Assagioli psychosynthesis a collection of

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Investigating Writing Sub-skills in Testing English as a Foreign Language: A Structural Equation Modeling Study. National Institute of Education, Singapore. This study investigates the validity of psychosynthesis, a writing model proposed as the underlying structure of the writing skill in English as a foreign language (EFL). Assign With! Four writing prompts were administered to 178 Iranian EFL learners. The scripts were then scored according to writing benchmarks similar to the IELTS Writing criteria but narrower in scope. After inter- and intra-rater reliability analysis, a three-factor model was posited for validation.

Structural modeling of the sub-skills revealed the two sub-skills of Idea Arrangement and Communicative Quality are psychometrically inseparable, but the Vocabulary and Grammar sub-skills proved to have good measurement properties. Using parcel indicators, a two-factor model was then evaluated which had the psychosynthesis a collection of best fit and parsimony. The researcher concludes Idea Arrangement and Communicative Quality appear to have similar conceptual and theoretical foundations and should be considered the elements of assign with, one measuring criterion. Further research is required to support this finding. [1] Measurable sub-skills of second language (L2) essay writing in analytic approaches have been extensively researched to the present day. There exist different construct definitions but the models postulated are not entirely homogenous (Weigle, 2002). Proposing and evaluating L2 writing models are not as well-researched as rater reliability and bias studies (Barkaoui, 2007; Knoch, 2007; Schaefer, 2008) or systematic rater training (Weigle, 1994), which are two steps in construct validation. Assagioli Psychosynthesis A Collection! In this light, the present study seeks to assign with investigate the underlying structure of the assagioli a collection writing skill and its measurable sub-skills.

Writing in an L2 is a complicated process, which may be similar to assign with writing in first language (L1) in some manners (Myles, 2002). As highlighted in assagioli psychosynthesis, the theoretical and conceptual frameworks of L2 writing, a host of factors affect writing performance (Friedrich, 2008). For example, Mickan, Slater, and Gibson (2000) contended that syntax, lexicon, and task objectives affect L2 text writing. Their study also showed the role of “socio-cultural” factors in essay writing, a finding re-stressed recently by Lantolf (2008). Research also shows whereas external variables can directly affect the writing style and performance (Ballard Clancy 1991; Lantolf, 2008), the assign with effective underlying factors considered in writing assessment have not exceeded a handful such as vocabulary, grammar, cohesion, and coherence (Leiki, 2008; Ferris, 2002).

It is possible to expand this list, but the psychosynthesis measurability and separability of these components will remain uncertain. It has been common practice to construct analytic writing descriptors, each including several criteria to measure (Shaw Falvey, 2008). An example of lengthy lists to measure writing sub-skills is Weir’s (1990) list which has seven subcategories and an instance of thesis, a shorter (perhaps more practical) list is Astika’s (1993) three proposed rating benchmarks. Writing assessment has been largely carried out in two forms: impressionistic (holistic) and analytical. “In analytic writing, scripts are rated on several aspects of writing or criteria rather than given a single score. Therefore, writing samples may be rated on such features as content, organization, cohesion, register, vocabulary, grammar, or mechanics” (Weigle, 2002, p. 114). This practice helps generating helpful diagnostic input about testees’ writing skills, which is the psychosynthesis a collection major merit of analytic schemes (Gamaroff, 2000; Vaughan, 1991). In The Century! On a holistic scale, by way of contrast, a single mark is assigned to the entire written texts. The underlying assumption is that in holistic marking raters will respond to a text in psychosynthesis a collection of, the same way if a set of marking benchmarks are to guide them in northeastern dissertation completion, marking (Weigle, 2002, p. 72). In relation to the analytic assessment of the writing skill, Aryadoust, Akbarzadeh, and Nasiri (2007) discussed three criteria based on which to score the text, that is, Arrangement of Ideas and of Examples (AIE), Coherence and fashion in the 20th century research paper Cohesion (CC) or Communicative Quality (CQ), and Sentence Structure and Vocabulary (SSV). The three areas also belong to the benchmarks in pre-2006 International English Language Testing System (IELTS) writing assessment criteria (Shaw Falvey, 2008).

These criteria were modified in psychosynthesis a collection, 2008 and the current rating practice in the IELTS Writing test is based on a new exposition of writing performance and assessment (Shaw Falvey, 2008); for example, it was agreed to separate the SSV criterion into vocabulary and grammar. Also, the CC was found to be the most difficult area for raters to score. The second difficult criterion to rate was the AIE which is followed by the SSV. Shaw and Falvey (2008) capitalized on the similarity of CC and AIE, which could cast doubts on the inseparability of these sub-skills in writing. The following section reviews research into writing and proposes a model for the L2 writing construct. The model will be validated via structural equation modeling. Nature of Second Language Writing. The analytic standpoint on L2 writing has supplied much of the aseem thesis fuel for writing research. According to Hedge (2005), one can construct a list of “crafting skills”, which comprise such components as lexis, syntax, spelling, and communicating ideas in assessing writing and yet expand on the list in psychosynthesis of, analytic writing.

Writing researchers have articulated other crafting skills influencing writing performance, that is, overall effectiveness, intelligibility, fluency, comprehension, appropriateness, and resources which influenced writing performance the most (McNamara, 1990, 1996); control over structure, organization of assign with, materials, vocabulary use, and writing quantity (Mullen, 1977); relevance and adequacy of content, compositional organization, cohesion, adequacy of vocabulary, grammar, punctuation, and spelling (Weir, 1990); content, language use, organizing ideas, lexis, and a collection mechanics (punctuations and spelling) (Jacobs, Zinkgarf, Wormuth, Hartfiel, Hughey, 1981); and sentence structure, vocabulary, and aseem agarwala thesis grammar (Daiker, Kerek, Morenberg, 1978). The efficacy of such frameworks has been studied; for example, Brown and Baily (1984) investigated Jacobs et al . ’s (1981) and Mullen’s (1977) frameworks. Assagioli A Collection Of! They found using an analytic framework of organization, logical development of ideas, grammar, mechanics of writing, and assign with style is a sound practice in assessing writing performance. In a similar vein, Ahour and Mukundan (2009) recently reported that Astika’s (1993) analytic framework helps diagnosing writing problems of English learners. Another postulated writing assessment framework is the “linguistic/rhetorical” model (Connor, 1991).

The measure entails syntactic features, coherence, and persuasiveness. Harmer’s (2004) writing framework expanded on Connor’s model, bearing genre, text construction, cohesion, and assagioli of register. Likewise, Moore and Morton (1999, 2005) stressed rhetorical functions alongside genre and the source of information in writing assessment. The holistic approach toward writing and its assessment has also been researched to a certain extent. It has been stated that a high portion of variability in holistic writing scores is dante essay, ascribable to four subclasses of grammar competence, that is, sentential connectors, errors, length, and subordination/relativization (Homburg, 1984). Further, Evola, Mamer, and Lentz (1980) reported meaningful correlation between the correct use of cohesive devices and holistic ratings. Intriguingly, the holistic approach has been advocated by several researchers investigating high-stakes tests. Among IELTS writing researchers, Mickan (2003) suggested that a more holistic approach to assagioli a collection of scoring writing would be more practical than a very analytical, pedantic approach. Also, Mickan and Slater (2003) took issue with the analytic scale since, as they claimed, “Highlighting vocabulary and sentence structure attracts separate attention to discrete elements of a text rather than to quote dante inferno essay the discourse as a whole” (p. A Collection Of! 86). They proposed a more impressionistic approach to evaluating writing in inferno essay, lieu of the analytic method.

But their assumption was undermined in later research on assagioli of, writing. Contrary to Mickan and Slater’s (2003) study, recent investigations into essay thesis outline, the writing indicated that vocabulary and grammar accuracy appear to be complementary and are possible to be classified under a single rubric (Banerjee, Franceschina, Smith, 2007). Such a proposal is assagioli a collection, supportive of the assumption that similarities between writing sub-skills make it possible to have composite sub-skills where two or more categories are accommodated into a single rubric. On the i check to see if my other hand, Banerjee et al. (2007) deemed it practical to reduce the rating criteria by assagioli of accommodating several rating criteria into more unifying headings. This way, the rater, as they stated, would not get bewildered as how to distinguish effectively, say, intelligibility and comprehension, and effectiveness and appropriateness in McNamara’s (1991) framework. In this light, the present study seeks to explore the convergence and separability of sub-skills of essay thesis, a writing construct model including grammar and lexis, cohesion and coherence, and assagioli arrangement of ideas. The following table presents the proposed definitions of writing descriptors in the present study. Table 1. Criterion and Descriptors to Assess and Score L2 Writing Samples. 2) aspects of agarwala thesis, accurate and effective paragraphing.

3) elaborateness of details. 4) use of assagioli psychosynthesis a collection of, different and complex ideas and efficient arrangement. 5) keeping the essay focus on the main theme of the prompt. 6) understanding the tone and genre of the prompt. 7) demonstration of cultural competence. 2) using logical pronouns and conjunctions to connect ideas and/or sentences. 3) logical sequencing of ideas by use of transitional words.

4) the strength of assagioli psychosynthesis a collection of, conceptual and referential linkage of sentences/ideas. 2) correct spelling, punctuation, and capitalization (the density and communicative effect of errors in spelling and the density and communicative effect of errors in fashion 20th century, word formation (Shaw Taylor, 2008, p. 44)) 3) appropriate and assagioli psychosynthesis a collection of correct syntax (accurate use of aseem agarwala, verb tenses and independent and subordinate clauses) 4) avoiding use of assagioli psychosynthesis of, sentence fragments and fused sentences. 5) appropriate and accurate use of synonyms and antonyms. In summary of the table, the AIE is defined as an aspect of writing which concerns the appropriate tone of the text and genre, appropriate exemplification, efficient arrangement of ideas, completeness of responses to the prompt, and relevancy.

Therefore, it was made explicit to northeastern dissertation completion fellowship students in the study that the reader of the a collection text would be a university professor or an i check if my essay is plagiarized, educated individual. In relation to the SSV, the use of appropriate vocabulary, correct spelling, punctuation, and assagioli a collection syntax was considered. The CC (or CQ) encompasses elements of argument where components of causality and coherent presentation of i check to see if my is plagiarized, ideas are essential. Two important aspects that help raters score the CC of the text are the effective use of cohesive devices and assagioli a collection of the employment of coherent-makers such as particular transitional words and rules. Assign With! Within this definition are aspects of accurate and effective referencing and paragraphing. This area is distinguished from the SSV in the effective use of the vocabulary and syntax elements to foster the assagioli psychosynthesis coherence and cohesion in the entire text.

What measurable sub-skills underpin the if my essay is plagiarized writing skill? Is there evidence to advocate rating three sub-skills in rating L2 essays? Participants were 178 Iranian EFL students (74 males and 104 females) who took part in the study. They ranged in age from 19 to 34 ( M = 25; SD = 3.34), and psychosynthesis of Persian was their mother tongue. At the time of the fashion 20th century research paper study, the participants had completed general English courses (2 to a collection of 2.5 years of agarwala, learning English) and were either applying for IELTS preparation courses or were recently enrolled in of, the course. Dante Inferno! The general English courses offered at the institute where the study was carried out assagioli, were based on assign with, a curriculum which highlighted the communicative needs of the assagioli a collection students in four language skills: listening, reading, writing, and speaking. Therefore, the purpose of the courses was to bring up students to the level where they could communicate effectively in English. The main materials used in essay thesis statement, these courses were Interchange series by Richards, Hull and Proctor (2004), which include three textbooks and additional materials such as videos and audio programs. The textbooks were replaced by IELTS materials when students completed them, so that students were involved in more communicative practices and activities. Writing was an indispensable section of assagioli, both stages (Interchange textbooks and IELTS), which was instructed by statement outline the teacher.

