Phd dissertation assistance 411

business plan theory THREE SIGMA, INC. Helping Executives Create and Sustain Superior Performance. Three Sigma's Theory of the phd dissertation Business Model. This model is an application of a model described by Peter Drucker as the theory of the business. The central tenet of this theory is that many businesses decline and fail because the assumptions they make that form the basis for their fundamental business decisions (about society, markets, customers, products, technology, their mission, etc.) become obsolete or invalid. Since the how to research future is uncertain and the social environment is constantly changing, even the soundest business theories eventually become obsolete. Assistance 411! For this reason every business and organization should periodically examine their fundamental assumptions to see if they continue to reflect the current realities they face and if not, how should they be changed. This model provides the organization and structure to identify and travelling examine those assumptions and change them if necessary. Phd Dissertation 411! This model is applicable to business, government and make in a research non-profit organizations.

It can also be used for new businesses and startups to phd dissertation identify, examine, and make explicit the assumptions that underlie their business planning. Many of the core beliefs and assumptions underlying strategic decisions are implied rather than explicitly stated. Implied beliefs and assumptions are subject to essay travelling individual interpretation which makes them vulnerable to inconsistency and obsolescence. Assistance 411! This model is thesis the relationship designed to help identify these implicit and explicit assumptions so they can be examined. This model is assistance constructed in four parts and each part contains one or more modules. Strategic thinking is intellectually intense and requires time to think and reflect. It is a process that is best accomplished over a period of time.

The structure of this model provides control over this process by breaking it into manageable segments which can be planned and the relationship scheduled to accommodate time for quality thinking and reflecting. Using this model. The modules are the strategic and systems thinking building blocks of this model. Each one focuses on a specific strategic area and provides a process for discovering the critical implicit and explicit assumptions made and to examine the impact of these assumptions on assistance, the organization. System thinking looks for patterns of behavior. This requires an historical perspective.

These modules provide a framework to examine past and present decisions and their underlying assumptions to see if any patterns or inconsistencies in thinking are apparent . This model also provides space to record these observations so they can be made explicit and examined. The Past column provides a place to record assumptions from previous defining periods in the company's history if they are relevant. The Current column should reflect the decisions and this the relationship assumptions underlying your organization's current operations. The Future column is where you should record and make explicit the decisions and assumptions which will drive your organization's future. This Future column should not be completed until the current assumptions have been examined and evaluated. The assumptions discovered using this model should be compared with your current realities to evaluate their impact on 411, current and future performance. Collections Of Essays! Update any invalid or obsolete assumptions and re-examine your goals and strategies using these updated assumptions. The Future column can be used to phd dissertation record this information. Copying and downloading this model. Travelling! This model is presented in a condensed form on a single worksheet to make it easy to read and 411 copy.

The format uses Microsoft Excel 2000 . It can be copied from this web page or downloaded. Three Sigma for assistance if needed. Three Sigma's assistance. Discovering the assumptions behind fundamental strategic decisions and this thesis the relationship organizational focus is challenging and time consuming. It requires system thinking skills to phd dissertation assistance identify the fifth edition factors influencing these decisions and the assumptions upon phd dissertation 411, which they are based. Three Sigma's help and coaching can facilitate and expedite this process.

Theory of the Business Model. Part 1, Organizational Focus. Module 1, Mission. Strategic thinking begins with a re-examination of the organization's mission including its purpose and vision. For assistance in one hundred essays fifth this examination refer to Making Your Mission Operational and 411 A Strategic Thinking and Planning Workbook for Social Entrepreneurs and Nonprofit Executives in this website. Thesis! 1. State the purpose of your organization.

The purpose defines the fundamental reason for your organization's existence and how it impacts the world. 2. State the core beliefs and 411 or assumptions that provide the in a rationale for your purpose. Assistance 411! These describe your perceptions of the social value and need for your organization, who it serves, and in a paper how it intends to contribute to society. 3. State the work you do to carry out phd dissertation 411, your purpose and the recipients or beneficiaries of this work. This is how you impact your customers, employees, and how to make an abstract in a paper society. 4. State what your organization is trying to accomplish in carrying out its purpose. This is your organizational vision and is typically stated as an overarching goal.

5. State how you measure or assess progress toward vision achievement and the standards you use to 411 evaluate results. 6. State your key organizational goals. These are subdivisions of your vision that describe the operating, financial, social, and other conditions you must bring about to attain your vision. 7. State the indicators you use to measure goal achievement and one hundred essays fifth edition the indicator values that will reflect success. Analyze these mission elements for logic, reasonableness, and consistency. Identify the critical implicit or explicit assumptions that influenced your decision to assistance enter or remain in this business or activity. An Abstract In A Research Paper! This analysis may disclose that some or all of these mission elements were not considered.

If you have difficulty identifying any of these mission elements, they were probably not considered. This is an 411 implicit assumption that these elements were not relevant to your decision to enter or remain in this business or activity. Identifying and examining these assumptions is how to an abstract research central to this strategic thinking process. Each assumption should complete the phrase, We assumed that …... Identifying assumptions can be difficult. An approach that could make this simpler is to ask for phd dissertation assistance, each mission element, what must be true for us to be successful? Evaluate these assumptions and your core beliefs against the current realities you face to determine if they are becoming obsolete or invalid. Assess the impact of martin and the grenade essay this evaluation on your operations. Phd Dissertation 411! Use the Future column of this module to hand define your updated beliefs and assumptions. Reexamine your mission using these updated assumptions.

Theory of the Business Model. Part 2, The External Environment. Module 2, Society and Its Structure. Phd Dissertation 411! Social, economic and political factors. How To Make! 1. Phd Dissertation 411! List the countries where your products/services are used. (The following questions should be answered for each country unless the answers are identical.) 2. How To Research Paper! List the demographic factors that influence the sale and use of your products/services. (Demographic factors include population and growth, age profile, education, income, ethnic mix, employment, occupations, etc.) 3. List the life style factors that influence the sale and use of your products/services. (These include home and vehicle ownership, consumption and recreation patterns, attitudes, values, etc.) 4. List the economic factors that influence your ability to provide your products/services. (These include interest rates, availability of credit or financing, exchange rates, stock market performance, economic growth, etc.) 5. List the assistance political factors that influence the sale and use of your products/services. One Hundred Essays Edition! (These include type of government, market regulation, government regulation, government stability, political parties, environmental issues, taxes, unions, workman's compensation, etc.) Analyze these social, economic and phd dissertation assistance 411 political factors to this the relationship determine what implicit or explicit assumptions about them influenced your expectations and decisions.

This analysis may disclose that some or all of these factors were not considered. Phd Dissertation Assistance! If you have difficulty identifying factors in any of these categories, they were probably not considered. This is an public dissertations implicit assumption that this factor or factors were not relevant to your operation. Identifying and assistance examining these assumptions is how to an abstract in a central to this strategic thinking activity. Each assumption should complete the phrase, We assumed that …... Identifying assumptions can be difficult. Phd Dissertation Assistance! An approach that could make this simpler is to ask for each socio-economic factor, what must be true for us to be successful? Evaluate these assumptions against the current realities you face to determine if they are becoming obsolete or invalid and make an abstract in a paper their impact on your operations.

Use the assistance 411 Future column of this module to public define your updated assumptions. Reexamine your strategy and plans using these updated assumptions. Module 3, Markets. 1. List the products and services you offer. 2. Describe the market in assistance which your products/services are offered.

3. Describe your customers and one hundred great essays fifth prospective customers within these markets. 4. Describe how your products/services are distributed and sold (direct, through distributors, etc.). Phd Dissertation 411! 5. Describe how your products/services are advertised and promoted. 6. Describe how your products/services are priced. 7. Describe what makes your products/services unique or why your customers buy them. One Hundred Fifth Edition! Analyze these market factors to determine what implicit or explicit assumptions about them influenced your expectations and decisions.

This analysis may disclose that some or all of these factors were not considered. If you have difficulty identifying any of these market factors, they were probably not considered. This is an implicit assumption that this market factor or factors were not relevant to your operation. Identifying and examining these assumptions is central to this strategic thinking activity. Each assumption should complete the phrase, We assumed that …... Identifying assumptions can be difficult. An approach that could make this simpler is to ask for assistance, each market factor, what must be true for make an abstract, us to be successful? Evaluate these assumptions against the current realities you face to determine if they are becoming obsolete or invalid and their impact on assistance, your operations. Use the and the Future column of this module to define your updated assumptions. Reexamine your strategy and plans using these updated assumption s. Assistance 411! Module 4, Customers. Customer behavior factors.

1. Identify who makes the decision to purchase your products/services in each of the market segments where they are offered and where the purchasers are located. 2. Identify the critical value or values you provide that causes your customers to purchase your products/services rather than a competitor's. This is edited collections your tactical advantage. 3. Identify who uses your products/services in assistance each of the edited market segments where they are offered and where these users are located. Include ultimate users if there are intermediate purchasers and users.

4. Identify how the the users and/or ultimate consumers use your products/services and what value your products/services provide them. 5. Phd Dissertation 411! List other individuals or organizations that influence the purchase or use of your products/services (such as regulatory and certifying agencies) and where these individuals and organizations are located. Essay! Analyze these customer behavior factors to determine what implicit or explicit assumptions about them influenced your expectations and decisions. This analysis may disclose that some or all of these behavior factors were not considered. If you have difficulty identifying any of phd dissertation assistance these behavior factors, they were probably not considered. This is an implicit assumption that this behavior factor or factors were not relevant to your operation. Identifying and examining these assumptions is central to this strategic thinking activity. Edited Collections! Each assumption should complete the phrase, We assumed that …... Identifying assumptions can be difficult. Assistance 411! An approach that could make this simpler is to ask for each customer behavior factor, what must be true for us to be successful?

Evaluate these assumptions against this thesis the relationship the current realities you face to determine if they are becoming obsolete or invalid and their impact on your operations. Use the Future column of this module to define your updated assumptions. Reexamine your strategy and plans using these updated assumptions. Phd Dissertation Assistance 411! Module 5, Technology. 1. Identify the technology that influences the opinion design and manufacture or construction of your products. Phd Dissertation! 2. One Hundred Fifth! Identify the technology that influences the 411 distribution and sale of your products/services. 3. Identify the hand grenade technology that influences the use of your products/services. 411! 4. Identify the technology that influences the demand for opinion essay travelling, your products/services.

5. Identify the technology that influences the characteristics and attributes your products/services must possess. Analyze these technology factors to determine what implicit or explicit assumptions about phd dissertation assistance 411 them influenced your expectations and decisions. This analysis may disclose that some or all of these factors were not considered. If you have difficulty identifying technology factors in any of these categories, they were probably not considered. This is an implicit assumption that this factor or factors were not relevant to your operation. Identifying and edited of essays examining these assumptions is central to this strategic thinking activity. Phd Dissertation! Each assumption should complete the phrase, We assumed that …... Identifying assumptions can be difficult. An approach that could make this simpler is to ask for martin and the grenade, each technology factor, what must be true for us to be successful? Evaluate these assumptions against phd dissertation assistance the current realities you face to determine if they are becoming obsolete or invalid and their impact on your operations. Use the Future column of this module to define your updated assumptions.

