How to write a how to essay

Assistant Fire Chief Resume Sample. Assistant Fire Chief Resume Sample. Phone # / Cell Phone # Multifaceted and diligent professional , with accomplished qualifications in resolving internal and citizen concerns quickly and effectively by carrying out effective and appropriate courses of action. Render hands-on leadership to the improvement of initiatives for all district personnel, ensuring employee safety and agency compliance with health and how to write a how to essay, environmental regulations. Assess and eliminate risks and hazards through effective recommendations in executing corrective action plans; ormulate policies, plans, and procedures; analyze and coordinate accident, injury, and lost time statistics as well as cost data reports; and provide safety manuals, training outlines, and employee instructions. Adapt quickly to changing business environments and needs while ensuring on-time and within-budget delivery of essays college applications new and how to write a how to essay, highly effective business solutions. Plano Fire Department, Plano, TX. “Plano Fire Department is a 330-member department serving app 270,000 residents and a daytime population of up to 350,000 with an operating budget of close to $50M.” CAPTAIN, Fire Prevention Division | 2010-Present. Manage the plan review section of the fire prevention division, including all life and property protection systems while supervising new system inspections after installation. Review 20-25 plan submittals and coursework analysis, 25-30 new system inspections on a weekly basis. Work hand-in-hand with the City Planning Department, Engineering, and Building Inspections on a weekly basis while participating on multiple pre-application and development meetings to increase business engagements in how to a how Plano Region.

Simultaneously served on the oral interview board and human rights, peer review committee for EMS. Addressed the need to provide community with safe structures, along with providing the contractor needs to meet deadlines and obtain approval for how to write a how alternate means and methods of fire protection and life safety. Significantly contributed to the development of help essays college applications annual inspection program for Fire Department by how to a how collaborating with other captain and fire marshal in leading the & losing, division as well as addressing specific code questions through presentations meant to write either gain acceptance or denial of the fire marshal. Redeveloped standards and design manuals and assumed the help writing applications, role of fire marshal (assistant chief position) managing the Fire Prevention Division with 13 personnel and operating budget in excess of $1.2M. Direct eight personnel at station 7 in Plano Area. Oversee customer base by providing EMS and fire and rescue response, as well as inspections of commercial occupancies and public education. Ensure safety of firefighters as well as the public and their properties. How To Write A How To Essay. Function as training officer, responsible for professional development of new hires and winning, records management of how to write a how various personnel based on EMS, fire, and ISO trainings.

Leveraged administrative skills in report writing, interdepartmental memos, requests for equipment, and PowerPoint presentations. Essays Sunset. Directed and encouraged all subordinates to master vital skills and a how to essay, service delivery while contributing to a multifaceted team of 13 engine companies and 4 truck companies in response to community needs. FIREFIGHTER / PARAMEDIC | Jun 1995-Aug 2010. Structure Essay. Provided emergency care to critical and non-critical patients while serving as Field Training Officer (FTO) for medical personnel. How To A How. Led fire suppression and rescue operations, and functioned as HAZMAT technician . Initiated and human, executed the to essay, process of acceptance for paramedic training throughout the department.

Ensured physical delivery of service to customers, and essay on women's rights today, streamlined the execution of orders requested by higher officers. A How To Essay. Coached several new members and contributed in facilitating training and & losing, evaluation of newly graduated paramedics. LIEUTENANT OF ENGINE 12 | 2007-2009. Functioned as training officer of five individuals while presiding over the Station 2, the how to write to essay, Hazardous Materials Response Team for Plano and other counties in North Dallas, and Confined Space Rescue Team. Teamed up with shift’s two battalion chiefs and coursework data analysis, Training Division to incorporate SCBA skills station to department training. Served as one of the department’s training proctors in support to department-wide training. TRUCK 1 DRIVER | 2005-2007. Operated a 110-foot aerial during response to emergency incidents, ensuring safety and effective outcomes. Supported the development of current operational procedures for fire incidents in collaboration with captain and battalion chief.

Served as integral part of a coordinated ventilation and search team; executed fire calls and performed rescue and extrication duties on traffic incidents. EFG Company, Greenville, TX. FLIGHT PARAMEDIC | 2003-PRESENT. Offer high-quality pre-hospital advanced life support, including assessment, triage, and treatment in accordance with established standards and guidelines within the scope of practice. Evaluate scope and limitation of specific illnesses and how to write a how to essay, injuries to provide appropriate care needed for safe transport of critical patients to respective facilities. CORPORAL (E-4): HONORABLY DISCHARGE, U.S.

Marine Corps. Texas Department of State Health Services, Athens, TX. 2011 Inspector I/II, Plan Reviewer I, CDE College, McKinney, TX. 2010 Fire Sprinkler Course, AFSA, Dallas, TX. 2009 Safety Officer, Fire Officer II, Plano Fire Department, Plano, TX. 2008 National Response Framework, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) IS-800, Plano, TX. Rope Rescue Operations |Rope Rescue Technician |Confined Space Technician, ABC College, Ft. Worth, TX.

2006 Firefighter Intermediate |Firefighter Advanced |Fire Officer I ICS |FEMA Course 100/200, Plano Fire Department, Plano, TX. 2005 National Incident Management System (NIMS), FEMA Course IS-700, Plano Fire Department, Plano, TX. Write A Movie In An. 2003 Driver/Operator, Collin College, McKinney, TX. 2002 Critical Care Paramedic, LifeStar Air Ambulance. 2001 Paramedic Preceptor, Plano Fire Department, Plano, TX. Lifesaving Award (1) Distinguished Unit Citations (3) Several Letters of Commendation, Plano Fire Department. Paramedic of the Year.

Navy Achievement Medal. Letter of Commendation, Commandant of the how to, Marine Corps (for actions in support of a community outreach program) Recommendation for Meritorious Promotion to Corporal. Nomination for Marine of the Quarter. AFFILIATION AND ACTIVITY. International Association of structure Firefighters.

Muscular Dystrophy Association Volunteer (4 years as camp counselor at write to essay, MDA Camp in Meridian, Texas) Copyright 2017 · All Rights Reserved · Resume4Dummies.

Institute for Writing and how to write to essay, Rhetoric. One of the first things you'll discover as a college student is that writing in college is different from writing in high school. Certainly a lot of what your high school writing teachers taught you will be useful to you as you approach writing in college: you will want to write clearly, to have an interesting and arguable thesis, to writing applications, construct paragraphs that are coherent and how to write to essay, focused, and & losing, so on. Still, many students enter college relying on writing strategies that served them well in high school but that won't serve them well here. Old formulae, such as the five-paragraph theme, aren't sophisticated or flexible enough to provide a sound structure for a college paper. And many of the old tricks - such as using elevated language or repeating yourself so that you might meet a ten-page requirement - will fail you now. So how does a student make a successful transition from high school to college?

The first thing that you'll need to a how to essay, understand is that writing in college is for the most part a particular kind of writing, called academic writing. While academic writing might be defined in many ways, there are three concepts that you need to understand before you write your first academic paper. 1. How To Write A Movie In An? Academic writing is writing done by scholars for other scholars. Writing done by scholars for scholars? Doesn't that leave you out? Actually, it doesn't.

Now that you are in how to, college you are part of a community of winning scholars. As a college student, you will be engaged in activities that scholars have been engaged in for how to write a how to essay centuries: you will read about, think about, argue about, and write about great ideas. Of course, being a scholar requires that you read, think, argue, and how to in an, write in certain ways. Write A How? Your education will help you to understand the expectations, conventions, and structure of your essay, requirements of a how scholarship. If you read on, so will this Web site. 2. Academic writing is devoted to topics and questions that are of sunset interest to the academic community. When you write an academic paper, you must first try to find a topic or a question that is relevant and appropriate - not only to how to, you, but to write a movie, the academic community of which you are now a part. Write? But how do you know when a topic is relevant and appropriate to this community?

First of all, pay attention to essays on the, what your professor is saying. She will certainly be giving you a context into which you can place your questions and observations. Second, understand that your paper should be of interest to other students and scholars. Remember that academic writing must be more than personal response. You must write something that your readers will find useful. In other words, you will want to write something that helps your reader to how to write a how to essay, better understand your topic, or to see it in a new way. 3. This brings us to coursework, our final point: Academic writing should present the reader with an informed argument. To construct an how to write to essay, informed argument, you must first try to sort out what you know about a subject from what you think about a subject. Or, to put it another way, you will want to consider what is known about a subject and then to determine what you think about it. If your paper fails to inform, or if it fails to essay human issues, argue, then it will fail to meet the expectations of the academic reader. Constructing An Informed Argument.

When you sit down to write an academic paper, you'll first want to consider what you know about your topic. Write To Essay? Different writing assignments require different degrees of knowing. A short paper written in response to a viewing of Alfred Hitchcock's Rear Window, for example, may not require you to be familiar with Hitchcock's other works. Essays On The Sunset? It may not even require you to have mastered the terms important to film criticism - though clearly any knowledge you bring to the film might help you to write a how to essay, make a thoughtful response to it. However, if you are asked to winning, write an academic paper on write the film, then you will want to know more. Essays? You will want to have certain terms in hand so that you can explain what Hitchcock is doing in key moments. You will want to be familiar with Hitchcock's other films so that you can understand what themes are important to him and his work. Moreover, if you are watching this film in an upper-level film class, you will want to how to write, be aware of different critical perspectives on Hitchcock's films and on analysis films in general, so that you can place your argument within the larger ongoing conversation. When you sit down to write an write a how to essay, academic paper, ask yourself these questions: Can I answer the questions who, what, when, where, why, how? What do I know about the college applications context of my topic?

What historical or cultural influences do I know about that might be important to my topic? Does my topic belong to any particular genre or category of topics? What do I know about this genre? What seems important to me about how to write a how to essay, this topic? If I were to summarize what I know about this topic, what points would I focus on? What points seem less important? Why do I think so? How does this topic relate to other things that I know? What do I know about the topic that might help my reader to understand it in new ways?

What do I need to know? How can I find out more? You'll discover as you consider the questions listed above that you are moving beyond what you know about a topic and are beginning to consider what you think. In the process of write a movie in an really thinking about your topic, your aim is to come up with a fresh observation. After all, it's not enough to summarize in a paper what is already known and talked about. You must also add something of your own to the conversation. Understand, however, that adding something of your own is not an invitation simply to bring your own personal associations, reactions, or experiences to the reading of a text. To create an informed argument, you must first recognize that your writing should be analytical rather than personal. In other words, your writing must show that your associations, reactions, and experiences of write to essay a text have been framed in a critical, rather than a personal, way.

How does one move from personal response to analytical writing? First, summarize what the primary text is saying. You'll notice that you can construct several different summaries, depending on your agenda. Help Essays College? Returning to the example of Hitchcock's film, you might make a plot summary, a summary of its themes, a summary of a how to essay its editing, and coursework data analysis, so on. You can also summarize what you know about the to essay film in context. In other words, you might write a summary of the difficulties Hitchcock experienced in the film's production, or you might write a summary of how this particular movie complements or challenges other films in the Hitchcock canon. You can also summarize what others have said about the film.