After Lougheed (2004), Aryadoust et al. (2007) classified essay prompts into four main categories: (a) Agreement-disagreement (AD) (b) Stating a Preference (SP) (c) Giving Explanation (GE. (d) Making Arguments (MA) This classification is not made according to the responses to the prompt or manuscripts; rather it is centered on the wording and requirements of the prompts. Table 2 presents the sample wordings representing these prompt types. For example, in an AD task, the writer is assagioli psychosynthesis a collection, required to show his/her dis/agreement with a statement or common belief. Thesis! It is assagioli a collection, also important to underscore there is a fuzzy border between some prompt classes which makes it difficult for researchers decide on the task type (Aryadoust et al., 2007). Table 2. Completion Fellowship! Definitions of Four Tasks Based on a collection of, Their Prompts. In selecting tasks, following Mickan, Slater, and Gibson’s (2000) recommendation, prompts were chosen to contain the least socio-culturally biased point and essay thesis outline have clear-cut meanings (see Appendix 1). In so doing, I presented 12 prompts to four experts who agreed on the clarity and objectivity of four prompts.

The selected tasks were administered to the testees in the same order as in Table 2. Each student participated in two exam sessions where two prompts were administered to assagioli a collection them (AD and thesis SP in psychosynthesis a collection, session 1 and GE and MA in session 2). There was a 10-minute interval between each two tasks in each session. Each writing task was allotted 40 minutes and assign with I scored the collected scripts initially. Next, two EFL teachers rated a considerable sub-sample drawn from the main sample. To help participants have a clear idea of the a collection of possible readership of their text, I used the instructions similar to the ones formerly used in the IELTS Writing test. The instructions read: “ write an essay in aseem thesis, response to the following question/statement for a university professor or educated person. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer [italics added] .” This instruction helps writers address the text to assagioli psychosynthesis readers of their texts. Two major rounds of scoring were conducted.

I completed the first round of scoring based on the descriptors introduced by O’Loughlin and Wigglesworth (2003, pp. Agarwala Thesis! 100-113) and Hamp-Lyons (1991a, 1991b, 1991c) as summarized in Table 1. Other sets of useful materials were also used to further study the structure of scoring system and benchmarks in IELTS since a 10-point scale (0-9) like the IELTS Writing rating benchmarks was used, e.g. Cambridge practice tests for IELTS 3-6 (2002, 2005, 2006, 2007), Jakeman and McDowell (2004), and Official IELTS Practice Materials (2007). The two recruited EFL teachers were also trained and exposed to assagioli a collection of the sample writings in these materials. The researcher conducted their training in three sessions over the course of aseem thesis, one week, each session lasting approximately two hours. The following table presents the scores descriptions and a collection their meanings.

Table 3. Band Score Definitions of essay statement outline, IELTS Used in the Present Study. Based on IELTS benchmarks, band levels range from assagioli, 0 (not taking the northeastern completion fellowship test) to 9 (expert user). Because none of the manuscripts was consistent with the definitions of the assagioli a collection band scores 0, 1, 8, and 9, we did not score any manuscript as 0, 1, 8, or 9. Each text was marked in three areas as displayed in Table 1. Aseem Agarwala Thesis! On the whole, 178 participants wrote on assagioli a collection, four prompts, which totals 712 essays (178 ? 4 = 712). A second round of scoring was conducted by assign with two EFL teachers (as a measure of inter-reliability) and then the researcher himself (as a measure of of, intra-reliability) to insure the quality of scores. Century Research! Due to a collection of time constraints and other commitments of the two assistant raters, the 20th research paper researcher had to randomly draw 240 writing samples out of the manuscripts marked (60 writing tasks in response to each prompt). Both teachers rated this smaller sample and the results were compared to find potential discrepancies. For the same reason, the EFL teachers did not perform a second round of scoring, and therefore no measure of their intra-reliability for teachers is available. Inter-rater and Intra-rater Reliability. To investigate the assagioli psychosynthesis a collection homogeneity and consistency of the university completion fellowship ratings assigned by the three raters (the researcher and the two EFL teachers), the inter-rater reliability of the scores was investigated. In a well-constructed writing assessment, inter-rater reliability in implementing a set of rating criteria should be both substantive (in magnitude) and statistically significant (Landis Koch, 1977). In this light, I employed the of Cohen’s Kappa, ranging from -1.0 to +1.0, which provides substance and significance of the i check to see is plagiarized inter-reliability.

Large reliability indexes indicated that the raters had implemented the rating criteria homogeneously and consistently, making the ratings highly reliable. Indexes close to assagioli zero and below suggested that observed performances of the raters could be attributable to chance or intervening variables which significantly influenced the ratings, such as inconsistent rater severity or leniency. According to Landis and assign with Koch (1977), Cohen’s Kappa values from 0.40 to 0.59 are moderate, 0.60 to assagioli psychosynthesis a collection 0.79 are substantial, and 0.80 and above are outstanding. In a well-constructed, reliable measurement, significant Kappa values greater than 0.60 ( p 0.05 or 0.01) are desirable. SPSS for Windows (version 16, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) software package was used to calculate the Kappa coefficients ( p 0.01).

Composite scores were constructed to report the performance of thesis, each participant on each sub-skill. A Collection! For example, four scores on, say, CQ sub-skills as obtained from the four prompts made a composite score for CQ. This facilitated the aseem agarwala thesis investigation of inter- and intra-rater reliability. Table 4 presents a summary of the inter-rater reliability analysis according to the performance of each rater on each sub-skill. Table 4. Inter-Rater Reliability According to the Cohen’s Kappa and Intra-Rater Reliability Indexes. Note. All indexes are significant at 1% ( p 0.01).

Cq = communicative quality. Aie = arguments, ideas, and evidence. Ssv = sentence structure and vocabulary. Italicized figures report the Kappa coefficients. Bold figures present the interclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for rater 1 (researcher). In Table 4, italicized figures are Kappa indexes that report the inter-rater reliability. As we observe, these indexes range from 0.67 (substantial) to 0.88 (outstanding) ( p 0.01). I also used interclass correlation coefficients (ICC) to evaluate intra-rater reliability coefficients.

That is, the ratings that were completed twice on two different occasions (by me) were correlated to calculate the ICC for each sub-skill. In Table 4, the ICC’s are displayed in bold figures, which are greater than 0.85 ( p 0.01). For example, the assagioli psychosynthesis a collection ICC for CQ was 0.89 ( p 0.01). In this study, Kappa and ICC indexes lent strong support to the inter- and essay thesis intra-reliability of the ratings assigned by the three raters. In this study, a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), using LISREL computer program, Version 8.8 (Joreskog Sorbom, 2006) was performed. The SEM programs provide a model summary and fit statistics.

Fit statistics are to assagioli psychosynthesis estimate the fit of the model into the data, which is constructed based on a theory. For example, in aseem agarwala thesis, the present study, the psychosynthesis of models presented in assign with, Figure 1 are based on the literature review reported above. According to McDonald and Ho (2002), the most common fit statistics reported in SEM studies are: (a) Degrees of freedom ( df ) reported together with the chi-squared (? 2 ) statistic, and the ratio of ? 2 / df. For large sample sizes, the ? 2 value tends to be significant; therefore, other fit indexes have been developed to investigate the fit of the assagioli postulated model. (b) Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI), also known as the Non-normed Fit Index (NNFI), which depends on the correlation among variables in the model.

It is assign with, used to compare competing models or the initial model with a “null model” (Schumacker Lomax, 2004; Fornell Larcker, 1981). (c) Comparative fit index (CFI), which is an index similar to TLI. However, it also considers the increment in noncentrality (see Schumacker Lomax, 2004). (d) Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), and standardized root mean residual (RMSR), which is used to compare two postulated models for a set of data. These fit statistics show the “badness of fit” (Schumacker Lomax, 2004).

In other words, they should be low enough, so that there is some evidence that the model fits the psychosynthesis of data well. The first model (M1) on the left side of Figure 1 comprised three correlated latent traits (factors) as three big ellipses, for example, Argument, Ideas, and Evidence (AIE), Communicative Quality (CQ), and Vocabulary and Sentence Structures (SSV). Each of these latent traits is measured by how can three variables displayed in rectangles. One-headed arrows run from assagioli a collection of, each ellipsis to rectangles, meaning the observed variance in each sub-skill (rectangle) is mainly attributable to (or caused by) the hypothesized latent trait. Latent traits are hypothetically correlated. Therefore, two-headed arrows have connected them. As expected, in each measurement there are some unsystematic errors, which are presented as small ellipses with an arrow running from them to thesis the rectangles. According to Table 5, the first proposed model (M1) did not capture a good fit since the psychosynthesis a collection of ? 2 was significant, the dante essay TLI and CFI values were below the tenable constraints, and the RMSEA and SRMR indexes showed the model had high badness-of-fit statistics (? 2 = 296.755 ( p 0.05); df = 51; ? 2 / df = 5.82; TLI = 0.87; CFI = 0.90; RMSEA = 0.144; SRMR = 0.059).

LISREL 8.8 provides a set of assagioli, modification indexes for models that do not fit the data well. Modification indexes for this model recommended freeing some error terms in order to augment the essay thesis statement outline fit of the psychosynthesis a collection of model (i.e., covary errors of measurement from how can if my, different indicators). Applying modifications to the model needs to assagioli be theory-driven (Geldhof, Selig, McConnell, 2008) and should not override the theory. Theoretically, error terms from the same tasks can correlate when they have some features in common such as “common method variance” (Schumacker Lomax, 2004, p. 170). Thesis Statement Outline! Technically, this denotes knowing residuals of a measured variable helps us know residuals of another variable. Assagioli Of! For instance, the Halo effect is suspect to dante have affected individuals answering items on a questionnaire that surveys their social status, that is, they may be inclined to assagioli a collection overestimate themselves. We assume, therefore, that items assessing the how can to see essay is plagiarized same trait are influenced by the same Halo effect, and assagioli of their errors correlate. In the present study, error terms associated with the measured variables in, say, the Making Argument task can correlate. This can neutralize the potential influence of the Halo effect that might have been a reason why similar scores on three variables were assigned to students’ performance by raters.

That is, it can be a theoretically sound hypothesis that a rater might assign a high score to, say, CQ, only because other scores assigned by him were high. In addition, errors on the same items from different tasks may correlate, e.g. SSV in two task types. Taking heed of this theoretical reasoning, I analyzed the covariance indexes to decide on the best modification indexes to outline apply. For example, the large modification index generated from freeing the corresponding error covariance parameter between the error terms of GECQ and GEAIE could improve the fit very well and of decrease the chi-squared statistics.

This modification is statement, also theoretically sound since both of these error terms belong to the Giving Explanation task and psychosynthesis of performance in one area, say AIE, can correlate with performance in how can essay, CQ. Model 2 (M2) is the modified form of M1. Figure 1. Model 1 (M1) and the Modified Model (M2) with Standardized Parameters. Model 2 (M2) displayed a better fit to the data (? 2 = 136.77 ( p 0.05); df = 47; ? 2 / df = 2.91; TLI = 0.907; CFI = 0.937; RMSEA = 0.076; SRMR = 0.071). The goodness-of-fit indexes (TLI and CFI) were fairly large and the badness-of-fit (RMSEA and SRMR) fell below the constraints tenable.

These constraints were proposed by Hair, et al. (2006) who recommended cut-offs according to the sample size. Nevertheless, the ? 2 index was significant, which can be attributed to a collection the relatively large sample size. Table 5. Fit Indices of the Models Postulated in the Study. RMSEA = Root Mean Square Error of Approximation. GFI = Goodness of Fit Index. TLI = Tucker Lewis Index. Aseem Thesis! SRMR = Standardized Root Mean Residual. CFI = Comparative Fit Index. Df = degrees of assagioli psychosynthesis of, freedom. M1 = three-factor model or model 1. M2 = M1 modified. Although M2 showed very good fit indexes, as Figure 1 illustrates, the correlation between AIE and CQ is greater than unity (1.03).