Reexamine your strategy and plans using these updated assumptions. Module 6, Industry Competitive Structure. 1. List the suppliers that play a critical role in your operations. 2. Essays! List the major competitors that influence your operations. 3. List the potential new entries into the market that would influence your operations. 4. List the substitute products/services that could restructure the market. 5. List the market segments in which you offer products and/or services. A market segment is a grouping of buyers and sellers within a market into categories that reflect their important differences (i.e. original equipment manufacturers, aftermarket distributors). 6. Identify which of these industry components poses the greatest threat to phd dissertation your operations and why. Prioritize the threats posed by the remaining components. 7. Describe the actions you are taking to overcome or neutralize these threats.

Analyze these structural components to determine what implicit or explicit assumptions about them influenced your expectations and decisions. This analysis may disclose that some or all of these factors were not considered. If you have difficulty identifying any of these structural components, they were probably not considered. T his is an implicit assumption that this component or components were not relevant to your operation. Of Essays! Identifying and examining these assumptions is central to phd dissertation 411 this strategic thinking activity. Each assumption should complete the phrase, We assumed that …... Identifying assumptions can be difficult. An approach that could make this simpler is to ask for travelling, each industry component, what must be true for us to be successful? Evaluate these assumptions against the current realities you face to determine if they are becoming obsolete or invalid and their impact on your operations. Use the Future column of this module to define your updated assumptions. Reexamine your strategy and plans using these updated assumptions.

Theory of the phd dissertation assistance 411 Business Model. Part 3, Competitive Advantage and Core Competencies. Module 7, Competitive Advantage and Core Competencies. 1. List the organizational competencies needed to provide your products/services to the users. 2. List the opinion essay organizational competencies in which you must excel to provide the quality and service demanded by the users of your products/services. 3. List the organizational competencies that enable your organization to provide the product characteristics or service attributes that cause the phd dissertation assistance customer to management decide to purchase your product rather than a competitor's. These are core competencies if they are unique to you or you perform them significantly better than others. 4. List any other competencies your organization possesses that create customer value throughout your product line or give you a significant cost advantage over your competitors.

These are also core competencies. Analyze these organizational competencies to determine what implicit or explicit assumptions about them influenced your expectations and decisions. This analysis may disclose that some or all of these competencies were not considered. If you have difficulty identifying any of these competencies, they were probably not considered. This is an implicit assumption that they were not relevant to your business expectations and decisions.

Identifying and examining these assumptions is central to this strategic thinking activity. Each assumption should complete the phrase, We assumed that …... Identifying assumptions can be difficult. An approach that could make this simpler is to ask for phd dissertation, each skill set, what must be true for us to be successful? Evaluate these assumptions against the current realities you face to determine if they are becoming obsolete or invalid and their impact on your operations. Use the Future column of this module to define your updated beliefs and assumptions.

Reexamine your strategy and plans using these updated assumptions. Theory of the Business Model. Part 4, The Big Picture. Module 8, Reviewing Your Theory Of The Business. 1. List the mission assumptions you identified in module 1. 2. Martin Hand Grenade! List the social, economic, and political assumptions you identified in Module 2. 3. List the market assumptions you identified in Module 3. 4. List the customer behavior assumptions you identified in module 4. 5. List the technology assumptions you identified in module 5. 6. List the industry structure assumptions you identified in module 6. 7. List the core competencies assumptions you identified in module 7. Examine these assumptions for logic, reasonableness, and consistency. Reconcile any inconsistencies. Identify and phd dissertation 411 rank order those assumptions that are most critical to your operations. Evaluate these assumptions against current observed behavior patterns and operating results to see if they are becoming obsolete or invalid. And The Hand Essay! Update any obsolete or invalid assumptions. Record these assumptions in the Future column of this worksheet.

Re-evaluate your competitive strategy in light of these new assumptions. A Competitive Strategy Model will help you define your competitive strategy. Contact Three Sigma for help facilitating your systems thinking.

Sample Essay Responses and phd dissertation assistance 411 Rater Commentary for the Argument Task. The sample essays that follow were written in response to the prompt that appears below . The rater commentary that follows each sample essay explains how the response meets the one hundred great essays fifth edition criteria for that score. For a more complete understanding of the criteria for each score point, see the Analyze an phd dissertation 411, Argument Scoring Guide. In surveys Mason City residents rank water sports (swimming, boating and fishing) among their favorite recreational activities. The Mason River flowing through the city is rarely used for these pursuits, however, and the city park department devotes little of its budget to maintaining riverside recreational facilities. For years there have been complaints from residents about the quality of the river's water and the river's smell. In response, the state has recently announced plans to clean up Mason River. Dissertations! Use of the river for water sports is therefore sure to increase. Phd Dissertation 411! The city government should for public management that reason devote more money in this year's budget to riverside recreational facilities. Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Phd Dissertation! Be sure to explain how the argument depends on opinion travelling, the assumptions and assistance 411 what the implications are if the public management dissertations assumptions prove unwarranted.

Note: All responses are reproduced exactly as written, including errors, misspellings, etc., if any. While it may be true that the phd dissertation assistance 411 Mason City government ought to this devote more money to riverside recreational facilities, this author's argument does not make a cogent case for increased resources based on river use. It is easy to understand why city residents would want a cleaner river, but this argument is rife with holes and assumptions, and thus, not strong enough to lead to increased funding. Citing surveys of assistance 411 city residents, the author reports city resident's love of water sports. It is not clear, however, the opinion scope and validity of that survey. For example, the survey could have asked residents if they prefer using the river for phd dissertation water sports or would like to how to make an abstract in a research paper see a hydroelectric dam built, which may have swayed residents toward river sports. The sample may not have been representative of 411 city residents, asking only those residents who live upon the river. The survey may have been 10 pages long, with 2 questions dedicated to river sports. We just do not know. Unless the thesis the relationship survey is fully representative, valid, and reliable, it can not be used to effectively back the author's argument.

Additionally, the author implies that residents do not use the river for swimming, boating, and fishing, despite their professed interest, because the water is 411 polluted and smelly. While a polluted, smelly river would likely cut down on river sports, a concrete connection between the this thesis the relationship resident's lack of river use and phd dissertation assistance 411 the river's current state is not effectively made. Though there have been complaints, we do not know if there have been numerous complaints from a wide range of people, or perhaps from one or two individuals who made numerous complaints. To strengthen his/her argument, the author would benefit from implementing a normed survey asking a wide range of residents why they do not currently use the martin grenade essay river. Building upon the implication that residents do not use the river due to the quality of the river's water and the smell, the author suggests that a river clean up will result in increased river usage. If the assistance river's water quality and smell result from problems which can be cleaned, this may be true. For example, if the decreased water quality and the relationship aroma is phd dissertation assistance 411 caused by pollution by factories along the river, this conceivably could be remedied.

But if the martin and the quality and aroma results from the assistance 411 natural mineral deposits in the water or surrounding rock, this may not be true. There are some bodies of water which emit a strong smell of sulphur due to how to make in a paper the geography of the area. This is assistance 411 not something likely to be afffected by a clean-up. Consequently, a river clean up may have no impact upon edited, river usage. Regardless of whether the assistance river's quality is able to public dissertations be improved or not, the phd dissertation author does not effectively show a connection between water quality and river usage. A clean, beautiful, safe river often adds to a city's property values, leads to increased tourism and revenue from those who come to and the hand take advantage of the river, and a better overall quality of life for residents. Phd Dissertation 411! For these reasons, city government may decide to invest in improving riverside recreational facilities. However, this author's argument is not likely significantly persuade the city goverment to allocate increased funding. Rater Commentary for Essay Response Score 6. This insightful response identifies important assumptions and thoroughly examines their implications. The essay shows that the proposal to spend more on riverside recreational facilities rests on this thesis, three questionable assumptions, namely: that the survey provides a reliable basis for budget planning that the river’s pollution and odor are the only reasons for its limited recreational use that efforts to clean the water and remove the odor will be successful.

By showing that each assumption is highly suspect, this essay demonstrates the weakness of the entire argument. For example, paragraph 2 points out that the survey might not have used a representative sample, might have offered limited choices, and might have contained very few questions on water sports. Paragraph 3 examines the tenuous connection between complaints and limited use of the 411 river for recreation. Edited Collections Of Essays! Complaints about water quality and odor may be coming from assistance 411, only a few people and, even if such complaints are numerous, other completely different factors may be much more significant in reducing river usage. Finally, paragraph 4 explains that certain geologic features may prevent effective river clean-up.

Details such as these provide compelling support. In addition, careful organization ensures that each new point builds upon this the relationship, the previous ones. For example, note the clear transitions at the beginning of paragraphs 3 and 4, as well as the logical sequence of sentences within paragraphs (specifically paragraph 4). Although this essay does contain minor errors, it still conveys ideas fluently. Note the effective word choices (e.g., rife with . . . Phd Dissertation 411! assumptions and may have swayed residents). In addition, sentences are not merely varied; they also display skillful embedding of subordinate elements. Since this response offers cogent examination of the argument and conveys meaning skillfully, it earns a score of 6. The author of this proposal to increase the budget for Mason City riverside recreational facilities offers an interesting argument but to move forward on the proposal would definitely require more information and travelling thought. While the correlations stated are logical and probable, there may be hidden factors that prevent the City from diverting resources to this project.

For example, consider the survey rankings among Mason City residents. The thought is that such high regard for water sports will translate into usage. But, survey responses can hardly be used as indicators of 411 actual behavior. Public! Many surveys conducted after the winter holidays reveal people who list exercise and weight loss as a top priority. Yet every profession does not equal a new gym membership. Phd Dissertation! Even the wording of the survey results remain ambiguous and vague. While water sports may be among the residents' favorite activities, this allows for many other favorites. What remains unknown is the priorities of the general public. Do they favor these water sports above a softball field or soccer field?

Are they willing to sacrifice the municipal golf course for better riverside facilities? Indeed the survey hardly provides enough information to discern future use of improved facilities. Closely linked to the surveys is the bold assumption that a cleaner river will result in increased usage. While it is edition not illogical to expect some increase, at 411, what level will people begin to this thesis use the river? The answer to this question requires a survey to find out the reasons our residents use or do not use the 411 river. Is river water quality the primary limiting factor to usage or the edited collections lack of docks and piers? Are people more interested in water sports than the 411 recreational activities that they are already engaged in?

These questions will help the city government forecast how much river usage will increase and to martin hand grenade essay assign a proportional increase to the budget. Likewise, the author is optimistic regarding the state promise to assistance 411 clean the river. We need to hear the source of the voices and collections consider any ulterior motives. Is this a campaign year and the plans a campaign promise from the phd dissertation state representative? What is the how to an abstract in a research paper timeline for the clean-up effort? Will the state fully fund this project? We can imagine the misuse of phd dissertation funds in renovating the riverside facilities only to watch the new buildings fall into dissertations, dilapidation while the state drags the river clean-up. Last, the author does not consider where these additional funds will be diverted from. The current budget situation must be assessed to phd dissertation assistance 411 determine if this increase can be afforded.

