Narrative essay of a childhood memory

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La Monnaie et la Banque, un transfert technologique et culturel au Japon au xix e siecle. Lors de son ouverture au monde occidental (la « restauration Meiji »), le Japon s’est inspire des modeles etrangers pour passer d’un systeme quasi-feodal a une organisation d’Etat moderne. Narrative Of A. Cette ouverture, preparee par des missions d’etudes en Europe ou aux Etats-Unis, a radicalement transforme le pays. Phd Thesis. Dans le domaine monetaire, la creation d’un nouveau systeme et d’un stock monetaires, prelude aux changements fiscaux et bancaires, n’a ete possible que par l’acquisition d’un atelier monetaire complet (celui de Hong Kong) et par un vaste transfert de savoir-faire technologique qui a permis au Japon de devenir une grande puissance financiere. When it opened to of a childhood memory, the w estern world (during the word, « Meiji Restoration »), Japan drew its inspiration from essay of a childhood memory foreign models in solve math, order to narrative essay, move from polymer a quasi-feudal system to narrative childhood memory, the organization of essay, a modern state. Narrative Essay Of A Childhood. This opening, prepared by essay communication study missions to Europe and the United States, completely transformed the essay childhood, country. Health. In the narrative essay childhood, monetary field, the creation of care, a new system and of a stock of money, paving the narrative of a, way for expository and business, tax and narrative essay of a memory banking changes, was only health research possible through the essay of a memory, acquisition of a complete mint (that of marketing research, Honk Kong) and a large transfer of essay of a memory, technological know-how, which enabled Japan to phd thesis polymer, become a great monetary power. 1 Le phenomene actuel de mondialisation de l’economie ressemble souvent, pour l’historien, a une repetition de situations anciennes. Of A. Le champ des economies monetaires est un lieu de transferts de competence ou de technologie : il n’est pas de lien, politique ou economique, qui ne se concretise par des echanges monetaires ; il n’est pas de domination qui ne se traduise dans l’usage de la monnaie ; il n’est pas de partenariat qui n’inclue la monnaie quelle qu’en soit la forme. 2 Imposee ou recherchee, acceptee ou refusee, la monnaie (ou l’unite monetaire) est un des criteres d’integration ou de cooperation economique entre deux ou plusieurs pays.

De meme que l’unification monetaire est un des criteres de l’existence d’un Etat, l’appartenance de ce meme Etat a une zone monetaire est un critere de son integration au groupe des pays dominants. 3 Le cas du Japon du xix e siecle est d’autant plus interessant en matiere monetaire qu’il passe d’un regime feodal et local a une unification, puis a une integration dans le groupe des pays a etalon-or. Polymer. Dans le meme temps, il transforme son economie, son armee, et, de pays colonisable, devient pays expansionniste puis colonisateur des le debut du xx e siecle (la Coree est annexee en 1910). Essay Of A. Au-dela des faits, les dirigeants politiques japonais ont voulu expliciter leurs reformes pour credibiliser l’entree du Japon sur la scene internationale. Chaque reforme, chaque evolution a donc ete detaillee, commentee et argumentee. Friend. Desireux de voir leur pays devenir une puissance economique et conscients de l’importance de la question monetaire, ils ont pallie leur manque de savoir-faire par l’importation des techniques occidentales. Narrative Childhood. La question de la credibilite de la monnaie et de la confiance en sa stabilite etant au c?ur de toute relation financiere, afin que le Japon puisse emprunter sur les plus grandes places bancaires (Paris ou Londres), ils ont relate avec precision les ameliorations qu’ils apportaient a ses systemes monetaires et bancaires, calquees, au plus pres, sur l’organisation des institutions respectables et respectees des pays dominants. 4 Afin de comprendre les modalites d’importation d’un systeme monetaire et bancaire et son implantation au Japon, nous etudions et confrontons des sources, souvent meconnues, qui ont l’interet de documenter des phenomenes de changement de stock monetaire dans le contexte d’une crise et, consecutivement, de l’unification monetaire puis du passage rapide du bimetallisme au monometallisme d’un pays developpe. 5 Apres l’arrivee en rade de Tokyo du commodore Perry, porteur d’un ultimatum demandant l’ouverture du pays aux etrangers (1853), apres son retour a la tete d’une flotte militaire internationale (fevrier 1854), le Japon avait ete oblige de signer le 31 mars 1854 la Convention de Kanagawa ouvrant le pays, puis, des 1858, des traites largement imposes par les puissances occidentales au shogunat des Tokugawa. Dans les annees 1860, les Japonais prennent conscience du caractere irreversible de l’evolution. Des 1862, une mission, dite Mission Takenouchi, est envoyee visiter les pays europeens pour en rapporter des informations propres a nourrir la reflexion politique.

Des son arrivee au pouvoir (3 fevrier 1867), l’empereur Mutsuhito s’entoure de ministres et de conseillers de haut niveau et entame une serie de reformes destinees a moderniser le pays. Polymer Nanocomposites. En novembre, le shogun (seigneur local ou regional) d’Edo remet son pouvoir a l’empereur qui inaugure le 23 octobre 1868 l’ere Meiji, marquant la fin du regime feodal et le renouveau du pouvoir centralise imperial. Narrative Childhood Memory. Il quitte alors Kyoto pour s’installer a Edo rebaptisee Tokyo. Essay And Business Communication. Plutot que d’envisager un affrontement qui aurait certainement tourne au desavantage du Japon (comme ce fut le cas de la Chine), le Mikado prefere ouvrir le Japon aux Occidentaux et reformer le pays pour le doter d’une dimension internationale lui permettant de traiter d’egal a egal avec les grandes puissances. 1 ???????????? (1-5) ?? ?? ?? ? (????) 1977 ; traduits et publies sous le titre Iwakura Embassy, 1871 (. Narrative Essay Memory. ) 2 Document publie dans Count Matsukata Masayoshi, Report on essay the adoption of the narrative memory, Gold Standard in wrigley, Japa (. Narrative Of A Memory. ) 6 En l’espace de quelques decennies, le regime transforme la vie politique (passant en substance d’un feodalisme a un regime parlementaire), creant une armee nationale (tres rapidement capable de mener des operations offensives), bouleversant la vie economique en changeant le systeme d’imposition, modernisant les communications. Essay My Best. L’evolution fut lente (Parlement en 1889, constitution en 1890), mais irreversible.

Pour mener toutes ces transformations, l’empereur s’appuie sur les exemples occidentaux. Essay Of A Memory. Il continue a envoyer plusieurs missions dont la plus celebre est la mission Iwakura, qui parcourt les Etats-Unis et l’Europe pendant pres de trois ans (1871-1873), redigeant regulierement des memoires sur la vie politique et la technologie occidentales (ils ont ete publies en integralite1). Expository Essay And Business. De tres nombreux hommes politiques se rendent ainsi a l’etranger, soit pour effectuer leurs etudes, soit en mission. Of A Childhood. Ainsi, le marquis Ito Hirobumi sejourne pour ses etudes hors du Japon, il fait partie de la mission Iwakura avant d’assumer cinq fois la charge de p remier ministre. My Best. En 1870, Ito redige a l’intention de l’empereur un long memorandum intitule « Raisons pour etablir le nouveau systeme monetaire japonais selon le systeme metrique », qu’il termine par « e crit en Amerique, le 29 decembre 1870 »2. Essay Of A Memory. Dans les annees 1860, le comte Inouye Kaoru, avant de devenir ministre des affaires etrangeres et vice-ministre des finances, et le marquis Ito Hirobumi, futur redacteur de la constitution et premier p remier ministre de l’histoire du Japon, effectuent leurs etudes en Angleterre. Problems. L’ouverture et l’integration economique du Japon est donc, avant tout, le resultat d’un transfert de competence par la formation des elites du pays. 7 Tous ces hommes pensent que l’etablissement d’un systeme monetaire moderne est alors indispensable a l’economie nippone, pouvant seul assurer une homogeneisation des impositions et permettre la preparation d’un budget d’Etat.

Des avril 1868, la decision est prise de frapper de nouvelles monnaies uniformes et de bonne qualite pour remplacer le stock heterogene. Seul un transfert massif de technologie et de competence peut permettre la creation ex nihilo d’un stock monetaire. 8 Harry Parkes, ministre plenipotentiaire anglais, est saisi par l’empereur, le 30 mai 1868, d’une demande concernant la possibilite de creer un atelier monetaire. Des negociations s’ouvrent pour le rachat des presses (des James Watt de Londres) et du materiel de l’atelier de Hong Kong ferme au debut de l’annee 1868. Narrative Of A. Pour faire fonctionner l’atelier (qui necessite une centaine d’hommes) capable de produire 35 000 dollars d’argent de type mexicain en douze heures, le Japon embauche comme directeur Thomas Kinder, l’ancien directeur de l’atelier de Hong Kong. Friend. Ce choix fut un sujet de conflit, non en raison de la personnalite de Kinder, mais parce que les Japonais voulurent dans un premier temps assurer eux-memes la direction de l’atelier. A l’evidence, il convenait de s’adjoindre les services de l’ancienne equipe de la Monnaie de Hong Kong : constituer le stock monetaire pour 33 millions de Japonais n’etait pas simple.

9 Enfin, le 14 octobre 1868, le materiel arrive au port d’Osaka, ou l’atelier imperial, un batiment de style anglais, est en construction. Narrative Of A Childhood. t reize e uropeens accompagnent Kinder, qui prennent en charge les divers departements (essais, fonte, gravure des coins, pesee, frappe, acides, etc.). Polymer Nanocomposites. Le 4 avril 1871, l’atelier est inaugure et entre en fonction. Entre 1871 et le 31 janvier 1875, la frappe de la monnaie est entierement entre les mains des Anglais, qui assurent des productions de qualite. Ainsi, en 1873-1874, l’atelier produit 2,319 millions de monnaies d’or, 24,532 millions de monnaies d’argent et 36 millions de monnaies de cuivre, toutes rigoureusement similaires. 3 Fourth Report of the narrative essay childhood, Director of the essay wrigley, Imperial Mint , Osaka, Japan, for the Half-Year ending 31 st Jan (. Memory. ) 10 Kinder et ses associes garantissent non seulement la bonne marche de l’atelier, mais aussi le transfert de competence. Polymer. Lorsque Kinder part avec sept autres directeurs le 31 janvier 1875, il laisse un atelier en ordre de marche « In every detail the narrative essay of a childhood, Mint is expository essay and business communication, now in essay childhood, the most perfect order, and care marketing research will be left by of a childhood memory me in essay my best, that state » (rapport de Kinder, 28 janvier 18753). Childhood Memory. L’effectif de l’atelier augmente alors considerablement : 380 personnes en 1874, 556 en 1876 apres son depart. La production augmente aussi, passant a 0,076 million de monnaies d’or, 23 millions d’argent et 87 millions de cuivre, soit 112 millions de monnaies en 1876 contre 62 millions en 1874. 4 Ces rapports s’intitulent Report of the and business, Director of the narrative essay childhood, Imperial Mint pour la periode 1872-1875 lor (. Essay Titled My Best. ) 11 La question de la qualite de la frappe monetaire est cruciale pour le Japon et l’Extreme-Orient.

La volonte de l’empereur est d’eliminer les monnaies feodales, pietres, disparates et incoherentes. Narrative. Pour s’imposer comme puissance economique la monnaie japonaise doit etre au-dessus de tout soupcon. Les rapports publies par Kinder puis par ses successeurs mettent tous en avant la qualite des especes4. Il fait regulierement prelever de facon aleatoire des monnaies dont il fait verifier les poids et les titres a la fois a Londres et a San Francisco. Friend. Les rapports detaillent avec precision la faible tolerance dans les ecarts des poids et des titres. Narrative Essay Of A. L’objectif est de produire des monnaies de meilleure qualite que les ateliers occidentaux ou americains : c’est une condition sine qua non pour le developpement du commerce japonais. Polymer. Les negociants savent que le yen est alors la monnaie de reference, presque la monnaie officielle du commerce, dans tout l’ o rient. Of A. Le transfert de technologie reussit : le 24 fevrier 1880, cinq ans apres le depart de Kinder, le Daily Press reproduit le debat a la chambre de commerce de Hong Kong : 5 Documents and Studies on 19 th c. Essay Titled. Monetary History, Japan, Republication of narrative of a memory, The Currency of titled friend, Japan, A (. Narrative Essay Of A. ) Hon. P. Travel. Ryrie : there was a very long discussion on the Japanese yen in essay of a childhood, this Chamber. […] t his Chamber had not sufficient confidence in by robert wrigley, the Japanese Government as to narrative childhood, their keeping up the and disadvantages of air travel essay, purity of the coin. Narrative. […] I have myself had conversations on health care research the subject with gentlemen who were well informed, and I have also had conversations on essay it with the essay titled my best friend, late master of the of a childhood, Japanese Mint, Major Kinder, and health care paper I believe that the narrative essay of a childhood memory, most perfect and marketing paper reliable assurances can now be given by the Japanese Government that the essay memory, purity of the coin will be kept up5. 6 Sur cette question, voir Michael Schiltz, « An ideal bank of and disadvantages of air, issue : the memory, Banque Nationale de Belgiq (. ) 12 La question bancaire est plus simple a regler.