This occurs when the inferno two traits are so considerably similar that cannot be separated. Therefore, another model was postulated to consider this limitation and psychosynthesis a collection of remove it. A Limited Study to northeastern completion Evaluate other Models of Writing. Vocabulary and grammar proved to a collection be the elements of one measuring criterion, yet the quote essay statistical separability of AIE and CQ was not established. Therefore, I investigated the assagioli psychosynthesis validity of a two-factor model in assign with, a limited study. Accordingly, parcel scores were constructed from AIE and CQ by aggregating scores from AIE and CQ (researcher correction) and dividing the sum by two to get the arithmetic average ([AIE + CQ]/2 = new variable). This measure was taken to help explore the features of a model comprising two factors (SSV and AIE + CQ) and compare it with the previous models. This would denote that the AIE and CQ are not theoretically and statistically distinguished and the measured variables have addressed different elements of the trait. This further would mean there should not be any significant difference between the new composite variable and a double scoring of the texts based on SSV and assagioli a collection of AIE + CQ traits.

The definition for dante essay, the AIE + CQ trait did not vary from the proposed definition in Table 1. In other words, the AIE and CQ definitions were accommodated into a single trait definition. Next, 60 texts were randomly selected to score. Due to time and budget limitations, I managed to recruit only one of the assistants (teacher 1) to help rescoring the texts. At the end, there were eight measured variables in assagioli of, the new model. To investigate the differences between the parcel AIE + CQ and the rescored AIE + CQ within and between raters, a series of t -tests (within and between designs) were performed. Quote Essay! A within-subjects design test showed that teacher 1 had significantly higher mean scores (Mean = 4.98) than did the researcher (R) (M = 4.87) in assagioli of, ADAIE + CQ ( t (103) = 3.22, p 0.05) only. A between-subjects design test, however, did not present any significant difference between the means. Then, the following model was generated based on the rescored manuscripts, which is statement, displayed in Figure 2.

Figure 2. A Two-Factor Model of Writing with Standardized Parameters. The hypothesized model in Figure 2 shows significant goodness-of-fit indexes and also captures good parsimony (? 2 = 39.10; df = 19; ? 2 / df = 2.05; TLI = 0.975; CFI = 0.983; RMSEA = 0.07; SRMR = 0.065). There is also a moderate correlation between the latent traits (0.35), which means while the traits are separable, they are relevant and parts of the same measurement model. This study set out to psychosynthesis of investigate the validity of a writing model. To investigate the underlying structure of the writing scripts and answer the study questions, a SEM was performed. It was found a three-factor model and its worldly indicators (shown in rectangles in Figure 1) cannot fit the data due to the difficulty with separability of AIE and how can if my CQ. This is in part due to the low discriminant validity of the model. Discriminant validity indicates how distinct a construct is from another separated construct by “discounting plausible rival interpretations” (Messick, 1988, p. 13).

A discriminant validity criterion in SEM models is that the correlation coefficients should not be too high to be considered inseparable (Hair et al . , 2006). Excessive correlation coefficients jeopardize the discriminant validity (Brown, 2006) and therefore the model does not capture any discriminability (Kane, 2006). Because the assagioli psychosynthesis of correlation coefficient between two latent traits was greater than unity in M1, the nomological validity, which is inferno essay, “the degree that the summated scale makes accurate predictions of other concepts in psychosynthesis, a theoretically based model ” (Hair et al., 2006, p. Northeastern Dissertation! 136; emphasis in original), is at stake. M1 and M2 failed to show good features of discriminability in a collection of, terms of their traits. This observation concurred with the Shaw and aseem Taylor’s (2008) assumption that Argument, Ideas, and Evidence (AIE) and assagioli a collection Communicative Quality (CQ) are very similar and may prove to be non-separable. It may be due to the structure of the AIE which can assume a subcategory of coherence and cohesion under its heading.

For example, to arrange ideas, information, and if my is plagiarized examples, it is assagioli a collection, necessary to use cohesive devices to make the movement within and through sentences of a text smooth. Assign With! Therefore, the border of the AIE ad CQ may not be clear-cut to the raters as assumed by the designers of the assessment. To isolate CC and AIE may appear conceptually fine, but this study yielded no statistical evidence for such an assessment strategy. A statistical solution offered was to manufacture theory-couched parcels by aggregating scores of the AIE and CC that had correlation coefficients greater than unity (Widaman, 2002). Building parcels is an acceptable practice if we rely on the pragmatic philosophy of science, which holds representing each cause of variance (especially minor causes) in scores is impossible. But more conservative a philosophy considers the idea of a “transgression” which states that all dimensions that cause the variance should be displayed. Psychosynthesis Of! This is difficult in social sciences and troublesome in inferno essay, language assessment where the psychosynthesis a collection range of skills in performance is northeastern university, very extensive but their separability and measurability may be neither desirable nor possible. Considering this, I constructed the parcel score; however, since this would have a higher range of scores than other variables in assagioli, the study, the arithmetic average of the parcel scores was calculated to have similar ranges with other variables. Rescoring within-/between-subjects studies showed that all but one composite score had similar mean scores.

The Vocabulary and Sentence Structures (SSV) variables, on the other hand, loaded significantly on the latent trait in the three models, which can denote SSV’s measured variables have been on-target items measuring the trait sufficiently. Research shows that using grammar or vocabulary as a criterion in how can to see if my, writing can produce constant results (Banerjee et al., 2007), although the range of vocabulary is assagioli psychosynthesis a collection of, not always consistent with the band scores and their definitions. Therefore, in analytical rating in L2 writing, it seems theoretically and thesis statistically plausible to psychosynthesis rate two major areas of the northeastern scripts: sentence structure and assagioli a collection vocabulary and arrangement of university, ideas and examples including the cohesion and coherence of the text. As the present study showed, this strategy can explain a significant amount of variance in scores and ease the process of scoring and decision making. It is also imperative to note the assagioli psychosynthesis of two-factor model still had a significant chi-squared index. There are different viewpoints how to assign with interpret this index. Assagioli A Collection! Kline said of thesis outline, such observations: There are two problems with the chi square statistic as a fit index. First, although its lower bound is always zero, theoretically it has no upper bound; thus, its values are not interpretable in a standardized way.

Second, it is very sensitive to sample size. Of! That is, if the sample size is large, which is required in order that the index may be interpreted as a significance test, then the chi square statistic may be significant even though differences between observed and model-implied covariances are slight. (1998, p. 128) Schumacker and Lomax (2004, p. 100) also advocated the idea that the chi-squared value can be “erroneous” especially when the sample size increases. Nevertheless, more recently, McIntosh (2007) and Barrett (2007) argued that if the chi-squared value shows the failure of the model, the approximate fit indexes should be banned. This researcher is supportive of this view but would also have reservations to fully overlook Kline’s position.

Therefore, for a more in-depth analysis of the findings from this study, the use of a larger sample size and essay statement outline integrated writing criteria which divide the underlying construct into assagioli psychosynthesis, two major parts is deemed useful. This researcher proposes the postulated two-factor model temporarily and apropos the findings of the quote dante essay current study. Last but not least, analytical scoring has long proved helpful, well established, and precise (Banerjee et al., 2007; Brown, 2006). To illuminate this area further, it is recommend that grammar/lexicon and the merged criterion of of, AIE + CQ, which I refer to quote essay as Idea Arrangement and Task Fulfillment (IA-TF), should be further researched in future studies. The issue of statistical and a collection psychometric separability of all proposed criteria is of a paramount importance in investigations into assign with, the construct validity of the proposed models.

Conclusion and Implications. As this study showed, a good model for assessing L2 writings entails rating criteria for two separate sub-skills: SSV and IA-TF. Psychosynthesis A Collection! This implicates that very complicated models of writing assessments may not serve the purpose of assessment well. Investigating the effect of raters within a similar model and other proposed models can provide further evidence for the findings of the present study. It is also helpful for the L2 writing teachers to focus on such skills as SSV and IA-TF in writing courses by outline providing different types of exercise for their students because, as it appears, a good underlying model for L2 writing must bear at least these two components (see Coxhead Byrd, 2008). [1] A previous version of this article was presented in psychosynthesis of, the ICELT 2009 Conference in Malaysia, Melacca. S. Vahid Aryadoust is a PhD candidate in thesis, applied linguistics from National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. His areas of interest include assessing language skills, validity theory, and measurement. Ahour, T., Mukundan, J. (2009). Analytic assessment of writing: Diagnosing areas of strength and weakness in the writing of TESL undergraduate students. Iranian Journal of Language Studies, 3 (2), 195-208.

Aryadoust, S. V. (2009). Validity arguments in the context of high-stakes tests of assagioli a collection of, second language listening: A quantitative and qualitative study. Unpublished confirmation report. Aseem Thesis! Nanyang Technological University, National Institute of Education, Singapore. Aryadoust, S. V., Akbarzadeh S., Nasiri, E. (2007).

IELTS writing tutor: Writing task1, academic module . Tehran: Jungle Publication. Archibald, A. (2002). Managing L2 writing proficiencies: Areas of psychosynthesis a collection of, change in students’ writing over time. International Journal of English Studies, 1 (2), 153-174. Astika, G. Assign With! G. (1993). Analytical assessment of foreign students’ writing.

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Documenting features of written language production typical at different IELTS band score levels. (IELTS Research Report No. Psychosynthesis Of! 7, the quote inferno essay British Council/University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate). Barkaoui, K. (2007). A Collection! Rating scale impact on EFL essay marking: A mixed-method study. Assessing Writing, 12, 86-107. Barrett, P. (2007). Structural equation modeling: Adjudging model fit.

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In L. Hamp-Lyons (Ed.), Assessing second language writing in northeastern completion, academic contexts (pp. 215-226). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publication Corporation. Coxhead, A., Byrd, P. (2008). Preparing writing teachers to teach the vocabulary and grammar of academic prose. Assagioli Psychosynthesis! Journal of Second Language Writing, 16 , 129–147. Daiker, D., Kerek, A., Morenberg, M. (1978). Assign With! Sentence combining and syntactic maturity in freshman English.

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Hamp-Lyons, L. (1991a). The writer’s knowledge and our knowledge of the writer. In L. Hamp-Lyons (Ed.), Assessing second language writing in academic contexts (pp. Assagioli A Collection! 51-70). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publication Corporation. Hamp-Lyons, L. (1991b). Basic concepts. In L. In The Research Paper! Hamp-Lyons (Ed.), Assessing second language writing in academic contexts (pp. 5-15). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publication Corporation.

Hamp-Lyons, L. (1991c). Reconstructing “academic writing proficiency”. In L. Assagioli A Collection Of! Hamp-Lyons (Ed.), Assessing second language writing in academic contexts (pp. 127-154). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publication Corporation. Harmer, J. (2004). How to teach writing. Essex, UK: Longman. Hedge, T. (2005). Writing . Fellowship! Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Homburg, T. J. (1984).

Holistic evaluation of ESL composition: Can it be validated objectively? TESOL Quarterly, 18 , 87-107. Jacobs, H. L., Zinkgarf, S. A., Wormuth, D. R., Hartfiel, V. F., Hughey, J.B. A Collection! (1981). Testing ESL composition: A practical approach. Rowley, MA: Newbery House. Jakeman, V., McDowell, C. (2004). Set up to IELTS . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

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Text analysis and the assessment of academic writing . (Research Report No. Assagioli Psychosynthesis! 4, IELTS Australia). Mickan, P., Slater, S., Gibson, C. (2000). A study of response validity of the i check to see essay IELTS writing subtest. (Research Report No. 3, IELTS Australia). Moore, T. Morton, J. (1999). Authenticity in the IELTS academic module writing test. (Research Report No. 2, IELTS Australia). Moore, T. Morton, J. Assagioli A Collection! (2005). Dimensions of difference: A comparison of university writing and IELTS writing.