Film critics have written much about Hitchcock, his films, and their genre. Try to summarize all that you know. The process of evaluation is an in an, ongoing one. Write A How To Essay? You evaluate a text the moment you encounter it, and structure of your, you continue to evaluate and to re-evaluate as you go along. How To To Essay? Evaluating a text is different from simply reacting to a text. When you evaluate for an academic purpose, it is important to be able to clearly articulate and to essay human rights today, support your own personal response. What in the text is leading you to respond a certain way? What's not in the text that might be contributing to your response? Watching Hitchcock's film, you are likely to how to a how, have found yourself feeling anxious, caught up in the film's suspense. What in the film is making you feel this way? The editing?

The acting? Can you point to essay, a moment in the film that is particularly successful in creating suspense? In asking these questions, you are straddling two intellectual processes: experiencing your own personal response, and analyzing the how to to essay text. Constructing an informed argument asks you first to analyze - that is, to consider the parts of your topic and then to examine how these parts relate to each other or to the whole. To analyze Hitchcock's film, you may want to coursework analysis, break the write a how to essay film down by examining particular scenes, point of view, camera movements, and so on. In short, you'll want to data analysis, ask: What are the components of how to a how Hitchcock's film, and how do these components contribute to the film's theme? How do they contribute to Hitchcock's work as a whole? When you analyze, you break the whole into parts so that you might see the essay on women's rights whole differently. In the process of analysis, you find things that you might say.

When you analyze, you break down a text into its parts. When you synthesize, you look for how to connections between ideas. How To A Movie In An Essay? Consider once again the Hitchcock film. In analyzing this film, you might come up with elements that seem initially disparate. How To To Essay? You may have some observations that at first don't seem to gel. Or you may have read various critical perspectives on the film, all of help writing essays applications them in disagreement with one another. Now would be the time to consider whether these disparate elements or observations might be reconciled, or synthesized. This intellectual exercise requires that you create an umbrella argument - some larger argument under which several observations and perspectives might stand. Many students writing in college have trouble figuring out what constitutes an appropriate topic. Sometimes the professor will provide you with a prompt.

She will give you a question to explore, or a problem to resolve. When you are given a prompt by your professor, be sure to read it carefully. Your professor is setting the write parameters of the assignment for you. She is telling you what sort of paper will be appropriate. In many cases, however, the professor won't provide you with a prompt. She might not even give you a topic. For example, in essays on the sunset, a psychology course you might be asked to write a paper on how to write a how to essay any theory or theories of self. Your professor has given you a subject, but she has not given you a topic. Nor has she told you what the paper should look like.

Should it summarize one of the theories of self? Should it compare two or more theories? Should it place these theories into winning, some historical context? Should it take issue with these theories, pointing out their limitations? At this juncture, you have two options: talk to the professor and see what her expectations are, or figure out this matter for yourself. It's always a good idea to how to to essay, talk with the professor. At the winning & losing essay very least, you'll want to write, find out a movie if the professor wants a report or a paper . In other words, is your professor looking for information or argument ? Chances are she'll want you to make an argument. It will be up to you to narrow your topic and to make sure that it's appropriately academic. As you think about a topic, ask yourself the following questions:

Have you formed an intellectual question? In other words, have you constructed a question that will require a complex, thoughtful answer? Is the question provocative? Startling? Controversial? Fresh? Will you be able to answer this question adequately in write a how to essay, a few pages? Or is the question impossibly broad? If the question seems broad, how might you narrow it? Does your question address both text and context?

In other words, have you considered the historical and cultural circumstances that influenced this text? Have you considered what other scholars have said about essay, it? Will your reader care about this question? Or will she say, So what? For more advice on this matter, consult Coming Up With Your Topic elsewhere in this Web site. When writing an how to write a how, academic paper, you must not only consider what you want to say, you must also consider to how to in an essay, whom you are saying it. In other words, it's important to to essay, determine not only what you think about a topic, but also what your audience is likely to structure of your essay, think. What are your audience's biases? Values?

Expectations? Knowledge? To whom are you writing, and for what purpose? When you begin to write, answer all of these questions, you have started to reckon with what has been called the rhetorical stance. Rhetorical stance refers to the position you take as a writer in human issues today, terms of the write subject and the reader of your paper. Let's first consider your relationship to your topic. Winning & Losing? When you write a paper, you take a stand on write a topic. Of Your Essay? You determine whether you are for or against, passionate or cool-headed. You determine whether you are going to view this topic through a particular perspective (feminist, for example), or whether you are going to make a more general response.

You also determine whether you are going to analyze your topic through the write to essay lens of a particular discipline - history, for example. Your stance on the topic depends on the many decisions you have made in the reading and thinking processes. In order to make sure that your stance on a topic is appropriately analytical, you might want to ask yourself some questions. Essay? Begin by asking why you've taken this particular stance. Why did you find some elements of the text more important than others? Does this prioritizing reflect some bias or preconception on your part? If you dismissed part of a text as boring or unimportant, why did you do so?

Do you have personal issues or experiences that lead you to to essay, be impatient with certain claims? Is there any part of your response to help writing college, the text that might cause your reader to discount your paper as biased or un-critical? If so, you might want to reconsider your position on write to essay your topic. Your position on essay a topic does not by itself determine your rhetorical stance. You must also consider your reader. In the college classroom, the audience is usually the professor or your classmates - although occasionally your professor will instruct you to write for a more particular or more general audience. No matter who your reader is, you will want to consider him carefully before you start to write.

What do you know about your reader and his stance towards your topic? What is he likely to know about the topic? What biases is he likely to have? Moreover, what effect do you hope to have on the reader? Is your aim to write to essay, be controversial? Informative? Entertaining?

Will the reader appreciate or resent your intention? Once you have determined who your reader is, you will want to consider how you might best reach him. If, for example, you are an on the, authority on a subject and you are writing to readers who know little or nothing about it, then you'll want to take an a how, informative stance. If you aren't yet confident about a topic, and you have more questions than answers, you might want to take an winning & losing essay, inquisitive stance. In any case, when you are deciding on a rhetorical stance, choose one that allows you to be sincere. You don't want to take an authoritative stance on a how a subject if you aren't confident about what you are saying. On the other hand, you can't avoid taking a position on help writing college a subject: nothing is worse than reading a paper in how to to essay, which the writer has refused to take a stance. What if you are of two minds on a subject? Declare that to the reader. Make ambivalence your clear rhetorical stance. Finally, don't write simply to please your professor.

Though some professors find it flattering to discover that all of essays applications their students share their positions on a subject, most of a how us are hoping that your argument will engage us by telling us something new about your topic - even if that something new is coursework analysis simply a fresh emphasis on how to a minor detail. Moreover, it is essays sunset impossible for you to replicate the ideal paper that exists in your professor's head. When you try, you risk having your analysis compared to your professor's. Do you really want that to write, happen? In high school you might have been taught various strategies for structure essay structuring your papers. Some of you might have been raised on the five paragraph theme, in which you introduce your topic, come up with three supporting points, and then conclude by repeating what you've already said. Write To Essay? Others of you might have been told that the best structure for a paper is the & losing hour-glass model, in which you begin with a general statement, make observations that are increasingly specific, and then conclude with a statement that is once again general. When you are writing papers in college, you will require structures that will support ideas that are more complex than the how to a how ones you considered in high school. Your professors might offer you several models for how to write a movie in an structuring your paper. They might tell you to order your information chronologically or spatially, depending on whether you are writing a paper for a history class or a course in art history. Or they may provide you with different models for argument: compare and contrast, cause and how to a how to essay, effect, and so on.

But remember: the structure for your argument will in the end be determined by the content itself. No prefab model exists that will provide adequate structure for essays sunset the academic argument. Write To Essay? (For more detailed advice on various ways to structure your paper, see Writing: Considering Structure and Organization.) When creating an informed argument, you will want to & losing, rely on several organizational strategies, but you will want to keep some general advice in mind. Your introduction should accomplish two things: it should declare your argument, and it should place your argument within the larger, ongoing conversation about your topic. Often writers will do the latter before they do the former. That is, they will begin by summarizing what other scholars have said about their topic, and then they will declare what they are adding to the conversation. Even when your paper is how to write to essay not a research paper you will be expected to introduce your argument as if into a larger conversation. Place your argument for your reader by naming the text, the author, the issues it raises, and essay rights issues, your take on these issues. (For more specific advice on writing a good introduction, see Introductions and Conclusions.) Probably you were taught in how to a how, high school that every paper must have a declared thesis, and winning & losing, that this sentence should appear at how to write to essay the end of the introduction. While this advice is sound, a thesis is sometimes implied rather than declared in a text, and it can appear almost anywhere - if the essays sunset writer is skillful. Whether your thesis appears at the end of the to essay introduction or the end of your paper, it must make an analysis, arguable claim - that is, it should declare something that is interesting and debatable.

Because your thesis is arguably the most important sentence in your paper, you will want to read more about it in how to a how, Developing Your Thesis. Because every thesis presents an on women's human rights, arguable point, you as a writer are obligated to acknowledge in your paper the how to other side(s) of an argument. Consider what your opponents might say against your argument. & Losing? Then determine where and how you want to how to, deal with the opposition. Do you want to dismiss the opposition in the first paragraph? Do you want to list each opposing argument and rebut them one by one? Your decisions will determine how you structure your paper. Every convincing argument must have support. Your argument's support will be organized in your paper's paragraphs. These paragraphs must each declare a point, usually formed as that paragraph's topic sentence, or claim. A topic sentence or claim is like a thesis sentence - except that instead of of your announcing the write a how argument of the entire paper, it announces the argument of data that particular paragraph.

In this way, the how to a how to essay topic sentence controls the paper's evidence. The topic sentence is more flexible than the thesis in that it can more readily appear in different places within the paragraph. Most often, however, it appears at essay human rights today or near the beginning. Write A How To Essay? For more information on structuring paragraphs, see Writing: Considering Structure and Organization. Writing a good conclusion is difficult. You will want to sum up, but you will want to do more than say what you have already said.

You will want to leave the reader with something to think about, but you will want to avoid preaching. You might want to essays on the sunset, point to a new idea or question, but you risk confusing the reader by introducing something that he finds irrelevant. Writing conclusions is, in how to write, part, a matter of finding the data proper balance. For more instruction on how to write a good conclusion, see Introductions and how to write to essay, Conclusions. OK: you think you understand what's required of you in an academic paper.

You need to essays on the sunset, be analytical. Critical. You need to create an informed argument. You need to how to, consider your relationship to sunset, your topic and to your reader. But what about the matter of finding an appropriate academic tone and style? The tone and style of write academic writing might at first seem intimidating. But they needn't be. Professors want students to write clearly and intelligently on matters that they, the students, care about.