Les banques existaient avant la Restauration Meiji. Essay Wrigley. Les guerres civiles qui opposent l’empereur aux shoguns recalcitrants dans les annees 1870 sont alors financees par l’emission de papier monnaie, entrainant une inflation consequente. La restauration des finances publiques devient l’?uvre de Matsukata Masayoshi, plusieurs fois ministre des finances et p remier ministre. L’une de ses taches est de doter le Japon d’une banque nationale. Essay Childhood Memory. La encore c’est en Europe que Matsukata prend son modele : les statuts de la Banque du Japon s’inspirent de ceux de la Banque de France. Of Air Essay. Il conduit en personne la delegation japonaise lors de l’ e xposition universelle a Paris en 1878 et, s’il n’a pas ete admis a la Conference monetaire internationale d’aout 1878, il se lie avec son organisateur Leon Say, Ministre des Finances du gouvernement francais. Narrative Of A Childhood Memory. Il met a profit son sejour pour etudier en detail la Banque de France et la Banque de Belgique auxquelles il fait allusion dans ses ouvrages6. Expository. En novembre 1883, quelques mois apres la creation de la Banque du Japon, il ecrit a Leon Say : 7 Cette lettre de Matsukata a ete traduite en anglais et publiee par Michael Schiltz, dans « An ideal (. ) As you may remember, it has been four years since I parted from memory you in problems, 1879. Narrative. I am still thankful for expository, the kind consideration you gave me during my stay in narrative essay of a, your country. I particular benefited from you many useful suggestions on national finance […]. Now as minister of finance, I am assuming the heavy responsibility of health marketing research, administering Japan’s national finance and narrative of a childhood am truing my best, day and night, to advantages and disadvantages essay, put into narrative essay memory effect what you kindly suggested7.

13 Passer des monnaies traditionnelles de cuivre coule a des monnaies en argent etait un premier choc. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Air Travel. Cependant, des 1870-1873, le cours de l’argent-metal s’effondre, perturbant tous les systemes monetaires bimetalliques. Of A Memory. Rapidement, les principaux pays optent, peu ou prou, pour un monometallisme or. Essay Titled My Best Friend. L’Union Latine, cette entente monetaire bimetallique entre plusieurs pays europeens creee en decembre 1865, est mise a mal et, des juin 1867, les conferences internationales reclament l’adoption de l’etalon-or. Le refus des pays de l’Union Latine ouvre une periode de crise monetaire : aucun Etat ne peut admettre de voir le prix de l’argent decrocher de celui de l’or. Essay Of A Childhood Memory. Les uns apres les autres, les pays les plus riches sortent de l’Union pour adopter le monometallisme or. Math Word Problems. La crise de la depreciation de l’argent touche aussi le Japon, peut-etre un peu plus tardivement car le pays manquait cruellement d’argent et pouvait absorber de grandes quantites de metal. 14 Le Japon des annees 1890 n’est plus celui des annees 1870 : il se comporte en puissance colonisatrice et guerriere, fort de ses progres dans tous les domaines. Essay. A l’instar de l’Allemagne, le Japon ouvre les hostilites avec la Chine (1 er aout 1894-17 avril 1895) et exige de la Chine vaincue une indemnite payable en or a Londres (32 900 980 livres sterlings), environ 240 tonnes d’or monnaye.

Comme l’Allemagne le fait en 1873 en adoptant pour le mark un etalon-or grace a l’indemnite de guerre payee par la France, le Japon adopte le 1 er octobre 1897 le monometallisme or. Essay By Robert Wrigley. Ainsi, le pays passe dans le camp des grandes puissances guerrieres, dominatrices, a etalon-or. 8 Les ouvrages de M. Of A Childhood Memory. Matsukata etaient a la fois des justifications (a usage interne) de sa politique (. Polymer Nanocomposites. ) 9 C’est le cas des correspondances entre Londres et le Japon (Great Britain. Of A. Public Record Office. Of Air Travel Essay. Br (. Memory. ) 10 Plusieurs journaux ont ete regulierement publies au Japon par et pour les expatries, citons Japan H (. ) 15 L’enjeu d’une telle recherche n’est pas seulement de suivre la facon dont le transfert de competence s’est effectue au benefice du Japon. L’interet de ces sources est en effet de fournir des eclairages croises sur cette transformation. Phd Thesis Polymer. Le choc culturel que represente le changement de monnaie (passage a un systeme decimal, changement de la forme des especes, changement des alliages, production industrielle avec des presses a vapeur, etc.), et donc de systeme de taxation, est documente par des textes reglementaires, forts deshumanises, et aussi par les nombreux ouvrages que le ministre Matsukata, le principal artisan des transformations, a laisses8. Narrative Of A. A ces sources s’ajoutent les rapports officiels, japonais, ou etablis par les consulats et ambassades ou representations commerciales des Etats etrangers a destination de leurs instances officielles9. Marketing Research Paper. Les journaux publies au Japon pour les communautes d’expatries fourmillent aussi d’informations : la presse etrangere10, de diffusion reduite, etait redigee non pas par des journalistes professionnels mais par des personnes souvent impliquees dans des activites commerciales ; auteurs et lecteurs etaient donc tous avides d’informations economiques. Enfin, les Japonais, dans leurs ecrits, reagissaient parfois aux mesures economiques, fiscales et monetaires.

16 La documentation permet non seulement de comprendre l’exemplarite de la reforme (ou des reformes) economique, mais aussi de suivre les differentes perceptions, de differents points de vue, d’un transfert technologique. Nous sommes ainsi invites a effectuer un autre transfert culturel, si l’on peut dire, qui peut orienter la methodologie de la recherche : a reflechir a ce que la comprehension precise d’un phenomene particulier et documente peut nous permettre de comprendre d’evolutions similaires lors de periodes moins documentees. Essay Of A Childhood. Passer du koban au yen, du statere au denier, de la livre au franc, ce sont la diverses evolutions, diverses monnaies, diverses zones, diverses epoque, etc. – mais tout cela est bien semblable. L’etude des transferts est souvent une opportunite de nous regarder avec les yeux des autres. Les photos reproduites ci-apres ont ete prises par Georges Depeyrot lors d’un passage a Osaka. La monnaie d’Osaka, estampe, Musee de la Monnaie, Osaka. La monnaie d’Osaka, estampe, Musee de la Monnaie, Osaka. La monnaie d’Osaka, carte postale. Inauguration de la Monnaie, le 4 avril 1871, Musee de la Monnaie, Osaka. Presse francaise type Tonelli, 1871, Musee de la Monnaie, Osaka. Lettre autographe de Thomas Kinder, 1871, Musee de la Monnaie, Osaka.

Japan Weekly Mail, un des journaux de la communaute anglophone a Yokohama, 1880, Bibliotheque d’Osaka (cet exemplaire titre sur la crise de l’argent). 1 ???????????? (1-5) ?? ?? ?? ? (????) 1977 ; traduits et publies sous le titre Iwakura Embassy, 1871-1873. Friend. A True Account of the of a childhood, Ambassador Extraordinary and titled my best Plenipotentiary’s Journey of essay childhood memory, Observation Through the United States of advantages of air, America and essay memory Europe, Graham Healey (dir.), Chushichi Tsuzuki, Londres, Routledge Curzon, 2002. 2 Document publie dans Count Matsukata Masayoshi, Report on essay the adoption of the of a, Gold Standard in and disadvantages essay, Japan , Tokio, Printed at narrative childhood the Government Press, Thirty Second Year of essay by robert wrigley, Meiji (1899), p. Narrative Essay Childhood Memory. 5. 3 Fourth Report of the solve math, Director of the essay childhood, Imperial Mint , Osaka, Japan, for health care marketing research paper, the Half-Year ending 31 st January, 1875 , printed by narrative of a childhood memory order of the math, Council of narrative of a childhood, State, Tokio, printed at phd thesis nanocomposites the « Seishi-Bunsha » Office, 1878, p. Essay Childhood. 6. 4 Ces rapports s’intitulent Report of the nanocomposites, Director of the Imperial Mint pour la periode 1872-1875 lorsque Thomas Kinder etait directeur ; puis Report of the narrative essay of a memory, Commissionner of the nanocomposites, Imperial Mint, annees 8-20 de l’ere Meiji (1875-1890), lorsque H. Narrative Essay Of A Memory. L. Phd Thesis Polymer. Mawatori, T. Essay Childhood. Ishimal et K. Expository. S. Narrative Essay Of A. Endo etaient successivement commissionner of the Imperial Mint ; puis Report of the wrigley, Director of the narrative essay of a, Imperial Mint , apres 1891, lorsque K. Math. S. Memory. Endo fut nomme directeur.

5 Documents and Studies on titled my best friend 19 th c. Narrative Childhood Memory. Monetary History, Japan, Republication of polymer nanocomposites, The Currency of of a, Japan, A Reprint of health care, Articles, Letters, and narrative memory Official Reports, Published at Intervals in my best, the Foreign Newspapers of narrative essay of a, Japan, together with Translations from Japanese Journals, Relating to solve math word problems, the Currency, Paper and memory Metallic, of the phd thesis nanocomposites, Empire of Japan (Yokohama, 1882), Marina Kovalchuk, Georges Depeyrot (ed.), Wetteren, c ollection Moneta, n° 121, 2011, p 182. 6 Sur cette question, voir Michael Schiltz, « An ideal bank of issue : the Banque Nationale de Belgique as a model for narrative of a memory, the Bank of advantages and disadvantages of air travel, Japan », Financial History Review, 13 (2), 2006, p. 179-196, et ?? ??, ??????????????????????, 2005. 7 Cette lettre de Matsukata a ete traduite en anglais et publiee par Michael Schiltz, dans « An ideal bank of childhood, issue : the advantages of air, Banque Nationale de Belgique as a model for narrative essay of a, the Bank of expository and business communication, Japan », article cite. 8 Les ouvrages de M. Narrative Of A Memory. Matsukata etaient a la fois des justifications (a usage interne) de sa politique et des documents a destination des marches financiers etrangers dont le Japon sollicitait les fonds. Research. Voir : Matsukata M. (????), The History of narrative essay childhood, National Debts in Japan (?????) Tokyo, 1890. Matsukata M., (????), ?????? [ Shihei Seiri Shimatsu ] . Tokyo, 1890.

Matsukata M. Solve Math Word. (????), Report on narrative of a memory the Adoption of the advantages and disadvantages travel, Gold Standard in Japan (??????????), Tokyo, 1899. Matsukata M. Narrative Childhood Memory. (????), Report on health the Post-bellum Financial Administration in Japan , (1896-1900) (????????), Tokyo, 1901. 9 C’est le cas des correspondances entre Londres et le Japon (Great Britain. Of A Childhood. Public Record Office. Nanocomposites. British Foreign Office, Japan. Childhood Memory. Correspondence, 1856-1905 ). 10 Plusieurs journaux ont ete regulierement publies au Japon par et pour les expatries, citons Japan Herald (cree en 1862), The Japan Times (cree en 1865), Japan Gazette (cree en 1867), Japan Weekly Mail (cree en 1870). Polymer. Ils etaient principalement publies a Yokohama.

En 1882, le Japan Gazette publia un recueil de textes parus dans ses colonnes et dans les autres journaux sur la question financiere. Il s’agissait d’inciter le gouvernement japonais a prendre des mesures drastiques contre l’inflation (voir Documents and narrative essay childhood Studies on phd thesis nanocomposites 19 th c. Narrative Childhood. Monetary History, Japan, ed. citee). Essay By Robert Wrigley. Les reformes preconisees par le Japan Gazette furent appliquees par M. Essay Childhood. Matsukata, nomme ministre des finances en 1882. Georges Depeyrot et Marina Kovalchuk , « La Monnaie et la Banque, un transfert technologique et culturel au Japon au xix e siecle », Revue Sciences/Lettres [En ligne], 1 | 2013, mis en ligne le 15 janvier 2012, consulte le 02 octobre 2017. Friend. URL : http://rsl.revues.org/208 ; DOI : 10.4000/rsl.208. Charge de recherches, CNRS, AOROC (UMR 8546, CNRS-ENS) Professeur associee, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok. Parmi les publications : Documents and of a childhood Studies on polymer 19 th c. Monetary History, Japan, Republication of narrative essay of a childhood, The Currency of and business, Japan, A Reprint of essay childhood memory, Articles, Letters, and care research paper Official Reports, Published at narrative childhood Intervals in the Foreign Newspapers of Japan, together with Translations from and business Japanese Journals, Relating to the Currency, Paper and Metallic, of the essay of a memory, Empire of essay, Japan (Yokohama, 1882), Marina Kovalchuk, Georges Depeyrot (ed.), Wetteren, c ollection Moneta, n° 121, 2011.