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London: Lawrence Erlbaum Association. Shaw, S., Falvey, P. (2008). The IELTS writing assessment revision project: Towards a revised rating scale : Retrieved January, 08, 2009, from http://www.cambridgeesol.org/assets/pdf/research_reports_01.pdf. Vaughan, C. (1991). Holistic assessment: What goes on in the raters’ mind? In L. How Can I Check Is Plagiarized! Hamp-Lyons (Ed.), Assessing second language writing in academic contexts , (pp. 111-126). Psychosynthesis A Collection Of! Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publication Corporation. Weigle, S.C. (1994). Effects of training on raters of ESL compositions.

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The HTML version contains no page numbers. Statement! Please use the PDF version of this article for a collection of, citations. The main prompt for Task 2: You should spend about assign with 40 minutes on this task. Write an essay in response to the following question/statement for a university professor or educated person.

Use specific reasons and psychosynthesis a collection examples to how can to see if my support your answer. Assagioli Of! Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Fashion In The Paper! Write at least 250 words. 1. Stating a Preference Hotels, restaurants and businesses do not allow smoking inside. In public places such as airports smoking is assagioli of, banned. This is a good idea, but it takes away freedom of choice. Some smokers do not like the northeastern dissertation completion fellowship bans.

Do you agree or disagree with banning smoking in public places? — Mickan (2003, p. 130) 2. Agreement/Disagreement Some people like to travel with a companion. Other people prefer to assagioli a collection of travel alone. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice. — Aryadoust et al. (2007, p. 74) 3. Giving Explanations Traffic is a very serious problem. Pedestrians and bicycle riders are facing more and more dangers. To See Essay! Many gardens are being sacrificed to build highways.

What are the assagioli psychosynthesis best ways to completion satisfy citizens? Explain. — Aryadoust et al. (2007, p. 63) 4. Assagioli Psychosynthesis! Making Arguments Television has had a significant influence on the culture of many Societies. To what extent would you say that television has positively or negatively affected the cultural development of your society? — Aryadoust et al. (2007, p. 74)

SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips. It’s finally that day you’ve circled on assagioli of your calendar – the day when ACT scores are released. You log into ACTstudent and look at your essay score. There's an 8 for your overall Writing score as well as four different domain scores of 6, 8, 9, and aseem agarwala 10. What does your ACT Writing score mean and how is your ACT essay scored? This article will shed some light on both of these things.

Feature image credit: eppny by woodleywonderworks, used under CC BY 2.0/Resized from original. A Quick Look into ACT Essay Scoring. On test day, you complete the first four sections of the test and write your essay. What happens next? Once ACT, Inc. receives your essay, it is scanned and uploaded to an essay grading program for of graders to how can i check to see if my essay score.

In addition, ACT.org states that “[a]n image of your essay will be available to your high school and the colleges to which you have ACT report your scores from that test date.” Each ACT essay is scored by a collection of, two different graders on a scale of 1-6 across four different domains, for fashion research paper a total score out of 12 in psychosynthesis a collection of, each domain. These domain scores are then averaged into a total score out of 12. NOTE : The ACT Writing Test from quote inferno September 2015-June 2016 had a slightly different scoring scale; instead of averaging all the psychosynthesis, domain scores to get a total ACT Writing score out of 12, the domain scores were combined and northeastern dissertation completion fellowship scaled into a total score out of 36. One June 28th, 2016, however, ACT, Inc. announced that starting in September of 2016, the Writing test would no longer be scored on a scale of 1-36, due to the confusion this had caused. This change to out-of-12 ACT Writing scores is still different from the assagioli a collection, pre-September 2015 ACT essay scoring, since that system relied on graders giving the essay one holistic score (rather than 4 analytical domain scores). Because the ACT Writing is optional, your essay score will not be factored into quote inferno your ACT composite score. It will, however, be factored into your English-Language Arts subscore, which averages your English, Reading, and Writing scores and rounds up to the nearest whole number. So what are the four domains that your essay is scored across?

Scores in this domain relate to your discussion of the perspectives on the essay topic. 2. A Collection! Development and Support. I Check Essay Is Plagiarized! Scores in this domain reflect how you develop your points with logical reasoning or specific examples. Psychosynthesis A Collection! Scores in 20th century research, this domain relate to your essay's organization on both a macro (overall structure) and micro (within each paragraph) level. Scores in this domain depend on your command of standard written English (including grammar and punctuation); variety in sentence structure and of vocabulary is also rewarded in this domain. For more on what goes into each domain score, read my article on fashion in the 20th century research paper the ACT Writing Rubric. ACT Essay Scoring: Official Policy. Every essay is graded by two graders , who must score the assagioli of, essay within one point of each other.

If the completion fellowship, graders’ scores disagree by psychosynthesis, more than one point, a third grader will be brought in to resolve the issue. It's currently unclear whether this means a greater-than-one-point difference in domain score or overall essay score between graders – stay tuned for more information. While your essay receives scores in each of the four domain areas, the domains themselves are graded holistically . For example, in the Language Use domain, there are no guidelines that instruct scorers to deduct 1 point for every 10 grammatical errors. Another important part of assign with official ACT essay scoring policy is that factual accuracy is not important. ACT essay graders are not supposed to score essays based on whether or not the facts are accurate. The point of the ACT essay is NOT to write a research paper with well-documented facts on a topic. Instead, you're asked to argue in favor of a perspective on the topic and assagioli a collection compare your perspective to the other perspectives given by the ACT in the essay prompt; as long as your examples support your arguments, it doesn't matter if the examples aren't 100% true.

While each domain is graded holistically, there are a few key actions you must take if you want to score above a 2/6 in each domain. I've extracted these ACTions via analysis of the essay scoring rubric as well as through scrutiny of the sample essays the ACT provides on how can to see if my essay its website. As I go through each domain, I'll be using the following official sample ACT prompt for assagioli of any examples: Many of the goods and inferno services we depend on daily are now supplied by intelligent, automated machines rather than human beings. Psychosynthesis! Robots build cars and other goods on assembly lines, where once there were human workers. Many of dante inferno essay our phone conversations are now conducted not with people but with sophisticated technologies. We can now buy goods at a variety of stores without the help of a human cashier. Automation is generally seen as a sign of progress, but what is lost when we replace humans with machines? Given the a collection, accelerating variety and prevalence of intelligent machines, it is assign with worth examining the psychosynthesis a collection, implications and northeastern dissertation completion meaning of their presence in our lives. What we lose with the replacement of people by machines is some part of our own humanity. Even our mundane daily encounters no longer require from us basic courtesy, respect, and tolerance for other people. Machines are good at low-skill, repetitive jobs, and at assagioli of high-speed, extremely precise jobs.

In both cases they work better than humans. Aseem Agarwala Thesis! This efficiency leads to a more prosperous and assagioli progressive world for everyone. Intelligent machines challenge our long-standing ideas about what humans are or can be. University Dissertation Fellowship! This is good because it pushes both humans and machines toward new, unimagined possibilities. Write a unified, coherent essay about the increasing presence of assagioli psychosynthesis a collection intelligent machines. In your essay, be sure to. clearly state your own perspective on the issue and analyze the relationship between your perspective and at least one other perspective develop and support your ideas with reasoning and examples organize your ideas clearly and logically communicate your ideas effectively in standard written English. Your perspective may be in aseem agarwala thesis, full agreement with any of the others, in partial agreement, or wholly different. Assagioli! You must: Have a clear thesis in your essay. Because you are writing a persuasive essay, it is essay statement imperative that you make your position on the topic clear . Otherwise, how can you persuade someone that your view is the correct view?

Since you have limited time and have to compare your perspective with at least one of the other perspectives anyway, choose one of the three perspectives given to you by the ACT to argue for in your thesis. You must: Discuss the assagioli a collection of, relationship between your perspective and at least one of the perspectives that the ACT mentions in university dissertation fellowship, the prompt. The prompt explicitly states that you need to assagioli a collection of analyze the relationship between your perspective and at least one other perspective. If you fail to discuss how your perspective relates to any of the given perspectives, it will be very difficult to dissertation fellowship score above a 2 or 3 in a collection of, the Ideas and Analysis Domain. Northeastern University Completion! With the assagioli a collection, above Intelligent Machines prompt, for instance, you'd need to fashion in the 20th research paper compare your position to assagioli psychosynthesis at least one of the following: how machines cause us to lose our own humanity (Perspective One), how they are efficient and create prosperity (Perspective Two), and thesis statement how machines challenge us and push us to new possibilities (Perspective Three). You must: Support your discussion of assagioli psychosynthesis each perspective with either reasoning or example. 20th Century! There are a couple of ways you can support your arguments.

One way is to use reasoning , which tends to be more abstract. For example, if you were using reasoning to support your argument for Perspective Two, you could discuss how machines taking over lower skill jobs frees up humans to do higher skilled tasks that require more creative thinking. The other way you can support your points is through use of specific examples . For example, to support Perspective Two, you could use the example of how the mass-production of clothes has made it less expensive for everyone to own things like good boots. For a high score in this domain, you must: Discuss both positive and negative aspects of the assagioli psychosynthesis a collection, perspectives you disagree with as well. In order to achieve a high score in this domain, you must show that you understand the complexities of the issue. The main way to do this is to in the 20th century research discuss the pros as well as the cons of the perspectives you disagree with. Assagioli Psychosynthesis! For instance, if you agree with Perspective Two in the above prompt (machines make us more efficient and that’s good), when you discuss Perspective One you should provide a brief instance of that perspective being sort of how can to see if my true before moving on to show how it is not as true as Perspective Two. Assagioli A Collection Of! Learn how to essay statement juggle both sides of a perspective in our article on how to assagioli of write an ACT essay step-by-step. You must: Group your ideas logically. Writing an organized essay will make it easier for the essay graders to follow your logic and reasoning. Grouping your ideas logically can mean separating out ideas into quote dante essay different paragraphs (for instance, putting each perspective into its own paragraph), or it can involve clearly linking different aspects of the same idea in the same paragraph . No matter how you plan out your essay, try to make it as easy as possible to follow your arguments.

Being able to assagioli psychosynthesis communicate clearly is a key skill for college and life in general, so it makes sense that it would be tested on the ACT (a college entrance exam). ACT essay graders care more about the dante essay, clarity of your thoughts than the fanciness of your language. Clarity of assagioli psychosynthesis of writing normally entails using proper grammar and clear, non-convoluted sentence structures. Throwing in agarwala, fancy vocab won’t get you anywhere if it makes things less clear instead of more clear (I've seen this happen too many times to assagioli psychosynthesis count). In addition, re-reading and revising your essay can help you make sure you are saying what you mean. Example of an unclear sentence: Machines are more practical because they are cheaper and so you can hire less people to fashion 20th paper do the work and assagioli a collection of pay less money overall and aseem agarwala thesis so you have a better profit margin. Example of a clearer sentence (revised): Machines are more practical and cheaper in the long run because you can higher fewer people to get the psychosynthesis, same work done. TURNS out, the steam engine was more practical (and cheaper in the long run) than a thousand people pushing and aseem thesis pulling a train by hand. Psychosynthesis! What Does This Mean For Your ACT Essay? Be clear up front what your perspective on the issue is.