What professors DON'T want is imitation scholarship - that is, exalted gibberish that no one cares about. If the student didn't care to write the paper, the structure essay professor probably won't care to read it. The tone of an academic paper, then, must be inviting to the reader, even while it maintains an appropriate academic style. Remember: professors are human beings, capable of how to write a how to essay boredom, laughter, irritation, and awe. Understand that you are writing to issues today, a person who is delighted when you make your point clearly, concisely, and persuasively. Understand, too, that she is less delighted when you have inflated your prose, pumped up your page count, or tried to a how to essay, impress her by using terms that you didn't take the time to understand. In short, then, good academic writing follows the rules of good writing.

If you'd like to know more about how to improve your academic style, please see Attending to Style, elsewhere in essay rights today, this Web site. But before you do, consider some of the following tips, designed to make the process of writing an academic paper go more smoothly: Rely on evidence over feeling. You may be very passionate about a subject, but that's no excuse to allow rhetoric alone to carry the how to write a how to essay ball. Even if you have constructed some very pretty phrases to argue against genetic engineering, they won't mean much to & losing, your professor unless you back those pretty phrases with facts. Watch your personal pronouns.

Students often wonder if it's OK to use the pronouns I and you in how to to essay, a paper. In fact, it is OK - provided you use them understanding their effect. How To Write A Movie? For example, overusing the how to a how I might make the of your reader feel that your paper is overly subjective. In fact, when a writer too often invokes himself in the first person, he may be doing so to avoid offering proof: It's my own personal opinion, and I have a right to it. I don't have to defend it. But of course, he does.

As to using the how to a how pronoun you: Do you really want to on women's human rights, aim a remark directly at the reader? Doing so draws the reader closer to the text and invites a more subjective (and sometimes more intensely critical) response. If this kind of response is what you want, then by all means employ the you. However, you should also remember that certain academic disciplines (the sciences, for example) would frown on the use of these pronouns. When in doubt, ask. Watch your gendered pronouns. When you write, you'll want to make sure that you don't do anything to make your readers feel excluded. If you use he and him all the time, you are excluding half of your potential readership. We'll acknowledge that the how to write he/she solution is a bit cumbersome in writing. However, you might solve the problem as we have done in this document: by alternating he and she throughout.

Other writers advocate always using she instead of in an essay he as a way of acknowledging a long-standing exclusion of how to write a how to essay women from coursework data texts. Whatever decision you make in write, the end, be sensitive to its effect on your readers. Be aware of discipline-specific differences. Each of the academic disciplines has its own way of constructing knowledge, of essay on women's rights today organizing that knowledge, of using evidence, and of communicating within the field. These differences, which run very deep, also express themselves in terms of a how to essay tone and style. If you need more information about discipline-specific issues, talk to analysis, your professor. Read deeply in write, the discipline with the winning essay aim of to essay trying to understand how people working within this discipline are constructing knowledge.

And for matters regarding style, citation, and so forth, check out a relevant style manual, such as the MLA or APA style sheets. Avoid mechanical errors. No matter what audience you're writing for, you'll want to produce text that is help essays college applications error-free. Errors in grammar and style slow your reader down. Sometimes they even obscure your meaning. To Essay? Always proofread your text before passing it on to your reader.

If you find that you are making a lot of errors and want help with grammar and write a movie in an essay, style, consult a handbook or see Attending to Grammar and Attending to Style elsewhere in this Web site. You might also contact RWIT for help.

The Electoral College: Enlightened Democracy. Select a Section 1 /0. Toggle open close. The mode of appointment of the Chief Magistrate of the United States is almost the write only part of the system . . How To Write A Movie In An Essay? . which has escaped without severe censure. . How To Write To Essay? . . Coursework Analysis? I venture somewhat further, and hesitate not to affirm that if the how to a how manner of it be not perfect, it is at least excellent. The United States is quickly approaching its first presidential election since the eventful election of 2000. The story of that election is rights issues, still fresh in our memory. George W. Bush won the presidency, but only after weeks of controversy in Florida. His win made him the first President in more than 100 years to attain the White House despite a popular vote loss,2 and write a how it led to renewed calls for coursework data abolition of America's unique presidential election system, colloquially referred to as the Electoral College.3. Some academics have criticized the Electoral College for years. How To Write To Essay? It has been called an anachronism that thwarts democratic principles,4 constitutional stupidity,5or even a dangerous game with many built-in pitfalls that are bound to destroy us.6 In 1967, the American Bar Association blasted the how to write in an essay system, calling it archaic, undemocratic, complex, ambiguous, indirect, and dangerous.7.

The negative views of today's academics are starkly at odds with the how to a how universal admiration for the system at the time it was created. Alexander Hamilton, for winning & losing instance, publicly deemed the Electoral College excellent.8 Other delegates at the Constitutional Convention agreed with him: They viewed the Electoral College as one of the write to essay new Constitution's great achievements. Today's unenthusiastic views would almost certainly surprise these early patriots. The Constitution's Election Process. Modern-day American presidential elections are governed by the 12th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution,9 which was adopted and ratified by the states in 1804. Write A Movie Essay? The 12th Amendment modified the how to a how to essay Constitution's original Article II election procedure to provide for the current system of one-ticket voting for how to in an essay the President and Vice President.10. It is perhaps easiest to think of the current election procedure in two phases: first, the how to Electoral College vote, and essay today second, the contingent election procedure, which is used only if no candidate wins a majority of electoral votes. The Electoral College Vote. The Constitution provides for a presidential election among the states, rather than among individuals. Write A How? In this election, each state is granted a certain number of representatives, called electors, to cast votes on its behalf.11 This national vote among the states is essays college applications, often referred to as the vote of the Electoral College.

States are allocated one elector for a how to essay each of their representatives in Congress.12 Each state therefore automatically receives a minimum of three votes, as it is entitled to data analysis, at least two Senators and one Congressman, regardless of population.13 Adoption of the to essay 23rd Amendment in on women's rights today 1961 provided the District of Columbia with at least three electoral votes, as if it were a state.14 There are currently 538 total electors. How To To Essay? Following the winning & losing essay 2000 census, California has the most electors (55), while seven states plus the District of Columbia have the minimum number of electors (3).15. State legislatures decide how to appoint electors for this national election,16 and how to a how to essay it is generally agreed that the legislatures may appoint electors in any manner that they choose.17 Each state except Maine and Nebraska currently uses a winner-take-all system, whereby the presidential candidate winning the state's popular vote is awarded the state's entire slate of electors. Maine and Nebraska each give two electoral votes to the winner of the state's popular vote and select the remaining electors by congressional district.18. The Electoral Count Act of 1887,19 as updated through the years, currently provides an election timeline: Election Day is the winning essay Tuesday following the first Monday in November in any given presidential election year.20 Each state certifies a slate of write, electors based upon the outcome of its popular vote. These electors assemble in writing applications their state on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December.21 On this day, the electors cast the votes that officially determine who will be the write a how to essay next President of the United States. Congress meets in joint session to count these votes on the following January 6.22. To be elected President, a candidate needs a majority of these states' electoral votes, which are cast in December. He does not need a majority of the direct popular vote cast on Election Day.23 At this time, 270 votes constitute a majority of the Electoral College and will win the presidency for a candidate.24. The Contingent Election.

If no candidate wins a majority of the Electoral College vote, the Constitution provides a backup method for presidential selection. This procedure is often referred to as the Constitution's contingent election procedure. In this secondary election, the House selects a President and the Senate selects a Vice President.25. In the House vote for President, each state delegation is granted one vote.26 If a state's delegation is evenly divided, that state cannot vote until and unless the tie is essays, broken. A President is how to, elected when one candidate wins a majority of the votes of state delegations (currently 26). State delegations may vote for essay human rights any one of the top three presidential candidates in the electoral vote, and re-votes are taken until a majority is achieved.

A similar procedure is employed for election of the Vice President, except that each Senator is granted one vote and only the top two vice presidential candidates from the electoral vote are candidates in the Senate vote. The Founders spent months of extensive deliberation on the topic of presidential election: They deemed it one of the most difficult issues facing the Convention. When the a how Electoral College proposal was completed, they viewed it as a unique and commendable solution that would satisfy the many -- apparently contradictory -- goals of the new republic. Origins of the essay human issues Electoral College. Contrary to modern perceptions, the founding generation did not intend to create a direct democracy. To the contrary, the Founders deliberately created a republic -- or, arguably, a republican democracy -- that would incorporate a spirit of compromise and deliberation into to essay decision-making.

Such a form of government, the Founders believed, would allow them to achieve two potentially conflicting objectives: avoiding the tyranny of the majority inherent in pure democratic systems, while allowing the structure of your sense of the people to be reflected in the new American government.27 Moreover, a republican government, organized on federalist principles, would allow the delegates to achieve the most difficult of their tasks: enabling large and write a how to essay small sovereign states to how to, live peacefully alongside each other. The authors of the Constitution had studied the history of many failed democratic systems, and they strove to create a different form of government. Indeed, James Madison, delegate from Virginia, argued that unfettered majorities such as those found in how to pure democracies tend toward tyranny.Madison stated it this way: [In a pure democracy], [a] common passion or interest will, in almost every case, be felt by a majority of the help writing applications whole; a communication and concert results from the write form of government itself; and winning essay there is how to a how to essay, nothing to how to essay, check the inducements to write a how, sacrifice the weaker party or an obnoxious individual. Hence it is that such democracies have ever been spectacles of turbulence and contention; have ever been found incompatible with personal security or the rights of property; and have in general been as short in their lives as they have been violent in their deaths.28. Alexander Hamilton agreed that [t]he ancient democracies, in which the people themselves deliberated, never possessed one feature of good government. Their very character was tyranny; their figure, deformity.29 Other early Americans concurred. John Adams, who signed the Declaration of Independence and later became President, declared, [D]emocracy never lasts long. It soon wastes, exhausts, and murders itself.

There never was a democracy yet that did not commit suicide.30 Another signatory to the Declaration of structure of your, Independence, Benjamin Rush, stated, A simple democracy . . . is how to write to essay, one of the greatest of evils.31. Despite these strong statements against democracy, the Founders were also strong advocates for self-government, and of your essay they often spoke of the need to allow the will of the people to operate in the new government that they were crafting. Notwithstanding the oppressions injustice experienced among us from democracy, Virginia delegate George Mason declared, the how to write a how genius of the essay human issues today people must be consulted.32 James Madison agreed, speaking of the honorable determination which animates every votary of freedom to rest all our political experiments on the capacity of write to essay, mankind for self-government.33. The delegates, then, faced a dilemma. Essays Applications? Their fierce opposition to simple democracy ran headlong into their determination to a how to essay, allow the people to govern themselves -- and they knew that voters in small states would need to essay human, be free to govern themselves, just as would citizens in large states.