In a sense, the City may not be willing to draw money away from other key projects from road improvements to public management schools and education. The author naively assumes that the money can simply appear without forethought on where it will come from. Examining all the various angles and factors involved with improving riverside recreational facilities, the argument does not justify increasing the budget. While the proposal does highlight a possibility, more information is required to warrant any action. Rater Commentary for phd dissertation 411 Essay Response Score 5. Each paragraph in make research the body of this perceptive essay identifies and examines an assistance, unstated assumption that is crucial to the argument. The major assumptions discussed are: that a survey can accurately predict behavior that cleaning the river will, in itself, increase recreational usage that state plans to of essays clean the river will actually be realized that Mason City can afford to spend more on riverside recreational facilities.

Support within each paragraph is phd dissertation 411 both thoughtful and thorough. For example, paragraph 2 points out vagueness in the wording of the martin hand essay survey: Even if water sports rank among the favorite recreational activities of Mason City residents, other sports may still be much more popular. Thus, if the first assumption proves unwarranted, the argument to fund riverside facilities rather than soccer fields or golf courses becomes much weaker. Paragraph 4 considers several reasons why river clean-up plans may not be successful (the plans may be nothing more than campaign promises or funding may not be adequate). Thus, the weakness of the third assumption undermines the argument that river recreation will increase and riverside improvements will be needed at all.

Instead of dismissing each assumption in phd dissertation assistance 411 isolation, this response places them in a logical order and considers their connections. Note the this thesis the relationship appropriate transitions between and within paragraphs, clarifying the links among the assumptions (e.g., Closely linked to the surveys or The answer to assistance 411 this question requires. ). Along with strong development, this response also displays facility with language. Minor errors in punctuation are present, but word choices are apt and sentences suitably varied in pattern and length. The response uses a number of rhetorical questions, but the implied answers are always clear enough to support the points being made. Thus, the response satisfies all requirements for a score of 5, but its development is not thorough or compelling enough for a 6. The problem with the arguement is the assumption that if the opinion Mason River were cleaned up, that people would use it for water sports and recreation. This is not necessarily true, as people may rank water sports among their favorite recreational activities, but that does not mean that those same people have the financial ability, time or equipment to pursue those interests. However, even if the writer of the arguement is correct in assuming that the Mason River will be used more by the city's residents, the arguement does not say why the recreational facilities need more money.

If recreational facilities already exist along the phd dissertation Mason River, why should the city allot more money to in a research fund them? If the recreational facilities already in existence will be used more in the coming years, then they will be making more money for themselves, eliminating the need for the city government to 411 devote more money to research paper them. According to the arguement, the reason people are not using the Mason River for water sports is because of the smell and the quality of water, not because the recreational facilities are unacceptable. If the city government alloted more money to the recreational facilities, then the budget is being cut from some other important city project. Also, if the assumptions proved unwarranted, and more people did not use the river for recreation, then much money has been wasted, not only the money for the recreational facilities, but also the phd dissertation 411 money that was used to clean up the river to attract more people in the first place. Rater Commentary for Essay Response Score 4. This competent response identifies two unstated assumptions: that cleaning up the Mason River will lead to increased recreational use that existing facilities along the river need more funding. Paragraph 1 offers reasons why the first assumption is questionable (e.g., residents may not have the and the necessary time or money for phd dissertation water sports). Similarly, paragraphs 2 and 3 explain that riverside recreational facilities may already be adequate and may, in fact, produce additional income if usage increases. Thus, the response is adequately developed and satisfactorily organized to show how the make in a research paper argument depends on questionable assumptions. However, this essay does not rise to a score of phd dissertation 5 because it fails to consider several other unstated assumptions (e.g., that the and the survey is reliable or that the efforts to clean the river will be successful).

Furthermore, the final paragraph makes some extraneous, unsupported assertions of its own. Mason City may actually have a budget surplus so that cuts to phd dissertation 411 other projects will not be necessary, and public dissertations cleaning the river may provide other real benefits even if it is not used more for water sports. This response is generally free of errors in grammar and usage and displays sufficient control of language to support a score of 4. Surveys are created to 411 speak for the people; however, surveys do not always speak for the whole community. A survey completed by Mason City residents concluded that the residents enjoy water sports as a form of recreation. If that is so evident, why has the river not been used? The blame can not be soley be placed on the city park department. The city park department can only do as much as they observe. The real issue is not the residents use of the river, but their desire for a more pleasant smell and management a more pleasant sight. If the city government cleans the river, it might take years for the smell to go away.

If the budget is changed to accomodate the clean up of the Mason River, other problems will arise. The residents will then begin to complain about other issues in their city that will be ignored because of the great emphasis being placed on Mason River. If more money is taken out of the phd dissertation assistance 411 budget to opinion essay travelling clean the river an 411, assumption can be made. This assumption is that the make budget for another part of phd dissertation cit maintenance or building will be tapped into to. In addition, to the budget being used to clean up Mason River, it will also be allocated in one hundred edition increasing riverside recreational facilites. Phd Dissertation Assistance 411! The government is trying to appease its residents, and an abstract paper one can warrant that the role of the phd dissertation 411 government is to this please the people. There are many assumptions being made; however, the government can not make the 411 assumption that people want the river to be cleaned so that they can use it for recreational water activities. The government has to realize the long term effects that their decision will have on the monetary value of their budget. Rater Commentary for Essay Response Score 3.

Even though much of this essay is tangential, it offers some relevant examination of the argument’s assumptions. The early sentences mention a questionable assumption (that the survey results are reliable) but do not explain how the survey might have been flawed. Then the response drifts to irrelevant matters a defense of the city park department, a prediction of budget problems and the problem of public pleasing city residents. Some statements even introduce unwarranted assumptions that are not part of the original argument (e.g., The residents will then begin to complain about other issues and assistance This assumption is that the budget for another part of city maintenance or building will be tapped into). Near the management dissertations end, the response does correctly note that city government should not assume that residents want to use the river for recreation. Hence, the proposal to phd dissertation increase funding for riverside recreational facilities may not be justified. In summary, the language in this response is reasonably clear, but its examination of unstated assumptions remains limited and therefore earns a score of 3. This statement looks like logical, but there are some wrong sentences in it which is not logical.

First, this statement mentions raking water sports as their favorite recreational activities at the first sentence. However, it seems to have a ralation between the first sentence and the setence which mentions that increase the quality of the river's water and collections of essays the river's smell. This is a wrong cause and result to solve the assistance problem. Second, as a reponse to the complaints from residents, the state plan to clean up the edited collections of essays river. As a result, the state expects that water sports will increase. When you look at two sentences, the result is phd dissertation assistance 411 not appropriate for the cause. Third, the this thesis the relationship last statement is the conclusion. However, even though residents rank water sports, the city government might devote the budget to another issue. This statement is also a wrong cause and assistance 411 result.

In summary, the great essays edition statement is not logical because there are some errors in it. The supporting setences are not strong enough to support this issue. Rater Commentary for Essay Response Score 2. Although this essay appears to be carefully organized, it does not follow the directions for the assigned task. In his/her vague references to phd dissertation assistance causal fallacies, the writer attempts logical analysis but never refers to any unstated assumptions.

Furthermore, several errors in grammar and martin and the essay sentence structure interfere with meaning (e.g., This statement looks like logical, but there are some wrong sentences in it which is not logical). Because this response does not follow the directions for the assigned task and contains errors in sentence structure and logical development, it earns a score of phd dissertation 411 2. The statement assumes that everyone in Mason City enjoys some sort of recreational activity, which may not be necessarily true. The statement also assumes that if the state cleans up the river, the use of the public management dissertations river for water sports will definitely increase. Rater Commentary for Essay Response Score 1. The brevity of this two-sentence response makes it fundamentally deficient. Sentence 1 states an assumption that is actually not present in the argument, and sentence 2 correctly states an 411, assumption but provides no discussion of its implications. Great Essays Fifth Edition! Although the response may begin to address the assigned task, it offers no development. As such, it is clearly extremely brief . providing little evidence of an organized response and earns a score of 1. Register for the GRE General Test.

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Pragmatism and Objectivity: Essays Sparked by the Work of assistance Nicholas Rescher. Sami Pihlstr o m (ed.), Pragmatism and Objectivity: Essays Sparked by public dissertations the Work of Nicholas Rescher , Routledge, 2017, ix+282 pp., $ 140.00 (hbk), ISBN 9781138655232. Reviewed by Michele Marsonet, University of Genoa. In this collection of 14 essays many aspects of classical and contemporary pragmatism are examined with reference, at least in most cases, to the work of phd dissertation assistance Nicholas Rescher. Management Dissertations? Usually, those who are interested in pragmatism from an historical point of assistance view tend to forget that, from the beginning, a substantial polarity is martin and the hand, present in this tradition of thought. It is a dichotomy between what Rescher calls pragmatism of the left, i.e. a flexible type of pragmatism which endorses a greatly enhanced cognitive relativism, and a pragmatism of the right, a different position that sees the assistance 411 pragmatist stance as a source of cognitive security. Both positions are eager to assure pluralism in the cognitive enterprise and in the concrete conduct of human affairs, but the meaning they attribute to the term pluralism is essay travelling, not the same. Sami Pihlstrom's essay deals at length with the assistance 411 dichotomy between realism and how to make an abstract in a research idealism in Rescher's work, probably one of the most controversial issues in his philosophical system. Pihlstrom takes into phd dissertation, account the Rescherian strategies to overcome the potential conflicts between realism, idealism and martin and the essay pluralism, stressing that his pragmatism offers solutions which, however, are not totally satisfactory. Rescher endorses a sort of metaphysical realism, meaning that there is a real world which is mind-independent.

At the same time, his realism is a human commitment that is presupposed for carrying on our inquiries. Pihlstrom notes that Rescher's argument for the reality of things in themselves is the same as his argument for realism: these postulations are needed for us to be able to make sense of assistance our experience. This is at the same time a pragmatic and a transcendental argument (p. Travelling? 17). Realism is, in sum, justified on assistance a fundamentally idealistic basis, but Rescher insists that we know the make in a world in human terms without conceding that this commits us to any sort of idealism. According to phd dissertation 411, Pihlstrom, Rescher's conceptual idealism has several traits in common with Hilary Putnam's internal realism. Make An Abstract Paper? He concludes that Rescher, while developing a valuable version of pragmatic idealism-cum-realism, entirely lacks the meta-level worry regarding the coherence or meaningfulness of the realism debate (p. 25). Scott Aikin and Robert Talisse compare Rescher's brand of pragmatism with William James' pragmatist metaphilosophy, with special reference to James' famous work Pragmatism . They deem Rescher's position philosophically better than James', which is in their opinion characterized by self-sealing and triumphalist tendencies (p. 39), adding that, despite what Rescher claims, the outcome of his metaphilosophy is assistance 411, skeptical.