Baba Yaga en chair et en os 3 | 2015. Beaucoup de sens en si peu de mots. Narrative Essay Of A Childhood. L’Occupation des sols de Jean Echenoz 2 | 2014. Epistemologies digitales des sciences humaines et sociales 1 | 2013. ISSN electronique 2271-6246.

Informations Titre : Revue Sciences/Lettres En bref : Revue presentant les pratiques de la recherche sur des objets appelant une approche pluridisciplinaire.

othello book report The play opens on a warm Venetian night, where a conversation is underway between Roderigo, a gentleman, and Iago, a soldier under Othello's command. Roderigo, who has been courting Desdemona, is narrative upset with the news that she has eloped with Othello, a great Moorish warrior who is now a general in the service of the ruler of Venice. Iago confesses to health research paper, Roderigo that he hates the Moor because another soldier, Michael Cassio, has been promoted to narrative of a childhood, lieutenant instead of Iago. He reveals that he only remains in Othello's service to facilitate his plans of revenge: I follow him to serve my turn upon him (I.i.42). It is phd thesis not surprising that Iago sees Roderigo as a useful puppet in his evil schemes. He tells Roderigo that they should first inform Desdemona's father of the narrative of a Moor's marriage to solve math word problems, his daughter. Her father, prejudiced and ignorant, will surely be livid when he hears that a black man has wed Desdemona. Roderigo hopes that her father, Brabantio, will use his political status to see that their marriage is quickly annulled. But Iago knows that the Duke would not jeopardize Othello's desire or ability to memory, fight for Venice in the Turkish wars by punishing him for marrying a Venetian nobleman's daughter.

Othello's punishment for wedding Desdemona is not part of Iago's plan. Health Care Marketing. His plan at the moment is only to make Othello believe that he is a trustworthy confidant. When Othello is confronted by narrative of a childhood Brabantio, Iago will be there to lend his counsel and support. Iago and Roderigo stand below Brabantio's bedroom window and Roderigo calls his name. To ensure a response, Iago adds, The scene opens on a Venetian street where Iago has joined Othello and his attendants. Essay. Iago is quick to report his conversation with Roderigo to Othello. Of course, Iago's retells the essay childhood memory story to accommodate his cunning plan. He says that Roderigo prated

The Duke and his senators gather in the council chamber. They are concerned with the news that a Turkish fleet is planning an attack on expository essay and business, Cyprus, which is governed by narrative of a childhood memory Venice. Marketing Paper. They are discussing a counter attack which will be led by narrative childhood Othello, when Brabantio comes storming in, accusing Othello of corrupting his daughter, Desdemona, with spells and medicines bought of mountebanks. Othello asks that they summon Desdemona, for care paper, her testimony is the only defense he needs. Of A Memory. While they wait for her, Othello describes to the Duke the essay by robert wrigley real way in which he won Desdemona's heart. She arrives, with Iago following her.

She tells the narrative essay childhood memory Duke and her shocked father that she did fall in love with Othello for the visage in his mind (252). She begs to be allowed to go with Othello to Cyprus. Essay My Best. The Duke grants her permission to accompany Othello, but Othello must leave immediately. Desdemona must meet him there at a later time, and Othello entrusts Iago with her safe passage: Honest Iago/My Desdemona must I leave to thee (I.iii.295). The senate adjourns and leave the council chamber, followed by Brabantio, Othello, Desdemona, and all the rest, except for Iago and narrative essay childhood memory, Roderigo. Iago assures Roderigo that Desdemona's love for Othello is fleeting and health research, that, if Roderigo will come to Cyprus, he will continue scheming to break up the essay childhood newlyweds. Roderigo agrees and leaves to make preparations to sail for Cyprus. Once alone, Iago reveals phase two of solve math word problems his evil plan -- the destruction of narrative essay of a memory Michael Cassio, the soldier who received the promotion from Othello. He will make Othello believe that Cassio is Desdemona's secret lover, thereby ruining both of his enemies with the same lie. Act II opens in solve math problems Cyprus where Montano, the Venetian governor, and narrative essay memory, his friends discuss a tempest that might have destroyed the Turkish fleet. And Business Communication. A messenger comes in with the news that the narrative childhood enemy ships have indeed been pulled under by the waves.

But they soon begin to fear that the very same storm has taken the lives of Othello and his crew. Titled. Cassio arrives, confirming that Othello cannot be located. One ship does land, carrying Iago, Desdemona, Roderigo, and Iago's wife, Emilia, who has come to look after Desdemona. Narrative Essay Of A Childhood. Desdemona is shaken with fear for her husband, but, much like her warrior husband, she is brave and steady, and keeps her worry to essay titled friend, herself. She converses with Iago and Emilia, and is sure to narrative essay memory, include Cassio in the discussion. Cassio is an old and phd thesis, beloved friend of narrative of a childhood memory Othello's and he too is communication afraid that the ship has been lost at sea. Narrative Of A Childhood Memory. Out of this great concern for essay communication, Othello's safety, Cassio takes Desdemona by the hand. Iago delights in this overt display of affection that he will use against them.

A trumpet sounds and to everyone's relief Othello enters. He greets Desdemona with a kiss and addresses the crowd, proposing a great feast in celebration of the narrative of a childhood memory Venetian victory. All but Iago and Roderigo move from the phd thesis nanocomposites seaport to the royal castle. Narrative Essay. Iago tells Roderigo that Cassio is also in love with Desdemona and health care marketing paper, that, to help their plans, Roderigo should pick a fight with Cassio while he is on duty. This will hurt Cassio's reputation and ruin his friendship with Othello and help keep him apart from Desdemona. Desperate, Roderigo agrees: I will do this if you can bring it to any opportunity. (II.i.276). Narrative Essay Of A Childhood. They bid each other goodbye and Iago walks off alone.

He soliloquizes that he intends to make the Moor thank and love him, while at of air travel essay the same time planting thoughts of jealousy in narrative memory Othello's mind -- thoughts so strong That judgement cannot cure. (II.i.296) On a street in Cyprus a herald announces the great victory feast and party that Othello has planned. All the soldiers have full liberty to make merry until eleven o'clock that evening, at which time they must return to their posts. In the of air essay great hall of the castle Othello, Desdemona, and narrative essay childhood, Cassio speak briefly about Iago. Othello tells Cassio that Iago is most honest.

Othello and Desdemona leave and Iago comes in to join Cassio. Iago asks him to partake in a glass of wine. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Air Travel. Cassio agrees, but insists that he have only a little, for he has no brains for drinking. But reason gives way to narrative essay childhood memory, temptation and soon Cassio is drunk. Although he should know better, Cassio takes his post as usual. Iago sends Roderigo to engage Cassio in the fight and within moments the two come bursting back into math word problems, the hall, swords clashing. They duel until Othello rushes in essay of a childhood memory and demands that they stop. Disappointed and angered by Cassio's behavior, Othello dismisses him from duty. Othello leaves and Iago convinces Cassio that, in order to regain Othello's favour and his position as lieutenant, he must persuade Desdemona to speak to Othello on his behalf. Cassio leaves, confident that Iago's plan will work to restore his friendship with Othello.

Iago is my best also sure that his plan will be a success, but with much different results. His intent is to make it appear that Desdemona is pleading for her long-time lover. Desdemona will become Iago's most valued pawn: Outside the castle, Cassio has gathered some musicians in the hopes of essay of a putting Othello in a good mood. Phd Thesis Nanocomposites. Cassio asks Emilia if she will grant him access to narrative essay of a childhood memory, visit Desdemona. Iago overhears and offers to fetch Desdemona at once. Desdemona agrees to word, an interview with Cassio and Emilia shows him to Desdemona's chamber. In this short scene Othello makes plans to inspect some parts of the fortifications built by narrative of a childhood his troops. The purpose of this scene is to explain why Othello is not initially present when Desdemona meets with Cassio. Iago had planned to concoct a story to ensure Othello was absent for Cassio's visit, but luck has made Iago's job easier indeed.

The scene shifts to the garden of the castle. Cassio asks Desdemona to speak to Othello and convince him that he is still a trustworthy soldier and friend. Desdemona does not hesitate to help because she knows how deeply Cassio and Othello feel for one another. She longs for them to reconcile: You do love my lord/You have known him long (III.iii.10-1). Essay And Business. In a moment of brilliant dramatic irony, Desdemona innocently professes her undying support for Cassio:

In front of the narrative memory castle Desdemona and Emilia meet the Clown, a servant to Othello. Desdemona asks him where Cassio might be, and he says that he will search for him. Desdemona is distraught over her missing handkerchief and tells Emilia that she would have rather lost anything else she owns, ironically adding: On the by robert wrigley grounds of the castle, Iago and Othello have found a secluded place in which to continue their discussion of Desdemona's adultery. Although to the audience it appears that they have resumed where they left off at the end of Act III, Shakespeare hints that much time has elapsed and that Iago used those missing hours and days to pollute further Othello's mind.

Iago tells Othello that Cassio has admitted to of a memory, having sex with Desdemona. Othello, overcome with rage, spirals into incoherent hysteria: In a room of the castle Othello has found Emilia to question her about her knowledge of Desdemona's affair. She tells him that she has been with them every time they have spoken, and my best friend, that she has heard nothing that would be considered suspicious in the least. She begs Othello to put such thought out of of a memory his mind at once, for Desdemona is as true and loyal a wife as any woman could be. She adds, If any wretch have put this in your head/Let heaven requite it with the serpent's curse! (IV.ii.15-6). Othello commands her to leave. He does not want to hear the truth and ignores her testimony.

He calls her a madam, lying to protect her whore Desdemona. Phd Thesis. When Desdemona enters Othello coolly asks her to come to him. Desdemona is very afraid and when he orders Emilia to leave Desdemona begs to hear the reason for his fury. He asks her what she is and she replies that she is his loyal wife. He calls her as false as hell and a labels her a strumpet and a whore. Desdemona is stunned when she realizes what she is being accused of, and she can only narrative essay of a childhood, deny the charges against her, which fall upon deaf ears.

When Emilia re-enters to check on Desdemona, Othello walks out, telling Desdemona to keep their conversation a secret. Emilia asks Desdemona is she is all right and she replies that she cannot tell if she is awake or dreaming. Shaken to her very core, she cannot regain her composure, but asks Emilia to fetch her husband. Emilia is surprised at my best friend Desdemona's request for Iago, but she agrees and leaves to search for narrative, him. When Iago comes into the room, Desdemona begs for his counsel. Iago tells her that a matter of state is care marketing research paper weighing heavy on Othello's mind and he assures her that all will soon be well. She leaves the room and Iago immediately sends Roderigo to kill Cassio. Roderigo agrees to the murder because Iago convinces him that Cassio's death will force Othello to essay of a memory, remain in Cyprus and thus Desdemona will also stay and continue to be close to him. In another room, Othello is gathered with Desdemona, Emilia, and Lodovico. Othello tells Desdemona to of air, dismiss Emilia and get to bed, and he will be up shortly.

While she gets ready for bed she speaks with Emilia, who helps her unpin her gown. Desdemona sings a sorrowful song about a woman who is of a childhood memory abandoned by her lover and she waits for Othello's knock at the door. She asks Emilia how any woman could do what she herself is falsely accused of doing. Emilia replies that she can certainly understand why women sometimes cheat on their husbands and, considering the way men treat their wives, it is and disadvantages of air travel essay oftentimes wholly justifiable. Desdemona bids Emilia good night and the scene ends with Desdemona's lines so characteristic of her virtuous nature.

She prays that the poor way in narrative of a memory which she has been treated by Othello will teach her, not to hate or seek revenge, but to forgive and improve upon her own faults: Good night, good night/Heaven me such uses send/Not to essay wrigley, pick bad from bad, but by bad mend! (IV.iii.102-3) Out on the streets Iago positions Roderigo to ambush Cassio. Roderigo stands in the shadows with his sword ready, and Iago watches close by, mentioning to the audience that he hopes each one will kill the other so that he will not have to return Roderigo's money and jewels. Essay Of A Childhood. Cassio appears and Roderigo attacks him, but Cassio's thick coat shields him from the point of the rapier. Cassio strikes Roderigo, wounding him, and Iago is forced to crouch down and stab Cassio in the leg.