The Founders reconciled these seemingly conflicting needs by creating a republican government, organized on federalist principles, in which minorities would be given many opportunities to make themselves heard. The Electoral College was considered to fit perfectly within this republican, federalist government that had been created. The system would allow majorities to rule, but only while they were reasonable, broad-based, and not tyrannical. The election process was seen as a clever solution to the seemingly unsolvable problem facing the Convention -- finding a fair method of selecting the a how Executive for a nation composed of essay human rights today, both large and small states that have ceded some, but not all, of how to write a how to essay, their sovereignty to a central government. `[T]he genius of the present [Electoral College] system,' a 1970 Senate report concluded, `is the genius of a popular democracy organized on the federal principle.'34. 21st Century America. Much has changed since 1787. Structure? The Founders could not have foreseen the a how rapid technological advancements, massive federal bureaucracy, and increasingly populist attitudes that characterize American life today. Could it be that the Electoral College, although once an ingenious solution to many 18th century problems, has today become merely an anachronism -- and a potentially dangerous one at that?

The Electoral College undoubtedly operates in a different society from the one that existed in 1787. Yet the Electoral College has shown an amazing ability to adapt to structure essay, modern-day America. It may sometimes operate differently than expected, but it still serves the political goals it was intended to serve. In truth, its operation in modern times may be even more valuable. The Benefits of Federalism. Critics of the how to write to essay Electoral College allege that the country's presidential election process does more to trample the structure of your rights of individuals than to protect federalism. In this context, they often cite the winner-take-all method employed by most states, claiming that it causes the votes of some individuals to be wasted.35 As this argument goes, a Texan who voted for Al Gore in the 2000 election wasted his vote because George W. Write? Bush was awarded the state's entire slate of electors under the winner-take-all method.

Gore did not win so much as one electoral vote from Texas, despite winning nearly 2.5 million of essay on women's human today, that state's popular votes during the election. 36 In a direct popular election, critics note, these votes would not have been wasted -- they could have instead been included in the final national tally for Gore. Such arguments, however, are a bit disingenuous. These votes were not wasted. They were simply cast on the losing side of a popular vote within the how to write a how to essay state. Help Writing College Applications? If the 2000 election had been conducted based on how to nationwide popular vote totals only, would people claim that any vote for George W. Coursework? Bush was wasted because Al Gore won the popular vote? Of course not.

The votes for Bush were cast in how to write a how to essay an effort to win. Essay? In the event of a loss, they would simply have been votes for the losing candidate -- just as in any other election (such as an election for Governor or Senator). The primary effect of America's federalist presidential election process is to protect the freedom of individuals -- particularly those in a how small states and sparsely populated areas. Perhaps the data analysis best method of demonstrating the benefits of federalism is to write a how, expose the on the evils suffered without it. As the system stands today, presidential candidates have no incentive to poll large margins in to essay any one state.

Winning 50.1 percent of the votes in a state is as effective as winning 100 percent of the votes. Presidential candidates therefore tour the nation, campaigning in all states and seeking to build a national coalition that will enable them to win a majority of states' electoral votes.37 Direct popular elections, by contrast, would present different incentives. Suddenly, winning 100 percent of the essay votes is better than winning 50.1 percent of the votes. In fact, it may be easier to rack up votes in a friendly state than to gain 50.1 percent of votes in each of two states of similar size, although the payoff would be essentially the how to write a how same. The result? Democrats would almost certainly spend most of their time in the large population centers in California and New York. Republicans would campaign in the South and Midwest. Large cities would be focused on almost exclusively as the candidates seek to turn out as many votes as possible in their region of the country. Small states, rural areas, and sparsely populated regions would find themselves with little to no voice in presidential selection. In this scenario, a handful of states (or heavily populated cities) win, while the remaining states and less-populated areas suffer significantly.38.

Many critics dispute this description of the two types of elections. They contend that the current system does not encourage presidential candidates to how to write in an, tour the nation, but instead encourages a focus on mid-sized swing states. Safe states and small states, they allege, do not receive nearly as much attention on how to write a how to essay this national tour. There is an data analysis element of truth in this observation. Yet to the degree that safe states do not receive a proportionate amount of attention during campaigns, the logical conclusion is that those states, by and large, must already feel that one of the two presidential candidates represents their interests fairly well. When a candidate ceases to adequately understand and represent one of his state's interests, the discontent in that state is usually expressed pretty quickly. Consider the situation in West Virginia in recent decades. Democrats considered West Virginia a safe state for years; thus, the state probably saw less post-nomination campaign activity from 1960-2000 than it might have otherwise. Write A How To Essay? However, in 2000, the Bush campaign recognized an opportunity to gain a foothold in the state due to write essay, concern about the how to a how to essay impact of Gore's environmental policies on the coal-mining industry and his support for gun control.39 Bush took advantage of this discontent, and he spent more than $2 million communicating his message to essay on women's human, West Virginia's voters.40 When election results were tallied, Bush became the first Republican since 1928 to win an open race for the presidency in West Virginia.41 In 2004, West Virginia is no longer considered a safe state for Democrats.

A second argument made by critics is similarly flawed. Although the winner-take-all system causes large states (especially large swing states) to elicit more attention than small states, these critics erroneously compare the amount of campaigning in small versus large states under the current system. They should instead compare the treatment of small states under the how to write a how current system against the treatment they would receive under a new one. Today, small states undoubtedly receive less attention than large states (unless, of course, the how to a movie large state is considered a safe state). However, a direct vote system would magnify, not improve, this problem because it would encourage a focus on highly populated areas.

Small states would likely never receive as much attention as their larger neighbors. The goal is not to eliminate this disparity, but to minimize its severity. Under the Electoral College system, the states are as evenly represented as possible, given that they are not all the how to write a how to essay same size. One interesting twist to essay on women's issues today, the arguments raised by Electoral College critics focuses on the reality that even if small states benefit from the Electoral College, they do so at the expense of the individuals who reside in small states. This complaint can be confusing because it sounds like the opposite how to to essay, of another complaint -- that the two vote add-on for small states (giving all a guaranteed minimum of three electoral votes) creates a bias in their favor. The two extra electoral votes given to all states, regardless of population, do create an coursework data advantage for those states. As a statistical matter, however, the how to a how advantage plays in favor of the state as a whole, rather than the individual voter. By contrast, the mathematical advantage granted by the winner-take-all system plays in essay favor of individual voters in the larger states. These voters have a statistically higher probability of a how, materially affecting the outcome of the election.42.

As a purely statistical matter, perhaps this assessment is accurate. However, the odds of any one voter providing the tipping point in an election are still exceedingly small. Further, any individual disadvantage for those who reside in small states is outweighed by sunset the larger advantage given to the state as a whole. In sum, the nation conducts democratic, popular elections -- but they are conducted at write a how to essay, the state level, rather than the national level. Professor Charles R. Kesler of Claremont McKenna College explains: In truth, the issue is democracy with federalism (the Electoral College) versus democracy without federalism (a national popular vote). Either is democratic. Only the Electoral College preserves federalism, moderates ideological differences, and help writing promotes national consensus in our choice of a chief executive.43. Moderation and Compromise . Presidential candidates must build a national base among the how to write states before they can be elected. Data? They cannot target any one interest group or regional minority. Instead, they must achieve a consensus among enough groups, spread out over how to a how to essay many states, to create a broad-based following among the voters. Any other course of structure of your, action will prevent a candidate from gaining the strong base needed to how to a how, win the election.

The necessity of building such a national base has led to moderation and of your a strong two-party system in American politics. Some see this trend toward moderation and how to write a how to essay a two-party system as a liability. They argue that certain points of view on the far left or far right do not have representation. Essays Sunset? Some voters do identify with a third party more than they identify with one of the two major parties. Democratic theories try to satisfy the choices of how to write, all voters, but not to the point of destabilizing democratic majorities and democratic government itself. A system that favors a stable two-party system, but allows minority parties to vie for control, has a definite benefit over a system that favors many minority parties: Hand in hand with the Electoral College, it tends to prevent the help college applications rise to power of extremist groups and radical minorities. How To A How To Essay? Instead, American public policy tends to remain in the middle -- not too far left, not too far right.

Some proponents of a direct election system dispute this analysis. Removing the Electoral College, they argue, would not undermine the two-party system.44 However, these proponents make the essay on women's rights issues today mistake of assuming that they can change one factor while leaving all other dynamics unchanged.45 Predictions of a how to essay, what would happen in a direct election system should assume that it is at write a movie, least possible that changing the election procedure will cause more than one aspect of the political process to write to essay, change. Indeed, one has only to look to history or comparative governments to how to in an, see how easily such a system could disintegrate into multi-candidate races, which would, in turn, devolve into a system of regular runoffs or fractious coalition governments. Consider the election of 1992. One of the primary factors that prevented some people from voting for Perot was that they felt their vote would be wasted. A vote for Ross Perot is a vote for Bill Clinton, voters were told. Now imagine the write to essay 1992 election without an Electoral College.

Suddenly, the incentives change. Clinton no longer has to be beaten; he just needs to be held under some pre-determined percentage (40% in winning & losing most proposals for change). To get in the runoff, Perot voters do not need to win; they simply need to overtake George H.W. Bush. A vote for Perot is no longer wasted. The Reform Party has a specific, achievable goal with which to motivate its supporters. In the how to actual 1992 election -- even with all the disincentives inherent in help college applications the Electoral College system -- Perot received 18.9 percent of the popular vote. Bush received 37.4 percent of the vote, and Clinton received 43.0 percent.

Had this election been a direct popular election, it would have been only three percent away from triggering a runoff. How To A How? With such incentives, would not Perot supporters have had a much easier time getting voters to switch their candidate? Once one runoff has been triggered, why would multiple third parties not jump into the race in essays sunset future elections? As such a situation became the norm, more and more candidates would be motivated to enter presidential contests. Support from a smaller and smaller percentage of the population would be needed to qualify for the runoff. Over time, candidates would become more and more extreme and uncompromising. Professor Judith Best explains this dynamic:

[T]he splintering of the to essay vote works against the moderate candidates and works to the advantage of the immoderate, extreme candidates. Help Essays College? It does this because the middle is where the inclusive coalitions can be built. By undermining coalition building prior to the general election, a runoff fragments the middle, not the extremes; the extremes are rarely fragmented -- fanatics have solidarity.46. Direct popular election proponents sound plausible when they argue for election of the President by a majority of the people. In reality, however, a President elected by the majority of citizens will rarely be achievable. A majority, after all, will never agree on an ideal candidate.

Given an open choice, individuals would fracture their votes across many candidates. Runoffs would proliferate, and write Presidents would essentially be elected by the initial 20 or 25 percent of voters who got them into the runoff. Presidents would always know that at least 75 to 80 percent of the people originally voted for someone else. Given the general inability to obtain majority consensus, the sunset Electoral College provides the country with the next best alternative. A How? Electing Presidents by states' votes, rather than individuals' votes, creates a method of winning, electing a President who is a good compromise candidate for the majority of Americans.47 The Electoral College requires moderation, compromise, and coalition building from any candidate before he can be successful. Direct elections and a system of runoffs discourage such behavior. Stability and how to a how Certainty in Elections. Historically, most elections have not been close in winning & losing essay the Electoral College, even when the popular vote is close. Write A How? The Electoral College system, when combined with the winner-take-all rule, tends to magnify the margin of victory, giving the victor a certain and demonstrable election outcome.48 The magnification of the electoral vote can work to solidify the country behind the new President by bestowing an aura of legitimacy. The election of 1960 was one such close election. John Kennedy won only 49.7 percent of the popular vote, compared to Nixon's 49.5 percent.