We should not worry about this, however, since the reality of the edited collections situation of the phd dissertation 411 finite knowers which human beings are is precisely that our knowledge has limits. Make An Abstract In A? The two authors think that pragmatists wrongly resist the skeptical tradition, holding that it leads to complete impracticability. Phd Dissertation Assistance 411? Their view, instead, is that given the problems, the breadth of disagreement, and the interminability of the debates, philosophical solutions are indexes -- to particular orientations, under specific dialectical circumstances, in light of scientific and historical developments at the time (p. 42). So we may find solutions, realizing at the same time that they are never final. All this, of course, sounds very Rescherian. It would seem to follow that pragmatism is methodologically consistent with a form of edited collections of essays mild skepticism, in phd dissertation assistance which we do not really know in philosophy but, still, can reasonably hold views supported by arguments. Griffin Klemick deals with one of the favorite figures of the so-called objective pragmatists, Frank Ramsey.

Klemick thinks that Ramsey belongs to what Rescher calls pragmatism of the martin grenade right, i.e. an objective pragmatism in which truth, meaning and justification are by no means conceived of in a relativistic fashion. Rescher has worked extensively on phd dissertation assistance 411 Ramsey, acquiring and administering the Ramsey collection at the University of Pittsburgh. He also edited, along with Ulrich Majer, Ramsey's unfinished manuscript On Truth . Rescher deems Ramsey's views congenial because they manifest the deep normative concerns and realist sympathies of objective pragmatism. Deflationism about edited collections truth leads Ramsey to look for a pragmatist theory of meaning. Klemick observes, furthermore, that Ramsey's endorsement of metaphysical realism leads him to bifurcate his theory of phd dissertation meaning, restricting his pragmatist account to apply only to statements in how to an abstract in a paper the non-representational secondary system . . . indeed, it lands him in skepticism and psychologism (p.

48). Robert Almeder deals with pragmatist philosophy of science, focusing on such fundamental issues as scientific inference (in particular induction), scientific explanation and scientific realism. Almeder notes -- as many others did before -- that Peirce is the pioneer to whom Rescher's objective pragmatism is greatly indebted. He shares the widespread opinion that pragmatism often (in my opinion always) means different things to phd dissertation 411, different people. And especially because: depending on what one thinks pragmatism is, or should be, one might end up refusing to accept, for example, that Charles Peirce was a pragmatist, or even that William James was a pragmatist, when in fact they were both pragmatists, although . . . one had a more liberal concept of evidence than the other even when they both arguably advanced an epistemic concept of truth in grenade terms of warranted assertibility (p. 72). Almeder's own definition of pragmatism is the following: pragmatists believe that the rational acceptability of assistance a belief, either as an item of knowledge or as an item of justified belief, is ultimately a function of public management whether the belief in question is likely to be the best available instrument for our successfully adapting to the world in some fundamental and enduring way under the principle of homeostasis (ibid.).

Almeder rightly adds that, according to phd dissertation 411, this definition, natural scientists can be, and have been, pragmatists. The conclusion is that there is no distinctive proposal about induction, scientific explanation and truth shared by all pragmatists, since this trend of thought really is a collection of positions that, more often than not, have very little in common. Tom Rockmore recalls that, according to Peirce, Kant was a somewhat confused pragmatist. Rockmore deems this statement to be a contribution to one hundred, a better understanding of the pragmatist tradition, particularly with regard to phd dissertation assistance, the issue of realism vs. idealism. He thinks that Peirce, while criticizing Kant, tried at the same time to build on his insights. Rockmore argues that:

Modern natural science necessarily assumes a mind-independent world as its cognitive object. Kant and Peirce propose very different accounts of what this means. The former concentrates on the theory of the natural sciences, which he mainly understands as physics. The latter is centrally concerned with the practice of natural science . Edited Of Essays? . Phd Dissertation 411? . Though Kant was a Newtonian, he objects to martin and the hand essay, Newton's anti-metaphysical view of phd dissertation natural science, for which he substitutes a metaphysical view. Peirce defends a form of the modern view of natural science as self-contained and, hence, independent of philosophy (p. 101). His conclusion is that Kant's confusion is due to his rejection of the this thesis experimental character of phd dissertation 411 scientific knowledge.

Vincent Colapietro notes that: The resurgence of and the hand grenade pragmatism has taken various forms, from neo to paleo , from a development within analytic philosophy to 411, a broadside against the dominant tradition in Anglophone philosophy. Today, we are still disposed to make in a research paper, debate the extent to phd dissertation assistance 411, which contemporary pragmatism is a prolongation of, rather than a rupture with, the classical phase of this philosophical movement (p. 113). He underlines the great difference which is easily trackable in the works of, for example, Rescher and Richard Rorty. The latter is the martin and the main representative of all those thinking that pragmatism would have been much better off had Peirce not existed (ibid.). Rescher, on the contrary, has drawn especially on Peirce, trying to fashion an essentially classic pragmatist approach to epistemological, metaphysical and ethical questions. He defends a hybrid kind of realism and objectivity, endorsing at the same time several idealistic tenets. Colapietro then deals with Rescher's pragmatic approach to assistance, categoreal schemes, underlining its efficacy and writing that we can question the formulation or intelligibility of our questions, just as we can criticize the forms and efficacy of our modes of criticism. For most practical purposes, however, what Rescher calls our proto-categories define the highest limit of generality our concepts can reach (p. 120).

Colapietro also thinks that Rescher sometimes gets dangerously close to identifying being or reality with actuality, which means that he comes dangerously close to advocating the nominalism against which his master, Peirce, fought. Jessica Wright analyzes Ramsey's behavior-based account of how to an abstract in a belief, arguing that it can deal with various cases of attitude divergence. She mainly draws from Ramsey's On Truth , concluding that to attribute belief on phd dissertation 411 the basis of a causal process or a suspiciously detectable 'structure' (or lack thereof) is to define belief too narrowly. It is too narrow because it leaves out how to in a, attitudes that we regularly manifest but that are not asserted or assertable (p. 147). Rosa Mayorga analyzes Peirce's and Rescher's positions on normative theory, stressing the importance of pragmatism in assistance 411 this field. According to Rayorga, Rescher's pragmatism is indeed a continuation of Peirce's, but she argues that the first cannot be deemed to and the hand essay, be a scholastic realist, because the two philosophers diverge on the question of the phd dissertation assistance 411 reality of ideals. One Hundred Essays Fifth? Noting that, surprisingly, Rescher makes no reference to Peirce's normative theory in 411 his writings, Rayorga goes on to explain that while for Peirce reasonableness is the highest ideal and permeates the management world, for Rescher ideals are instead irrealities and cannot be found in the physical world.

It follows that, in the field of normative theory, the phd dissertation assistance 411 two thinkers show significant dissimilarities. Joseph Margolis returns us to the issue of realism. He clarifies his own kind of pragmatic naturalism, taking issue with some contemporary philosophers, and make an abstract research paper with John McDowell in particular. His opinion is that any form of Kantian a priori must be rejected without giving up the empirical realism which is so important for pragmatic naturalism. Phd Dissertation Assistance? According to Margolis: it's a mistake to think that realism is, finally, a specifically epistemological question. How To Make In A Research Paper? Once we turn from Kant to Darwin, it becomes clear that the general posit of realism is more a matter of spontaneous existential energy and expression than of confirmable belief: it's the expression of animal vitality itself, conatus , tacitly unquestioned but neither affirmed nor confirmed (p. 182). Besides McDowell, Wittgenstein, Quine, Sellars and other contemporary thinkers -- but not Rescher, at least specifically -- are taken into account. Joseph Pitt also shows that Rescher's work is indeed close to Peirce's, with particular reference to cognitive values. Pitt's main aim is to phd dissertation, examine critically (yet sympathetically) the position of Rescher's objective pragmatism in contemporary debates on the notion of value and his justification of cognitive values.

Pitt claims, and edited collections this is significant in my view, that Rescher stands out in the terrain of twentieth-century philosophy dominated in North America by the analytic tradition as one who deeply adheres to the importance of language in the generation of knowledge, but not one who subverts all of human experience to the linguistic domain. Pitt also poses a fundamental question, what makes someone a pragmatist?, and correctly answers that the essentials of pragmatism are difficult to pin down, just like the essentials of any other ism (p. 411? 197). His opinion is that Rescher attacks the practical/theoretical distinction just: to put the human being back in the world. There are two concerns at play here -- one has to do with a negative consequence of the way the Western philosophical enterprise has developed since Rene Descartes. How To Paper? The second has to do with devising a solution to that problem that does not devolve into the extreme relativism of a Richard Rorty (p.

199). Pitt concludes that pragmatism, in Peirce and Rescher's meaning of the 411 word, is useful because it offers a way out of the and the hand essay solipsism/relativism dichotomy (p. 204). He worries, however, about the fact that Rescher very rarely mentions community, and this may ultimately leave him in the solipsist camp. Helmut Pape thinks that Peirce is the founder of the tradition of objective pragmatism, which has been subsequently developed by Rescher.

He argues, against Rorty, that there is no dichotomy between objectivity and solidarity, thus detaching himself from popular versions of phd dissertation assistance 411 contemporary neo-pragmatism, and claims that Rescher's views on rationality and cooperation are based on a Peircean account of assertion and this communication. Pape starts by noting that: Leftist pragmatism received its skeptical, anti-philosophical thrust only recently in Rorty's version of pragmatism. Rescher forcefully rejects Rorty's thesis that, in place of truth and objectivity, philosophy should rather care about conversational constraints, feelings and solidarity. Rescher's pragmatism of the phd dissertation 411 right, by invoking successful implementation and application in terms of this the relationship method, stresses the link to phd dissertation, external reality involved in practice (p. 205). Among Rescher's books, Pape takes especially into account Realistic Pragmatism (2000), in which pragmatism is understood as a uniquely methodologically oriented kind of philosophy. Timo Airaksinen analyzes pragmatist views on this desire and on betterment, dealing with anxiety, happiness and gratification. Airaksinen notes that the method of betterment needs a dialectical rule of adjustment, and quotes Rescher as saying that, from a pragmatist viewpoint, human beings should aim at phd dissertation assistance, satisfying life in terms of personal happiness. Rescher also wants to opinion essay travelling, conflate needs and phd dissertation 411 desires because they are both observable facts.

Airaksinen doesn't agree because he does not see how desires can be observable facts in the same sense as needs are (p. 232). His pragmatist conclusion is that we first need to know what we want and then decide to what degree we reached the the relationship goal. The fact that we cannot get it all does not mean that we got nothing (p. 236). Diana Heney deals with pragmatist bioethics, commenting on Rescher's pioneering contributions to this field. She argues that Rescher's pragmatic method is useful in general methodological issues, in the philosophy of value and in the concrete problems of medical ethics.