Don't hide your thesis. Make it obvious when you’re discussing each perspective (and make sure to discuss the relationship between your perspective and at least one other ). Agarwala! Support each argument with reasoning and/or specific examples. Take time to plan so you can write an of organized essay. Focus on writing clearly before you start worrying about using advanced vocabulary. Assign With! You've learned what your essay needs to include. But how you do you decode the assagioli psychosynthesis a collection of, prompt? Follow along as I teach you how to attack ACT Writing prompts.

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We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Assagioli! Check out quote dante inferno essay our 5-day free trial: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Laura graduated magna cum laude from a collection of Wellesley College with a BA in Music and Psychology, and earned a Master's degree in Composition from the Longy School of Music of Bard College. She scored 99 percentile scores on the SAT and GRE and loves advising students on how to excel in high school. You should definitely follow us on assign with social media. You'll get updates on our latest articles right on your feed.

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Leadership Styles And Productivity. There have been as many definitions of Leadership as many have tried to define it. The sheer complexity of the concept can be understood by assagioli of, the magnitude of the number of research articles available on the internet today. Assign With! There has been none universally accepted definition however though there are a few definitions which are most sought after. According to Bass (1990), 'Leadership is an interaction between two or more members of a group that often involves as structuring or restructuring of the situation and the perceptions and expectations of the members. Leadership occurs when one group member modifies the motivation or competencies of the assagioli of, other in the group. Any member of the group can exhibit some amount of leadership (pp. 19-20)'. Pfinffner and Preshtus define leadership as 'a kind of moral spirit and responsibility in the leader, which is led to unifying the efforts of the employees in order to achieve goals which exceed personal interests' (Hamadat, 2006: 16).

Leadership can be explained as the research, ability of an individual to have power that focuses on how to establish directions by assagioli psychosynthesis, adapting forces (Go et al., 1996). From an organisational perspective, Schermerhorn (1999) believed that leading is a process used to motivate and to influence others to work hard in how can, order to realize and support organisational goals, while Hersey et al. (2001) believed that leadership influences individuals' behaviour based on both individuals' and organisational goals. Robbins (2001) defined leadership as the ability of an individual to influence the behaviour of a group to achieve organisational goals. Most, if not all definitions are circumferenced around two aspects of Leadership, one being the traits that the leaders elicit and other happens to of be the organisational or group goals as the situation may be which clearly exemplifies the thesis, fact that leadership has a significant influence on the results achieved by the group or the organisation. However, it is important to understand that situations and contexts vary in varied organisations and one kind of leadership may not work effectively in all the situations. Hence, it is important for psychosynthesis a collection, organisations and how can to see if my is plagiarized, the Leaders themselves to understand the expectations of the subordinates and then try to accommodate the same in their style of psychosynthesis a collection, Leadership.

Before we delve deeper into the relationship of Subordinate Performance and Leadership Styles, it is important to understand the different kinds of Leadership styles. One of the early work done by Kurt Lewin in aseem agarwala, 1939 along with a group of assagioli psychosynthesis, researchers identified three types of century paper, Leadership Styles ' Authoritarian, Democratic and Laissez 'fair. Most of the researches have been focussed of the first two styles since the third style is considered as lack of any specific leadership style which plays a dominant part only when the subordinates are motivated and knowledgeable at the given tasks. With the assagioli a collection of, context in place of an Indian manufacturing company where the assign with, workmen are more or less at the mercy of their supervisors in decision making the study takes only the psychosynthesis a collection, former styles of leadership to assess the relationship of productivity and leadership style. 2.1.1 Authoritarian or Autocratic Leadership. There has been lot of discussion about essay statement outline Hitler regarding their leading style which necessarily involved a lot of close supervision, maintaining legitimate power (Hughes, Ginnett, and Curphy). Hitler projected a personalized charismatic leadership, a style that is assagioli psychosynthesis a collection 'exploitative, non-egalitarian, and fashion in the 20th research paper, self-aggrandizing' (Choi). He was extremely focused on his personal control, insisting that the 'ultimate authority rested with him and of, extended downward' (BBC). Hitler was known for heavily critiquing those who reported to him and became angry and frustrated with mistakes.

He did not trust others, particularly the generals who reported to him during the Second World War. Without establishing a two-way relationship, Hitler could not, and would not, rely on the opinions of others, resorting to his instincts and opinions (Geoffrey). This kind of leadership falls well within the boundaries of Authoritarian Leadership. Autocratic leadership has four major characteristics: ' The leader makes all important decisions. ' The leader is primarily concerned with task accomplishment and not the subordinates satisfaction or well being.

' The leader maintains a considerable social distance from the subordinates. ' The leader employs punishment as a means of motivation rather than rewards. Looking at i check to see if my is plagiarized, the psychological perspectives of the above mentioned style of leadership tests reveal that Autocratic Leaders score high on Abasement, Aggression and Achievement. However they score low on Intraception, Nurturance and of, Social Values. With respect to the organisational perspective, it is imperative to understand that there is no certain answer to which leadership style will produce the best results in an organisation. It largely depends on the organisational culture and the kind of task at hand for the leader.

For example, in a war, the dante inferno, leaders are required to make quick decisions and psychosynthesis of, don't have all the time for a democratic process, which puts forward the argument that has been made above. Autocratic leadership can bring about exceptional results by more accurate decision making when the leader has good subject expertise and can improve the productivity, however only when the leader is around. It is also suitable in situations where the essay thesis, workforce is new and untrained or where economies of scale is being tried to be achieved which leaves little time for a democratic process to be followed in decision making. This style of psychosynthesis a collection, leadership though most common has started to lose its shine in how can essay, the present context over psychosynthesis a collection of the democratic form of leadership. However, many still have bat in favour of this kind of leadership citing that it is the context which determines which kind of leadership will be effective and fashion research paper, not the absolute style per se.

2.1.2 Democratic Leadership. Kurt Lewin and his colleagues presented what has become the classic formulation of democratic leadership (Lewin Lippitt, 1938; Lewin, Lippitt, White, 1939; White Lippitt, 1960). They distinguished democratic leadership from autocratic and laissez-faire styles, arguing that democratic leaders relied upon group decision making, active member involvement, honest praise and criticism, and a degree of comradeship. By contrast, leaders using the other styles were either domineering or uninvolved. Unfortunately. Lewin and his colleagues never developed the definition beyond this rough sketch, leading some critics to find undemocratic implications in their ostensibly democratic model of leadership. Despite this lack of conceptual precision, Lewin and psychosynthesis a collection, others have identified the central element of the term: democratic leadership is behaviour that influences people in how can i check if my, a manner consistent with and/or conducive to of basic democratic principles and aseem agarwala, processes, such as self-determination, inclusiveness, equal participation, and deliberation (Dahl, 1989; Fishkin, 1991). Democratic leadership has three major characteristics: ' Distributing responsibility within the subordinates ' According to Krech et al. (1962) 'The democratic leader seeks to evoke maximum involvement and the participation of every member in the group activities and in the determination of objectives. Assagioli A Collection! In organisational settings it is aseem agarwala imperative for leaders to delegate tasks and decision making within their subordinates since it helps in assagioli a collection of, building a pool of future leaders for the organisation. Nagel (1987), argues that to avoid the free riding issues, democratic leader should not only ask subordinates to essay outline take on assagioli a collection, responsibility, rather be demanding in reminding them of their collective responsibilities. ' Empowering the members ' Democratic leadership can augment members' skills by setting high but reasonable standards and asking members to challenge themselves (Tead, 1935).

Members' abilities may develop through taking on new responsibilities, but leaders can also play a direct role by offering instruction or suggestions, particularly when asked to do so (Busch, 1934; Lewin et al., 1939). Good leaders can expand their ranks by becoming 'role models' to change novices from how can if my 'followers' to leaders (Baker, 1982, p. 325). Assagioli Of! This has particularly significant implication since shortage of talent pool is an important concern for organisations in the today's era. The organisations are looking at drawing leaders from the available talent pool from within the organisation first and then resorting to lateral hire. The organisation which has leaders who in turn can create leaders are thriving in the cut throat competition and narrowed margins. ' Aiding the paper, subordinates in their deliberations ' Its' not enough for a leader to only delegate and empower subordinates but has to take the relationship to a collection the next level through appropriate deliberation methodology. Democratic leaders must distribute responsibility appropriately and empower other group members, but they must devote the how can i check to see if my, bulk of their time and energy to ensuring productive and assagioli, democratic decision making. Democratic leadership aids the deliberative process through constructive participation, facilitation, and the maintenance of healthy relationships and a positive emotional setting. Having talked about the facets of democratic leadership, it has be borne in mind that the style of leadership cannot by any means be categorized as the northeastern completion fellowship, better of the psychosynthesis a collection, two leadership styles i.e.

Autocratic and Democratic. Though the positives are there with democratic leadership, still previous writings on democracy and democratic leadership suggest that people often reject this form of leadership for at least four reasons. First, some people oppose a democratic leadership structure because it directly threatens their undemocratic authority. Essay Thesis Outline! Moving toward democracy would strip them of some of their status, power, and, in some cases, wealth (Slater Bennis, 1990). Second, some people have authoritarian values and are not easily swayed from a strong belief in the justness and efficiency of powerful, directive authorities (Bell, 1950; Lassey 1971; Tead, 1935). Third, most people have, to assagioli a collection of some degree, an unconscious or conscious desire for a hero, a charismatic figure capable of solving our problems and sweeping away our confusion (Abse Jessner, 1962; Smith, 1926). Finally, some reject the notion of how can to see, democratic leadership for the opposite reason, having no faith whatsoever in leaders of any kind and no belief in their necessity (Nagel, 1987; Tead, 1935)

However, Lippitt (1983) identifies a number of promising trends in assagioli psychosynthesis a collection, the 1970s and early 1980s that are probably still present today: expectations of dante essay, shared power and responsibility are increasing; there is a greater degree of collaboration and communication; and people have an increasing awareness of the assagioli psychosynthesis a collection, need for organizational openness and flexibility. Aseem Agarwala! With the baby boomers towards the end of the tenure and entrance of Gen Y, who thrive in assagioli a collection, responsibilities and accountabilities, into the workforce democratic leadership could be more widespread than what the present situation unveils. Thus it is clearly evident from the above discussion that there is fashion 20th research contextual effect to which kind of leadership style will suit a given situation and will be effective. Assagioli Of! It depends on northeastern university fellowship, many factors all of psychosynthesis a collection, which hasn't been unearthed yet, however a few common factors affecting leadership effectiveness are the organisational culture, the time frame available for decision making for the leader, the how can i check to see if my essay is plagiarized, task itself, the capabilities of the subordinates and of course not to miss out the country in which the organisation operates. The study will now aim to assagioli a collection of understand Global and Indian manufacturing outlook which significantly is a reason for organisations employing productivity up scaling drives and at arriving at a definition of Productivity. With so much available on the term today with each organisation defining productivity in its own way it becomes really important to have a clear understanding of the thesis, definition and factors involved in the term 'Productivity'. 2.2 Manufacturing Outlook ' Global and Indian context. The global manufacturing sector has undergone a boisterous decade: large developing economies leaped into the first tier of manufacturing nations, a severe recession choked off demand, and psychosynthesis, manufacturing employment fell at an accelerated rate in advanced economies. Still, manufacturing remains critically important to both the developing and the advanced world. In the former, it continues to provide a pathway from subsistence agriculture to 20th century paper rising incomes and psychosynthesis of, living standards. In the northeastern dissertation completion fellowship, latter, it remains a vital source of innovation and competitiveness, making outsized contributions to assagioli psychosynthesis a collection research and 20th century, development, exports, and productivity growth.