However, Kennedy won 56.4 percent of the electoral vote, compared to Nixon's 40.8 percent. Eight years later, this magnification effect worked in favor of essays sunset, Nixon. Write A How? Although he won the popular vote by less than one percent, he won 55.9 percent of the rights today electoral vote to Hubert Humphrey's 35.5 percent. This magnification effect increases dramatically as popular vote totals spread apart. For instance, in 1952, the winning candidate won 55.1 percent of the popular vote, but a much larger 83.2 percent of the Electoral College vote. In 1956, the difference was 57.4 percent (popular vote) to a how to essay, 86.1 percent (electoral vote). In 1964, it was 61.1 percent (popular vote) to 90.3 percent (electoral vote). Presidential elections since 1804 have generally seen wide margins of victory in the Electoral College. These margins have gotten wider, on average, through the years as the winner-take-all rule has been adopted by structure of your more states and the two-party system has solidified. Since 1804, only two elections -- those in 1876 and 2000 -- were won by write a how to essay fewer than 20 electoral votes. Six elections were won by on women's issues today fewer than 50 electoral votes: Four of these were held in the 1800s.

Of the 26 elections held between 1900 and how to 2000, 17 Presidents have been elected after winning the electoral vote by a margin of structure, 200 votes or more. These consistently wide margins of victory in the Electoral College have come about despite the a how to essay fact that the margin between the top two candidates in the popular vote was less than 10 percent in 14 of the essays 26 elections held since 1900. This margin exceeded 20 percent only five times since 1900. A direct popular election, by how to contrast, would not grant certainty nearly as often. Close popular votes, such as those discussed above, could easily result in demands for recounts on how to write a movie in an essay a national scale. America rarely has close electoral votes. It does, however, have close popular votes fairly consistently. Do Americans really want a presidential election system that could result in hotly contested recounts nearly every election? The Electoral College provides yet another benefit: It reduces the incidence of fraud and a how error. Structure Of Your Essay? Obviously, no system can completely eliminate the element of human error. Neither can any system eradicate the tendency of some dishonest individuals to cheat.

An election system can, however, minimize the extent to which these factors affect elections.49 The Electoral College defends against fraudulent behavior and human error in how to write two ways: First, the system makes it difficult to predict where stolen votes will make a difference. Second, to the degree that fraud and essay rights errors do occur, the write a how to essay Electoral College makes it possible to isolate the problem to one state or a handful of states. Essay? The country is given a clear set of problems to resolve one way or another before moving on to a definitive election outcome -- much as it knew in 2000 that the election would be certain once Florida's disputes were resolved.50. Today, both the electoral and the popular votes must be extremely close before voting disputes and recounts are threatened. By contrast, a direct popular election would require only a close popular vote before these scenarios became possible. National recounts and write legal challenges would be a constant possibility, particularly because of the increasing likelihood of coursework data, multiple candidacies, lower individual vote totals, and smaller margins among candidates. How To To Essay? Moreover, a direct popular vote system would increase, rather than decrease, the incentive for fraud.

Any stolen vote would have at least some effect, regardless of its location. Party officials and supporters in states in which that party clearly dominates have the greatest ability to rig election rules and get away with cheating on behalf of their party's candidate. Under the Electoral College system, however, they have the help writing essays college applications least incentive or need to cheat for how to a how their presidential candidate. Using a direct election system, dishonest officials in one-party states have both the ability and incentive to cheat, creating potential resentment, suspicion, and hatred from other states and from the citizens of their own state. The Electoral College minimizes the impact of fraud, isolating it to the one or two states where the vote was close, disputed, and relevant to on women's human issues, the Electoral College balance. Direct popular election is not the how to write only alternative to the Electoral College that has been proposed. Two other proposals are also worthy of discussion: (1) The District Plan would award electoral votes by congressional district, rather than by state; and (2) The Proportional Plan would divide states' electoral votes proportionally, according to the popular vote outcome within the state.

Individual legislatures are free to adopt most such plans now. It is telling that so few have done so. District Plan. The District Plan would award electoral votes based upon congressional district. The candidate with the most votes in any congressional district would win that district's one electoral vote. The two Senate add-on votes in each state would then be treated as at-large votes and awarded to the state's popular vote winner. Maine and Nebraska already operate under this system. The proposal would require other states to join them. Neither Maine nor Nebraska has divided its electoral votes since their systems were first implemented, but with close presidential elections the odds increase that one or both states will do so. 51. Proponents of the District Plan argue that the system preserves the small-state advantage, while allowing diversity within the states to be reflected in the national election totals.52 Moreover, they add, candidates would be encouraged to campaign in states previously considered safe.

Greater voter participation would result, they argue, because every voter would feel that his vote counts. Other Electoral College critics dismiss the of your essay District Plan, arguing that the plan fails to address the problem of a popular vote winner failing to win the how to to essay presidency.53 Indeed, Bush's margin of victory in the Electoral College would have been greater under the District Plan, despite his popular vote loss.54. The District Plan retains some of the essays advantages of the current Electoral College arrangement. How To? America's presidential election system should encourage national coalition building, and campaigning by data districts would certainly work toward this goal.55 However, many of the other benefits envisioned by write a how District Plan proponents are unlikely to come to pass. Greater voter participation is improbable, particularly in winning lopsided or safe congressional districts -- and most congressional districts are safe. Write To Essay? This so-called reform may actually have the opposite effect from what was intended in states that are close overall but have congressional districts that are not. Even worse, the primary incentive created by the District Plan is an increased motivation for gerrymandering.

State boundaries have one significant advantage over congressional district boundaries: They are reasonably permanent and cannot be changed by data analysis an incumbent class of officials.56. Another problem created by the District Plan is how to a how, that it diverts attention from statewide and national issues. It discourages candidates from addressing issues that appeal to the state as a whole and might encourage candidates to visit district rich, high-population centers to on women's human rights issues today, the exclusion of rural districts. Moreover, if a state votes in pieces, consequential issues would fall out how to of the larger debate in in an essay favor of write to essay, local grievances. Focusing on a few swing districts would repeat on a fragmented scale the essay on women's human issues today swing state problem. Candidates might visit only how to write a few close districts and ignore areas considered safe.

Despite these arguments against the District Plan, the current system allows a state to switch to the District Plan if it decides that doing so would be beneficial within its borders -- and it may do so without the necessity of passing a constitutional amendment. How To Write A Movie Essay? Moreover, the state can switch back to write a how, a winner-take-all system if implementing the District Plan causes more problems than it solved (as it is likely to do). Constitutional amendments are not completed -- or undone -- nearly as easily. Proportional Plan. Writing Essays College Applications? Under the Proportional Plan, the how to write Electoral College would be retained, but the electoral votes in each state would be allocated based upon the percentage of the essay on women's today popular vote won. Some versions of this plan call for whole electoral votes to be divided in the interest of accuracy.57 Others also propose that the total number of electoral votes needed to win should be lowered to a 40 percent threshold.58. Proponents argue that the plan would preserve the states' Electoral College strength, but that the results would be closer to the national popular vote outcome.59 They further argue that the voices of a how to essay, minority voting groups would be reflected in the final election tally because even ballots cast for third-party candidates could be reflected in the national results.

Presidents could be elected without winning the popular vote, but such an human rights today outcome would be less likely than under the current system. Other Electoral College opponents deem even the small remaining possibility of a popular vote loser President to be unacceptable.60. The Proportional Plan is how to write, yet another option that sounds good on the surface, but that creates problems in practice. First, constant fighting would erupt over election tallies. After all, a swing of essays college applications, one-tenth of how to write to essay, a percent in one or several states could change the outcome of the election. Potentially, at least one electoral vote in how to in an each of the 50 states would be open to dispute every presidential election year.61 Worse, because this type of election is so similar to a direct popular election system, it contains many of the same downfalls: multiple candidacies, close elections, runoffs, greater potential for fraud, and write greater incentives for extremist candidates to join the fray.

Definitive election outcomes are discouraged. Close vote totals and challenges to election outcomes would become the norm. Colorado, however, is currently considering adoption of this plan. A Colorado citizens' organization -- financed by a group from San Francisco and on women's issues funded by a Brazilian millionaire who resides part-time in California62 -- recently collected enough signatures to place a referendum on its November 2004 ballot.If passed, this referendum would supposedly replace Colorado's winner-take-all system of casting electoral votes with a system of proportional allocation, making Colorado the only state to enact such a method in presidential elections.63. The referendum, however, has a glaring flaw.

It purports to let Colorado voters decide the method of allocating the state's electoral votes, despite the fact that the Constitution gives this power to state legislatures, not state citizens.64 For constitutional purposes, the difference is very real. If the referendum passes, the most likely result is a series of court challenges in Colorado. To Essay? Proponents of the referendum argue that state statutory and winning constitutional provisions make the people equivalent to the legislature when they act through referendum or initiative. Therefore, they conclude, passage of a referendum or other citizen initiative is a perfectly legal and valid manner of changing electoral vote allocations in how to the state. These proponents, however, have forgotten the Supremacy Clause of the U. S. Help Applications? Constitution: State laws and how to write constitutions may not trump the U.S. Constitution. The U.S. Constitution is the supreme law of the land and preempts all other laws. That same Constitution explicitly designates each state's legislature as the entity with authority to decide the manner of appointing electors.

States (whether by referenda or other means) may certainly delegate legislative power to winning essay, citizens for state purposes, but they may not delegate the state legislature's constitutionally mandated duties in the national presidential election process. This principle has been upheld by the Supreme Court in venerable old cases and some very recent decisions after the last presidential election. Speaking about an how to a how to essay Ohio plan that would allow the people to writing college, act in place of the legislature for certain purposes related to ratifying constitutional amendments, the Court observed in 1920 that the Founders wrote the constitutional language based upon their wish to secur[e] deliberation and consideration before any change [to the Constitution] can be proposed.65 In short, the Court held, when the Constitution says the how to a how Legislature, it means the Legislature. The Court explained that: The framers of the Constitution might have adopted a different method.

Ratification might have been left to a vote of the people, or to some authority of essay human, government other than that selected. How To Write A How? The language of the article is plain, and admits of no doubt in its interpretation. It is essays, not the how to to essay function of courts or legislative bodies, national or state, to alter the coursework method which the Constitution has fixed.66. In even simpler terms, however, the Court also pointed out what almost any middle-school child should know: A Legislature is a representative body, not the how to a how to essay people themselves. What did the framers of the Constitution mean in requiring [action] by `Legislatures'? That was not a term of how to, uncertain meaning when incorporated into the Constitution. What it meant when adopted it still means for the purpose of interpretation. How To Write? A Legislature was then the help writing essays college representative body which made the laws of the people.67. This principle applies to the constitutional process for electing a President, just as it applies to the constitutional amendment process.68. State legislatures certainly may choose a proportional method of electoral vote allocation if they deem such a method to be in the best interest of their state.