Heney poses a basic question, must we accept that pragmatism's emphasis on agents as situated, and on the real features of phd dissertation 411 our shared lives, rules out maintaining any meaningful conception of objectivity?, and shares Rescher's conviction that without a philosophically defensible conception of objectivity, the whole enterprise becomes relativized to the situations of various individuals. She also thinks that Rescher's pragmatist methodology is adaptable to the needs of and the hand grenade essay contemporary bioethics, concluding that a turn to Rescherian pragmatism -- which we might as well now recognize as a return to the insights of classical pragmatism -- should be regarded as promising for contemporary bioethics because it calls us to consider the lived problems of a shared moral life (p. 251). John Shook is interested in idealism in the context of 411 ethics, and deems Rescher's Ethical Idealism the finest work on ethics produced by opinion essay travelling the pragmatist movement. 411? Ethical ideals are necessary for a proper functioning of morality and, he adds, ideals in general are indispensable for any kind of intelligent practice. As Shook notes: Rescher speaks of the 'limits of the possible' -- this is by no means a gesture towards the imagination's overreach where pure fancy lies. In the realm of human action, it is really possible to essay, go beyond the limits of what ideally seems possible . . . Ideals are a tool for intelligent planning of the assistance conduct of thesis the relationship life (p. 254). But since we need ideals for guiding rational action, they have both a cognitive and an emotive role in human conduct in general. Ethical ideals can be prescriptive, conclusive, and projective, and phd dissertation 411 Shook concludes that Rescher's view of the essays fifth cognitive role of ethical ideals… is evidently in good company with his fellow pragmatists (p.

273). Given the title of the book, one might expect to read a collection of articles entirely dedicated to Rescher's thought. But in many essays his name is mentioned just a few times and in phd dissertation assistance 411 a couple of one hundred great essays cases, is not mentioned at assistance 411, all. Also, there is no clear definition of what pragmatism is, except for the Rescherian one. This is surprising given that today so many authors define themselves as pragmatists, and make in a paper that it is difficult to find a clear border line between pragmatism and analytic philosophy.

Albert Einstein: A life spent re-imagining physics. Einstein's archetypal boffin persona, firmly lodged in phd dissertation 411 popular culture, is well-earned. His ideas and theories were so shockingly revolutionary, he changed the way the Universe was imagined, not just once, but several times. Albert Einstein was proclaimed a genius while still in his 20s. But his later work was dominated by a fruitless search for a unified theory and this thesis the relationship increasing isolation from mainstream physics. So why are we still obsessed with him? The earliest known photograph of Albert Einstein. Almost from phd dissertation 411, birth, Einstein’s enquiring mind was developed by parents who encouraged his independence. Aged just four, they sent him out to explore the local area on his own. Aged five, his father gave him a compass to play with.

He was captivated by the motion of the needle. This was the genesis of his interest in make in a research paper science. Much later, his theories would be used to explain that motion. Unthinking respect for authority is the greatest enemy of truth. Einstein writing in a letter in 1901. SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY. Einstein aged 14. He was good at assistance science and martin and the grenade essay maths but disliked formal education. 411! After his parents moved to Italy for better job prospects, the teenage Einstein remained in essay Germany to finish his education.

Despite his obvious capabilities in science and maths, his tendency to rebel against the prescriptive nature of school, where everything was unthinkingly memorised, led to 411, some teachers giving him bad reports. His Munich schoolmaster said “he will never amount to anything”. This The Relationship! What if I could ride on a beam of light? The young Albert already had the ability to think in pictures. Einstein’s first marriage in 1903 was an act of rebellion. 411! Neither set of parents approved. The couple divorced in essays fifth edition 1919. After failing the entrance exam for a Zurich technical college, Einstein studied a new syllabus at school, and entered college on his second attempt. Once there, he gained a reputation for phd dissertation assistance 411 missing classes and opinion travelling wasting time discussing science with friends in local cafes. 411! At 17, he renounced his German citizenship in order to avoid military service.

For the next four years, Einstein was not the citizen of any country. An academic career was put on hold after graduating with average marks, and finding his girlfriend and fellow student Mileva Maric had fallen pregnant. An office job with space to think. This Thesis The Relationship! The origin of all technical achievements is the divine curiosity and the play instinct. After two years spent trying and failing to phd dissertation, secure an public dissertations, academic position, a friend helped Einstein take a job at a patent office in Bern. Finding the work both easy and routine, Einstein quickly rose up the ranks.

He later joked about it being his “cobbler’s trade” which left him plenty of time to think about physics. Assistance 411! You need to have JavaScript enabled to view this clip. Brian Cox demonstrates time dilation, which is predicted by of essays special relativity. The Science of Doctor Who (BBC Two, 2013). Between March and June, he produced four revolutionary contributions to science.

These included a paper entitled “on the electrodynamics of moving bodies”, which would become known as Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity. This showed that measurements of space and phd dissertation time were relative to how to paper, motion and subsequently forced physicists to re-evaluate some of their most basic concepts. Einstein would later be awarded the Nobel Prize for one of the phd dissertation 411, other papers, where he explained photoelectric effect. Einstein as a young professor in Zurich. It was not until 1909 that Einstein was finally offered an academic post – as a professor at the University of Zurich. The appointment came two years after Einstein imagined his most significant thought experiment. Picturing a man falling off a roof, Einstein realised he would not feel his own weight. And The Hand Grenade Essay! He called this the “happiest thought of my life” because it lead him to the general theory of relativity. Einstein also began demonstrating an interest in politics and moral questions, refusing to sign a “manifesto to the civilized world” defending Germany’s empire building at the start of assistance 411, World War One.

Peace cannot be achieved through violence. Einstein was a lifelong pacifist. You need to have JavaScript enabled to view this clip. Watch Brian Cox demonstrate general relativity. Wonders of the Universe (BBC Two, 2011). In 1915, Einstein announced his general theory of relativity, the culmination of an eight-year obsession with gravity. With its astonishing implications about the nature of time and space, it displaced Newtonian mechanics and shook the physics world, suggesting that space and opinion essay travelling time were one and the same and that gravity was not a force as Newton described it but the effect of objects bending space-time. His theory was given the weight of observational evidence when it was used to correctly predict anomalies in the orbit of phd dissertation, Mercury – a centuries-old problem that Newton’s theory of gravitation could not resolve. General relativity is thesis the relationship, confirmed – Einstein becomes a global icon. Arthur Eddington's photograph of the solar eclipse which proved the general theory of relativity. 411! In 1919 the British physicist Arthur Eddington went to a small African island to observe the total eclipse of the Sun.

He wanted to put Einstein’s theory to this thesis the relationship, the test. Assistance 411! Einstein had predicted that gravity should bend light. The eclipse of 1919 provided the perfect opportunity. Travelling! As the negatives were measured it became clear. Light was bent. Einstein was right. Our view of the phd dissertation assistance 411, Universe was changed forever.

Just as important were the political implications. In the of essays, charged environment of a world returning from war, a British confirmation of a German pacifist Jew's theory had a powerful resonance. America falls in love with Einstein. Assistance! SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY. Edited Collections! Einstein in 1921 with his second wife Elsa. His image became popular with the American press corps. In 1921 Einstein went to New York for the first time. Phd Dissertation Assistance! His distinctive appearance and surprising demeanour saw him capture the attention of the press pack. To Americans, he came across not as an aloof intellectual with strange ideas about the nature of reality but as a warm, likeable and humble character, who often smiled and this thesis had a talent for providing journalists with quotable lines. The feeling was mutual; in assistance 411 an essay about his impressions of the country he wrote The American is friendly, self-confident, optimistic, and without envy.

Two things are infinite: the Universe and public management dissertations human stupidity. Einstein had a gift for quotable lines. Einstein's Nobel prize medal, showing Alfred Nobel's likeness. Image: (C) (R) The Nobel Foundation. Photographer: Lovisa Engblom. In 1922 Einstein was awarded the phd dissertation, 1921 Nobel Prize in physics for his work on the photoelectric effect. This was largely because his better known work on this thesis the relationship relativity had remained controversial with some influential figures, including ophthalmologist Allvar Gullstrand, who served on the Nobel committee. Lesser but brilliant work continues. You need to have JavaScript enabled to view this clip. Ben Miller discovers the surprising behaviour of assistance, low-temperature helium. Horizon: What is One Degree? (BBC Two, 2011).

In the years that followed Einstein never equalled the scientific successes of his early years. But he did continue to make substantial contributions to physics. For example, his work with Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose predicted the existence of a new state of matter – a Bose-Einstein condensate. It also described strange quantum phenomena such as the and the hand, behaviour of superfluids – a state of matter that behaves like a fluid, but has zero viscosity. The 1927 Solvay conference. Over the following years Einstein would become an 411, increasingly isolated figure in one hundred great physics.

Quantum physics was on an unstoppable rise – making sense of sub-atomic behaviour in a way that general relativity could not. Einstein disliked the uncertainty of phd dissertation, quantum mechanics and sought a more complete theory. At the this thesis, 1927 Solvay conference in Brussels, Einstein came into disagreement with the leader of the quantum group, Niels Bohr. Their rivalry clarified the nature of wave-particle duality. Einstein spent most of the rest of his life trying to formulate a single theory which would unite relativity with quantum mechanics. It is a fundamental problem that eludes physicists to this day. God does not play dice. Einstein continually rejected the phd dissertation assistance 411, implications of quantum physics. Management! Einstein with Charlie Chaplin. Phd Dissertation Assistance! “They’re cheering us both – you because nobody understands you and me because everybody understand me.” Einstein moved to the USA in 1933 and took up a post in Princeton at the Institute for Advanced Study, a move precipitated by of essays Hitler’s rise to power.

At Princeton he published dozens of scientific papers, mainly related to some aspect of general relativity. But he remained consumed by the struggle to unite relativity and quantum physics. At various times he believed he had done it but would quickly fall into disillusionment as he realised problems remained. You need to have JavaScript enabled to view this clip. Phd Dissertation Assistance! In a rare clip, Einstein expresses his regret over his role in collections of essays the development of atomic weapons. Secrets of the Universe (BBC Four, 2014). In 1939 Einstein wrote to US President Roosevelt urging the development of atomic weapons. He felt an increasing sense of duty for physics to contribute in the fight against fascism but came to regret his role in the development of the atomic bomb. In later years, Einstein spoke out on social issues, joined civil rights organisations, promoted socialism and phd dissertation assistance defended the character of and the grenade, friends who were labelled Communists. All of phd dissertation assistance 411, these activities would strike many in McCarthy-era America as deeply suspicious.

The FBI opened a file on Einstein, which grew to nearly 1,500 pages. Einstein's desk pictured in 1955, taken a few hours after his death. Martin And The Grenade Essay! Einstein died aged 76 from an abdominal internal bleed, which he refused to have treated. Assistance 411! Despite making perhaps the this the relationship, single greatest contribution to 411, our understanding of the Universe, he died frustrated by his failure to reconcile his theories with the new world of quantum physics, a struggle which is continued by physicists today. You can either live as if nothing is martin hand grenade, a miracle or as if everything is. The first ever gravitational lens – an image which confirmed a prediction Einstein had made decades earlier. In 1979 astronomers saw something very unexpected in the night sky – two apparently identical galaxies.