But the manufacturing sector has changed'bringing both opportunities and challenges'and neither business leaders nor policy makers can rely on old responses in the new manufacturing environment. Amidst the volatility and uncertainty in the manufacturing sector, its role in the world economy has continued to progress. According to a research by Mc Kinsey and Co., the next decade and half will see the entry of approximately 1.8 billion consumers which will lead to worldwide consumption of close to $ 64 trillion. Developed economies will remain major consumers, however the share of developing economies will rise which will enhance the living standards of the residents. The GDP share of manufacturing in the Indian economy is poised to assagioli psychosynthesis grow from 16% to 25% by 2022 according to India's national manufacturing policy release. Globally the manufacturing output is growing at about 2.7% annually in developed economies in contrast to 7.4% in the developed economies (2002-2007). When economies industrialize, manufacturing employment and assign with, output both rise rapidly, but once manufacturing's share of GDP peaks at assagioli psychosynthesis of, 20 to 35 percent of GDP, it falls in an inverted U pattern, along with its share of employment. The reason is northeastern university dissertation completion that as wages rise, consumers have more money to spend on services, and assagioli a collection, that sector's growth accelerates, making it more important than manufacturing as a source of growth and employment. The focus then shifts from how can to see essay mere output to assagioli a collection the efficiency, utilization of resources and cost aspect of production which the impacts the hiring plans for the industry as well. For example manufacturing share of US employment declined from assign with 25% in 1950 to about 9% in 2008.

The figure below depicts how the share of manufacturing follows the inverted U shape as the economy matures. However, the situation in developing economies is far from the above mentioned point and can be safely assumed that the outlook of manufacturing looks positive in a global context with the developing economies leading the way. In FY13, India's manufacturing sector grew slower than the rest of the economy, with GDP growth itself having slowed down. Concerns regarding the stability of assagioli psychosynthesis a collection, some of the Eurozone economies, sluggish growth in the US and assign with, the slowdown in key emerging economies have affected the Indian manufacturing sector's view of the global economy. The manufacturing sector has been moving at a slower pace than the overall economy for some time now. Psychosynthesis! As a result, the sector's contribution to quote dante inferno essay GDP has declined marginally from 16.1 to 15.2% in the five years till March 2013. Growth rate in manufacturing reduced from 9.7% in psychosynthesis of, 2010-11 to 2.7% in 2011-12 and 1% in assign with, 2012-13. In FY13, only 3.3% of the country's growth was generated by a collection of, manufacturing as opposed to assign with 83% contributed by services, according to The Central Statistics Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. A research conducted by PWC indicates that the India, China and the other developing economies will fare better than the rest of the world in regards to the growth of manufacturing industry. However, there will be concerns arising out of lack of domestic demand, increasing pricing pressure, interest rates and achieving cost efficiency primarily because of increase in wages. The global economic slowdown, slow growth rates except a few Asian countries and the persistent Euro Zone instability has continued to assagioli of bother the manufacturing companies' across the globe.

The outlook for the manufacturing companies has not been great in the last half a decade and the volatility that the past has witnessed is there to stay. Along with that the quote inferno, increase in competition and consequently its impact on pricing strategies of the organisations have put even more pressure on the manufacturing companies to focus a lot on the output vis ' a ' vis costs. Assagioli Psychosynthesis Of! With the enhancement in technology and northeastern university completion fellowship, e ' commerce becoming more and more prevalent the customers have a wider range of options to choose from and with this competitive pricing becomes even more important to psychosynthesis capture and sustain customer base. Mobile phone industry is a perfect example of the same. With the foray of low cost manufacturers like Micromax and Karbonn in the mobile industry, the pressure on bigger players like Samsung, Sony, Nokia etc. to remain competitive with their pricing grows. No player in the industry can boast of being the thesis, monopolistic company like Nokia once had in the mobile phone industry. The above discussion unveils a harsh reality for manufacturing companies across the globe i.e. to monitor their costs and improve their output for the similar costs that they did earlier. Of! Achieving better capacity utilization will also be at aseem agarwala, the back of the mind of the manufacturing community. The culmination of cost efficiency, capacity utilization, improving output at the same input resources and various other parameters including financial aspects collectively give rise to the term called 'Productivity' which the a collection, study tries to define in the manufacturing setup in the Indian context.

Productivity has normally been defined as the aseem, ratio of output available at psychosynthesis of, disposal of the organisation to the input resources that is expended. Productivity is the relationship between the quantity of output and the quantity of input used to generate that output. It is basically a measure of the effectiveness and efficiency of your organisation in generating output with the resources available. Productivity = Output / Input. As it is evident that there are two variable involved in assign with, the determination of productivity. Output can be measured in psychosynthesis a collection, either physical quantity like number of units produced or in assign with, financial value like revenue, value added etc. The input can be measured in human resources (number of hours worked, number of labour engaged or the labour cost) or capital deployed to achieve the output. Various Metrics that are used to measure productivity at the organisational are profitability, value added, revenue generated, return on capital employed (ROI / ROCE), organisational growth rate etc.

The measures can be single factor or multifactor basis the need of the organisation and the industry it operates in. At the operational level the commonly used metrics of productivity measurement are labour productivity, capacity utilisation etc. In manufacturing companies across the psychosynthesis, globe the concept of OEE (overall equipment efficiency) / OLE (overall line efficiency) has been commonly used apart from the former productivity measures. In fact, the entire operations can be broken down into smaller elements like production, purchase, maintenance and allied and thesis, their productivity is being measured on an individual basis e.g. delivery lead time, production compliance, maintenance cost etc. This gives the organisation required control over the processes and more specifically the of, operations managers to have a closer look at the gaps in the system and quote inferno, take short interval controls. For the purpose of the study two productivity measures were analysed, one being OEE (overall equipment efficiency) and the other being Labour Productivity. 2.3.1 OEE (Overall equipment efficiency) Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) is a way to monitor and improve the of, efficiency of a manufacturing process. Developed in the mid 1990's, OEE has become an accepted management tool to measure and evaluate plant floor productivity. The analysis of OEE starts with Plant Operating Time, a measure of the time available for equipment operation.

For a plant which is in continuous operation will thus have at least 720 hours for operation in 20th paper, a month under the premise that the month consists of 30 days. Assagioli Psychosynthesis A Collection Of! For e.g. Steel making, glass making are continuous processes since the furnace cannot be shut down for any reason whatsoever as it will take long hours to assign with reach the temperature that is required for the processing. However the same is not true for many other industry like automotive, textile and many others which can have a break in the operations. From the Plant Operating Time, downtime which are planned by the unit (Planned Shutdown) is deducted to arrive at Planned Production time. Planned Shutdown can be taken due to various reasons ' lack of demand of the assagioli psychosynthesis a collection, product, strike, lockout and many others. Aseem Agarwala Thesis! Planned Production time is where OEE initiates since the other mentioned items are majorly out of the control of the of, unit manager. From the thesis statement outline, Planned Production time three losses inherent in any product manufacturing are reduced to arrive at the Fully Productive Time where value is assagioli of added during the process in a manufacturing operation.

The three losses are Down Time Loss, Speed Loss and Quality Loss which are categorized as Availability, Performance and Quality. Graphically OEE can be represented as (Illustrative): Fig 3. The table below shows the three losses and their definitions. The productive time shown above is the final output that organisations want and try to increase the same through various productivity improvement methods. Availability It is the ratio of Operating Time to Planned Production Time (Operating Time is Planned Production Time less Down Time Loss) Performance It is the ratio of Net Operating Time to Operating Time (Net Operating Time is Operating Time less Speed Loss). It is also calculated as the ratio of Actual Production to Plant Production Capacity. Quality It is the ratio of Fully Productive Time to Net Operating Time (Fully Productive Time is Net Operating Time less Quality Loss). This is also calculated as the ratio Quality Production to Total Production.

OEE = Availability x Performance x Quality. For example, if all three contributing factors are 90.0%, the OEE would be 72.9% where as if all the research, factors are at psychosynthesis, 80%, the OEE would be 51.2%. This illustration clearly shows that in individual parameters, plant may be performing well (80% is agarwala thesis considered a good number) while when combined together in the form of OEE, the a collection, performance would be considered gloomy. Worldwide studies indicate that the average OEE rate in manufacturing plants is 60% while in world class manufacturing plants Availability factor is 90%, Performance is 95% and aseem thesis, Quality is 99.9% thus making OEE to assagioli psychosynthesis of close to 85%. OEE is an effective tool to benchmark, analyse, and improve the production process.

The OEE tool gives the managers the ability to measure machines for productivity improvements. OEE not only fashion research paper, measures these inefficiencies but also groups them into categories which helps managers in analysing the machine and get a clear picture of the entire manufacturing process. A truly comprehensive OEE solution provides machine operators and production managers with continual line notification and control so that actions can be taken to prevent events that can result in assagioli psychosynthesis, downtime, slower cycle speeds, and poor product quality. It's a complete manager's tool to assess and reassess the manufacturing processes or parts of it and take corrective actions in order to improve productivity and help the organisation remain sustainable in the ever increasing competitive environment. 2.3.2 Labour Productivity.

It is one of the popularly used metric for assessing the productivity of a plant in a manufacturing company. Technically, it is calculated as the ratio of Production in units to the number of labour deployed for the achievement of the output. There are a few variants of the same as well where the numerator remains the same however the denominator may vary as number of labour, total hours deployed by labour or the cost of wages of the labour engaged in the manufacturing process. As a formula, Labour Productivity = Quantity of Output in Units / Number of Labour deployed for fellowship, the same output. Labour Productivity = Quantity of Output in Units / Number of assagioli psychosynthesis of, Man-hours deployed for the same output. Labour Productivity = Quantity of Output in Units / Wages for the number of assign with, labour deployed for the same output.

With different versions available at perusal, different companies use any or a combination of labour productivity metrics to assess their plant performance. While any one of the productivity measures should suffice the understanding of plants performance, still organisations are carefully choosing a set of indicators of productivity to assess their performance vis-??-vis competition. A Collection! One of the reason can be that having multiple measures allows the managers to thesis have an a collection, eye on the detailed performance of subsystems of the entire system and plan accordingly. Having defined all the elements of the relationship which the study aims at establishing, it becomes imperative to look at what the earlier researches have established between the illustrated variables. 2.4 Productivity and agarwala thesis, Leadership style. The supervisor behaviour (leadership style) is one of the key factors which impacts the performance of the frontline employees in psychosynthesis, the organisation. Quite some research has been done on the performance and leadership and the inter-linkages between the two. Numerous studies have demonstrated that such effective leadership behaviour is associated with the quality of work of subordinates in service organizations (Bettencourt Brown, 1997; Deluga, 1994; Pillai, Schriesheim, Williams, 1999; Podsakoffet al., 1990; Schaubroeck Fink, 1998). If My Is Plagiarized! Leaders who develop a good relationship with their subordinates will in a collection, turn influence the level of how can i check if my is plagiarized, discretionary behaviour of assagioli a collection, these subordinates (e.g. Settoon, Bennett, Liden, 1996).

In a field experiment, Lam and Schaubroeck (2000) found that using credible and northeastern dissertation fellowship, influential people as service quality leaders could enhance the positive attitudes of bank tellers towards service quality initiatives, which result in a more favourable customer rating of service. MacKenzie, Podsakoff, and Rich (2001) found that transformational leaders could alter the service behaviour of frontline salespeople. Not only does effective leadership behaviour affect individual service quality, it also enhances team service quality. However, specific relationship between productivity measures of workmen and supervisor's leadership in the Indian manufacturing context with the a collection, blue ' collar workmen hasn't received the requisite attention of the academicia which this study is trying to aim at. Sauer (2011) confirms the importance of leadership and its effect on the performance of fashion century research, employees. Sauer's study explained the importance of psychosynthesis a collection of, leadership behaviour and how the leader's performance style will affect the 20th research, organization. Danish et al. Assagioli Psychosynthesis A Collection! (2011) discussed the effect of quote dante inferno essay, leadership and a manager's style, showing that these had a significant effect on the administration and its effectiveness. According to assagioli a collection of a research done of 511 frontline service providers in 6 service organisations by Harry et al., the leadership style of the supervisor plays a dominant role in producing better service quality, which is the output in this case, when the work environment and organisation culture are not conducive for better efficiency. The leadership style used for the study were task oriented, people oriented and ethically oriented. Assign With! However, in organisations where the work culture is good, leadership fails to make an impact.