However, if one state acting on its own (particularly a small state) were to enact a proportional method of allocating electoral votes, the primary effect of its action would be to significantly dilute its voting strength as compared to the other states because no presidential candidate will spend much time in a state in which he is likely to influence only one swing electoral vote. No wonder so few states have enacted anything like this before. State legislatures will better serve their citizens if they leave the winner-take-all system in place. America's election systems have operated smoothly for more than 200 years because the how to a how to essay Electoral College accomplishes its intended purposes. America's presidential election process preserves federalism, prevents chaos, grants definitive electoral outcomes, and prevents tyrannical or unreasonable rule. The Founding Fathers created a stable, well-planned and carefully designed system -- and it works. Past elections, even the elections of Presidents who lost the popular vote, are testaments to the ingenuity of the Founding Fathers. In each case, the data victor was able to succeed only write to essay because his opponent did not build the national coalition that is structure essay, required by the Electoral College.

In each case, smaller states were protected from their larger neighbors. In each case, the presidential election system functioned effectively to give the country a President with broad-based support. Alexander Hamilton was right when he described the Electoral College in write a how The Federalist No. 68. Perhaps the help essays Electoral College is imperfect -- but a perfect solution is doubtless unachievable. Nevertheless, the how to write a how presidential election process devised by essay rights issues today the Framers is certainly excellent. Tara Ross is a lawyer in Texas and the author of Enlightened Democracy: The Case for the Electoral College (World Ahead Publishing, November 2004). 1. The Federalist No.

68, at 410 (Alexander Hamilton) (Clinton Rossiter ed., Signet Classic 2003) (1961). 2. Prior to George W. Bush's win, the last President to win the electoral vote but lose the popular vote was Benjamin Harrison in to essay 1888. 3. See, e.g. , Susan Milligan, The Electoral College: Move Is Afoot for Direct Vote , B. Globe, Nov. College Applications? 12, 2000, at A21. 4. Write To Essay? Ben Wildavsky, School of Hard Knocks , U.S. News World Rep., Nov.

20, 2000, at sunset, 52, 52. 5. J. M. Balkin, The Constitution as a Box of Chocolates , 12 Const. How To A How To Essay? Comment. 147, 148 (1995). 6. Of Your Essay? James A. Michener, Presidential Lottery: The Reckless Gamble in Our Electoral System 3 (1969). 7. Commission on Electoral College Reform, American Bar Association, Electing the President 3-4 (1967). 8. The Federalist No. 68, at how to write a how, 410 (Alexander Hamilton) (Clinton Rossiter ed., Signet Classic 2003) (1961). 9. U.S.

Const. amend. XII. 11. See id . art. II, § 1, cl. 2-4. 15. See Federal Register, 2004 List of States and Votes: Allocation of Electoral Votes Based on the 2000 Census , U.S. Human Issues? Nat'l Archives Records Admin., at write, http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/electoral_college/2004/ allocation.html (last visited Oct. 2, 2004).

16. U.S. Const. Of Your Essay? art. II, § 1, cl. 2. 17. Although some early legislatures did select the presidential electors themselves, all states and write a how the District of Columbia now hold popular elections for President. See, e.g. Structure Essay? , Bush v. Gore, 531 U.S. 98, 104 (2000) (per curiam) (The individual citizen has no federal constitutional right to vote for electors for the President of the United States unless and until the state legislature chooses a statewide election as the how to a how means to implement its power to appoint members of the Electoral College. . . . [The state legislature] may, if it so chooses, select the electors itself.); see also McPherson v. Blacker, 146 U.S. Writing? 1, 34-35 (1892).

18. Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 21-A, § 802 (West 1992); Neb. Rev. Stat. How To To Essay? § 32-1038 (1998). 19. Act of Feb. 3, 1887, ch. 90, 24 Stat. 373 (current version at 3 U.S.C. Of Your? §§ 1-21 (2000)). 20.

3 U.S.C. How To? § 1 (2000). 23. See U.S. Const. Of Your Essay? amend XII. 24. See Federal Register, supra note 15, at http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/electoral_college/2004/allocation.html. 25. U.S. Const. amend XII. 27.

The Federalist No. 68, at 410 (Alexander Hamilton) (Clinton Rossiter ed., Signet Classic 2003) (1961). 28. The Federalist No. 10, at 76 (James Madison) (Clinton Rossiter ed., Signet Classic 2003) (1961). 29. A How? 2 The Debates in essay the Several State Conventions, on a how to essay the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, as Recommended by the General Convention at Philadelphia, in 1787, at essay on women's rights issues today, 253 (Jonathan Elliot ed., 2d ed.

1836). 30. Letter from John Adams to John Taylor (Apr. 15, 1814), in 6 The Works of write to essay, John Adams, Second President of the United States 447, 484 (Charles Francis Adams ed., 2d prtg. 1969). 31.

Letter from Benjamin Rush to John Adams (July 21, 1789), in winning & losing essay 1 Letters of Benjamin Rush 522, 523 (L. H. Butterfield ed., 1951). 32. James Madison, Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787, at 64 (Adrienne Koch ed., bicentennial ed., W.W. A How? Norton Co.

1987) (1966). 33. The Federalist No. 39, at 236 (James Madison) (Clinton Rossiter ed., Signet Classic 2003) (1961). 34. Senate Comm. on the Judiciary, 91st Cong., Direct Popular Election of the President (Comm. Print 1970) (Minority Views of Messrs. Eastland, McClellan, Ervin, Hruska, Fong, and Thurmond), available at http://www.claremont.org/writings/700814_minority.html (citation omitted).

35. See, e.g., Rethinking the on women's rights issues today Electoral College Debate: The Framers, Federalism, and One Person, One Vote, 114 Harv. L. Write? Rev. Essay Rights Issues? 2526, 2532 n.31 (2001); see also Lawrence D. Longley Neal R. Peirce, The Electoral College Primer 2000, at 136 (1999). 36. All election results cited in this article were obtained from Congressional Quarterly's Presidential Elections or the U.S.

National Archives and to essay Records Administration's Web site. See Congressional Quarterly Inc., Presidential Elections: 1789-1996 (1997); Federal Register, U.S. Electoral College, U.S. Nat'l Archives Records Admin., at help writing college applications, http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/electoral_college (last visited Oct. 2, 2004). 37. See, e.g., James MacGregor Burns, The Deadlock of Democracy: Four-Party Politics in America 251 (1963), quoted in Judith Best, The Case Against Direct Election of the President: A Defense of the Electoral College 66 (1975). 38. See Ronald Reagan, Reagan, In His Own Hand 243 (Kiron K. Skinner et al. eds., 2001) (making a similar argument). 39.

E.g., Patrice Hill, W.Va. Miners Favor Bush Over Gore on Fossil Fuels, Wash. Times, Oct. Write? 11, 2000, at A12; Chris Mondics, Gun Issue a Difficult One for Gore, Balt. Write In An Essay? Sun, Nov. 5, 2000, at 5C. 40. Electing the President, 2000: The Insiders' View 170 (Kathleen Hall Jamieson Paul Waldman eds., 2001) (quoting Bill Knapp, senior advisor to how to write a how, the Gore/Lieberman campaign). 41.

Id. at 204(quoting Karl Rove). 42. Longley Peirce, supra note 35, at 153-54. 43. Kathryn Jean Lopez, Hillary Is Wrong: An Interview with Charles R. Kesler, Nat'l Rev. Online (Nov. 13, 2000), at essays college applications, http://www.nationalreview.com/interrogatory/interrogatory111300.shtml. 44. How To Write To Essay? See, e.g., Neal R. Peirce Lawrence D. Coursework Data? Longley, The People's President: The Electoral College in American History and write a how the Direct Vote Alternative 211-12 (rev. ed., Yale Univ. Press 1981) (1968).

Longley and structure essay Peirce contend instead that the two national parties are in decline due to write, the advances made in mass communication in recent years. Id. 45. Structure Of Your Essay? See, e.g., Judith A. Best, The Choice of the how to People? Debating the Electoral College 55 (1996); see also Robert M. Hardaway, The Electoral College and the Constitution: The Case for Preserving Federalism 21 (1994) (What the advocates of direct election fail to take into account, however, is & losing essay, that these consistently large pluralities and majorities are the result of the very Electoral College system they are seeking to destroy.). 46. Best, supra note 45, at 57. 48. How To Write A How To Essay? For a discussion of the discrepancy that typically exists between popular vote totals and Electoral College vote totals, see id. at 9-15; Hardaway, supra note 45, at 125-28.

49. See, e.g., Best, supra note 37, at 191-204 (noting the help essays college ability of the how to write Electoral College to isolate incidents of fraud); see also Hardaway, supra note 45, at coursework, 25-28 (discussing the a how to essay 1960 election and the uncertainty that could have resulted from the close count and the alleged fraud). 50. Recounts in New Mexico were briefly discussed, but were not pursued. A changed outcome in New Mexico would not have changed the essay on women's issues today outcome of the national election. 51.

Maine adopted its District Plan in a how to essay 1969, putting it into effect for the first time during the of your 1972 presidential election. Nebraska adopted its plan in time for the 1992 presidential election. See Longley Peirce, supra note 35, at 106-07 (discussing the how to circumstances under which Maine and Nebraska adopted procedures for awarding electoral votes by district). 52. See L. Paige Whitaker Thomas H. Neale, Congressional Research Serv., The Electoral College: An Overview and essays sunset Analysis of Reform Proposals 17-18 (2001) (reporting the arguments of District Plan proponents). 53. See, e.g., id.; see also David W. Abbott James P. Write A How? Levine, Wrong Winner: The Coming Debacle in the Electoral College 126 (1991) (discussing the crucial shortcoming of the District Plan: It does nothing to winning & losing, correct the wrong-winner perversion); Peirce Longley,supra note 44, at 142 (discussing the write a how to essay disparities that would still exist between the popular and electoral vote totals under a District Plan). 54. See, e.g., Ky Fullerton, Bush, Gore, and the 2000 Presidential Election: Time for the Electoral College to Go?, 80 Or.

L. Winning? Rev. 717, 734 (2001) (citing Rhodes Cook, This Just In: Nixon Beats Kennedy, Wash. Post, Mar. Write To Essay? 25, 2001, at B2). Bush would have won 288 to essay rights issues today, 250 in write a how the electoral vote. Cook, supra, at B2. 55. Proponents sometimes argue that the how to write a movie in an District Plan would prevent campaigning from focusing on swing states.

True enough, but candidates would likely focus on swing districts instead. How To A How? See Peirce Longley,supra note 44, at 142. 56. See Best, supra note 45, at on the, 61-62 (discussing the increased incentives for gerrymandering). 57. Colorado is currently considering a plan to allocate its electoral votes proportionately, according to popular vote outcomes in the state. How To? See discussion infra notes 62-68 and accompanying text. 58.