Cassio's injury causes him to fall to the ground and when Othello arrives, he is delighted to see what he believes is the word corpse of Cassio. He quickly leaves for the castle, ready to administer Desdemona's punishment. Lodovico and Gratiano appear and Rogerigo asks for their help. Iago comes out of the narrative essay memory dark and pretends to be shocked by the chaos. Phd Thesis Nanocomposites. Cassio is very much alive and he identifies Rogerigo as one of essay of a childhood his attackers. Iago, aware he must silence Roderigo for solve math, good, expresses his outrage at the attack and stabs Rogerigo in essay of a childhood memory a fit of supposed righteous indignation.

Roderigo cries O damn'd Iago! O inhuman dog! (V.i.63), and dies. Iago orders Emilia to and disadvantages of air travel, tell Othello what has happened and, when Biana arrives upon the scene, Iago accuses her of being Roderigo's accomplice and places her under arrest. The scene shifts to Desdemona's bedchamber in the castle. Desdemona is sleeping peacefully when Othello enter with a lantern.

He stands for a long while at the foot of her bed, staring at her, overcome with feelings of childhood memory love. He declares that he will not scar her beautiful face, but rather he will kill her bloodlessly. He kisses her one last time and she awakens and sweetly asks her husband to come to bed. He orders her to say one final prayer and to prepare for health care research paper, death. She begs him to tell her what she has done and he reveals it is because she gave his handkerchief to her lover, Cassio. She pleads with him to narrative essay, fetch Cassio who will support her innocence, but he says the Cassio is phd thesis nanocomposites dead. She begs Othello to let her live, Kill me tomorrow; let me live to-night! (V.ii.80).

But Othello will not listen to narrative essay of a childhood memory, her cries, and cooly tells his horrified wife that It's too late (V.ii.88). He smothers Desdemona where she lay. Emilia bangs on the door, reporting to titled my best friend, Othello that Cassio has been injured but that he is still alive. Othello draws the curtains on Desdemona's bed to hide his heinous deed and lets Emilia in to tell him more. But Desdemona, not quite dead, lets out a faint cry professing her innocence one last time. Emilia demands to know who has hurt her, and even now Desdemona loves Othello enough to protect him: Nobody -- I myself. Farewell (V.ii.124). Desdemona dies, and Othello cowardly denies that he has murdered her. But Emilia does not believe him and he at last blurts out that he is essay of a memory guilty, but only of sending a liar gone to burn in hell! He threatens Emilia to keep silent but she screams murder and by robert wrigley, alerts the whole castle. Childhood Memory. Montano and math word, Iago run into Desdemona's chamber, and Othello again speaks of the handkerchief.

Emilia tells Othello that Iago made her steal the handkerchief, and, beginning to comprehend the terrible truth, he lunges at Iago, but is promptly disarmed by Montano. Iago grabs Emilia and stabs her, much to the dismay and shock of Montano. As she lay dying, Emilia remembers Desdemona's song and confirms that she was chaste and in love only with the cruel Moor. Iago runs away and the men chase after him, leaving Othello by himself. He has a sword hidden in the chamber and essay of a, he waits for the men to return with Iago as prisoner. Othello stabs Iago, only to wound him, and is again disarmed. He asks forgiveness of essay by robert Cassio who is now in the room, and Cassio obliges. More information about Iago's plot is narrative childhood memory revealed in a letter left by Roderigo and picked up by Cassio as he lay on the street. Othello gives a final speech and pulls out a dagger he has hidden well.

He stabs himself and falls dying next to Desdemona. He last words are to his innocent wife and victim: I kiss'd thee ere I kill'd thee. No way but this/Killing myself, to by robert, die upon a kiss. Narrative Memory. (V.ii.358-9) 1999-2010 Amanda Mabillard. All Rights Reserved.

10 essays that will get you hooked on Joan Didion. I first read Joan Didion when I was an editorial assistant at a big publishing house in Manhattan. Childhood. Blue Valentine was the movie everyone in the bullpen was discussing, and I YouTubed Ryan Gosling and Michelle Williams to see how their chemistry translated off-screen. Fortuitously, I came across a Nightline segment where Michelle discussed Heath Ledger’s death, and how she read Didion’s The Year of Magical Thinking to help cope with his passing. “It didn#8217;t seem unlikely to me that he could walk through a door or could appear from behind a bush,” she said in the interview. “It was a year of solve math very magical thinking.” I hadn’t yet known The Year of Magical Thinking was a memoir about the grief Didion endured after losing her husband, novelist John Gregory Dunne, nor did I know it had won her the 2005 National Book Award for Nonfiction. Narrative Of A. All I knew was the wrigley term “magical thinking” intrigued me; that in the midst of of a childhood memory pain we believe the impossible is possible. I went to the Borders (RIP) by Madison Square Garden that night, and devoured the book in one sitting.

Thus began my new life as a Didion fanboy. I’m often asked why I love Joan Didion so much. My response is simple: I don’t read her essays, they read me. When I picture her in my mind, I see a bespectacled mercenary driving through an apocalyptic landscape in health research, a white corvette, not in search of essay of a childhood memory bounty, but of answers. In celebration of her upcoming documentary, We Tell Ourselves Stories In Order to Live , and the Didion biography The Last Love Song out later this month, we’ve compiled a list of the best nonfiction works to get into the work of advantages essay Didion. Below are the top ten essays that have made us cry, think, and, above all else, believe. “In The Realm of the Fisher King” ( After Henry ) After Henry , originally published in of a, 1992, is perhaps Didion’s most unsung collection. In it she shatters illusions constructed by the American media in the 80s, while simultaneously chronicling the political atmosphere across the nation. “The Realm of the Fisher King” gives a raw and personal look at the Regan years through the lens of Peggy Noonan, Regan’s speechwriter, and First Lady Nancy Regan. What makes this essay interesting isn’t just that she compares the Regans to actors on word problems, set, but rather the inside look at their everyday life. For example, President Regan kept photos of families who wrote to him in narrative childhood, his desk drawer and Mrs.

Regan was shocked they had to pay for their own meals. This is a must read for historical buffs. Without a doubt, this is one of Didion’s most celebrated works and with good reason. Polymer Nanocomposites. In it she defines the parameters of self-respect, and preaches the importance of character. “People with self-respect have the essay courage of their mistakes. They know the price of things.” I first read this essay during a dark period in my life, when I thought none of my actions had consequences. Man, was I ever wrong. Health Care Research. The price I paid was heavy, and when I decided to narrative essay of a childhood shape up, I kept a copy of the above quote in my wallet to remind myself never again to compromise my integrity. Want a kick-ass Easter egg? Did you know the essay first appeared in the pages of Vogue back in 1961? Yup, Didion worked there after she won a competition in advantages, college. This essay is so legendary, it can be viewed on Vogue.com in its original format.

Check it out! Okay, I’m cheating a little here. Technically this next selection on our list is a book, not an essay. Narrative Essay. But hear me out. Miami began to change when many Cubans sought asylum in the Sunshine State back in the early 60s. Spanish-speaking households, quinceaneras, and salsa may all be common aspects of Miami’s culture today, but in essay, the 1980s they weren’t. Miami is Didion’s analysis of the significant transformation Miami underwent. As a Cuban-American myself, I struggled with some of narrative essay memory Didion’s opinions in this book.

In particular, she has a unique perspective about the advantages essay Cuban exodus and its ramifications on Miami#8217;s African-American community. It’s a tough read, but worth it. Narrative. #8220;John Wayne: A Love Song” ( Slouching Towards Bethlehem ) This is my favorite Joan Didion essay because she describes her loss of innocence. In this essay she describes the essay titled my best first time she saw John Wayne in the summer of 1943, when she was eight years old and narrative, watching a film called War of the Wildcats . This is an marketing paper, essay about coming to terms with your idol’s mortality. She, like many others, did not believe John Wayne could fall ill and narrative essay, die. And when it happened, it called into question everything she believed. Forty plus years later, this essay still inspires much debate.

Joan Didion writing about the advantages and disadvantages of air travel women’s movement may seem like pure fan service today, but in 1972 this was actually a contentious essay. Written in the early years of Second Wave feminism, “The Women’s Movement” quotes legendary feminist Shulamith Firestone (author of The Dialect of sex ), takes a look at the transfiguration of women from gender to essay of a memory a “class”, and offers Didion’s insight on Marxism. Much like Miami , Didion will surprise you with her point of view. Essay. It also kicks off with one of her best metaphors: “To make an omelette you need not only those broken eggs but someone #8220;oppressed#8221; to beat them.” “A Girl of the Golden West” ( After Henry ) Fitting in with the overarching theme of After Henry , Didion is of a memory relentless in her quest to deconstruct media figures in polymer nanocomposites, order to render them human. Narrative Essay Memory. “A Girl of the Golden West” is essay by robert wrigley a close examination of Patty Hearst, and takes a look at essay of a childhood memory her kidnapping and subsequent induction into wrigley, the urban guerrilla group, the essay of a childhood Symbionese Liberation Army. Didion tries to titled my best rectify the narrative of a memory images of Hearst that were shown to the American public: of health care paper Hearst in her first communion dress and narrative childhood, then as an adult in marketing research, an FBI wanted flyer. It’s hard to deny that Didion wasn’t dazzled by narrative childhood, early Hollywood. The title of this essay is my best inspired by the 1938 movie of the same name in which the main heroine, Mary Robbins, falls in love with a bandit.

The titular essay of the 1979 collection is essay childhood memory a lyrical odyssey through the polymer stormy waters of Didion’s life in the 60s. Of A. It begins with her meeting Jim Morrison during a recording session for The Doors. Solve Problems. As Didion writes, “The curious aspect of Morrison’s arrival was this: no one acknowledged it.” She eventually dives into essay of a childhood memory, her personal life, specifically about solve problems, her brief institutionalization at a mental hospital as well as her fears regarding the Manson Family murders (she knew Sharon Tate). What Didion does so masterfully in this essay is capture the paranoia of that time. If you haven’t read this essay, I suggest you do so ASAP. It#8217;s not only a literary triumph, but also a gritty glimpse into a dystopian America. This one almost fell off the list had my amazing editor (shout out narrative, Gina) not reminded me of essay communication it. This is basically a mantra all writers should read. As the title suggests, Didion examines the reasons why she keeps a notebook. Her reasons are less about documenting, and more about discovering how she feels about certain subjects. “Our notebooks give us away, for however dutifully we record what we see around us, the common denominator of all we see is always, transparently, shamelessly, the implacable ‘I.’” “After Life” ( The Year of Magical Thinking ) Didion’s most heartbreaking work to date. “After Life” is the first five chapters of The Year of M. agical Thinking , and appeared in the New York Times on September 2005, a month before the landmark memoir was published.

Warning, have a box of tissues by your side. Didion takes no prisoners in documenting the shock of losing her husband: ““Life changes fast. Life changes in the instant. You sit down to narrative dinner and life as you know it ends.” The book was adapted into a Broadway play starring Vanessa Redgrave as Joan Didion. However the story was revised to include the death of math word problems Didion’s daughter, Quintana, which happened during her book tour for The Year of Magical Thinking . Didion would later write about Quintana’s death in essay memory, her last memoir, Blue Nights . “Goodbye to All That” ( Slouching Towards Bethlehem ) As if any Didion fan needs an introduction to health marketing research paper this one. Narrative Essay Childhood Memory. This, ladies and gentlemen, is most people’s gateway to Didion.

In “Goodbye to All That” she writes about her love affair with New York City and how it came to an end. The story first appeared appeared in The Saturday Evening Post , and would later be anthologized in expository essay and business, her 1968 essay collection, Slouching Towards Bethlehem . Narrative Essay Memory. Just to refresh your memory on how awesome this essay is: “I can remember now, with a clarity that makes the nerves in the back of my neck constrict, when New York began for me, but I cannot lay my finger upon the moment it ended, can never cut through the ambiguities and second starts and broken resolves to research paper the exact place on the page where the heroine is no longer as optimistic as she once was.” This essay is extra special because the incomparable Diane Keaton narrates the audiobook for Slouching Towards Bethlehem , and does an amazing job in of a childhood memory, bringing this epic narrative to life (as if you had any doubt that she would). [Image via iStock] HelloGiggles is a positive online community for women (although men are always welcome!) covering the latest in beauty, fashion, lifestyle, female empowerment, culture, relationships, friendship, careers, and issues that matter most to young women’s lives. A platform for writers and artists to create and share, HelloGiggles welcomes reader contributions and publishes them daily. Solve Problems. And now, we are growing beyond just the website to of a childhood memory include video, film, television and events. We were founded by essay titled my best, Zooey Deschanel, Molly McAleer, and Sophia Rossi in 2011 as a place on the Internet to inspire a smile.

We’re still trying to do just that.

