages flying, Women’s History , vol. 10, 1998, pp. 32-52, pp. 34-5. You will find information about construction dissertation ideas, volume number on the title page of each journal. If there is both a volume and an issue number, just the volume number will usually do (for instance, American Historical Review , 102 (1995), or Australian Historical Studies , 26 (1994-5)). Most journals continue numbering pages throughout one volume, even if that volume has several separate issues or numbers. So a reference would read: Katherine Lowe, ‘Elections of Abbesses and Notions of Identity in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-Century Italy, with Special Reference to Venice’, Renaissance Quarterly , 54 (2001), 389-429 (p. 390).

Director (last name, first name), dir, Name of the film (use either italics or underline), year of release. Hicks, Scott, dir, Shine , 1996. Hitchcock, Alfred, dir, The Birds , 1963. Name of the program (in single inverted commas) and, if this program is part of a series, the specific title of the program and essay on advantages and disadvantages of kite the name of the series (use either italics or underline), location of the program, date of the five outline paragraph, program. Aboriginal Land Rights: A Special Report, ABC Radio National, 11 December 2002. Interview with John Howard, 3LO, 8 February 2003.

‘Golly Gee, I’m Interviewing a Famous Person’, Sixty Minutes , Nine Network, 13 February 2001. ‘The Reckoning’, The Frontier House , ABC Television, 27 April 2003. Author of the document (if known), name of the essay and disadvantages, document (if relevant), date of the document (if known), at full WWW address, date on which you accessed the page. ‘Social Conditions in Seventeenth-Century France’, at http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/17france-soc.html, accessed 31 March 2003. ‘Suffragists Picketing the White House, January 1917’ (photograph), at http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail291.html, access 17 April 2003. Sojourner Truth, Narrative of midwifery essay, Sojourner Truth, a Northern Slave, Emancipated from Bodily Servitude by essay and disadvantages of kite flying, the State of New York, in 1828 (1850), at http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/truth50/truth50.html, accessed 16 April 2003. Using Resources From the Internet and five WWW. While there are some very useful sites for historians, including homepages describing research, or containing documents, photographs and interpretive materials, or providing primary documents like speeches, transcripts or debates, you need to be as critical and careful in your use of WWW resources as in your use of any other kind of evidence . A good deal of the material on the web is not ‘screened’ in any way: it is not edited, reviewed by others, or subject to any control.

This is its greatest strength and its greatest weakness as a medium, and makes the task of critically assessing and using sources even more important. For the citation, you need to give your reader enough information so that they can easily locate your source: in essay flying, this case, the full web site information. You also need to tell your reader when you accessed the page: because web pages are updated, the information may have changed location or been removed. In fact, it is a good idea to print out a copy of the page(s) you are using: you can use them more easily, and you have a copy of the information should it subsequently disappear from the web. Citing something for research papers capital budgeting the second time: use of abbreviations and short titles.

Once you have given full information in the first footnote, you should use abbreviations and short titles to refer to the same source again. What will usually suffice is the authors last name and a short title (i.e. the essay and disadvantages flying, first few significant words of the title, as below). Ibidem (always abbreviate as Ibid.) indicates in the place just described, but it must follow directly from the writing in delhi, previous citation. 1 Joanna Bourke, Dismembering the Male: Men’s Bodies, Britain and the Great War , London, 1996, pp. 98-104. 3 Roger Cooter, ‘War and Modern Medicine’, in W. F. Bynum Roy Porter (eds), Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine , London, 1993, p. Essay On Advantages And Disadvantages! 156.

4 Bourke, Dismembering the Male , pp. Midwifery Essay! 126-9. 5 Cooter, ‘War and on advantages of kite Modern Medicine’, p. 158. In endnote 6, the budgeting, information is essay on advantages of kite flying, contained on the same page as endnote 5, and therefore you do not need to five paragraph, repeat the page number. Again, keep in mind the principle of essay flying, giving the reader the creative courses university of toronto, amount of information they would need to find the material for essay on advantages flying themselves. There may be particular conventions which you should observe for midwifery essay particular units: you will be provided with these where necessary. In general, historians do not use the essay and disadvantages of kite, Harvard referencing system.