Whitaker Neale, supra note 52, at 19-20 (relating the structure of your essay logistics proposed for a proportional division of electoral votes).

analyze novel essay How to develop and how to to essay write an analytic essay. Argument : Writing an analytic essay requires that you make some sort of argument. The core of this argument is called a thesis. It is on women's human rights issues today, your claim, succinctly stated in a single sentence. What do budding literary critics such as yourselves argue about? You make a pervasive, persistent case that a certain thing is true about a piece of literature.

This thing should not be readily obvious to the casual reader of the literature in question. It is write to essay, what you draw out of the book or essay, how you interpret it. It is a claim that must be supported by specific evidence from the text. Structure? Thesis statement: At least once during the course of writing your essay, isolate what you consider to be your thesis. Is your proposition both arguable and reasonable? If it is obvious (i.e. Write? Mary Rowlandson used the Bible for comfort during her captivity) you don’t have an argument.

Argument requires analysis (i.e. taking things apart and & losing essay explaining them). One test that may help is asking yourself what the opposite how to write a how side of coursework your argument would be. A good, complicated thesis (which was proposed by one of your classmates) is that Although Mary Rowlandson says she often used the Bible as a source of comfort during her captivity, a closer reading of her narrative suggests her faith may have been more troubled by her experience than she lets on. One useful structure for writing thesis statements is the although form used above: Although x seems to how to write, be true about on the, this piece of literature, y is in fact more true (or makes our thinking about x more complex). In this form you present both sides of your argument at a how once and show which side you’re on.

Your job in how to a movie in an, the paper is to convince your reader to join you. Another way to how to write to essay, write an effective thesis statement is to coursework data, use the form If we look closely at x (e.g. how Bradford defines freedom) we discover y (that ). In order to find something to how to a how, argue: Look for images or metaphors that the author uses consistently. What other sort of pattern can you identify in the text? How do you interpret this pattern so that your reader will understand the book, essay, poem, speech, etc. better? What philosophical, moral, ethical, etc. Analysis? ideas is the author advocating or opposing? What are the consequences of to essay accepting the author's argument? Explain how the work functions as a piece of structure essay rhetoric-- how does the author attempt to convince his or her reader of something? For instance, what widely held beliefs do they use to write a how, support their argument? How do they appeal to emotions, logic… Re-examine something that the text or most readers take for granted (that Thoreau’s book Walden represents his attempt to escape from essay, society). Question this major premise and see where it takes you.

Ask yourself if an author’s literary argument is inconsistent with itself or is in some way philosophically dangerous, inadequate, unethical, or misleading. To Essay? Examine how characters are presented in a story. Data Analysis? How do they help the main character to develop? Which characters are trustworthy? Which are not? Why are they presented this way?

What counts as evidence: Structure : How the write a how parts of the book or essay follow one another; how the parts are assembled to make a whole? Why does the author start where they start, end where they end? What is the logical progression of thought? How might that progression be intended to affect the reader What effect might this progression of ideas have on a generic reader or on essay today a reader from the time period in which the a how to essay work was written? Does the piece move from the general to the specific or vice versa? If you could divide the book/essay into sections, units of coursework meaning, what would those sections be?

How are they related to each other? Note that chapters, while they form obvious sections can themselves be grouped. Referring to the text : In writing analytic papers that address any kind of literature, it is necessary to refer to the text (the specific words on the page of the book) in order to write a how to essay, support your argument. This means that you must quote and interpret passages that demonstrate or support your argument. Quotation is usually stronger than paraphrase. Remember also that your purpose in writing an essay is not merely to paraphrase or summarize (repeat) what the author has said, but to make an argument about how the analysis make their point, or how they have said what they have said. Language : includes the way an author phrases his or her sentences, the key metaphors used (it’s up to you to a how to essay, explain how these metaphors are used, why these metaphors are appropriate, effective, ineffective, or ambiguous). Is the way a sentence is phrased particularly revealing of the author’s meaning?

Practical Essay-writing Hints: Please title your paper and make the title apt and enticing--I LOVE a good title. It puts me in coursework analysis, a good mood before I start reading. Be clear about whether you’re writing about a book, an write, essay (non-fiction, short prose), a story (short fiction) a poem, a novel (book-length fiction), an autobiography, a narrative (as in Captivity Narratives) etc. Walden is a book comprised of chapters. Each of these chapters could also be called an essay. Within these essays, Thoreau sometimes tells stories.

The book itself is help writing essays college, not a story, but closer to a narrative, which is how to a how, non-fiction. Always go through at least two drafts of you paper . Coursework Analysis? Let your paper sit, preferably for how to write a how to essay 24 hours between drafts sometime during the process of your writing. Eliminate first person pronoun (I) in your final draft (it’s OK for rough drafts and may help you write). If your paragraphs are more a full page or more in on the, length it is more than likely that they are tooooooo long . Probably you have too many ideas in write a how to essay, the air at once. Essay? Consider breaking the paragraph in half--into two smaller, but related arguments. Your reader needs a break, needs more structure in order to be able to follow your meaning. If several of your paragraphs are exceedingly short (4-5 lines), it is likely that you are not developing your ideas thoroughly enough--that you are writing notes rather than analysis. Short paragraphs are usually used as transitional paragraphs, not as content paragraphs. How To Write A How? (Short paragraphs can be used in the rhetorical devise of reversal where you lead your reader down a certain path (to show them one side of the argument, the one you are going to structure of your, oppose) and then turn away from that argument to state the true argument of your paper.) Employ quotation often. One quotation per argumentative paragraph is usually necessary. Depending upon the length and complexity of the write a how to essay passage or topic you're dealing with, more quotations may be useful to prevent you from getting too far away from the text. Your quotations combined with your interpretations are your proof.

Be sure that you show your reader how they should interpret these quotations in order to follow your argument. (Almost every quotation should be followed by an interpretation, a deeper reading of essays on the sunset what is being said and how to a how how its being said. This interpretation demonstrates how the essay on women's human quotation supports the claim you're making about it). How To? Pay attention to metaphor, phrasing, tone, alliteration, etc. How is the author saying what they are saying--what does that teach us about the text? Remember to write directive (sometimes called topic) sentences for your paragraphs . The first sentence of any paragraph should give your reader an how to in an, idea of what the paragraph is going to how to write to essay, say and of your how the paragraph will connect to the larger argument. It should have more to do with what you have to how to to essay, say about the materials than what the winning author him or herself has said.

Transitions between paragraphs : try to how to write a how, get away from using The next, First of all Another thing. How To A Movie Essay? to connect your paragraphs. This is the list method of structuring a paper--not an write to essay, integrated, logical approach. A really strong transition makes the logical connection between paragraphs or sections of a paper and gives the reader a sense that you’re building an argument. To make sure you are making a well-connected argument, ask yourself how the how to write in an last sentence of each paragraph and the first sentence of the next are connected. Each of the sentences within your paragraphs should be related somehow (follow from, refer to, etc.) the one that precedes it, and the one which follows it.

This will help the reader follow the flow of your ideas. The order of your paragraphs should reveal a developing argument. On the how to write to essay most basic level, you should be able to consciously justify the presence and placement of every word in every sentence, every sentence in every paragraph, every paragraph in every essay . To repeat: in revising your papers after the first draft (which is always, inevitably to some degree confused because you are involved in of your, the process of working your ideas out), you should be highly conscious of what you are doing and why you are doing it.

Focus and Precision: How to Write Essays that Answer the Question. Stephanie Allen read Classics and English at St Hugh’s College, Oxford, and is currently researching a PhD in write a how, Early Modern Academic Drama at on the, the University of Fribourg. We’ve all been there. You’ve handed in an essay and how to write you think it’s pretty great: it shows off all your best ideas, and contains points you’re sure no one else will have thought of. You’re not totally convinced that what you’ve written is essays relevant to the title you were given – but it’s inventive, original and write a how to essay good. In fact, it might be better than anything that would have responded to the question.

But your essay isn’t met with the lavish praise you expected. When it’s tossed back onto your desk, there are huge chunks scored through with red pen, crawling with annotations like little red fire ants: ‘IRRELEVANT’; ‘A bit of a tangent!’; ‘. ’; and, right next to your best, most impressive killer point: ‘Right… so?’. The grade your teacher has scrawled at the end is nowhere near what your essay deserves. Data Analysis. In fact, it’s pretty average. And the comment at the bottom reads something like, ‘Some good ideas, but you didn’t answer the write a how to essay, question!’. If asked a question about Keats, you should write about Keats. If this has ever happened to you (and it has happened to me, a lot), you’ll know how deeply frustrating it is – and how unfair it can seem. This might just be me, but the exhausting process of researching, having ideas, planning, writing and re-reading makes me steadily more attached to the ideas I have, and the things I’ve managed to data, put on the page.

Each time I scroll back through what I’ve written, or planned, so far, I become steadily more convinced of its brilliance. What started off as a scribbled note in the margin, something extra to think about or to pop in if it could be made to fit the argument, sometimes comes to be backbone of a whole essay – so, when a tutor tells me my inspired paragraph about how to write Ted Hughes’s interpretation of mythology isn’t relevant to my essay on Keats, I fail to see why. How To Write A Movie In An Essay. Or even if I can see why, the how to to essay, thought of taking it out is data wrenching. How To To Essay. Who cares if it’s a bit off-topic? It should make my essay stand out, if anything! And an examiner would probably be happy not to read yet another answer that makes exactly the same points.

If you recognise yourself in the above, there are two crucial things to realise. The first is writing essays applications that something has to change: because doing well in high school exam or coursework essays is almost totally dependent on being able to pin down and organise lots of ideas so that an examiner can see that they convincingly answer a question. And it’s a real shame to work hard on something, have good ideas, and not get the marks you deserve. Writing a top essay is how to to essay a very particular and actually quite simple challenge. It’s not actually that important how original you are, how compelling your writing is, how many ideas you get down, or how beautifully you can express yourself (though of course, all these things do have their rightful place).

What you’re doing, essentially, is using a limited amount of time and knowledge to really answer a question. It sounds obvious, but a good essay should have the essay on women's human issues, title or question as its focus the whole way through . It should answer it ten times over – in every single paragraph, with every fact or figure. Treat your reader (whether it’s your class teacher or an a how, external examiner) like a child who can’t do any interpretive work of in an essay their own; imagine yourself leading them through your essay by how to a how to essay the hand, pointing out sunset, that you’ve answered the question here , and here , and here. Now, this is all very well, I imagine you objecting, and much easier said than done. How To Write To Essay. But never fear! Structuring an essay that knocks a question on of your the head is something you can learn to a how, do in a couple of easy steps. In the next few hundred words, I’m going to share with you what I’ve learned through endless, mindless crossings-out, rewordings, rewritings and rethinkings. I’ve lost count of the number of analysis times I’ve been told to ‘write the question at the top of every new page’- but for some reason, that trick simply doesn’t work for me. How To A How To Essay. If it doesn’t work for you either, use this three-part process to allow the on women's human today, question to structure your essay: 1) Work out exactly what you’re being asked. It sounds really obvious, but lots of students have trouble answering questions because they don’t take time to figure out exactly what they’re expected to do – instead, they skim-read and then write the essay they want to write.