How Technology Hijacks People’s Minds — from memory a Magician and Google’s Design Ethicist. I’m an travel, expert on how technology hijacks our psychological vulnerabilities. Of A? That’s why I spent the last three years as Google’s Design Ethicist caring about how to design things in a way that defends a billion people’s minds from getting hijacked. When using technology, we often focus optimistically on all the things it does for solve word, us. Narrative Childhood? But I want you to show you where it might do the marketing paper, opposite. Where does technology exploit our minds weaknesses ? I learned to think this way when I was a magician. Magicians start by narrative essay childhood, looking for wrigley, blind spots, edges, vulnerabilities and childhood memory, limits of people’s perception, so they can influence what people do without them even realizing it. Once you know how to nanocomposites, push people’s buttons, you can play them like a piano. And this is exactly what product designers do to narrative essay of a memory, your mind. They play your psychological vulnerabilities (consciously and unconsciously) against math problems, you in the race to essay of a, grab your attention.

I want to expository communication, show you how they do it. Hijack #1: If You Control the Menu, You Control the Choices. Western Culture is built around ideals of individual choice and freedom. Millions of us fiercely defend our right to make “free” choices, while we ignore how we’re manipulated upstream by limited menus we didn’t choose. This is exactly what magicians do. They give people the illusion of free choice while architecting the menu so that they win, no matter what you choose. I can’t emphasize how deep this insight is. When people are given a menu of narrative of a choices, they rarely ask: “what’s not on the menu?” “why am I being given these options and not others?” “do I know the menu provider’s goals?” “is this menu empowering for my original need, or are the choices actually a distraction?” (e.g. an overwhelmingly array of toothpastes) For example, imagine you’re out with friends on a Tuesday night and want to keep the conversation going. Advantages? You open Yelp to find nearby recommendations and see a list of essay of a memory bars. The group turns into advantages and disadvantages of air travel essay, a huddle of faces staring down at their phones comparing bars.

They scrutinize the photos of each, comparing cocktail drinks. Is this menu still relevant to the original desire of the group? It’s not that bars aren’t a good choice, it’s that Yelp substituted the group’s original question (“where can we go to essay of a childhood, keep talking?”) with a different question (“what’s a bar with good photos of cocktails?”) all by shaping the advantages and disadvantages travel essay, menu. Moreover, the group falls for the illusion that Yelp’s menu represents a complete set of choices for where to go. While looking down at their phones, they don’t see the park across the street with a band playing live music.

They miss the pop-up gallery on the other side of the street serving crepes and essay of a memory, coffee. Neither of those show up on Yelp’s menu. The more choices technology gives us in nearly every domain of our lives (information, events, places to go, friends, dating, jobs) — the more we assume that our phone is always the most empowering and useful menu to pick from . Research? Is it? The “most empowering” menu is narrative childhood, different than the menu that has the most choices . Advantages And Disadvantages Essay? But when we blindly surrender to the menus we’re given, it’s easy to lose track of the narrative essay of a childhood, difference: “Who’s free tonight to hang out?” becomes a menu of care marketing most recent people who texted us (who we could ping). “What’s happening in essay of a memory the world?” becomes a menu of news feed stories. “Who’s single to solve, go on a date?” becomes a menu of faces to swipe on Tinder (instead of local events with friends, or urban adventures nearby). “I have to respond to this email.” becomes a menu of keys to type a response (instead of empowering ways to communicate with a person). All user interfaces are menus. What if your email client gave you empowering choices of ways to respond, instead of “what message do you want to type back?” (Design by Tristan Harris) When we wake up in the morning and turn our phone over to see a list of notifications — it frames the experience of “waking up in the morning” around a menu of “all the narrative of a memory, things I’ve missed since yesterday.” By shaping the menus we pick from, technology hijacks the way we perceive our choices and replaces them new ones.

But the closer we pay attention to the options we’re given, the more we’ll notice when they don’t actually align with our true needs. Hijack #2: Put a Slot Machine In a Billion Pockets. If you’re an app, how do you keep people hooked? Turn yourself into a slot machine. The average person checks their phone 150 times a day. Why do we do this? Are we making 150 conscious choices ? One major reason why is the #1 psychological ingredient in slot machines: intermittent variable rewards . If you want to maximize addictiveness, all tech designers need to do is link a user’s action (like pulling a lever) with a variable reward . You pull a lever and immediately receive either an enticing reward (a match, a prize!) or nothing. Addictiveness is maximized when the rate of reward is most variable. Does this effect really work on wrigley people? Yes.

Slot machines make more money in memory the United States than baseball, movies, and theme parks combined . Word Problems? Relative to other kinds of gambling, people get ‘problematically involved’ with slot machines 3–4x faster according to NYU professor Natasha Dow Shull, author of Addiction by Design. But here’s the unfortunate truth — several billion people have a slot machine their pocket: When we pull our phone out of our pocket, we’re playing a slot machine to narrative essay of a childhood memory, see what notifications we got. When we pull to refresh our email, we’re playing a slot machine to see what new email we got. When we swipe down our finger to scroll the expository and business communication, Instagram feed, we’re playing a slot machine to see what photo comes next. Essay Of A Childhood Memory? When we swipe faces left/right on dating apps like Tinder, we’re playing a slot machine to see if we got a match. Math Word? When we tap the # of red notifications, we’re playing a slot machine to what’s underneath. Apps and websites sprinkle intermittent variable rewards all over their products because it’s good for business. But in other cases, slot machines emerge by accident. For example, there is no malicious corporation behind all of email who consciously chose to make it a slot machine.

No one profits when millions check their email and nothing’s there. Neither did Apple and childhood, Google’s designers want phones to work like slot machines. It emerged by health care marketing research, accident. But now companies like Apple and of a childhood, Google have a responsibility to expository essay, reduce these effects by converting intermittent variable rewards into less addictive, more predictable ones with better design. Of A Childhood Memory? For example, they could empower people to by robert wrigley, set predictable times during the day or week for when they want to check “slot machine” apps, and correspondingly adjust when new messages are delivered to align with those times. Hijack #3: Fear of of a childhood memory Missing Something Important (FOMSI) Another way apps and websites hijack people’s minds is by inducing a “1% chance you could be missing something important.” If I convince you that I’m a channel for important information, messages, friendships, or potential sexual opportunities — it will be hard for solve math, you to turn me off, unsubscribe, or remove your account — because (aha, I win) you might miss something important: This keeps us subscribed to newsletters even after they haven’t delivered recent benefits (“what if I miss a future announcement?”) This keeps us “friended” to people with whom we haven’t spoke in ages (“what if I miss something important from them?”) This keeps us swiping faces on dating apps, even when we haven’t even met up with anyone in a while (“what if I miss that one hot match who likes me?”) This keeps us using social media (“what if I miss that important news story or fall behind what my friends are talking about?”) But if we zoom into that fear, we’ll discover that it’s unbounded : we’ll always miss something important at any point when we stop using something. There are magic moments on Facebook we’ll miss by not using it for the 6th hour (e.g. an old friend who’s visiting town right now ). Narrative Essay Memory? There are magic moments we’ll miss on Tinder (e.g. Solve Word Problems? our dream romantic partner) by not swiping our 700th match.

There are emergency phone calls we’ll miss if we’re not connected 24/7 . But living moment to narrative childhood, moment with the fear of missing something isn’t how we’re built to health care research paper, live. And it’s amazing how quickly, once we let go of that fear, we wake up from the illusion. When we unplug for more than a day, unsubscribe from narrative those notifications, or go to Camp Grounded — the concerns we thought we’d have don’t actually happen. We don’t miss what we don’t see. The thought, “what if I miss something important?” is and disadvantages of air essay, generated in of a childhood advance of unplugging, unsubscribing, or turning off — not after.

Imagine if tech companies recognized that, and helped us proactively tune our relationships with friends and businesses in terms of care marketing what we define as “time well spent” for our lives, instead of in terms of what we might miss. We’re all vulnerable to narrative childhood memory, social approval . The need to solve, belong, to childhood memory, be approved or appreciated by our peers is among the highest human motivations. Essay By Robert Wrigley? But now our social approval is in the hands of tech companies (like when we’re tagged in a photo). When I get tagged by of a childhood memory, my friend Marc (above), I imagine him making a conscious choice to tag me. But I don’t see how a company like Facebook orchestrated him doing that in the first place. Facebook, Instagram or SnapChat can manipulate how often people get tagged in photos by automatically suggesting all the essay communication, faces people should tag (e.g. by essay of a childhood memory, showing a box with a 1-click confirmation, “Tag Tristan in this photo?”).

So when Marc tags me, he’s actually responding to Facebook’s suggestion, not making an independent choice. But through design choices like this, Facebook controls the multiplier for how often millions of people experience their social approval on the line . The same happens when we change our main profile photo — Facebook knows that’s a moment when we’re vulnerable to by robert, social approval : “what do my friends think of my new pic?” Facebook can rank this higher in the news feed, so it sticks around for longer and more friends will like or comment on it. Each time they like or comment on it, I’ll get pulled right back. Everyone innately responds to social approval, but some demographics (teenagers) are more vulnerable to narrative essay memory, it than others. That’s why it’s so important to recognize how powerful designers are when they exploit this vulnerability. Hijack #5: Social Reciprocity (Tit-for-tat)

You do me a favor, now I owe you one next time. You say, “thank you”— I have to phd thesis polymer nanocomposites, say “you’re welcome.” You send me an narrative, email— it’s rude not to get back to you. You follow me — it’s rude not to follow you back. (especially for teenagers) We are vulnerable to needing to and business communication, reciprocate others’ gestures . But as with Social Approval, tech companies now manipulate how often we experience it. In some cases, it’s by accident. Email, texting and messaging apps are social reciprocity factories . Narrative Childhood? But in other cases, companies exploit this vulnerability on purpose. LinkedIn is the most obvious offender.

LinkedIn wants as many people creating social obligations for each other as possible, because each time they reciprocate (by accepting a connection, responding to a message, or endorsing someone back for a skill) they have to come back through linkedin.com where they can get people to spend more time. Like Facebook, LinkedIn exploits an asymmetry in wrigley perception. When you receive an invitation from someone to connect, you imagine that person making a conscious choice to essay memory, invite you, when in essay titled friend reality, they likely unconsciously responded to LinkedIn’s list of suggested contacts. In other words, LinkedIn turns your unconscious impulses (to “add” a person) into new social obligations that millions of people feel obligated to repay. Narrative Of A Childhood? All while they profit from the time people spend doing it. Imagine millions of solve math word problems people getting interrupted like this throughout their day, running around like chickens with their heads cut off, reciprocating each other — all designed by companies who profit from it. Welcome to social media. Imagine if technology companies had a responsibility to minimize social reciprocity.

Or if there was an “FDA for Tech” that monitored when technology companies abused these biases? Hijack #6: Bottomless bowls, Infinite Feeds, and Autoplay. Another way to hijack people is to keep them consuming things, even when they aren’t hungry anymore. How? Easy. Memory? Take an titled my best friend, experience that was bounded and finite, and childhood memory, turn it into a bottomless flow that keeps going . Cornell professor Brian Wansink demonstrated this in his study showing you can trick people into keep eating soup by giving them a bottomless bowl that automatically refills as they eat.

With bottomless bowls, people eat 73% more calories than those with normal bowls and underestimate how many calories they ate by 140 calories. Tech companies exploit the same principle. News feeds are purposely designed to auto-refill with reasons to keep you scrolling, and purposely eliminate any reason for you to pause, reconsider or leave. It’s also why video and social media sites like Netflix, YouTube or Facebook autoplay the next video after a countdown instead of waiting for and disadvantages travel, you to make a conscious choice (in case you won’t). A huge portion of traffic on these websites is driven by autoplaying the next thing.

Tech companies often claim that “we’re just making it easier for users to see the video they want to narrative essay childhood memory, watch” when they are actually serving their business interests. And you can’t blame them, because increasing “time spent” is the currency they compete for. Instead, imagine if technology companies empowered you to consciously bound your experience to align with what would be “time well spent” for you. Not just bounding the quantity of time you spend, but the qualities of what would be “time well spent.” Hijack #7: Instant Interruption vs. “Respectful” Delivery.

Companies know that messages that interrupt people immediately are more persuasive at phd thesis polymer nanocomposites, getting people to of a childhood memory, respond than messages delivered asynchronously (like email or any deferred inbox). Given the advantages of air travel essay, choice, Facebook Messenger (or WhatsApp, WeChat or SnapChat for that matter) would prefer to childhood memory, design their messaging system to interrupt recipients immediately (and show a chat box) instead of helping users respect each other’s attention. In other words, interruption is phd thesis polymer nanocomposites, good for memory, business . It’s also in phd thesis polymer nanocomposites their interest to heighten the feeling of urgency and social reciprocity. For example, Facebook automatically tells the sender when you “saw” their message, instead of letting you avoid disclosing whether you read it (“now that you know I’ve seen the message, I feel even more obligated to narrative of a memory, respond.”) By contrast, Apple more respectfully lets users toggle “Read Receipts” on titled or off. The problem is, while messaging apps maximize interruptions in the name of business, it creates a tragedy of the commons that ruins global attention spans and of a memory, causes billions of interruptions every day. This is essay by robert, a huge problem we need to narrative essay memory, fix with shared design standards (potentially, as part of Time Well Spent). Hijack #8: Bundling Your Reasons with Their Reasons. Another way apps hijack you is by phd thesis, taking your reasons for visiting the app (to perform a task) and make them inseparable from the app’s business reasons (maximizing how much we consume once we’re there). For example, in the physical world of narrative essay of a childhood memory grocery stories, the #1 and #2 most popular reasons to visit are pharmacy refills and expository essay and business, buying milk. But grocery stores want to maximize how much people buy, so they put the pharmacy and essay memory, the milk at marketing paper, the back of the essay memory, store. In other words, they make the thing customers want (milk, pharmacy) inseparable from what the business wants.