But Einstein had seen this coming more than 40 years earlier. Assistance! It was called gravitational lensing – which produced two images of the same galaxy, something he predicted would happen in one hundred great fifth very specific conditions, but was never observed in his lifetime. Although he never believed they existed, Einstein’s work also predicted the existence of black holes and gravitational waves, which scientists have both now been detected. Einstein was Time magazine's person of the century in 1999. A century on from General Relativity, Einstein remains a cult figure: the embodiment of assistance, genius, eccentricity and free-thinking. He has appeared on fifth the cover of Time magazine six times, and was its ‘person of the century’ in assistance 1999. Today his image rights continue to generate millions of dollars annually.

Individual worship is as I look at it, always something unjustified. Einstein rejected the cult of the individual. A brief history of Stephen Hawking. Isaac Newton: A genius with dark secrets. Witness: Hear from one of Einstein's closest friends.

Word limits and requirements of your Degree Committee. Candidates should write as concisely as is possible, with clear and adequate exposition. Each Degree Committee has prescribed the limits of length and assistance 411 stylistic requirements as given below. On submission of the dissertation you must include a statement of length confirming that it does not exceed the word limit for essay, your Degree Committee. These limits and requirements are strictly observed by the Board of Graduate Studies and the Degree Committees and, unless approval to assistance exceed the make in a, prescribed limit has been obtained beforehand (see: Extending the assistance, Word Limit below), a dissertation that exceeds the opinion, limit may not be examined until its length complies with the prescribed limit. Dissertation word limits are set by Degree Committees.

If candidates need to increase their word limits they will need to apply for permission. Application forms are available from candidates' Self-Service pages. Requirements of the Degree Committees. Applicable to PhDs in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, and assistance Social Anthropology for all submissions from great essays fifth edition, 30 November 2013. The thesis is not to exceed 80,000 words (approx. 350 pages) for the PhD degree and 60,000 words for the MSc or MLitt degree.

These limits include all text, figures, tables and phd dissertation assistance 411 photographs, but exclude the bibliography, cited references and appendices. More detailed specifications should be obtained from the Division concerned. Permission to exceed these limits will be granted only after a special application to the Degree Committee. The application must explain in detail the reasons why an extension is being sought and the nature of the additional material, and must be supported by a reasoned case from the supervisor containing a recommendation that a candidate should be allowed to exceed the edited collections of essays, word limit by a specified number of phd dissertation assistance 411, words. Such permission will be granted only under exceptional circumstances.

If candidates need to apply for permission to exceed the one hundred, word limit, they should do so in phd dissertation, good time before the dissertations, date on which a candidate proposes to submit the dissertation, by phd dissertation 411 application made to the Graduate Committee. The thesis is not to exceed 80,000 words for the PhD and 60,000 words for hand, the MSc or MLitt degree. Footnotes, references and text within tables are to phd dissertation be counted within the word-limit, but captions, appendices and bibliographies are excluded. Appendices should be confined to such items as catalogues, original texts, translations of texts, transcriptions of interview, or tables. The thesis is not to exceed 80,000 words for edited, the PhD and 60,000 words for the MLitt degree. To include: footnotes, table of assistance 411, contents and list of illustrations, but excluding acknowledgements and the bibliography. Appendices (of no determined word length) may be permitted subject to the approval of the this, candidate's Supervisor (in consultation with the phd dissertation 411, Degree Committee); for and the grenade, example, where a catalogue of works is germane to the work. Permission to include such appendices must be requested from the candidate's Supervisor well in advance of the submission of the final thesis.

NB: Permission for phd dissertation assistance 411, extensions to the word limit for essay, most other purposes is likely to be refused. The thesis is for the PhD degree not to exceed 80,000 words exclusive of footnotes, appendices and bibliography but subject to an overall word limit of 100,000 words exclusive of bibliography. Phd Dissertation. For the MLitt degree not to the relationship exceed 60,000 words inclusive of footnotes but exclusive of bibliography and appendices. The thesis is phd dissertation 411 not to exceed 60,000 words (80,000 by special permission) excluding bibliography, figures, appendices etc. Double-spaced or one-and-a-half spaced. Single or double-sided printing. For the PhD Degree the thesis is not to exceed 80,000 words, EXCLUDING bibliography, but including tables, footnotes and appendices. It is normally expected to exceed 40,000 words unless prior permission is obtained from the this thesis, Degree Committee. Each page of statistical tables, charts or diagrams shall be regarded as equivalent to a page of text of the same size. The Degree Committee do not consider applications to extend this word limit. For the assistance 411, MSc Degree the thesis is not to exceed 40,000 words, EXCLUDING bibliography, but including tables, footnotes and appendices.

The thesis is public management not to exceed 80,000 words including footnotes, references, and appendices but excluding bibliography; a page of statistics shall be regarded as the equivalent of phd dissertation assistance 411, 150 words. Only under exceptional circumstances will permission be granted to exceed this limit. Candidates must submit with the thesis a signed statement giving the length of the thesis. Clinical Medicine and Clinical Veterinary Medicine. For the one hundred essays, PhD degree, not to exceed 60,000 words (or 80,000 by special permission of the Degree Committee), and for the MSc degree, not to exceed 40,000 words.

These limits exclude figures, photographs, tables, appendices and bibliography. Lines to be double or one-and-a-half spaced; pages to be double or single sided. The thesis is not to exceed, without the prior permission of the Degree Committee, 60,000 words including tables and footnotes, but excluding appendices, bibliography, photographs and diagrams. Any thesis which without prior permission of the Degree Committee exceeds the permitted limit will be referred back to the candidate before being forwarded to phd dissertation assistance the examiners. The thesis is not to exceed 80,000 words for the PhD degree and the MLitt degree, including footnotes, references and appendices but excluding bibliography.

Only under exceptional circumstances will permission be granted to exceed this limit. Candidates must submit with the thesis a signed statement giving the length of the thesis. If, under exceptional circumstances, candidates wish to apply for permission to exceed this limit, they should do so at least three months before the anticipated submission date. Permission may be granted for the inclusion of an appendix of a substantial quantity of text which is necessary for the understanding of the thesis. Martin Hand Essay. Permission may also be given if a candidate's application is supported by a letter from the supervisor certifying that such exemption from the prescribed limit of length is absolutely necessary in the interests of the total presentation of the subject. The thesis is not to exceed, without the prior permission of the Degree Committee, 80,000 words for the PhD degree and phd dissertation 60,000 words for the MSc or MLitt degree, including the summary/abstract. The table of public management dissertations, contents, photographs, diagrams, figure captions, appendices, bibliography and acknowledgements to not count towards the phd dissertation, word limit. Footnotes for both will not be included in the word limit where they are a necessary part of the referencing system used. The thesis is not to martin and the hand grenade essay exceed, without the prior permission of the phd dissertation assistance, Degree Committee, 275 numbered pages of in a paper, which not more than 225 pages are text, appendices, illustrations and bibliography.

A page of text is assistance 411 A4 one-and-a-half-spaced normal size type. Martin Grenade Essay. The additional 50 pages may comprise tables of data and/or computer programmes reduced in size. If a candidate's work falls within the social sciences, candidates are expected to observe the limit described in the Department of Geography above; if, however, a candidate's work falls within the natural sciences, a candidate should observe the limit described in the Department of Earth Sciences. Applications for the limit of length of the phd dissertation assistance 411, thesis to be exceeded must be early — certainly no later than the time when the application for the appointment of essay travelling, examiners and the approval of the title of the thesis is made. Any thesis which, without the prior permission of the Degree Committee, exceeds the permitted limit of phd dissertation assistance, length will be referred back to the candidate before being forwarded to the examiners. The thesis is not to exceed, without the prior permission of the Degree Committee, 60,000 words including tables, footnotes, bibliography and appendices. The Degree Committee points out that some of the best thesis extend to only half this length.

Each page of statistical tables, charts or diagrams shall be regarded as equivalent to a page of text of the same size. The thesis is collections of essays not to exceed 80,000 words for the PhD Degree and 60,000 words for the MSc and MLitt degrees, in all cases excluding appendices, footnotes, reference list or bibliography. Only in the most exceptional circumstances will permission be given to exceed the phd dissertation assistance 411, stated limits. In such cases, you must make an application to the Degree Committee as early as possible -and no later than three months before it is proposed to submit the public management dissertations, thesis, having regard to the dates of the Degree Committee meetings. Your application should (a) explain in detail the reasons why you are seeking the extension and (b) be accompanied by a full supporting statement from your supervisor showing that the extension is absolutely necessary in assistance, the interests of the total presentation of the subject. For the PhD degree, not to exceed, without prior permission of the Degree Committee, 65,000 words, including appendices, bibliography, footnotes, tables and equations not to contain more than 150 figures. A candidate must submit with their thesis a statement signed by the candidate themself giving the length of the thesis and the number of how to make an abstract in a research, figures. Any thesis which, without the prior permission of the Degree Committee, exceeds the permitted limit will be referred back to the candidate before being forwarded to the examiners. The thesis is not to exceed 80,000 words for the PhD degree and 60,000 words for phd dissertation 411, the MLitt degree, both including all notes and appendices but excluding the bibliography.

A candidate must add to the preface of the thesis the following signed statement: 'The thesis does not exceed the regulation length, including footnotes, references and appendices but excluding the bibliography.' In exceptional cases (when, for example, a candidate's thesis largely consists of an edition of a text) the Degree Committee may grant permission to exceed these limits but in such instances (a) a candidate must apply to opinion travelling exceed the length at least three months before the date on which a candidate proposes to submit their thesis and (b) the application must be supported by a letter from a candidate's supervisor certifying that such exemption from the prescribed limit of length is absolutely necessary. It is a requirement of the phd dissertation 411, Degree Committee for the Faculty of English that thesis must conform to either the MHRA Style Book or the MLA Handbook for the Writers of Research papers, available from major bookshops. There is one proviso, however, to travelling the use of these manuals: the Faculty does not normally recommend that students use the author/date form of citation and phd dissertation assistance 411 recommends that footnotes rather than endnotes be used. Bibliographies and references in thesis presented by candidates in ASNaC should conform with either of the above or to the practice specified in fifth, Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England. Thesis presented by candidates in the Research Centre for English and Applied Linguistics must follow as closely as possible the printed style of the journal Applied Linguistics and assistance 411 referencing and spelling conventions should be consistent. A signed declaration of the style-sheet used (and the opinion essay travelling, edition, if relevant) must be made in the preliminary pages of the thesis. PhD. dissertations MUST NOT exceed 80,000 words, and will normally be near that length.

A minimum word length exists for PhD dissertations: 70,000 words (50,000 for MLitt dissertations [Introduced from 1 October 2014] The word limit includes appendices and phd dissertation 411 the contents page but excludes the abstract, acknowledgments, footnotes, references, notes on transliteration, bibliography, abbreviations and glossary. The Contents Page should be included in the word limit. Statistical tables should be counted as 150 words per table. Maps, illustrations and other pictorial images count as 0 words. Graphs, if they are the only representation of the data being presented, are to be counted as 150 words. However, if graphs are used as an illustration of statistical data that is also presented elsewhere within the thesis (as a table for instance), then the graphs count as 0 words. Only under exceptional circumstances will permission be granted to exceed this limit.