Archaeology students, whose discipline does employ this system when referencing, should follow the ideas, norms of history referencing when writing history essays. Similarly, history students should use the Harvard referencing system when writing archaeology essays. Students need to be aware that in flying, archaeology/ancient history a variety of styles is creative institute in delhi, used: Harvard, Oxford and MHRA. Students in the Centre for Archaeology and Ancient History must be able to use all of essay on advantages and disadvantages, them correctly; they also use unpublished materials of the types outlined for history and reference them in footnotes. In the end, it is writing training, a matter of communicating your understanding of your evidence in the style appropriate for your discipline and task. Unit coordinators will advise you if you are unsure.

9. Forming a bibliography and an annotated bibliography. Your essay should include a bibliography of all sources. If you have used a wide variety of different types of sources, it is helpful to put them into different sections: for on advantages and disadvantages flying instance, the documents or texts (primary sources) you have used might be separated from the historical scholarship (secondary sources). In general, follow the same conventions described above with the exception that authors’ surnames precede their forenames/initials to allow for capital budgeting techniques easier alphabetisation (as in the example below). List your sources alphabetically within each section. However, you do not need to include the page numbers for specific information or citations in your bibliography. Films, television and radio shows and documents from essay and disadvantages of kite flying, web sites should be included: if there is no author, put them at the front of the list and order them alphabetically by title. Newspapers should be listed, but you do not need to provide the dates.

Note: those following the MHRA conventions will include the publisher’s name, along with slightly different formatting, as given in examples above (e.g. Burke, Peter, The European Renaissance: Centres and Peripheries (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998)). Contemporary documents and outline paragraph texts. John of on advantages and disadvantages of kite, Salisbury, Policraticus , trans. J. Dickinson, in J.B. Ross and M.M. McLaughlin (eds), The Portable Medieval Reader, Harmondsworth, 1977. Truth, Sojourner, Narrative of Sojourner Truth, a Northern Slave, Emancipated from Bodily Servitude by the State of writing training in delhi, New York, in 1828 (1850), at http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/truth50/truth50.html, accessed 16 April 2003. The Birds, dir.

Alfred Hitchcock, 1963. ‘The Reckoning’, The Frontier House, ABC Television, 27 April 2003. Abel, Emily K., ‘Valuing Care: Turn-of-the-Century Conflicts between Charity Workers and Women Clients’, Journal of Women’s History, vol. 10, 1998, pp. 32-52. Kasson, John, Houdini, Tarzan, and on advantages and disadvantages flying the Perfect Man: The White Male Body and the Challenge of Modernity in America, New York, 2001.

All sources which you have used in order to assist your interpretation of your evidence (the historical scholarship, or secondary sources), should be annotated, when an trip to africa, annotated bibliography is required in the unit. Annotation tells the reader what role a particular source played in developing your argument. On Advantages Of Kite! A statement of midwifery essay, two or three sentences is usually ample. For instance: Joanna Bourke, Dismembering the Male: Men’s Bodies, Britain and the Great War, London, 1996. Bourke’s argument about the on advantages, changing meaning of university of toronto, ‘disability’ provided a very important perspective on on advantages flying the links between wartime and writing institute in delhi postwar debates over masculine vulnerability. Her interpretation of what ‘shell-shock’ taught doctors about essay on advantages of kite flying, manhood was particularly valuable for midwifery essay my argument, as was her discussion of on advantages and disadvantages flying, dress reform movements during the 1920s. One of the most important skills in effective communication is formatting and presenting your work in ways which help rather than hinder your reader. The impression of clarity, fluency and essay outline organisation created by essay and disadvantages, good formatting is very important; conversely, a good essay written without regard for the eye as well as the mind is an ineffective piece of writing institute in delhi, communication. Some general guidelines: observe the word length, or at least a margin of error of about 10 per cent: one of the and disadvantages flying, skills of writing is to write to a target, and to tailor your argument to essay five outline, suit the demands of that target. A short 1500 word essay on wartime politics in Nazi Germany or criminality in nineteenth-century Australia is meant to be a short essay, not a major thesis.

Adapt your case, and the ground you will cover, so that you can write something effective and convincing within the word length; include a word count with your essay. type, print or handwrite the essay on one side of the paper only, using standard A4 paper, and number each page. For essays of 1500 words or more, it is essay, reasonable for your tutor to expect a typed or printed copy, though handwriting is fine for to africa essay shorter exercises; double or one-and-a-half spacing is required, because it leaves more room for comments and corrections; leave a 4cm margin on the left hand side, and a 1.5cm margin on the right, again for comments and ease of reading. Ensure that you use at least a 12-point font. Essay Flying! attach a cover sheet (standard cover sheets are available in the pigeonholes under the counter of the writing university of toronto, School of Historical Studies’ General Office, W604). On Advantages Of Kite Flying! You must tick all the boxes on research papers capital budgeting techniques the reverse side of the cover sheet before signing off under the essay of kite flying, plagiarism and collusion statement on the front of the sheet. ensure that your essay stays together: staples, paper clips, a plastic folder, whatever (we do not grade essays by weight, so go easy on the staples).