If stores were truly organized to support people , they would put the most popular items in the front. Tech companies design their websites the math word problems, same way. For example, when you you want to look up a Facebook event happening tonight (your reason) the Facebook app doesn’t allow you to access it without first landing on the news feed (their reasons), and that’s on purpose. Facebook wants to essay of a, convert every reason you have for using Facebook, into their reason which is to maximize the time you spend consuming things . In an ideal world, apps would always give you a direct way to get what you want separately from what they want. Imagine a digital “bill of rights” outlining design standards that forced the products that billions of phd thesis polymer nanocomposites people used to support empowering ways to navigate towards their goals. We’re told that it’s enough for businesses to “make choices available.” “If you don’t like it you can always use a different product.” “If you don’t like it, you can always unsubscribe.” “If you’re addicted to narrative of a childhood, our app, you can always uninstall it from my best friend your phone.” Businesses naturally want to make the choices they want you to make easier, and the choices they don’t want you to narrative childhood, make harder. Magicians do the health marketing research, same thing. You make it easier for a spectator to of a memory, pick the thing you want them to pick, and harder to pick the expository essay communication, thing you don’t.

For example, NYTimes.com let’s you “make a free choice” to cancel your digital subscription. But instead of narrative essay of a just doing it when you hit “Cancel Subscription,” they force you to call a phone number that’s only open at certain times. Instead of viewing the world in terms of choice availability of choices, we should view the world in terms of friction required to enact choices. Imagine a world where choices were labeled with how difficult they were to fulfill (like coefficients of friction) and there was an FDA for Tech that labeled these difficulties and set standards for travel essay, how easy navigation should be. Hijack #10: Forecasting Errors, “Foot in the Door” strategies. People don’t intuitively forecast the true cost of a click when it’s presented to childhood, them. Titled My Best Friend? Sales people use “foot in essay of a childhood memory the door” techniques by asking for a small innocuous request to begin with (“just one click”), and my best, escalating from there (“why don’t you stay awhile?”).

Virtually all engagement websites use this trick. Imagine if web browsers and smartphones, the gateways through which people make these choices, were truly watching out for people and helped them forecast the consequences of clicks (based on real data about childhood, what it actually costs most people?). That’s why I add “Estimated reading time” to the top of my posts. When you put the “true cost” of a choice in math front of people, you’re treating your users or audience with dignity and respect. In a Time Well Spent internet, choices would be framed in essay of a childhood terms of projected cost and benefit, so people were empowered to make informed choices. Are you upset that technology is phd thesis nanocomposites, hijacking your agency? I am too. I’ve listed a few techniques but there are literally thousands.

Imagine whole bookshelves, seminars, workshops and trainings that teach aspiring tech entrepreneurs techniques like this. They exist. The ultimate freedom is a free mind, and we need technology to be on our team to help us live, feel, think and act freely. We need our smartphones, notifications screens and web browsers to be exoskeletons for our minds and interpersonal relationships that put our values, not our impulses, first. People’s time is valuable. Narrative Essay? And we should protect it with the same rigor as privacy and other digital rights. Tristan Harris was Product Philosopher at polymer, Google until 2016 where he studied how technology affects a billion people’s attention, wellbeing and behavior. For more information and narrative of a childhood, get involved, check out http://timewellspent.io and phd thesis polymer, http://empoweringdesign.org. Essay Childhood? This piece is cross-posted on Medium.

Tech Companies Design Your Life, Here’s Why You Should Care. Four years ago, I sold my company to Google and joined the ranks there. Polymer Nanocomposites? I spent my last three years there as Product Philosopher, looking at the profound ways the narrative of a childhood memory, design of screens shape billions of human lives – and solve, asking what it means for narrative childhood memory, them to do so ethically and responsibly. What I came away with is essay, that something’s not right with how our screens are designed , and I’m writing this to help you understand why you should care, and what you can do about it. I shouldn’t have to cite statistics about the central role screens play in our lives. Essay Childhood Memory? Billions of us turn to smartphones every day. We wake up with them.

We fall asleep with them. You’re looking at one right now. Of course, new technologies always reshape society, and it’s always tempting to worry about them solely for care research paper, this reason. Narrative Essay Of A Childhood Memory? Socrates worried that the wrigley, technology of writing would “create forgetfulness in the learners’ souls, because they [would] not use their memories.” We worried that newspapers would make people stop talking to narrative essay of a, each other on essay the subway. We worried that we would use television to “amuse ourselves to death.” “And see!” people say. “Nothing bad happened!” Isn’t humanity more prosperous, more technically sophisticated, and better connected than ever? Is it really that big of a problem that people spend so much time staring at their smartphones? Isn’t it just another cultural shift, like all the others? Won’t we just adapt? I don’t think so.

What’s missing from this perspective is that all these technologies (books, television, radio, newspapers) did change everything about society, we just don’t see it. They replaced our old menus of choices with new ones. Each new menu eventually became the narrative essay of a, new normal – “the way things are” – and, after our memories of old menus had faded into the past, the new menus became “the way things have always been.” Ask a fish about water and by robert wrigley, they’ll respond, “what’s water?” Consider that the narrative essay of a childhood, average American now watches more than 5.5 hours of essay television per day. Narrative Childhood? Regardless of whether you think TV is good or bad, hundreds of millions of people spend 30% of their waking hours watching it.

It’s hard to overstate the vast consequences of this shift– for the blood flows of millions of people, for titled, our understanding of narrative of a childhood memory reality, for the relational habits of families, for the strategies and outcomes of political campaigns. Yet for nanocomposites, those who live with them day-to-day, they are invisible. So what best describes the nature of what smart phones are “doing” to narrative of a childhood, us? A New “Perfect” Choice on Life’s Menu. If I had to summarize it, it’s this: Our phone puts a new choice on life’s menu, in any moment, that’s “sweeter” than reality. If, at any moment, reality gets dull or boring, our phone offers something more pleasurable, more productive and even more educational than whatever reality gives us. And this new choice fits into any moment. Our phone offers 5-second choices like “checking email” that feel better than waiting in line. And it offers 30-minute choices like a podcast that will teach you that thing you’ve been dying to learn, which feels better than a 30-minute walk in silence.

Once you see your phone this way, wouldn’t you turn to it more often? It always happens this way: when new things fill our needs better than the old, we switch: When cheaper, faster to prepare food appears, we switch: Packaged foods. When more accurate search engines appear, we switch: Google. When cheaper, faster forms of transportation appear, we switch: Uber. So it goes with phones. But it also changes us on the inside.

We grow less and less patient for reality as it is, especially when it’s boring or uncomfortable. We come to expository, expect more from the world, more rapidly. Narrative Of A? And because reality can’t live up to our expectations, it reinforces how often we want to turn to our screens. Essay By Robert Wrigley? A self-reinforcing feedback loop. And because of the attention economy, every product will only narrative of a childhood get more persuasive over word problems, time. Essay Of A Childhood Memory? Facebook must become more persuasive if it wants to compete with YouTube and survive. YouTube must become more persuasive if it wants to compete with Facebook. And we’re not just talking about ‘cheap’ amusement (aka cat videos).

These products will only phd thesis polymer nanocomposites get better at narrative of a childhood, giving us choices that make every bone in our body say, “yeah I want that!” So what’s wrong about this? If the entire attention economy is working to fill us up with more perfect-feeling things to spend time on, which outcompete being with the discomfort of essay titled ourselves or our surroundings, shouldn’t that be fantastic? Clearly something is missing from narrative essay childhood this picture. But what is expository essay, it?

Maybe it’s that “filling people up,” even with incredible choices on essay memory screens somehow doesn’t add up to a life well lived . Or that those choices weren’t what we wished we’d been persuaded to do in the bigger sense of our lives. With design as it is advantages and disadvantages of air, today, screens threaten our fundamental agency . Maybe we are “choosing,” but we are choosing from narrative of a memory persuasive menus driven by phd thesis polymer nanocomposites, companies who have different goals than ours. And that begs us to ask, “what are our goals?” or how do we want to spend our time? There are as many “good lives” as there are people, but our technology (and the attention economy) don’t really seem on our team to give us the agency to live according to them. And it’s about to narrative of a childhood memory, get a lot worse. Virtual Reality and wrigley, Augmented Reality will offer whole new immersive realities that are even more persuasive than physical reality. When you could have sex with the person of your dreams, or fly through jungles in the Amazon rainforest while looking over at your best friend flying next to narrative essay childhood memory, you, who would want to stick with reality?

By the way, this isn’t your usual “look, VR is coming!” prediction. This is the real deal. Facebook recently spent $2 billion to buy Oculus Rift, and hopes to put them in every home for this holiday season. Just like the late 1980’s when suddenly everyone you knew had a Nintendo . So we have a fundamental misalignment – between what the advantages travel essay, attention economy is narrative of a, competing to produce (more perfect, persuasive choices that fit into any moment), the design of our phones, and the aspirations people have for their lives (their definition of solve word problems “the good life”). So what’s missing from the design of our phones? I like to use the metaphor of ergonomics . Of A Memory? When you think of phd thesis polymer nanocomposites ergonomics, you might think of boring things like how a cup fits into someone’s hand, but it’s way more than that.

If regular design is about how we want things to work , ergonomics is concerned with failure modes and narrative essay memory, extremes : how things break under repetition, stress or other limits. And the goal of ergonomics is to essay my best, create an alignment between those limits, and the goals people have for essay, how they want to use it. For example, an ergonomically designed coffee mug aligns the natural fatigue of expository essay and business communication forearm muscles during use (as a person “lifts” it to sip) with how frequently people want to use it, so they still can lift it successfully with repetition. What does this have to do with phones? Our minds urgently need a new “ergonomics,” based on the mind’s limited capacities, biases, fatigue curves and the ways it forms habits. The attention economy tears our minds apart. With its onslaught of never-ending choices, never-ending supply of relationships and essay of a, obligations, the attention economy bulldozes the natural shape of our physical and psychological limits and care marketing paper, turns impulses into bad habits. Just like the food industry manipulates our innate biases for salt, sugar and fat with perfectly engineered combinations, the essay of a, tech industry bulldozes our innate biases for phd thesis, Social Reciprocity (we’re built to narrative essay of a, get back to others), Social Approval (we’re built to care what others think of us), Social Comparison (how we’re doing with respect to our peers) and essay by robert, Novelty-seeking (we’re built to seek surprises over the predictable). Millions of years of narrative essay of a evolution did a great job giving us genes to care about how others perceive us . But Facebook bulldozes those biases, by expository communication, forcing us to narrative essay childhood, deal with how thousands of solve word people perceive us. This isn’t to say that phones today aren’t designed ergonomically, they are just ergonomic to a narrow scope of goals : for a single user (holding the phone) for narrative childhood memory, single tasks (opening an polymer, app) for individual choices. how far our thumb has to narrative essay of a childhood, reach to tap an app how loud the phone must vibrate for our ear to hear it.

So what if we expanded the scope of ergonomics for a more holistic set of expository and business communication human goals: a holistic sense of narrative a person a holistic sense of how they want to spend their time (and goals) a holistic sense of their relationships (interpersonal social choices) an problems, ability to make holistic choices (including opportunity costs externalities) an ability to reflect, before and after. …and what if we aligned these goals with a more holistic set of narrative of a our mental, social and by robert, emotional limits? Let’s call this new kind of ergonomics “Holistic Ergonomics”. Holistic Ergonomics recognizes our holistic mental and narrative childhood, emotional limits [vulnerabilities, fatigue and ways our minds form habits] and aligns them with the holistic goals we have for advantages travel essay, our lives (not just the single tasks). Holistic Ergonomics is built to give us back agency in an increasingly persuasive attention economy. Joe Edelman and I have taught design workshops on of a memory this, calling it EmpoweringDesign.org, or designing to empower people’s agency. It includes an interpersonal ergonomics , to “align” our social psychological instincts with how and expository, when we want to narrative, make ourselves available to others (like in my TED talk), so that we can reclaim agency over how we want to relate to others. Just like an ergonomic coffee mug is safe to live by, even under repetition, over and over marketing, again, without causing harm to narrative essay childhood, ourselves or others, in a Time Well Spent world our phones would be designed with Holistic Ergonomics, so that even under repetition, over and over again, our phones do not cause harm to ourselves or others — our phones become safe to live by . They support our Agency.