Applications for permission are made via CamSIS self-service pages. Applications must be made at opinion least four months before the thesis is assistance 411 bound. Exceptions are granted when a compelling intellectual case is made. History and Philosophy of Science. The thesis is not to exceed 80,000 words for martin and the hand essay, the PhD degree and 60,000 words for phd dissertation assistance, the MLitt degree, in all cases including footnotes and appendices but excluding bibliography. Permission to submit a thesis falling outside these limits, or to submit an appendix which does not count towards the word limit, must be obtained in advance from the this thesis, Degree Committee. The thesis is not to exceed 80,000 for phd dissertation 411, the PhD degree and one hundred great fifth 60,000 words for the MSc or MLitt degree, both including footnotes, references and appendices but excluding bibliographies. Phd Dissertation 411. One A4 page consisting largely of statistics, symbols or figures shall be regarded as the essays fifth edition, equivalent of 250 words. A candidate must add to the preface of their thesis the following signed statement: 'This thesis does not exceed the regulation length, including footnotes, references and appendices.' For the PhD degree not to exceed 80,000 words exclusive of footnotes, appendices and bibliography but subject to 411 an overall word limit of 100,000 words exclusive of bibliography, table of contents and any other preliminary matter.

For the MLitt degree not to exceed 60,000 words inclusive of footnotes but exclusive of public management dissertations, bibliography, appendices, table of contents and any other preliminary matter. A candidate must add to the preface of the thesis the assistance 411, following signed statement: 'This thesis, including footnotes, does not exceed the permitted length.' There is no standard format for the dissertation in Mathematics . Candidates should discuss the format appropriate to their topic with their supervisor. The thesis is not to exceed 80,000 words for the PhD degree and travelling 60,000 words for the MLitt degree, including footnotes, references and appendices, but excluding bibliographies. The Degree Committee point out that some very successful doctoral dissertations have been submitted which extend to assistance no more than three-quarters of the maximum permitted length. Where appropriate and where prior approval has been granted by the Degree Committee, it is permitted to exceed the limit in the case of opinion travelling, dissertations presented in the form of critical editions of texts and assistance 411 dissertations requiring large amounts of of essays, linguistic data.

Only under the 411, most exceptional circumstances will permission be granted to exceed the limit in other cases. In all cases (a) a candidate must give notice of edited collections, their application to exceed the prescribed maximum length at least three months before the date on which a candidate proposes to submit their dissertation and assistance 411 (b) the this thesis the relationship, application must be accompanied by phd dissertation assistance a full supporting statement from the candidate's supervisor showing that such exemption from the prescribed limit of length is absolutely necessary. It is a requirement of the Degree Committee for the Faculty of opinion, Modern and Medieval Languages that dissertations presented must conform with the advice concerning abbreviations, quotations, footnotes, references, and other matters published in the 'Style Book of the phd dissertation assistance 411, Modern Humanities Research Association (Notes for Authors and Editors).' The thesis is not to exceed 80,000 words for the PhD degree and 60,000 words for the MLitt degree, both excluding notes, appendices, and bibliographies, musical transcriptions and examples, unless a candidate make a special case for greater length to the satisfaction of the Degree Committee. Candidates whose work is practice-based may include as part of the doctoral submission either a portfolio of substantial musical compositions, or one or more recordings of their own musical performance(s).

The thesis must be not less than 50,000 and not more than 80,000 words for the PhD degree, and not less than 30,000 and not more than 60,000 words for the MLitt degree, in how to make an abstract in a paper, all cases including appendices and notes of reference. Permission to submit a thesis falling outside these limits must be obtained in advance from the Degree Committee (but is unlikely to be granted). Institute of phd dissertation, Astronomy, Department of Materials Science Metallurgy, Department of Physics: The thesis is not to exceed, without prior permission of the Degree Committee, 60,000 words, including summary/abstract, tables, footnotes and appendices, but excluding table of contents, photographs, diagrams, figure captions, list of figures/diagrams, list of abbreviations/acronyms, bibliography and acknowledgements. The thesis is not to exceed, without prior permission of the Degree Committee, 60,000 words, including summary/abstract, tables, and collections footnotes, but excluding table of contents, photographs, diagrams, figure captions, list of figures/diagrams, list of abbreviations/acronyms, bibliography, appendices and acknowledgements. Appendices are relevant to the material contained within the dissertation but do not form part of the connected argument. Specifically, they may include derivations, code and spectra, as well as experimental information (compound name, structure, method of formation and data) for non-key molecules made during the PhD studies. Politics and International Studies. Applicable to the PhDs in Politics International Studies, Latin American Studies, Multi-disciplinary Studies and Development Studies for all submissions from candidates admitted prior to October 2017.

A PhD dissertation must not exceed 80,000 words, and will normally be near that length. Assistance 411. The word limit includes appendices but excludes footnotes, references and bibliography. This Thesis. Footnotes should not exceed 20% of the dissertation. Discursive footnotes are generally discouraged, and under no circumstances should footnotes be used to include material that would normally be in the main text, and phd dissertation assistance thus to circumvent the word limits. Statistical tables should be counted as 150 words per an abstract, table. Only under exceptional circumstances, and after prior application, will the Degree Committee allow a student to exceed these limits. A candidate must submit, with the dissertation, a statement signed by phd dissertation her or himself attesting to the length of the great edition, dissertation. Any dissertation that exceeds the limit will be referred back to assistance candidate for revision before being forwarded to the examiners. Applicable to the PhDs in Politics International Studies, Latin American Studies, Multi-disciplinary Studies and opinion Development Studies for all submissions from candidates admitted after October 2017. A PhD dissertation must not exceed 80,000 words, including footnotes.

The word limit includes appendices but excludes the bibliography. Discursive footnotes are generally discouraged, and phd dissertation assistance 411 under no circumstances should footnotes be used to one hundred essays edition include material that would normally be in the main text. Statistical tables should be counted as 150 words per table. Phd Dissertation Assistance. Only under exceptional circumstances, and after prior application, will the Degree Committee allow a student to exceed these limits. A candidate must submit, with the dissertation, a statement signed by her or himself attesting to the length of the dissertation.

Any dissertation that exceeds the limit will be referred back to candidate for revision before being forwarded to the examiners. Only applicable to martin and the grenade students registered for the degree prior to assistance 411 1 August 2012; all other students should consult the guidance of the Faculty of Biological Sciences. Applicable to the PhD in Psychology (former SDP students only) for all submissions made before 30 November 2013. A PhD dissertation must not exceed 80,000 words, and will normally be near that length. This Thesis The Relationship. The word limit includes appendices but excludes footnotes, references and bibliography.

Footnotes should not exceed 20% of the dissertation. Phd Dissertation. Discursive footnotes are generally discouraged, and under no circumstances should footnotes be used to include material that would normally be in the main text, and thus to circumvent the word limits. Statistical tables should be counted as 150 words per table. Only under exceptional circumstances, and after prior application, will the Degree Committee allow a student to exceed these limits. A candidate must submit, with the edition, dissertation, a statement signed by her or himself attesting to the length of the assistance, dissertation. Any dissertation that exceeds the limit will be referred back to great essays candidate for revision before being forwarded to the examiners. Applicable to assistance 411 the PhD in this thesis the relationship, Psychology (former SDP students only) for all submissions from assistance, 30 November 2013. A PhD dissertation must not exceed 80,000 words, and will normally be near that length.

The word limit includes appendices but excludes footnotes, references and bibliography. Footnotes should not exceed 20% of the dissertation. And The Grenade. Discursive footnotes are generally discouraged, and under no circumstances should footnotes be used to include material that would normally be in the main text, and thus to circumvent the word limits. Phd Dissertation. Statistical tables should be counted as 150 words per table. Edited. Only under exceptional circumstances, and phd dissertation after prior application, will the Degree Committee allow a student to exceed these limits. Applications should be made in make an abstract in a research paper, good time before the assistance 411, date on which a candidate proposes to submit the dissertation, made to the Graduate Committee. A candidate must submit, with the dissertation, a statement signed by her or himself attesting to the length of the dissertation. Hand. Any dissertation that exceeds the phd dissertation, limit will be referred back to management candidate for revision before being forwarded to the examiners. Applicable to the PhD in Sociology for 411, all submissions from 30 November 2013.

A PhD dissertation must not exceed 80,000 words, and will normally be near that length. The word limit includes appendices but excludes footnotes, references and make paper bibliography. Footnotes should not exceed 20% of the dissertation. Discursive footnotes are generally discouraged, and under no circumstances should footnotes be used to include material that would normally be in the main text, and thus to circumvent the assistance, word limits. Statistical tables should be counted as 150 words per table. Only under exceptional circumstances, and after prior application, will the Degree Committee allow a student to exceed these limits. This Thesis The Relationship. Applications should be made in good time before the date on which a candidate proposes to submit the dissertation, made to the Graduate Committee.

A candidate must submit, with the dissertation, a statement signed by her or himself attesting to the length of the dissertation. Any dissertation that exceeds the limit will be referred back to candidate for revision before being forwarded to the examiners.

Essay: The law on suicide and assisted suicide. Suicide ceased to assistance 411, be a criminal offence in England and this the relationship, Wales with the passing of the Suicide Act 1961 s(1) but the same Act made it an offence to assist in a suicide s(2), the punishment being 14 years imprisonment. Phd Dissertation. The amended law relating to assisted suicide is now in s.59 of the Coroners and Justice Act, so that a person can be prosecuted for committing ‘acts capable of encouraging or assisting the suicide or attempted suicide of another person’. [ ] The law is such that people who are suffering from incurable diseases and who wish to die cannot be assisted by others in one hundred great essays fifth edition, their suicidal actions but this has recently been challenged around the world, seeking to achieve a change in 411, the law so that assisting a person to die will not lead to criminal prosecution. The judges feel that this is an issue on which the courts should not be legislating because the law relating to martin hand essay, assisting suicide can only be changed by parliamentary intervention since they cannot go against an act of parliament. However, do you think that assisted suicide should be legalized? Imagine yourself in the position of those people.

There is endless suffering and pain but there are no medications or procedures to cure you. You cannot commit suicide yourself and you fear to ask your relatives or friends because that might put them in serious troubles because the law bans the help. Phd Dissertation 411. There have been reported cases explaining the pain people go through, like a case where a woman starved herself to death because there was no other way for an abstract in a paper, her to die. In another case, a brother was forced to 411, shoot his brother who was suffering from skin cancer for the past six months and his body was deteriorating further every day. The young man paid an enormous charge for releasing his brother from that distress that he was charged for public management dissertations, murder. Phd Dissertation 411. These are just some cases reported by the public, there are thousands of people who die suffering and the law rather than helping them, chooses to stay quiet. Very sick people are the this the relationship, ones that are the most vulnerable.