An alternate viewpoint can be that leadership plays a key role in creating the assagioli psychosynthesis a collection, kind of assign with, environment where performance can be better (Dickson, Smith, Grojean, Ehrhart, 2001; Koeneet al., 2002; Litwin Stringer, 1968). Hence, the frontline employees may not be able to gauge the importance of psychosynthesis a collection, leadership. The situation was worse when both work culture and supervisor leadership were lacking which is a clear indication that each factor present in a positive way nullifies the negative effect of the other factor. Northeastern! In short, the study aims to examine the relative contribution of service climate and effective leadership behaviour to employee service quality, and the interaction effect of these two independent variables on the service quality. Johannes et al., in their study of 161 pairs of supervisor-subordinate pair in 24 companies of Germany revealed that transformational leadership related more strongly and positively to a collection of innovation for subordinates low in organization-based self-esteem. When subordinates were low in self-presentation propensity, active-corrective transactional leadership was negatively, and transformational leadership was positively associated with task performance.

This research again testifies the thesis statement outline, fact that leadership is a significantly affecting variable in subordinate's performance. This research also has interpretation on psychological aspects of the psychosynthesis, subordinates' i.e. self-esteem and self-presentation. It also testifies the assign with, fact that different demographics of employees may want different kind of leadership to assagioli psychosynthesis be effective and efficient in their task performance. Fashion In The Century Research Paper! This adds another dimension to the leadership performance relationship. A study conducted by Heba et al. Assagioli A Collection! among 320 heads of in the paper, instructional departments from randomly selected schools show that the principals' leadership style has a significant impact on the teacher's motivation to achieve the desired task goals. Transformational leadership exhibited a positive correlation with the teacher's achievement motivation which is connected to performance excellence. Another research in the same area by Onne Janssen illustrates that when supervisors are perceived to be supportive of assagioli of, risk taking fosters innovation and dante inferno essay, the supervisors who are perceived as not supportive hinder the employees from carrying out innovative work in their task area or otherwise. The survey of 170 employees in a Dutch company reveals that when employees perceive that their supervisors respond to employee innovation in a supportive and respectful manner, they feel stimulated to use their influence to a collection of persuade their subordinates and other actors to support the development and realization of their new ideas. LMX (Leader Member Exchange) embodies the relationship between a leader (Supervisor) and quote dante inferno, follower (Subordinate) and was initially conceptualized by Graen and colleagues (Dansereauetal.1973, Graen 1976, Graen and Cashman, 1975). According to LMX theory the leader ' follower relation falls on a continuum where one of the ends is developed relationship i.e. high involvement and on the other end is exchange ' based relationship which has low involvement.

The managers should be able to understand these aspects of leadership since they have a significant impact on the employee behaviours and consequently productivity and performance. Assagioli Of! However, Hofstede showed that high involvement / low involvement is also a characteristic of culture of the agarwala thesis, country which he defined as power distance. A research on 577 employees in 3 wood manufacturing companies in Pennsylvania illustrates that employees who are led by psychosynthesis a collection of, supportive leader display better organisational commitment, job satisfaction and have higher performance that the fellowship, peers who have no supportive leader. Also, the a collection of, intention to quit the quote, organisation was far lesser which has cost and productivity implications in the longer run as well. Another study on the same lines was done by Shahabuddin et al. on 80 employees working with IT in psychosynthesis of, real estate and thesis statement outline, housing development industry in Bangladesh. The study reveals that leadership indeed has a role to play in job satisfaction of the employees which in turn leads to higher productivity and performance on a collection of, the job. It was found that supervisors who engaged in positive motivational behaviours tend to have more satisfied subordinates and essay thesis statement outline, better performance from their group members.

Through their education, training, and experience, managers develop their personal leadership style (Hersey et al., 2001). This leadership style is a fundamental concern of managers and researchers (Wood, 1994) due to its effect on subordinates deliver more productive work when the leader have specific leadership styles (Mullins, 1998). If managers adopt their subordinates' preferred style giving employees the respect and fair treatment they deserve, then this is seen to lead to job satisfaction, which in will affect the assagioli psychosynthesis, functioning of the organisation (Spector, 1997). Satisfied employees are absent less, show less job stress, stay at work longer, and make positive contributions to their organisations (Griffin, 2002). Furthermore, Yousef (2000) showed that leadership behaviour was positively related to job satisfaction and therefore managers needed to adopt appropriate leadership behaviour in order to improve it. Leadership style affects a range of factors such as job satisfaction, performance, turnover intention, and how can i check essay, stress (Chen and Silverthorne, 2005) and so contribute to organisational success (Rad and Yarmohammadian, 2006). A study of 220 Jonardian resort hotel employees consisting of 110 subordinates and 110 managers could not refute the possibility of a relationship between job satisfaction and a collection of, leadership style of managers.

However, job satisfaction was found to be a function of demographical factors as well. The study also revealed that democratic leadership was most prevalent which again has been reinforced by another study conducted on 300 employees across manufacturing and i check if my essay is plagiarized, service organisations in the public and private setup. This study shows that participatory and altruistic management style were the psychosynthesis a collection of, most desirable among various management styles. Few key findings of the exploratory study are: ' Management styles vary from culture to university dissertation completion fellowship culture and psychosynthesis, within the specific culture from industry to industry. ' Participative management style is difficult to practice as sharing of power is not easy for managers. ' Excessive altruism in in the 20th century, business organizations may negatively affect organizational effectiveness. ' A strong positive relationship between the management styles and the effectiveness of human resources in terms of their 'Productivity' and 'Adaptability' The various researches studies in varied industries and countries show a definite correlation between leadership and performance and/ or job satisfaction; many a times mediated by other factors like organisational culture, work environment etc. The correlation holds true for most of the industries and work settings whether it be a service industry or a manufacturing industry, same with public and private sectors as well. However, the studies need to be furthered for the blue collar employees who have a major role to play in assagioli psychosynthesis, the manufacturing setups since they are the ones responsible for assign with, generating the primary product of the company.

Their motivation, needs and psychosynthesis a collection of, job satisfaction needs to be taken care of their supervisors if they have to extract the maximum productivity out of them. The productivity and leadership relation is also affected by research, the country's culture wherein different countries respond differently to leadership styles. Meade (1967) noticed that morale, productivity and quality of product were superior in the groups which had authoritarian leadership, these results being opposite from those reported by Lippitt and White (1943) and Lippitt (1940) who used a similar sample of boys in an American setting. This can be the output of the kind of assagioli psychosynthesis a collection of, culture the sample was exposed to in their upbringing. While American children learn democratic practices at an early age, Indian are subjected to hierarchy and authority right from the beginning of their life and i check if my essay, hence they get used to it as they grow. Another study by Meade (1967) established that Chinese college students demonstrated more group cohesion in decision making in presence of authoritarian leadership than they did to democratic leadership, while Chinese ' American demonstrated a balanced result to both authoritarian and democratic leadership. The studies in general have shown positive results in presence of of, leadership which has a human element imbibed in it rather to task orientation. Hence, participative, transformational and democratic leadership emerge to be favoured for job satisfaction and engagement of employees which in turn leads to higher productivity and better performance. Fellowship! A study by Robert et al. discloses negative effects of assagioli psychosynthesis a collection, close and punitive supervision style. Dante Essay! The study of 24 groups of assagioli psychosynthesis of, 4 females each in essay statement, the age group 17-19 under controlled environment reveals substantial increase in aggressive feelings toward the assagioli, supervisor and in indirect aggression toward the supervisor through lowered productivity, an insignificant increase in verbal aggression toward the assign with, supervisor, and a collection of, an increase of borderline significance in aggressive feelings toward co-workers in case of close supervision. When subjected to punitive supervision the assign with, test group displayed significant increase in indirect aggression through lowered productivity and in verbal aggression.

This kind of situation won't be favourable for the business when every organisation is assagioli psychosynthesis vying for northeastern university dissertation, enhanced productivity and cohesiveness in group activities within and outside of the organisation. The study having established the fact that there is a relationship between leadership style and productivity of psychosynthesis a collection of, employees, aims to find out the most appropriate style of leadership for higher productivity of workmen in fashion 20th paper, a manufacturing industry. It feels that democratic leadership style would fare better than authoritarian style since everyone would want to psychosynthesis a collection have a say in the decision making process which consequently affects them in one way or the other. As many manufacturing organisations these days are practicing TPM, Lean, Quality Circles, 5S and Six Sigma concepts to in the 20th century research paper improve productivity all of which in psychosynthesis a collection of, some way or the quote inferno, other lead to added responsibilities for the workmen and more say in psychosynthesis a collection, the technical decision making of the plant. Organisations have realised that for growth to be sustainable it has to be collaborative effort of each small unit in the organisation and not just top down approach.

However, with the education level, skill sets and imbibed Indian culture which is predominantly authoritarian it remains to be seen if democratic leadership is correct approach for the workmen and not authoritarian/ autocratic leadership and vice versa. If this essay isn't quite what you're looking for, why not order your own custom Business essay, dissertation or piece of coursework that answers your exact question? There are UK writers just like me on hand, waiting to help you. Each of us is fashion in the 20th century paper qualified to a high level in our area of expertise, and we can write you a fully researched, fully referenced complete original answer to your essay question. Just complete our simple order form and you could have your customised Business work in your email box, in as little as 3 hours. This Business essay was submitted to us by a student in order to help you with your studies. This page has approximately words. If you use part of this page in your own work, you need to assagioli of provide a citation, as follows: Essay UK, Leadership Styles And Productivity . Aseem Thesis! Available from: http://www.essay.uk.com/free-essays/business/leadership-styles-productivity.php [05-10-17]. If you are the original author of a collection, this content and no longer wish to have it published on our website then please click on the link below to request removal: Essay UK offers professional custom essay writing, dissertation writing and northeastern university dissertation fellowship, coursework writing service.

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How to score that perfect 6.0 on GMAT AWA Essay. This guide is meant for essay-phobes who dread the blank screen with the blinking cursor and/or people who simply want to score well (or full) on the GMAT. Assagioli Psychosynthesis A Collection Of? As far as my qualifications are concerned, I recently gave the GMAT and with good confidence scored a full 6 on my GMAT AWA, despite being an essay-phobe myself. To get started, you should read Chineseburned’s article on AWA Writing here -http://gmatclub.com/forum/how-to-get-6-0-awa-my-guide-64327.html. The idea of his article is to form a “template” and it suggests some supporting words for you to use while writing your essay. This idea forms the meat of my strategy, and there’s no point in me reproducing the assign with, material in this already well-known reference article. Also, note that the Issue essay has been discontinued much to assagioli psychosynthesis of, my relief, and this guide will focus exclusively on the Argument essay. I actually waited a whole year so I could give the assign with, Next-Gen GMAT rather than the old GMAT with 2 essays, and I must say this “pathetic” strategy paid off – 780 + 6 AWA + 8 IR on my first attempt.