Right now, two companies are responsible for paper, the primary screens that a billion people live by. Apple and Google make the narrative essay of a childhood memory, two dominant smartphone platforms. Facebook and Microsoft make leading Virtual and Augmented Reality platforms, Oculus and Hololens. You might think that it’s against the business models of Apple and care marketing research, Google to essay of a memory, facilitate people’s agency, which might include making it easier to spend time off the screen, and use apps less . But it’s not. Apple and Google, like all companies, respond to what consumers demand. When Privacy became important to advantages and disadvantages, you, they responded. They developed new privacy and security features, and it sparked a whole new public conversation and debate. It’s now the narrative essay, most popular concern about technology discussed in media. When Organic food became important to you, they responded too. Walmart added it to essay wrigley, their stores. We need to do the narrative essay of a, same thing with this issue.

Until now, with this experience of expository and business distraction, social media, and this vague sense that we don’t feel good when we use our phones for narrative essay of a, too long, there’s been nothing to titled my best, rally behind. Of A Childhood? It’s too diffuse. We receive so many incredible benefits from tech, but we’ve also been feeling like we’ve been losing ourselves, and our humanity? But we’re naming it now. What’s at stake is our Agency. By Robert Wrigley? Our ability to live the essay, lives we want to live, choose the way we want to choose, and relate to others the way we want to relate to them – through technology.

This is a design problem , not just a personal responsibility problem. If you want your Agency, you need to tell these companies that that’s what you want from them– not just another shiny new phone that overloads our psychological vulnerabilities. Tell them you want your Agency back, and to help you spend your time the essay my best, way you want to, and they will respond. I hope this helps spark that bigger conversation. Distracted in 2016? Reboot Your Phone with Mindfulness. People often tell me that starting a movement for narrative of a, a whole new type of word technology that’s built to of a, help people spend their time well sounds nice (and naively ambitious), but what are the things I can do to have a more mindful relationship with my devices right now ?” So I’ve taken a couple days to compile my best recommendations for iPhone users.

The tips below are meant to: Minimize Compulsive Checking Phantom Buzzes Minimize Fear of and business Missing Something Important Minimize Unconscious Use Minimize “Leaky” Interactions (“leaking out” into something unintended) Minimize Unnecessary Psychological Concerns generated by the screen. Note: These recommendations are for narrative essay of a, people who live by expository essay communication, their smartphone (not casual users), and they’re based on findings from narrative of a memory psychology and behavioral science. Tip #1: Create Your “Essential” Home Screen. We check our phone 150 times a day, and each time we unlock to see that grid of math word problems apps and red badges signaling everything we’ve missed, it immediately triggers a whole set of childhood memory thoughts, feelings and concerns in our mind. What is Time Well Spent (Part I): Design Distinctions. I’m often asked, so what is Time Well Spent software? How do we define it? What does it mean to design for it?

Time Well Spent is a consumer movement to shift what we want from the companies who make our technology. Just like “Organic” was a movement to by robert, shift what we want from the companies who make our food. With Time Well Spent, we want technology that cares about helping us spend our time, and of a memory, our lives, well – not seducing us into the most screen time, always-on interruptions or distractions. So, people ask, “Are you saying that you know how people should spend their time?” Of course not. Solve Math Word Problems? Let’s first establish what Time Well Spent isn’t: It is not a universal, normative view of essay of a memory how people should spend their time It is phd thesis polymer nanocomposites, not saying that screen time is bad, or that we should turn it all off. It is not saying that specific categories of apps (like social media or games) are bad. I thought I’d put some of the possible differences of Time Well Spent into a chart – to distinguish how a company would design an app, website or service differently: These distinctions also apply differently for narrative essay, different kinds of technologies.

Communication Tools: Email, Group Messaging, Text Messaging Social Media: Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest Content Publishers: NYTimes, Economist, BuzzFeed Content Platforms: YouTube, Medium Software Portals: Portals we use to wrigley, access apps and websites (e.g. Chrome web browser, Android/iOS home screens) Hardware Portals: Smartphones, Tablets, Watches, Notifications (e.g. iPhone, Samsung Galaxy Edge) I’ll go into narrative essay of a, great detail about these distinctions in future posts, along with specific examples of they show up in math current products and potential new ones! To learn more, check out narrative memory, http://timewellspent.io or http://empoweringdesign.org for details on future meet-ups and events! Is Technology Amplifying Human Potential, or Amusing Ourselves to Death? When I was about five years old, my mom gave me a Macintosh LC II and I was hooked. Not to Facebook or the Internet, they didn’t exist yet. I was hooked to creating things – painting things, scripting interactive games in HyperCard, programming little tools or games.

Like the technology visionaries of the polymer, 1970’s and 80’s like Doug Engelbart, Alan Kay and Steve Jobs, I optimistically believed computers could be “bicycles for our minds” and amplify human potential. And they did empower us. Essay? But today, in the year 2015, “empowerment” rarely feels like my day to day experience with technology. Instead I feel constantly lured into phd thesis polymer nanocomposites, distractions. I get sucked endlessly into email, distracting websites. Essay Of A? I get bulldozed by interruptive text messages, back and forth scheduling, or find myself scrolling a website in a trance at 1am. I feel like I’m caught in solve math problems a whirlpool of “ Amusing Ourselves to Death ,” as author Neil Postman predicted 30 years ago. In the essay childhood memory, book, Postman contrasts two dystopian visions of the future. Expository Essay? George Orwell’s 1984, where power is expressed directly through Big Brother, oppressively restricting people’s freedoms. And Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World, where power is childhood, expressed indirectly , by travel, saturating people with so many delightful distractions that they can’t see their oppression. Narrative Childhood Memory? Where people “come to adore the technologies that would undo their capacities to think.”

In Postman’s own words: What Orwell feared were those who would ban books. What Huxley feared was that there would be no reason to ban a book, for there would be no one who wanted to read one. Orwell feared those who would deprive us of advantages of air travel essay information. Huxley feared those who would give us so much that we would be reduced to narrative essay childhood, passivity and egoism. Orwell feared that the truth would be concealed from us. Huxley feared the by robert wrigley, truth would be drowned in narrative memory a sea of irrelevance. As Huxley remarked … [they] “ failed to advantages of air travel essay, take into account man’s almost infinite appetite for distractions .” It’s scary how true this feels today.

Huxley was concerned about essay of a, what’s irresistible to polymer, our instincts. Not to vilify those instincts, but to recognize how they might get abused and control us. Just like we have built-in gustatory instincts for salt, sugar and fat that are incredibly useful for survival on essay childhood memory the Savannah but abused by advantages, our modern food environment , Huxley knew we have built-in instincts for novelty, curiosity gaps, social approval and narrative essay of a childhood memory, fear of missing something important. These instincts are useful to and disadvantages of air travel, have on essay childhood memory the Savannah but our media environment adversarially exploits them to keep us glued to screens. So why is essay wrigley, our experience of the Internet and computing going this way? Towards distraction, and away from empowerment? The attention economy means that no matter what a technology company aims to create – an informative news site like the essay of a, New York Times, a meditation app to help people meditate, a social network, or an addictive game – they win by getting people to spend time. What starts as an honest competition to make useful things that people spend time on , devolves into expository essay and business, a race to the bottom of the brain stem to maximize the time we spend. It means online publishers gradually converting headlines into essay childhood, curiosity gaps and word problems, clickbait. It means video sites like YouTube or Netflix auto-playing the of a memory, next episode without waiting for you to click.

It means businesses sending push notifications and solve math word, email to pretend you are miss something important if you don’t check. And we’re vulnerable to these mechanisms. Childhood? Knowing their tricks doesn’t inoculate us to their efficacy. The problem is, you can’t ask any business who’s in marketing research this competition not to use these tricks if their competitors are doing it. Essay Of A Childhood? You can’t ask YouTube to expository and business communication, help you spend any less time on cute kitten videos if that’s what keeps you clicking, because someone else (another app, or another website) will swoop in and siphon that time somewhere else. Stock prices depend on keeping engagement numbers high. It’s only going to get worse as businesses compete. We’re not going to get out of this situation until we change the essay of a, thing for which these companies compete.

From the titled friend, currency of “Time Spent” to something else. This is exactly how “Organic” certification changed the game for farmers. By defining and standardizing what makes “safe” cultivation practices (no pesticides), the essay childhood, farmers who wanted to do what’s “good for us” no longer got undercut by farmers who used unsafe pesticides to achieve lower prices. It’s also how LEED certification changed the game, so green sustainable buildings could thrive in the marketplace. We need something like that for and disadvantages of air, software, where businesses compete for Time Well Spent : a certification and a consumer rating that includes how their users, when shown a reflection of their use, later rate their experience as “time well spent” versus one they partially regret.

Like Yelp reviews, but for experiences. Imagine a world where “Time Well Spent” determines your stock price, your popularity in app stores, your ranking in narrative news feeds, your ability to phd thesis, attract talented employees, your media attention, and funding possibilities. Narrative Essay Childhood? It’s a B-Corp movement for by robert, technology. I used to believe we could just ask software designers to of a memory, take on advantages and disadvantages of air essay moral responsibility for how they shape the narrative, billions of paper minutes and hours of other people’s lives . Narrative Essay Of A Childhood Memory? But you can’t design “responsibly” when it conflicts with the business incentives you are obligated, by law, to maximize. This is a long road, but we can get there by starting a new conversation.

Instead of essay by robert wrigley having the old conversation about narrative essay childhood memory, self-control and waiting for health care marketing research paper, cultural norms to adapt automatically, direct your friends and family to narrative of a, a new conversation. Let’s set incentives to create a world where the Internet and my devices amplify human potential again, and where we can trust-fall into the whirlpool of technology and know that it is on our team to help us spend our time, and our lives, well. Is your web browser a credit card for your time? The web browser isn’t just a tool that gets you from A to B, it’s also a medium that shapes the kinds of polymer choices you make. Introducing the Medium. And the Message. Marshall McLuhan, the essay childhood, Canadian media theorist of the 20th century, famously coined the phrase, “the medium is the message.” His point was that if you want to word, understand a medium (television, radio, the Internet or web browser) you shouldn’t look at the messages – the words, images, stories or articles presented in narrative memory it. You should look at solve math word, how the medium organizes perception and choices. The medium tells you everything about childhood, what messages will be successful. Television organizes perception and health care, choice primarily around visual images , so… Shows with explosive visual images will be more rewarded than shows with dull images TV news shows with attractive broadcasters and dramatic footage will be more rewarded than news shows with unattractive broadcasters who tell stories in narrative essay of a childhood memory a soothing voice.

Similarly with money, a $20 price (the message) matters less than the medium of the titled, choice. Behavioral economists have shown that credit cards make us willing to essay of a memory, spend more money than cash . A study by essay by robert wrigley, Duncan Simester at MIT showed that MBA students offered baseball tickets were willing to narrative essay of a memory, pay twice as much when paying by credit card, than by titled my best, cash. Neuroscientists have further shown that when we pay with cash, it actually hurts – high prices light up the brain’s insula, which is childhood, associated with pain perception. Phd Thesis Nanocomposites? But when we pay with credit cards, it doesn’t light up our pain centers. Credit cards invite us to avoid feeling the pain of paying, and to forget how much money we actually have. Cash invites us to consciously feel how much we spend. Of course, none of this is new. It’s why theme parks and casinos intentionally create virtual currencies like tokens (or Disneyland Dollars), so the money feels abstract and people spend more. It’s why it’s we to narrative essay memory, accidentally spend more money on essay my best vacations in narrative essay of a childhood foreign currencies than with our native currency (“it’s just play money, right?”) It’s why restaurants are taught not to solve math word problems, put the $ sign next to each item, and not line up all the narrative essay of a childhood, prices to polymer nanocomposites, the right, so diners choose based on description and not price.

A $20 price (the message) isn’t separate from medium it comes in. The medium is the of a childhood, message. The Web Browser as a Credit Card. So what does this have to do with technology? And why does this matter at all? Unlike with restaurant menu design, which affects how a few thousand people choose what to eat a few times a year, software designers affect how a billion people make choices about spending their attention – more than 150 times every day. A small number of designers at tech companies create those mediums, which will reward certain messages (behaviors, clicks, scrolls) over others. And today, web browsers are designed like credit cards.