Sussing out a question is a two-part process, and write to essay the first part is easy. It means looking at the directions the question provides as to what sort of essay you’re going to write. I call these ‘command phrases’ and will go into more detail about what they mean below. The second part involves identifying key words and phrases. Use forceful, persuasive language to coursework data analysis, show how the how to write a how, points you’ve made do answer the question.

My main focus so far has been on tangential or irrelevant material – but many students lose marks even though they make great points, because they don’t quite impress how relevant those points are. Help Writing. Again, I’ll talk about how you can do this below. 3) Be brutally honest with yourself about a how whether a point is relevant before you write it. It doesn’t matter how impressive, original or interesting it is. How To Write. It doesn’t matter if you’re panicking, and how to a how you can’t think of coursework any points that do answer the question. If a point isn’t relevant, don’t bother with it. It’s a waste of write a how to essay time, and might actually work against you- if you put tangential material in help writing essays, an essay, your reader will struggle to follow the thread of how to a how your argument, and how to a movie essay lose focus on how to a how your really good points.

‘Macbeth and Banquo meeting the on women's rights, witches on the heath’ by Theodore Chasseriau. Let’s imagine you’re writing an English essay about the role and how to to essay importance of the three witches in Macbeth . You’re thinking about the different ways in which Shakespeare imagines and structure presents the witches, how they influence the action of the how to write, tragedy, and perhaps the extent to essay on women's human rights issues today, which we’re supposed to believe in them (stay with me – you don’t have to a how to essay, know a single thing about winning & losing Shakespeare or Macbeth to understand this bit!). Now, you’ll probably have a few good ideas on this topic – and write to essay whatever essay you write, you’ll most likely use much of the same material. However, the detail of the phrasing of the question will significantly affect the of your essay, way you write your essay. How To Write A How. You would draw on similar material to address the structure essay, following questions: Discuss Shakespeare’s representation of the three witches in Macbeth . How does Shakespeare figure the how to, supernatural in on the sunset, Macbeth ? To what extent are the three witches responsible for Macbeth’s tragic downfall? Evaluate the importance of the three witches in bringing about Macbeth’s ruin. Are we supposed to how to write to essay, believe in the three witches in Macbeth ? “Within Macbeth ’s representation of the witches, there is profound ambiguity about the actual significance and power of their malevolent intervention” (Stephen Greenblatt).

Discuss. I’ve organised the examples into three groups, exemplifying the different types of questions you might have to answer in winning & losing essay, an exam. The first group are pretty open-ended: ‘discuss’- and ‘how’-questions leave you room to set the scope of the essay. You can decide what the focus should be. How To A How. Beware, though – this doesn’t mean you don’t need a sturdy structure, or a clear argument, both of which should always be present in an essay.

The second group are asking you to evaluate, constructing an argument that decides whether, and structure of your how far something is true. Good examples of hypotheses (which your essay would set out to prove) for these questions are: The witches are the write a how to essay, most important cause of tragic action in Macbeth. The witches are partially, but not entirely responsible for Macbeth’s downfall, alongside Macbeth’s unbridled ambition, and that of his wife. We are not supposed to believe the witches: they are a product of Macbeth’s psyche, and his downfall is coursework his own doing. The witches’ role in how to, Macbeth’s downfall is deliberately unclear. Their claim to reality is shaky – finally, their ambiguity is part of an uncertain tragic universe and the great illusion of the theatre. (N.B.

It’s fine to data analysis, conclude that a question can’t be answered in how to write, black and white, certain terms – as long as you have a firm structure, and keep referring back to a movie, it throughout the how to write to essay, essay). The final question asks you to respond to a quotation. Students tend to find these sorts of coursework questions the most difficult to answer, but once you’ve got the how to write a how, hang of them I think the title does most of the work for you – often implicitly providing you with a structure for data, your essay. The first step is breaking down the a how to essay, quotation into its constituent parts- the different things it says. I use brackets: ( Within Macbeth ’s representation of the witches, ) ( there is profound ambiguity ) about the on women's human rights issues, ( actual significance ) ( and power ) of ( their malevolent intervention ) Examiners have a nasty habit of picking the most bewildering and terrifying-sounding quotations: but once you break them down, they’re often asking for something very simple. How To A How. This quotation, for example, is asking exactly the essays sunset, same thing as the other questions. The trick here is how to write to essay making sure you respond to all the different parts. Essay. You want to make sure you discuss the following: Do you agree that the status of the witches’ ‘malevolent intervention’ is to essay ambiguous? What is its significance? How powerful is writing it?

James I, the King of England and Scotland at to essay, the time Macbeth was written, famously wrote ‘Daemonologie’, which encourages the practice of witch-hunting. Having worked out exactly what the question is asking, write out a plan (which should be very detailed in a coursework essay, but doesn’t have to be more than a few lines long in an exam context) of the on women's issues today, material you’ll use in each paragraph. Make sure your plan contains a sentence at the end of each point about how that point will answer the question. A point from my plan for one of the topics above might look something like this: To what extent are we supposed to believe in the three witches in Macbeth ? Hypothesis: The witches’ role in Macbeth’s downfall is deliberately unclear. Their claim to reality is uncertain – finally, they’re part of an uncertain tragic universe and the great illusion of the write to essay, theatre. At the time Shakespeare wrote Macbeth , there were many examples of people being burned or drowned as witches There were also people who claimed to be able to exorcise evil demons from people who were ‘possessed’.

Catholic Christianity leaves much room for the supernatural to exist This suggests that Shakespeare’s contemporary audience might, more readily than a modern one, have believed that witches were a real phenomenon and did exist. My final sentence (highlighted in red) shows how the material discussed in the paragraph answers the question. Writing this out at the planning stage, in addition to clarifying your ideas, is a great test of structure of your essay whether a point is relevant: if you struggle to write the sentence, and make the connection to how to write a how, the question and larger argument, you might have gone off-topic. Step Three: Paragraph beginnings and endings. This 16th century English illustration shows a witch feeding her familiars. The final step to coursework data analysis, making sure you pick up all the possible marks for ‘answering the question’ in an essay is a how ensuring that you make it explicit how your material does so. This bit relies upon getting the beginnings and endings of paragraphs just right. To reiterate what I said above, treat your reader like a child: tell them what you’re going to analysis, say; tell them how it answers the question; say it, and how to write then tell them how you’ve answered the question. This need not feel clumsy, awkward or repetitive.

The first sentence of each new paragraph or point should, without giving too much of your conclusion away, establish what you’re going to of your, discuss, and how it answers the question. How To. The opening sentence from the paragraph I planned above might go something like this: Early modern political and winning & losing essay religious contexts suggest that Shakespeare’s contemporary audience might more readily have believed in a how, witches than his modern readers. The sentence establishes that I’m going to & losing essay, discuss Jacobean religion and write to essay witch-burnings, and also what I’m going to use those contexts to coursework data, show. How To Write. I’d then slot in all my facts and essay examples in the middle of the how to, paragraph. The final sentence (or few sentences) should be strong and essay human today decisive, making a clear connection to how to, the question you’ve been asked: Contemporary suspicion that witches did exist, testified to by witch-hunts and exorcisms, is crucial to our understanding of the analysis, witches in Macbeth.

To the early modern consciousness, witches were a distinctly real and dangerous possibility – and the witches in the play would have seemed all-the-more potent and terrifying as a result. The best way to get really good at how to to essay, making sure you always ‘answer the coursework analysis, question’ is to write essay plans rather than whole pieces. Set aside a few hours, choose a couple of essay questions from past papers, and for each: Write a hypothesis Write a rough plan of what each paragraph will contain Write out the first and how to last sentence of each paragraph. You can get your teacher, or a friend, to look through your plans and give you feedback. If you follow this advice, fingers crossed, next time you hand in an essay, it’ll be free from structure of your, red-inked comments about irrelevance, and instead showered with praise for the precision with which you handled the topic, and how intently you focused on answering the question. How To Write A How To Essay. It can seem depressing when your perfect question is just a minor tangent from the question you were actually asked, but trust me – high praise and good marks are all found in answering the question in front of you, not the one you would have liked to see. Teachers do choose the data, questions they set you with some care, after all; chances are the question you were set is the more illuminating and rewarding one as well. 40 Responses to how to to essay, “Focus and Precision: How to Write Essays that Answer the Question” August 21, 2014 at 8:22 am, Kristen Webster said:

I have been reading your articles on essays better essay writing and how to a how I am wondering whether you can provide an structure essay, example of a well written essay please? August 21, 2014 at 11:59 am, ORA Admin said: We haven’t produced any sample essays ourselves. However, there is a huge amount available online – the Student Room’s sample essays might be a good place to start. We hope this helps. January 20, 2015 at 1:54 am, kot said:

Thank you this was very helpful! March 18, 2015 at 7:56 am, Kos cahe said: How do you answer a “to what extend” essay question? March 18, 2015 at how to write a how to essay, 12:34 pm, ORA Admin said: A ‘to what extent’ essay question is effectively a ‘yes or no’ essay question that’s phrased in a more helpful way. For example: To what extent did his desire for writing college applications, a son influence Henry VIII’s decision to how to a how to essay, break from the Catholic Church? Did his desire for a son influence Henry VIII’s decision to break from the Catholic Church? You can see that both questions will get a very similar answer, only help writing, “to what extent” gives you a hint of what sort of answer is expected – that it played some role, but that there are other causes that need to be considered.

In a ‘to what extent’ essay, you should consider a variety of reasons, but in to essay, each paragraph return to of your, the reason given in the question. In my Henry VIII example, you might write one paragraph on his desire to divorce Catherine of Aragon and how to write a how to essay marry Anne Boleyn, but connect this back to his desire for a son, as he believed Anne Boleyn stood a better chance of giving him a son than Catherine of Aragon. In the conclusion, you could then assess whether the help writing applications, reason given in the question is in fact the most important, or if there was a more significant reason that you have identified in a how to essay, the essay. We hope this helps, November 22, 2015 at winning, 6:14 pm, Sarah said: How do I write an write, essay with keywords or key points already given in coursework data, the question? For eg. Write A How To Essay. If the question says to how to a movie, write an essay on some topic and below are some key points or key words. November 23, 2015 at 10:25 am, ORA Admin said:

Thank you for your comment. Write. It is difficult to advise you on the specific essay in question, but we do have a large collection of structure of your essay-writing and study skills articles on the ORA website that may be of use to you. Hopefully you can find something that can help you in the following articles: March 29, 2016 at 9:47 am, Fay said: How do you answer a “why” essay question? May 29, 2016 at 8:16 pm, Aaliyah said: Hi, how do you answer a “what does so and how to a how so contribute to physics?” Is this simply a descriptive essay? June 27, 2016 at 3:04 am, Dutta the One said: Thank you for this amazing article. How To A Movie. I feel so much more confident now!

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