They are exhausted from fighting the disease and pain and 411, often become depressed from what is happening to great essays fifth, them. In such a state they are often more ambivalent to committing suicide. America has a strong culture of assistance 411, independence and self reliance but their dependence becomes a source of management, shame when they get such an illness. Under s.2(4) of the act ‘no proceedings shall be instituted except by or with the consent of the phd dissertation assistance, Director of Public Prosecutions'[ ], the dissertations, Director of phd dissertation assistance, Public Prosecutions (DPP) has discretion to decide whether and when prosecution of such cases is in the public interest but there is no fixed criteria to decide that and dissertations, the DPP along with the CPS decide the cases as they think fit. It was after this that Mrs Debby Purdy brought a case against the DPP seeking clarification about phd dissertation 411 whether her husband would be prosecuted if he assisted her in dying. Although it is illegal to help someone kill themselves, nobody has so far been prosecuted for helping a person travel abroad to do so. Many Britons have gone abroad (often to organisations such as Dignitas in how to an abstract in a research, Switzerland) for assistance in ending their own lives where assisted suicide is phd dissertation assistance legal but because of the inconsistencies between domestic law and prosecution, people might still be prosecuted for this. Debby Purdy in 2009 launched a case to clarify whether or not her husband would risk being prosecuted if he helped her travel to a Dignitas clinic in public, Switzerland to die. Debby Purdy suffered from incurable and progressive multiple sclerosis.

She appealed a decision that the absence of a crime specific policy identifying the assistance, facts and circumstances that the edited of essays, DPP would take into account when deciding whether to prosecute an individual for assisting another person to commit suicide did not make the operation and the effect of s2(1) SA 1961 unlawful and did not mean that it was not in accordance with law for the purpose of art 8 ECHR. The House of Lords agreed that lack of assistance 411, clarity about how the DPP exercised his discretion infringed Article 8 and they said that the DPP should issue guidance that would help people to this thesis the relationship, know the circumstances that would lead to someone being prosecuted for helping someone to end their life. Purdy’s case ended on 30 August 2009 and it was after this case that the DPP published their policy in 411, respect of an abstract in a paper, charging individuals with assisting or encouraging suicide ‘ DPP, ‘Policy for Prosecutors in respect of cases of Encouraging and Assisting Suicide’ (2010) . This policy sets out the 411, public interest factors tending in favour of or against prosecution. This policy applies where an act that amounts to assisting and encouraging suicide is opinion essay travelling committed in England and Wales even if the suicide takes place outside the assistance 411, jurisdiction. This was also underlined in the case of a paralysed former rugby player, Daniel James 2010 whose parents, Julie and Mark James said the former England under-16 rugby player had never come to great edition, terms with his extreme physical incapacity, and repeatedly said he wanted to die and was determined to 411, do so.

The DPP said it was not in the public interest to prosecute Mr James’s parents even though there was sufficient evidence that they had helped their son to end his own life, in breach of the 1961 Suicide Act. But the DPP has still no power to give an undertaking in advance that if a person assists another to commit suicide, he will not consent to a prosecution under s2(1) The issue is without doubt both sensitive and controversial. Many people view legally assisted suicide as an appalling concept which undermines the fundamental human right to life itself. On the other hand there are those, like Ms Purdy, who firmly believe that the right to life includes the right to how to make research, end one’s own life when one can still do so with. Another such case was Pretty v UK (2002) Mrs Pretty died aged 43 of motor neurone disease in a Luton hospice in 2002. She had failed in her legal battle, which went all the way to the European Court of Human Rights, to assistance, obtain immunity from prosecution for and the hand, her husband if he assisted her in dying. The House of Lords dismissed Mrs Pretty’s claim that her human rights had been violated. 411. Mrs Pretty complained that her rights under ECHR art 2,3 and 8 were infringed when DPP granted and indemnity against the prosecution of management dissertations, her husband. The court held that none of the assistance, articles were infringed. Essay. The reasons were as follows as argued by the court that Art 2(right to life) could not be interpreted as right to die.

Had the phd dissertation assistance, article included issues such as quality of public, life then this could be argued. Not allowing her husband to assist her in suicide was not a breach of phd dissertation assistance, Art 3(inhumane and edited, degrading behaviour). Lastly Art 8 was not infringed because she was not prevented from exercising her choice to her life. If assisted suicide was compatible with law then the courts would not have interfered at all. The blanket ban on assited suicide was not disproportionate and the interference was justified. The DPP guidelines included that Prosecution is more likely firstly if the person who died was under 18, had a mental illness or was not acting on their own initiative, the guidelines say. Secondly if the assistance, person was maliciously encouraged to commit suicide, did not have an incurable illness or physical disability, or had previously demonstrated indecision about wanting to commit suicide, their helper would be more likely to face prosecution. Thirdly Prosecutors would have to be satisfied the person aiding the suicide was wholly motivated by compassion and that they, or anyone close to them, had nothing to public management dissertations, gain from the death. Fourthly cases less likely to be prosecuted include those where the person had a clear and expressed wish to commit suicide, was suffering from an phd dissertation 411 incurable disease, and where the helper was motivated by compassion and was a partner, family member or close friend. There are countries where assisted suicide has been legalized but it still carries with it some sort of discretion by the courts.

In Gross v Switzerland 2013 it was provided that an individual was in a position freely to form his own judgement and to act accordingly, he himself has the right to decide when, where, how his life should end and it fell under art 8 of ECHR. In this case the complainant wished to be provided with a dose of sodium pentobarbital allowing her to end her life and the absence of such guidelines violated her art 8 right. Opinion Essay. The object of art 8 was to protect the phd dissertation 411, individual against arbitrary interference by public authorities. However in Haas v Switzerland 2011 , the thesis, complainant suffered from a mental illness and was refused access to a chemical substance for committing suicide. He argued that this was against phd dissertation assistance, article 8 of edited, ECHR. The federal court stated that a psychiatric report would be required to determine whether his wish to end life was a mental illness that could be treated or an autonomous, considered and enduring decision of a person with capacity. The Swiss government argued that the right to self determination guaranteed by article 8 did not include the right of a person to be assisted in committing suicide and phd dissertation assistance 411, that the restriction on edited collections of essays access to sodium pentobarbital was necessary to protect health and safety and to prevent crime.

So there are even restrictions for assistance, the allowance of assisted suicide in countries where this has been legalized. Another case is management dissertations Kosh v Germany 2013 where the husband’s complaint about the assistance 411, refusal of collections of essays, authority to authorise his wife to acquire a lethal dose of medication was upheld. It was held that the 411, husband’s relationship with his wife was expected away close and he could claim to have been directly affected the edited collections, refusal of medicine. Phd Dissertation. The institute’s refusal to reject the drug was an interference with the right under art 8 of the how to research paper, wife’s right and assistance, not that of the husband. Art 8 was of a non transferable nature and could thus not be pursued by a close relative or other successor of the immediate victim. In (R (on the application of and the grenade, Nicklinson) v Ministry of Justice [2014] Mr Nicklinson had ‘locked-in’ syndrome which is a complete paralysis but the phd dissertation, mind is working perfectly. In 2007 he decided to end his own life but he would only have been able to do so by refusing all food and liquids. He wanted a doctor to end his life, but that wasn’t allowed. Having failed to persuade the courts in various legal actions, Mr Nicklinson died of pneumonia in opinion travelling, August 2012 after refusing nutrition, fluids and medical treatment. Phd Dissertation Assistance. His wife continued the case and was joined by Lamb, a man paralysed in an accident.

Another case heard at the same time was that of Martin who is one hundred essays unable to assistance 411, speak and virtually unable to move. He found his life intolerable and wanted to die. Because of his disability, he is unable to and the hand grenade, do so without assistance and assistance, is wholly reliant on his professional careers. Martin argued that: 1. the DPP’s Policy is an management unjustified interference with his Article 8 right of ECHR because the consequences of the phd dissertation assistance 411, policy are uncertain, and 2. the policy disproportionately interferes with his Article 8 right because it discourages the assistance Martin seeks. The DPP argued that the this thesis the relationship, CPS policy is sufficiently clear and assistance, that it is not possible to essays edition, guarantee that certain persons would not be prosecuted for assisting or encouraging someone to phd dissertation, commit suicide. To do so would, allegedly, cross ‘the line of one hundred fifth edition, constitutional propriety’. The Supreme Court held that they did not have jurisdiction to change the law on assisted suicide. They also unanimously held that the DPP’s guidance on assisted suicide was lawful.

In January 2010 Kay Gilderdale was prosecuted for the attempted murder of her daughter Lynn, who had been suffering from phd dissertation assistance, a long-term illness, but the jury found Kay not guilty of attempted murder. Following her acquittal there was considerable criticism of the one hundred great essays fifth edition, CPS for proceeding with the prosecution for attempted murder particularly since Gilderdale had already pleaded guilty to the lesser offence of assistance 411, aiding and abetting her daughter’s suicide. In February 2010, the CPS published a new policy on prosecution for assisted suicide. The policy sets out 16 public interest factors that would tend to be in favour of prosecution and five public interest factors that would tend to favour against prosecution. The policy was broadly welcomed as a response to the Purdy case. The DPP, Sir Keir Starmer, explained how the guide had worked: ‘The thrust of the final guidelines is reasonably clear … broadly speaking if the victim has a clear and edited of essays, settled intent to commit suicide and phd dissertation 411, if the suspect is wholly motivated by compassion and has not persuaded the management, victim to phd dissertation assistance, commit suicide, the likelihood of a prosecution is edited collections low’.

However does that right to phd dissertation 411, life import a right to die? No matter what others argue, assisting suicide is indeed murder. It’s killing the soul, and we all consider that murder, don’t we? Yes, life can get hard, life can bring us down, and sometimes we may think we are drowning in misery; but that doesn’t mean we can simply give up on life. There are ways to help and opinion travelling, there are people who will listen; so let us stop murdering ourselves, shall we? Today if we legalize assisted suicide, what will be our next step?

Law will be an open ended sword then. Mr Bainbridge, who set up his own estate agent business in 2011 said that, ‘If we allow people to give up hope, the investment in assistance 411, drugs, in technology, and in the hospice movement as well, will be curtailed.’ But then again if suicide itself is legal then why not assisted suicide? In my opinion if a person does not want to live and suffer the pain he is going through and public dissertations, had he been in a position to kill himself he would have definitely done so then why not allowing his family or friends to do the phd dissertation 411, act when he himself is in a position in which he can’t even move? Should not helping people to live with dignity and purpose must surely be our priority. There have been attempts where bills have passed for legalizing assisted suicide but have been rejected by the parliament. At least what our legislation can do is to legalize physician assisted suicide so that only essays fifth those people who the physician thinks are not going to coupe up with their illness can be assisted.

Search our thousands of essays: If this essay isn't quite what you're looking for, why not order your own custom Law essay, dissertation or piece of coursework that answers your exact question? There are UK writers just like me on hand, waiting to help you. Each of phd dissertation, us is qualified to essays fifth edition, a high level in our area of expertise, and phd dissertation assistance 411, we can write you a fully researched, fully referenced complete original answer to your essay question. Just complete our simple order form and you could have your customised Law work in your email box, in as little as 3 hours. This Law essay was submitted to us by a student in order to help you with your studies. This page has approximately words. If you use part of opinion essay, this page in your own work, you need to provide a citation, as follows: Essay UK, Essay: The law on assistance suicide and assisted suicide . Available from: http://www.essay.uk.com/essays/law/essay-the-law-on-suicide-and-assisted-suicide/ [04-10-17].

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