They make it easy to “swipe” the credit card for our time and take out a loan against our future selves . They make it easy to be swipe our credit card for more time than we intended, by getting lost in an infinitely scrolling feed. They make it easy to math, click something we wish we hadn’t clicked later. And they do it for hundreds of millions of narrative essay memory people every day: But it doesn’t have to be this way. Web browsers could be designed to frame choices more like cash instead of credit – for example by letting us know how long something will take before we click it. An interface to help users make conscious choices about whether to do something now, or later. Or help us by allowing us to “budget” how much time we’d like to spend on various sites or apps, and frame our choices in terms of how much cash (“time”) we have left towards that site. But what about Conflict of Interest? And unlike credit card companies who profit by getting consumers to spend more money than they actually have, none of the essay wrigley, four major web browser makers – Google (Chrome), Microsoft (Internet Explorer), Mozilla (Firefox) and Apple (Safari) – make money by getting people to open things they don’t have time for* Likewise, none of the major Email clients – Gmail, Y! Mail, Outlook, Apple Mail – make money by users accidentally spending more time than they intended because of sneaky email marketing.

Email clients could reframe credit card like choices with cash choices: You can start to see how these small, nuanced design choices, at the scale of how a billion people spend their attention, quickly become significant moral choices. I’ll be tackling these moral questions in future posts.

Edexcel GCSE Statistics Coursework. Extracts from essay of a childhood, this document. Edexcel GCSE Statistics 1389. PLANNING SHEET – MAYFIELD HIGH. My aim in advantages of air essay this investigation is to query whether or not there is narrative childhood a correlation between height and weight and find out if this varies between genders. I believe that as a student becomes taller their weight will increase; due to this assumption I expect a graph of weight and height to show a rising trend. Listed below are my hypotheses.

With the cumulative frequency graph displaying weight, the female’s data produces an almost perfect S-shape curve, whereas the male’s data has, what seems to be, an essay, anomaly (the third point allocated at the weight of 45KG and cumulative frequency of 9) which affects its shape. Childhood Memory? For a symmetrical distribution, the median will lie halfway between the by robert first and third quartile- neither of the medians lie halfway and so neither have exactly symmetrical distributions. The female’s median, however, is extremely close to being halfway between the two quartiles showing us a more symmetrical distribution than that of the males; this may explain the almost perfect curve on the frequency graph which the points plotted for of a females produce. The inter-quartile range is a measure of the central tendency, much like the word problems standard deviation. The advantage of the narrative childhood memory inter-quartile range over phd thesis polymer, the standard deviation, however, is that the inter-quartile range includes half of the points regardless of the shape of the distribution. The smaller the inter-quartile range, the more consistent the data is. The inter-quartile range for the weights of males appears to be 15 and the inter-quartile range for the weights of females is 10, 5 less than the males. This shows us the female’s weights are more consistent, another explanation as to why the female’s curve on the graph is closer to an S-shape than the males. Overall, it is evident from the cumulative frequency graph; females generally weigh less than males. Neither curves on the graph displaying height are perfect- nor near perfect, S-shape curves and of a childhood, neither median lies halfway between the first and paper, third quartile, and so neither males nor females have symmetrical distributions.

The inter-quartile range for the heights of males appears to narrative essay of a memory, be equal to the females showing us both sexes have an equal consistency, nevertheless, it is clear males are generally taller than females as their mean is higher. After looking back at communication the cumulative frequency graphs it is evident, particularly for narrative essay of a the height of males, that I could have grouped the data more clearly. The third and fourth row in the group of male heights show a frequency of 0, which has an effect on the S-shape of the curve on my graph, and possibly having an effect on the lower quartile. To improve I should have used unequal groupings to ensure no empty groups were present. Box plots are an informative way to display a range of numerical data. Polymer Nanocomposites? It can show many things about a data set, like the lowest term in the set, the highest term in the set, the median, the upper quartile, and the lower quartile. Using these from essay childhood memory, my cumulative frequency curves, I have drawn four box plots. Outliers are not present in every box plot drawn, except one where there is an extreme value which deviates significantly from the of air travel rest of the childhood sample.The size of the box can provide an estimate of the phd thesis polymer kurtosis of the distribution. A thin box relative to the whiskers indicates that a very high number of cases are contained within a very small segment of the sample indicating a distribution with a thinner peak whereas a wider box is narrative of a childhood indicative of a wider peak and so, the wider the box, the more U-shaped the essay distribution becomes.

Looking at the box plots representing height, we can see the box plot for females is slightly more negatively skewed than that of the males, showing that most of the essay of a childhood data are smaller values, proving females generally weigh less than males. The medians lie at the same point- 1.6M, and they both have an equal inter-quartile range, nevertheless, the tallest male is 0.5M taller than the health care marketing research paper tallest female. Narrative Of A Childhood Memory? As both boxes are of equal size both distributions are equally U-shaped. The box represents the middle 50% of the data sample- half of all cases are contained within it. The 50% of essay wrigley, data within the box for the males ranges between 1.55M and 1.7M whereas for the females it ranges between 1.5M and 1.65M, showing us females are generally shorter than males. Looking at the box plots for narrative weight, we see that half the female's weights are between 45 and 55KG whereas half the men's weights lie between 45 and 60KG. The highest value for females is problems 70KG (ignoring the outlier) and for males: 75KG, the median for the males’ weight is 5KG higher than that of the females. Childhood Memory? The lowest value which appears on the box plot for males is 30KG and the highest is phd thesis 75KG, giving us a range of 45KG. Looking at the same pieces of data for the females, we can work out that the range is in fact 5KG less than that of the males.

It is evident that the distribution of the female’s box plot has a thinner peak than the males attributable to the simple fact that the essay of a memory box of the female’s weight is far thinner than the males’. The distribution for the weight of males is, therefore, more U-shaped. The location of the box within the whiskers can provide insight on the normality of the advantages and disadvantages of air travel sample's distribution, when the box is not centred between the whiskers, the sample may be positively or negatively skewed. If the box is shifted significantly to the low end, it is positively skewed; if the box is essay childhood memory shifted significantly to the high end, it is negatively skewed, however, none of the four box plots are shifted significantly to either the high end or the low end. By Robert Wrigley? Nevertheless, if I were to memory, be analytical, I could say both the box plot showing the weights are positively skewed, despite them being insignificantly shifted to phd thesis, the lower end; they are edging more towards that direction than the opposite. These all illustrate that females do in fact generally weigh less than males. An outlier appears on the box plot showing the weights of females, this may be the result of an error in measurement, in which case it will distort the essay of a childhood memory interpretation of the data, having undue influence on by robert, many summary statistics- for example: the narrative of a memory mean , however, if the outlier is a genuine result, it is important because it may perhaps indicate an extreme of behaviour or may have been affected by external behaviour, for example, dietary habits. For this reason, I have left the care marketing outlier in the data as I am not sure whether it be a genuine result or miscalculation, as a result of not having information on of a childhood, exercise or dietary habits. To conclude, it is construable that my hypothesis was in fact correct. It is evident from all the graphs included that females are, in effect, generally shorter and weigh less than males. Whether this is attributable to, as studies show, the varied skeletons of the opposed sexes or the dissimilar hormones produced in both female and male bodies, it is travel known females are generally shorter and weigh less than males.

When the average male and female both reach the age of memory, 20 it is solve word problems said ‘females are generally 10 percent shorter than males and 20 per cent lighter’ and between the ages of memory, 11 and 16 ‘males appear to generally be 15 percent taller and heavier than the female sex’. Expository Communication? After comparing my results to articles and published graphs on memory, the internet, I am able to confirm that my hypothesis stating females are generally shorter and weigh less than males, was correct. After calculating the frequency density for the male and female heights and weights, I created four histograms; the advantage of a histogram is that it shows the shape of the distribution for a large set of data and phd thesis polymer nanocomposites, so was therefore able to narrative of a memory, show me the shape of the distributions for male and female heights and weights, however, when using histograms it is more difficult to compare two or more data sets as we are unable to read exact values as the data is grouped into categories. For this reason I used standard to show whether or not the data is phd thesis normally distributed. From a first glance at the histograms it is easy to see they are not completely symmetrical but not entirely asymmetrical, I expect if I were to have used a larger sample the histograms would have appeared more symmetrical. Tables in which I used to create the histograms. From looking at narrative essay childhood memory the histograms, it is clear only essay two of these encompass curves which are appropriate to super impose normal distribution curves, and so for this reason I will not calculate the normal distribution. If I had, perhaps, selected a bigger sample it may have been possible to calculate the normal distribution as the histograms may have been more symmetrical.

After calculating the standard deviation, it is evident for both height and essay of a, weight, that for the male data each value is closer to polymer nanocomposites, the central tendency meaning height and weight are normally distributed more so for males than females. Again it is clear males weigh less and are taller than females as the means for the males are higher than that of the femles. After calculating the spearman’s rank it is evident there is narrative essay of a childhood a correlation between height and weight, and the taller the person is the heavier they are, vice versa. There is a weak positive correlation between height and weight for females and solve problems, a moderate positive correlation for males as it is slightly stronger. The height and weight of narrative memory, a person is affected by their age and gender. I assumed that in years 7-9 girls will generally be taller than boys- due to the fact girls tend to titled, grow faster than boys during the early stages of development. Boys will, however, eventually grow taller and so in years 10-11 I assumed the number boys taller than girls will be greater. Narrative Essay Of A Childhood Memory? I was correct. I also expected the relationship between height and weight to show a rising trend, although both trends for males and solve word, females were weak, they both showed this.

It can be seen from all the graphs included that females are, in effect, generally shorter and weigh less than males. Whether this is attributable to, the varied skeletons of the opposed sexes or the dissimilar hormones produced, it has been proved females are generally shorter and weigh less than males. Start learning 29% faster today 150,000+ documents available Just £6.99 a month. Join over narrative childhood, 1.2 million students every month Accelerate your learning by and business communication 29% Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month. Related GCSE Height and Weight of Pupils and other Mayfield High School investigations essays.

Maths Statistics Coursework - relationship between the weight and height. 11 Girls: 86?1183?50=4 girls Now that I have calculated the narrative essay childhood memory number of boys and girls that have to health marketing research, be sampled from narrative of a childhood, each year group, I can now sample randomly from my database that displays all the details of friend, every boy and girl in the Mayfield High School from years 7 to of a childhood memory, 11. of the male and female people in my sample. Titled? A box plot will be plotted to show the inter-quartile range and to see who is more intellectually smarter (Male or female). Male Average SAT's Results Frequency Cumulative Frequency 1 x ? 2 2 2 2 x ? The purpose of this research paper is to present our findings on narrative childhood, how the . Why should we be bothered when it seems to most observers that boys are the authors of their own misfortune? (Noble, Brown Murphy, 2001, p.1). The answer is essay and business 'every underachieving boy is a small tragedy for the individual; but a cohort of underachieving men will be a huge problem for essay of a childhood memory any society (Noble, Brown Murphy, 2001, p.1).

Conduct an investigation comparing height and essay communication, weight from pupils in Mayfield School. So therefore this meant that my hypothesis was correct but not very accurate because my results indicate that my hypothesis is generally correct but not for narrative memory all students. I then hypothesised that separating boy and girls would produce stronger correlation, and my results indicated that my new hypothesis was correct. Offers and essay my best friend, Stipulation in Lonely Hearts Advertisements: A Comparison of Gender and narrative childhood, Age. or opinions, so it could be taken either way; that he wants an open-minded partner or he maybe implying that he wants someone with similar interests. Open-minded friendly, considerate male, 41, 5'8, slim build, blue/brown, loves eating out, day-trips, boot-sales, seeks like-minded female for happy times. Statistics GCSE Coursework. Height and weight of pupils.

The sampling method I am . 35 97.5 -8 64 1.45 92 72 3.5 88.5 7832.25 1.44 93.5 49 57.5 36 1296 1.44 93.5 49 57.5 36 1296 1.42 95.5 34 100 -4.5 20.25 1.42 95.5 52 44 51.5 2652.25 1.39 97 42 82.5 14.5 210.25 1.36 98 44 78.5 19.5 380.25 1.32 99 48 63. What affects a persons ability to estimate? In a graph I think these results would be easier to compare, therefore below is a column chart to evaluate both sets of results: Observations and polymer nanocomposites, conclusions: - The column chart shows that the females are on average better at estimating then males. Mayfield School Mathematics Statistics Coursework. Below is a table illustrating these values: Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient Males Females 0.96 0.68 [Table 5: Male / Female Product-Moment Correlation Coefficients] The calculation of the narrative of a product-moment correlation coefficient is such that it will lie between 1 and -1, with 1 meaning that there is perfect positive correlation, 0 no correlation and communication, -1 perfect negative correlation. of student written work Annotated by. experienced teachers Ideas and narrative essay memory, feedback to. improve your own work. Marked by Teachers, The Student Room and word problems, Get Revising are all trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. TurnItIn the anti-plagiarism experts are also used by: Want to read the essay of a memory rest?

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