I do believe the Quant and Verbal scores would have been negatively affected due to the energy drain caused by the 2 essays. I’m only going to build on psychosynthesis of the tips given by Chineseburned, add some more tips and make it EASIER for you to i check is plagiarized, follow. Now that you’ve read the article, it’s time to jump into some more tricks: Three things to remember: 1) Remember that the argument essay is more science than art. You need to use connecting words to “build up” your argument. (“Moreover”, “for example”, “to illustrate”, …; do not use “etc…” unless absolutely necessary, it looks like an of, open ending – make your argument sound robust and confident) People suggest writing about 500 words per essay – the reason being unless you’re a good writer, it’s difficult to convey what you want to say minimally. Agarwala? Take a look at assagioli the score 6 essay in the Official Guide – can you pull off an essay like that? If yes, you don’t need this guide – I should be taking tips from you. If you can’t, read on. A good 500+ word essay usually shows that you can whip up ideas and write atleast well about your ideas in fashion, the 30 mins. It’s also useful to remember that the GMAT asks for a “draft” version, not a very awesome finalized essay.

So, a bit of structure, good grammar and a collection 3 argument loopholes (2 or 4 is fine, but 3 is a good number to stick to) are all the things that you need to write your essay. 2) It’s also useful to keep in mind that one of your raters is an algorithmic e-rater. Dante Essay? You can test yourself against the official e-rater by buying the “GMAT Write” pack from mba.com. I did do this because I wasn’t feeling too sure about my scores, and I feel more confident if I know what to expect beforehand. Psychosynthesis? I do suggest you do the same, because it’s one thing to write an essay and another to see your actual score.

The thing here is – good structure and grammar with connecting words in a 500+ word essay is statement outline, almost guaranteed to give you a 6 – it’s how the e-rater seems to be programmed. Psychosynthesis A Collection? On top of fellowship that, from psychosynthesis a collection of, what I’ve read, the human graders seem to be so overburdened with essays to check that they too follow an “algorithm” almost the fashion 20th research paper, same as the e-rater; a longer essay is sure to score better than a shorter one. 3) Don’t worry about making too much sense in the essay. The e-rater can’t validate your facts and figures – it can only read structure. And the reader cannot verify any of them either – trust me, he doesn’t have the time or the inclination nor is he supposed to do so. Psychosynthesis A Collection Of? All they need is structure, grammar and essay statement outline a well substantiated argument. Feel free to conjure examples out of thin air so long as they substantiate your argument. As I’ll explain later, the examples form the bulk of the essay. What does this mean for you? Aim for 500+ words – and I’m going to show you exactly how to do that. How to write a 500 word essay in psychosynthesis, 30 mins?

After writing my first 2 essays, I realized I was finding it difficult to vomit 500+ pretty words in 30 mins – I needed a shortcut. This section is organized in chronological order from a time management perspective. Assign With? My time breakup was very simple – 1. Type out your template with full introduction and assagioli psychosynthesis conclusion. Yes, I cheated. I had a 100+ word intro-conc template ready to vomit without even reading the question! And now I have conclusive proof that this strategy works! That should take approximately 3-4 minutes to type. Voila!

No more blank screen ?, plus you’re free to attack the question and who cares if you even forget the template at this point? Here’s my template: (MS Word word count: 126) “The argument that omits some very important considerations that are necessary to university dissertation, get a full 360-degree view of the described scenario. The argument does not provide substantive evidence to be able to prove or even support the main conclusion from the given premises. First, the argument readily assumes that… Second, the argument claims that… Lastly, the argument fails to psychosynthesis, account for century, the fact that… In summary, the argument is extremely flawed because of the above-mentioned reasons and hence comes across as weak and unconvincing to the reader. If the author had mentioned all the relevant facts that are essential to assagioli psychosynthesis a collection, objectively assess the situation under consideration, the argument would have been much stronger. Northeastern Completion? Without this information, the argument remains unsubstantiated and assagioli psychosynthesis a collection of open to debate.”

I must mention that this was close to what I wrote on some of my first practice essays, which helped me memorize it easily. Whatever template you use, just remember to restate the argument in assign with, the introduction and keep the other parts independent of the actual argument. Don’t fill in assagioli of, the part till the next step. Just mark it with a “” or whatever and come back to to see if my is plagiarized, it after reading the assagioli psychosynthesis of, question. 2. Now that you’ve typed out your template, take 3-4 mins to read the question and JOT DOWN 3 loopholes. Write them down on your scratchpad, do not memorize. 2B. Fill in quote dante inferno, the part in the introduction. 3. All that remains is for you to assagioli of, expand your points into 3 paragraphs which we already started in thesis, the template. Psychosynthesis A Collection Of? You’ll need about 400 words. I found this difficult initially, but then, as usual, I came up with a trick – elaborate your examples.

They are your saviors. Below is one of university completion my last GMAT Write essays – note the length of the “example” sections marked in red. The following appeared in assagioli psychosynthesis, a memorandum from the director of research and development at Ready-to-Ware, a software engineering firm. Agarwala Thesis? “The package of benefits and incentives that Ready-to-Ware offers to professional staff is too costly. Our quarterly profits have declined since the package was introduced two years ago, at the time of our incorporation. Moreover, the package had little positive effect, as we have had only marginal success in of, recruiting and training high-quality professional staff. Aseem Thesis? To become more profitable again, Ready-to-Ware should, therefore, offer the reduced benefits package that was in place two years ago and assagioli psychosynthesis use the savings to fund our current research and development initiatives.”

My essay response: “The argument that Ready-to-Ware should decrease its benefits package for professional staff omits some very important considerations that need to be addressed to get a full 360-degree view of the situation under consideration. Fashion In The Century Research? The argument does not provide substantive evidence to be able to prove or support the assagioli psychosynthesis a collection of, main conclusion from the given premises. First, we need to consider if the decline is 20th, profits has occurred solely due to a collection of, the increase in employee compensation. There could be multiple reasons for the decrease in the company’s profits over the past two years. For example, the company might have one of it’s major customers to a rival, thus putting pressure on the revenues. If this single customer were responsible for more than 50% of the company’s revenues, a severe drop in profits is to thesis, be expected. Another scenario would be if too many competitors have entered Ready-to-Ware’s target space, in the process putting pressure on psychosynthesis the company to provide considerable discounts to current and prospective customers to maintain and gain market share. This is the same scenario that drove out profits from the university completion fellowship, auto industry in the 1980’s. With too many car manufacturers hogging the same target consumer market, the downward pressure on assagioli psychosynthesis a collection of car prices virtually eliminated the car manufacturer’s profits.

One more example of fashion in the paper a profit-declining scenario would be a ramping up of taxes by the government to cover it’s budget deficit. Companies usually tackle such problems by shifting headquarters to a more tax-friendly location. Hence, the argument fails to convince the reader that the fall in profits was specifically due to the increase in assagioli psychosynthesis a collection of, employee benefits and dissertation fellowship not due to any other cause. Second, the argument claims that Ready-to-Ware had problems retaining high-quality professional staff even with the increased compensation package. However, the author fails to mention the competitiveness of Ready-to-Ware’s benefits package in comparison to industry standards. Here, there is psychosynthesis a collection of, a good possibility that Ready-to-Ware’s package was very incompetitive to begin with, thus explaining the company’s low employee retention rates. Even with the increased benefits package, we cannot be sure that Ready-to-Ware is providing enough incentives to fashion paper, its professionals to stick with it when faced with any of its rival’s offers. For example, if Ready-to-Ware’s original compensation package totaled $30,000 in value, whereas it’s rivals were offering $50,000 on an average at of that time for the same job position and responsibilities, it becomes quite clear why the company had problems retaining its professional employees. University Dissertation Completion Fellowship? Again, if the increased compensation package equals $40,000 as a sum total of all benefits, it is still not sufficient to satisfy employees who can see the better opportunities offered by it’s competitors, and that too without considering the fact that the the average job salary in the industry might already have risen above the original $50,000 to adjust for inflation. Lastly, the argument fails to of, take into university dissertation, account the negative effects of reducing the package.

If the company is already facing employee retention issues, this problem might only be exacerbated by the decrease in benefits. Employees might leave the company is hordes, leaving their positions unmanned, and at the same time creating a two-sided problem for the company which might not be able to a collection of, attract new employees due to their low salary offering. In the essay thesis statement outline, worst case scenario which in this case I believe is actually realizable, that company might go out of business and have to liquidate itself. In summary, this argument is extremely flawed and unconvincing for assagioli psychosynthesis a collection, the abovementioned reasons. The author fails to take a complete view of the situation and omits some very important considerations required to assess the to see if my essay, merits and assagioli psychosynthesis a collection of issues in this situation. If only the author had taken all the assign with, above points into account and omitted the counterarguments, the line of psychosynthesis a collection of reasoning would have been considerable strengthened. “ Notice how the examples have been stretched out and dante inferno essay well-developed? It’s easy to do once you practice a few times. Start telling a story in the example, and many a times you’ll find it’s actually more difficult to stop writing than to keep extending.

Practicing a few times will give you a good sense of how long each paragraph should be. In most of my essays, the assagioli a collection, lengths of the thesis statement outline, 3 body paragraphs decrease from top to bottom – it’s just because I like it that way. How you want it to assagioli a collection of, look is inferno essay, up to you. Don’t bother to put your 3 points in any order – each can be substantiated well beyond 100 words – your brain will take care of that. To reiterate – conjure examples out of thin air as long as they help strengthen your argument. Assagioli Psychosynthesis A Collection Of? It’s not cheating, it’s just common sense. A good essay takes time – give me a day and I’ll cook you a feast you’ll never forget; give me a half hour and I’ll microwave leftovers. If I had more time to write that essay above, I’d NEVER EVER have. formatted it the way I have done and aseem agarwala it’d have come off WAY BETTER than it currently is – and psychosynthesis that will be true for thesis outline, your essay too, it’ll be far from your perfect work.

But who cares as long as it gets you that 6, eh? And the time allotted for this step? Just make sure you finish your essay by the 29th minute. If you aim for the 29th minute, you might need 30 seconds extra and you’ll have a buffer. Assagioli Psychosynthesis A Collection Of? I tried to university fellowship, finish it by the 30th minute once when practicing and ended up leaving an open sentence when software abruptly ended my essay session. It’s best to finish by the 29th minute. 4. DO NOT reread. Relax. Trust the template and assagioli a collection of trust what you’ve filled in the blanks.

Rereading will only how can i check to see if my essay, lead to anxiety and might screw up your later sections. There WILL be mistakes in your essay. Remember – it’s a draft, you’re allowed some grammatical, spelling or punctuation mistakes. Practice makes a man perfect. And women too. Sorry for that cliche, but none of this will be helpful unless you write your own essays to get the hang of it. Depending on a collection your confidence level, you’ll need to write 4-8 essays to university dissertation fellowship, get comfortable with typing it all out in assagioli psychosynthesis of, 30 mins without a hitch. And again, if you want to get really confident about your scores, just get a GMAT Write package – it’s much more satisfying to actually see your essay graded by the actual e-rater algorithm. GMAT Write also gives you a breakup of essay thesis outline your score, so it’ll be easier for you to hit the deficient areas if any. On the day of the GMAT. Trust your template.

Don’t question your method just because it’s mechanical. Remember – you’re running a marathon and this is just the first 1/7th of it. Conserve your energy. Just follow what you’ve planned without questioning. And once the assagioli, essay is thesis statement outline, done, forget about it. Concentrate on the sections you’re doing. This article might be about scoring a 6 but most schools don’t care as long as you score a 4+.

The high score is just to assagioli a collection of, satisfy your big ego. Best of luck for your GMAT and I’d love to hear any feedback! University/College: University of Arkansas System. Type of paper: Thesis/Dissertation Chapter. Date: 25 April 2016. Let us write you a custom essay sample on How to aseem thesis, score that perfect 6.0 on assagioli psychosynthesis of GMAT AWA. for only $16.38 $13.9/page. Haven't found the university dissertation fellowship, Essay You Want? Get your custom essay sample.

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