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The algorithms resume builders use are able to incorporate basic syntax and midwifery essay, industry jargon. They do not, however, always sound natural. As Brenda Barron pointed out at business.tutsplus.com, “Using canned sentences can seem like keyword stuffing.” Resumes serve two functions. Their overt function is to list your skills, experience, and education. But their covert function is to show prospective employers how well you communicate, as well as your communication style.

Because of flying this, you need to edit your resume so that it sounds close to midwifery essay, your natural, professional speaking voice. If you feel a resume builder is the tool for you, see this page to find an online resume builder. Starting off on the right foot. A resume cover letter needs to do more than introduce you and highlight some of your skills. Essay Of Kite Flying! It needs to be engaging, well crafted, and essay five outline, well researched. It needs to avoid sounding like a hard sell while still selling you to the company.

If a resume is and disadvantages of kite flying a list of your accomplishments, then its cover letter is where you get to tell the story of how you achieved those accomplishments. Use it to explain how your experiences will benefit the company. Essay Outline Paragraph! Tell the potential employer why this job is important to you. To help you avoid some common pitfalls and maximize the potential of your application, experts agree that you should consider the following guidelines. Don’t skimp – While not all hiring managers read cover letters, they are not a waste of on advantages of kite flying time. Just having one could increase your chances of getting a job interview—even if the employer doesn’t read it. And if the hiring committee has a tough choice between you and a few other applicants, then a cover letter can be what separates you from your competitors. Keep it brief – And the shorter the better. To Africa Essay! According to on advantages flying, a resume survey of employers in creative writing university of toronto, Orange County, California, “Nearly 70% of employers want either a half page cover letter or ‘the shorter the better’ approach.” But there is and disadvantages some leeway here. If the position or your experiences warrant it, then using more than half a page would be fine.

Just make sure it’s well crafted. If possible, create a narrative – Especially when experience or the position warrants a longer cover letter—executive resumes, for example—make it tell a story. Creative Writing Of Toronto! The narrative structure is a powerful device, and if you can use context, conflict, and essay on advantages and disadvantages flying, resolution, then the reader won’t care that it is long. For a resume, a narrative’s context might be your work history. The conflict may be experiences you’ve had in the past that left you wanting to do more than your previous position allowed.

And the resolution could be getting this new job. Do your research – Research each company you apply to, and craft a new cover letter for each of them. With social media, this is far easier than it used to trip, be. Flying! Follow accounts of the company and its executives on Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn to study their content and the culture. Focus on essay outline paragraph, details – Make sure that every word is essential. Use a spelling and grammar checker and writing apps. Ask someone else to read it and and disadvantages of kite, give you advice. Budgeting Techniques! Read from the end to the beginning and use other editing and proofreading tips. Learn how to format a resume by making the and disadvantages flying most of Microsoft Word’s features. Our short video tutorials will teach you some basic formatting tips and tricks.

How to use paragraph styles and themes How to change header, footer, margins, and page size How to fit resume text on one page, and ideas, how to remove blank pages How to customize tabs, text boxes and tables How to essay on advantages and disadvantages of kite, add and five paragraph, remove sections. Please keep in mind that: All files are compatible with Microsoft Word, and many of them will work in other applications such as Mac Pages, Google Docs and OpenOffice. We create our templates in Microsoft Office 2010 and we use Microsoft Word default fonts. Essay On Advantages And Disadvantages! If you do not have these fonts installed or use a different operating system, our templates might look different on your computer. We use text styles and built-in color schemes to essay five outline, create our templates.

Knowing how to use paragraph styles will ease the process of of kite flying modifying a template. While most resumes are US Letter size, some are A4. You can change the page size to make it compatible with the size used in your country. For creative designs with colored backgrounds, consider setting the page color to of toronto, “none” and print on essay on advantages, a high-quality colored paper. If the design requires borderless printing, a local print shop can help you if that feature is unavailable on your home printer. 855.213.0348 | MON-FRI 8A-8P, SAT 8A-5P, SUN 10A-6P CST. 2017 Bold Limited. All rights reserved.

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